Cognitive Psychology Exam 2- Chapter 5

What is the typical duration of short-term memory? a. 15 to 20 seconds b. 5 to 7 seconds c. 7 to 15 seconds d. 15 to 50 seconds

a. 15 to 20 seconds

If the brain can be considered a busy factory that takes in and processes information, which of the following would occur during the synaptic state in Stokes's working memory concept? a. Machines would shut down for material resupply. b. The factory machines would consume electricity. c. The factory machines would produce electricity. d. An alarm would sound signaling system overload.

a. Machines would shut down for material resupply.

The episodic buffer directly connects to which two components in Baddeley's model of memory? a. The central executive and long-term memory b. The central executive and the phonological loop c. The phonological loop and long-term memory d. The phonological loop and the visuospatial sketchpad

a. The central executive and long-term memory

Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory? a. The visuospatial sketch pad b. The STM recency effect c. Delayed response coding d. The phonological loop

a. The visuospatial sketch pad

Compared to the whole report technique, the partial report procedure involves a. a smaller response set. b. a shorter rehearsal period. c. a smaller stimulus set and a smaller response set. d. a smaller stimulus set.

a. a smaller response set.

Jason quickly scanned the map on his phone to get to his job interview, then took a left and ran down the block so he wouldn't be late. According to Stokes, Jason's ability to recall the directions as he's running is the result of ________. a. an activity state followed by a synaptic state b. a buffering process followed by an activity process c. a synaptic state followed by a buffering state d. a buffering process followed by an executive process

a. an activity state followed by a synaptic state

Sperling's delayed partial report procedure provided evidence that a. information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds. b. short-term and long-term memory are the independent components of memory. c. information in short-term memory must be rehearsed to transfer into long-term memory. d. short-term memory has a limited capacity.

a. information in sensory memory fades within one or two seconds.

Chantal has frontal lobe damage. She is doing a problem-solving task in which she has to choose the red object out of many choices. She can easily complete this repeatedly, but when the experimenter asks her to choose the blue object on a new trial of the task, she continues to choose the red one, even when the experimenter gives her feedback that she is incorrect. Chantal is displaying a. perseveration. b. decay. c. sensory memory. d. agnosia.

a. perseveration.

Remembering that a tomato is a fruit rather than a vegetable is an example of ___________ memory. a. semantic b. visual c. iconic d. acoustic

a. semantic

The three structural components of the modal model of memory are a. sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory. b. receptors, temporal lobe, frontal lobe. c. receptors, occipital lobe, temporal lobe. d. sensory memory, iconic memory, rehearsal.

a. sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.

Suppose you're on the phone with a customer support representative who gives you a ticket number for your records. You're later transferred to a different representative who asks for your ticket number, but you've forgotten it. This probably occurred because the number was only temporarily stored in your a. short-term memory. b. long-term memory. c. episodic memory. d. sensory memory.

a. short-term memory.

Which of the following has the shortest rate of decay? a. an exit sign b. a finger snap c. a trumpet note d. an opera aria

a. an exit sign

Funahashi and Stokes both focused on which concept relating to memory? a. delay b. rotation c. decay d. imagery

a. delay

If someone is showing perseveration, then they've likely had damage to the ___ lobe of the brain. a. frontal b. parietal c. temporal d. occipital

a. frontal

A person who is activating their visuospatial sketch pad is likely to say which of the following? a. "Let's walk down memory lane." b. "I can see it in my mind's eye." c. "It's right on the tip of my tongue." d. "I can remember like it was yesterday."

b. "I can see it in my mind's eye."

Which of the following stimuli will last longer in the receiver's sensory memory? a. A red bird in the snow b. A lion's roar at the zoo c. An infant's first smile d. A striped top on a mannequin

b. A lion's roar at the zoo

Which of the following is not a stage in the information processing model of memory? a. Short-term memory b. Episodic memory c. Sensory memory d. Long-term memory

b. Episodic memory

Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds? a. SAY, BET, PIN, COW, RUG b. MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP c. BIP, TEK, LIN, MOD, REY d. PIG, DOG, RAT, FOX, HEN

b. MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP

Imagine you are driving to a friend's new house. In your mind, you say the address repeatedly until you arrive. To remember the address, you used a(n)___________process in short-term memory. a. coding b. control c. automatic d. iconic

b. control

It is easier to perform two tasks at the same time if a. both are handled by the phonological loop. b. one is handled by the visuospatial sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop. c. both are handled by the visuospatial sketch pad. d. the central executive is deactivated during the dual task time period.

b. one is handled by the visuospatial sketch pad and one is handled by the phonological loop.

When light from a flashlight is moved quickly back and forth on a wall in a darkened room, it can appear to observers that there is a trail of light moving across the wall, even though physically the light is only in one place at any given time. This experience is an effect of memory that occurs because of a. echoic memory. b. persistence of vision. c. a visual delay effect. d. top-down processing.

b. persistence of vision.

Funahashi's work on monkeys doing a delayed response task examined the role of neurons in the a. diencephalon. b. prefrontal cortex. c. nucleus accumbens. d. cingulate gyrus.

b. prefrontal cortex.

Digit span is one measure of capacity of a. sensory memory. b. short-term memory. c. long-term memory. d. long-term semantic memory.

b. short-term memory.

When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because a. Gestalt principles work to complete the circle in our minds. b. the length of iconic memory is about a fraction of a second. c. the trail you see is caused by sparks left behind from the sparkler. d. longer light wavelengths from the sparkler produce a visual echoic effect.

b. the length of iconic memory is about a fraction of a second.

Currently, it is generally believed that the upper limit for short-term memory is ___. a. limitless b. 7 plus or minus 2 items c. between 10 and14 items d. about 4 items

b. 7 plus or minus 2 items

If memory can be seen as a crowded city, what is the central executive? a. a main street b. a bus dispatcher c. a taxi driver d. a subway car

b. a bus dispatcher

According to Baddeley, the central executive controls ________. a. sensation b. attention c. rotation d. perseveration

b. attention

Daneman and Carpenter's research on reading span looked at differences in memory ________ among individuals. a. structure b. capacity c. buffering d. rehearsal

b. capacity

By listing numbers as (212) 555-1234, telephone companies use which technique to help people remember their own and others' phone numbers? a. mental rotation b. chunking c. digit span d. phonological similarity

b. chunking

Suppose someone has told you a phone number, and you're repeating it over and over again to yourself with the hope that you'll remember it before you dial the number. This example is a type of a ___ called ___. a. report method; rehearsal b. control process; rehearsal c. control process; chunking d. report method; chunking

b. control process; rehearsal

Which of the following likely led early telephone companies to create phone numbers using the format 213-555-1234 rather than a format such as 21776-551873-0633295? a. phonological similarity b. digit span c. articulatory rehearsal d. chunking

b. digit span

According to Broadbent, where does the process of rehearsal take place? a. central executive b. short-term memory c. working memory d. sensory memory

b. short-term memory

According to the phonological similarity effect, we're more likely to confuse words or letters that ___ similar. For example, "F" is more likely to be misidentified as ___. a. sound; "E" b. sound; "S" c. look; "E" d. look; "P"

b. sound; "S"

According to Stokes's model of activity-silent working memory, where is energy being directed during the silent state? a. axons b. synapses c. dendrites d. neurons

b. synapses

Which of the following terms does NOT reflect Baddeley and Hitch's concept of working memory? a. visual b. unlimited c. temporary d. proactive

b. unlimited

Iconic memory is to echoic memory as _____ is to _____. a. sound; vision b. vision; sound c. short-term memory; long-term memory d. long-term memory; short-term memory Hide Feedback

b. vision; sound

When you go to the movies, how many distinct stimuli are being registered by your sensory memory each second? a. 7 b. 12 c. 24 d. 96

c

Physiological studies indicate that damage to the brain's___________can disrupt behaviors that depend on working memory. a. Occipital lobe b. Amygdala c. Prefrontal cortex d. Hippocampus

c. Prefrontal cortex

Which of the following represents the correct progression of information as it moves through the primary memory stores? a. Sensory, episodic, long-term b. Episodic, short-term, sensory c. Sensory, short-term, long-term d. Short-term, long-term, episodic

c. Sensory, short-term, long-term

Which of the following statements about short-term memory is FALSE? a. Short-term memory provides meaning to information. b. Retention of information in short-term memory is brief. c. Short-term memory stores an exact replica of sensory stimuli. d. Short-term memory has a relatively small capacity for information.

c. Short-term memory stores an exact replica of sensory stimuli.

According to the model of working memory, which of the following mental tasks should LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road? a. Trying to imagine how many cabinets are in their kitchen b. Trying to remember a map of the area c. Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned d. Trying to imagine a portrait from a recent museum exhibit

c. Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned

On what factor do working memory and short-term memory most differ? a. velocity b. stimuli c. activity d. location

c. activity

A task with the instructions "Read the following words while repeating 'the, the, the' out loud, look away, and then write down the words you remember" would most likely be studying a. the visuospatial sketch pad. b. echoic memory. c. articulatory suppression. d. the central executive. Hide Feedback

c. articulatory suppression.

Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted that this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be understood as a. an overload of sensory memory. b. rehearsal interference. c. articulatory suppression. d. an LTM recency effect.

c. articulatory suppression.

The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. They found that this student used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that a. expertise with some material reduces susceptibility to proactive interference with that material. b. knowledge in an area of expertise increases a person's digit span. c. chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts. d. experts show larger primacy and recency effects than beginners.

c. chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts.

Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to ___________, but later research showed that it was actually due to ___________. a. decay; lack of rehearsal b. interference; decay c. decay; interference d. priming; interference

c. decay; interference

The primary effect of chunking is to a. develop a visual code to supplement a phonological code for the information. b. maximize the recency effect. c. increase the efficiency of short-term memory. d. increase memory for items by grouping them together based on sound.

c. increase the efficiency of short-term memory.

A property of control processes in the modal model of memory is that they a. are difficult to modify. b. do not require attention. c. may differ from one task to another. d. are performed without conscious awareness.

c. may differ from one task to another.

Robin lost the softball game for her team when she ran toward home and was thrown out at the plate. The coach asked her, "Why did you run? You knew it was a risky move." Robin replied, "But I heard you yell, 'Go! Go!'" The coach replied, "I was saying, 'No! No!'" Robin's ill-fated run was the result of a ________ error. a. suppressive b. visuospatial c. phonological d. control

c. phonological

Rehearsal is important for transferring information from a. sensory memory to long-term memory. b. sensory memory to short-term memory. c. short-term memory to long-term memory. d. long-term memory to sensory memory

c. short-term memory to long-term memory.

Observations that people may actually process and manipulate information rather than simply store it for brief periods of time challenged the conceptualization of a. the phonological similarity effect. b. the persistence of vision. c. short-term memory. d. the physiological approach to coding.

c. short-term memory.

Research suggests that the capacity of short-term memory is a. larger than the capacity of long-term memory among young people. b. quite large, holding a large number of items simultaneously. c. somewhat small, holding only about seven items at one time. d. equivalent to sensory memory, holding about a hundred items at one time.

c. somewhat small, holding only about seven items at one time.

One function of ___________ is to pull information out of long-term memory. a. the phonological loop b. articulatory suppression c. the central executive d. sensory memory

c. the central executive

Which term best reflects the core concept of echoic memory? a. buffer b. repetition c. time d. access

c. time

If working memory were an actual workplace, which of the following best describes the members of Baddeley's model? a. equal team members b. independent consultants c. workers and manager d. competing employees

c. workers and manager

Working memory differs from short-term memory in that a. working memory has unlimited capacity. b. short-term memory has a central executive function. c. working memory is engaged in processing information. d. short-term memory consists of a number of components.

c. working memory is engaged in processing information.

Which of the following will likely NOT advance beyond sensory memory? a. a song lyric b. a shopping list c. a firefly's glow d. a friend's greeting

c. a firefly's glow

According to the activity-silent working memory model, neurons fire ________. a. at remembering and the synaptic state b. only at stimulus input c. at stimulus input and remembering d. only at remembering

c. at stimulus input and remembering

Which of the following will most engage the visuospatial sketch pad? a. painting a wall b. doing a jigsaw puzzle c. building a birdhouse d. writing a sentence

c. building a birdhouse

Remembering a fun family trip to the beach when you were six years old requires recalling a(n) ________ memory from ________ memory. a. semantic; procedural b. procedural; episodic c. episodic; long-term d. semantic; working

c. episodic; long-term

The trail left by a moving sparkler is an example of the ___ at work. a. short-term memory b. long-term memory c. sensory memory d. visuospatial sketch pad

c. sensory memory

At this point in time, what is considered the primary function of the episodic buffer? a. controlling processes b. accelerating processes c. storing information d. sorting information

c. storing information

Brief sensory memory for sound is known as a. primary auditory memory. b. pre-perceptual auditory memory. c. iconic memory. d. echoic memory.

d

Which of the following represents the most effective chunking of the digit sequence 14929111776? a. 14 929 111 776 b. 149 29111 776 c. 14 92 91 117 76 d. 1492 911 1776

d. 1492 911 1776

The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is a. indefinite. b. just under a fraction of a second. c. one to three minutes or more. d. 15-20 seconds or less.

d. 15-20 seconds or less.

Before going to the grocery store, Jamal quickly made a list in his head of the few items he needed to cook dinner. Driving to the store, he repeated the list over and over to himself so that he wouldn't forget anything. How would Broadbent describe Jamal's actions in the car? a. Rotation in the phonological loop b. Buffering in the central executive c. Chunking in sensory memory d. Rehearsal in short-term memory

d. Rehearsal in short-term memory

Models designed to explain mental functioning are constantly refined and modified to explain new results. Which of the following exemplifies this concept based on the results presented in your text? a. Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with working memory b. Replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with iconic memory c. Replacing the sensory memory component of the modal model with the episodic buffer d. Replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with working memory

d. Replacing the short-term memory component of the modal model with working memory

The staff working in the air traffic control tower at a busy airport can be considered a suitable metaphor for which of the following? a. articulatory rehearsal b. episodic buffer c. working memory d. central executive

d. central executive

Funahashi and coworkers recorded neurons in the PF cortex of monkeys during a delayed response task. These neurons showed the most intense firing during a. encoding. b. response. c. stimulus presentation. d. delay.

d. delay.

Information remains in sensory memory for a. one to three minutes. b. as long as it is rehearsed. c. 15-30 seconds. d. seconds or a fraction of a second.

d. seconds or a fraction of a second.

Which of the following terms does NOT reflect the concept of control processes? a. conscious b. variable c. proactive d. sensory

d. sensory

A person with a reduced digit span would most likely have a problem with ___________ memory. a. sensory b. long-term c. autobiographical d. short-term

d. short-term

The ability to manipulate information in memory temporarily while remembering something else is called a. semantic memory. b. short-term memory. c. episodic memory. d. working memory.

d. working memory.

Which of the following student names is least likely to be remembered by a substitute teacher? a. Prab Banerjee b. Carlos Ortiz c. James Fontana d. Ekaterina Kornikova

d. Ekaterina Kornikova

___ has helped to bolster the idea that the ___ is important for holding information for brief periods of time. a. Episodic buffering; parietal lobe b. Episodic buffering; prefrontal cortex c. The delayed-response task; parietal lobe d. The delayed-response task; prefrontal cortex

d. The delayed-response task; prefrontal cortex

What distinguishes working memory from short-term memory? a. location b. stimuli c. speed d. complexity

d. complexity

Which of the following will present the greatest challenge for storing in short-term memory? a. yellow cubes b. colored circles c. striped boxes d. plaid polygons

d. plaid polygons

While taking this quiz, you are relying on which of the following? a. iconic memory b. sensory memory c. executive memory d. semantic memory

d. semantic memory

Suppose you're shown five rows containing five letters each. You're then told to recall only one row of letters. In doing so, you're utilizing ___. a. persistence of vision b. the whole report method c. the delayed partial report method d. the partial report method

d. the partial report method

What is a key function of the phonological loop? a. to fire neurons b. to increase capacity c. to rotate images d. to prevent decay

d. to prevent decay

When you're trying to understand what your professor is talking about in a lecture, which of the following is LEAST important to aid this process? a. phonological loop b. phonological store c. articulatory rehearsal d. visuospatial sketch pad

d. visuospatial sketch pad