Cognitive Psychology Exam 2: Practice Questions and Key Terms/Concepts

TRUE/FALSE: working memory is a system with multiple components that each serve different functions

TRUE

why is there less emphasis on sensory memory?

less recent research compared to STM, LTM, AND WM

If the primacy effect is really due to a separate long-term memory system, then is there some manipulation that would change primacy (ex: increase it) but not recency?

manipulating the time during encoding

You show your friend a funny TikTok and your friend goes "I'm actually the one who sent you that...". This would be an example of

misattribution

while a __________ is our own fault, _________ comes from someone else who is, whether intentionally or not, influencing us

misattribution; suggestibility

attention as a filter: late selection

sensory input -> processing physical characteristics -> processing semantics -> ATTENTION _> awareness

Stages of the Modal Model

(1) incoming info from the sensory environment (2) info is briefly stored in sensory memory (3) whatever one attends to in sensory memory gets transferred to STM **you can convert STM to LTM through rehearsal, but some things will be lost (4) things rehearsed enough in STM become long-term memories (5) retrieval of an LTM brings it into the STM, and it can then be re-encoded or forgotten

key ideas about attention

- we selectively attend to an input or a task at the expense of others - certain stimuli involuntarily capture our attention - attention is a system with capacity limitations - the more practiced we are with a task, the fewer attentional resources that task typically requires - common metaphors for attention: attention as a filter and as a resource

in the video, what percentage of participants did NOT see the gorilla

50% of participants

Based on what you know about working memory, which of the following would you expect to be correlated with working memory capacity? 1. GPA in college 2. Reading comprehension 3. Complex problem solving 4. The magnitude of Stroop effects

All of these are related to working memory capacity

Which of the following is an example of a recognition memory test? A. "Which one of these individuals is the person you saw at the party?" B. "Describe how you spent New Year's Eve going into the year 2019." C. "Write the formula needed for computing the area of a circle." D. "What political event does this song remind you of?"

A. "Which one of these individuals is the person you saw at the party?"

Which of the following BEST describes levels of processing effects? A. A deeper, more meaningful way to encode to-be-remembered information will lead to better memory for that information. B. A cued recall test with specific hints will lead to better memory for to-be-remembered information than a free recall test without specific cues. C. Although there are different levels with which to-be-remembered information can be encoded, memory is determined only by the level of processing the retrieval task requires. D. The level with which to-be-remembered information is encoded matters only if people are aware of an upcoming memory test and, therefore, have the intention to remember the information.

A. A deeper, more meaningful way to encode to-be-remembered information will lead to better memory for that information.

Reshma has really poor vision, so she has to wear thick glasses to be able to read anything. She is given the following words and she is asked to read the ink color: the word BLUE in orange ink, the word RED in green ink, the word YELLOW in blue ink, the word GREEN in green ink, the word PURPLE in purple ink, the word RED in red ink. Which of the following should be INCORRECT about Reshma's performance on this task? A. Even when Reshma is asked to read the word instead of the ink color, she will be significantly slower for the first three words compared to the last three words. B. Reshma will automatically read the word itself in all cases even if she is trying to focus on the ink color. C. If Reshma takes off her glasses so she can't read the words anymore, she should be equally quick naming the ink color of the first three words and of the last three words. D. Reshma will be slower to name the ink color of the first three words than the ink color of the last three words.3

A. Even when Reshma is asked to read the word instead of the ink color, she will be significantly slower for the first three words compared to the last three words.

Which of the following is NOT an example of absent-mindedness in the context of forgetting and memory errors? A. Forgetting the name of a theory during your final exam, because it had been so long since you first learned it in class B. Not knowing the location of the fire extinguisher in your workplace, even though you walk by it every time you go to work C. Forgetting to bring your phone charger to your weekend trip, because you did not create an implementation intention D. Not remembering where you put your sunglasses, because you did not pay attention to the moment you placed them on the kitchen counter

A. Forgetting the name of a theory during your final exam, because it had been so long since you first learned it in class

Which of these characteristics is FALSE regarding inattentional blindness? A. It is a consequence of diminished sight. B. Cases of inattentional blindness are fairly common. C. It results in perceptual failures. D. It is a consequence of diminished attention.

A. It is a consequence of diminished sight

The skill through which a person focuses on one input or task while ignoring other stimuli that are also on the scene is referred to as: A. Selective attention B. Divided attention C. Attentional capture D. Dichotic listening

A. Selective attention

Memory for names of all U.S. states and territories would be an example of ______, whereas the memory of your first kayaking trip would be an example of _______, both of which are a form of _________. A. Semantic memory; episodic memory; explicit memory B. Episodic memory; semantic memory; explicit memory C. Perceptual learning; procedural memory; implicit memory D. Semantic memory; procedural memory; implicit memory

A. Semantic memory; episodic memory; explicit memory

Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding the Stroop effect? A. The Stroop effect demonstrates how easy it is for people to selectively attend to various types of information. B. When asked to name the ink color in which color names are presented, people will be slower if the ink color and color name conflict with each other (e.g., the word blue presented in red ink) than if they match (e.g., the word blue presented in blue ink). C. Stroop effects demonstrate that word reading is automatic. D. Stroop effects demonstrate that inhibiting well-practiced processes can take up attentional resources.

A. The Stroop effect demonstrates how easy it is for people to selectively attend to various types of information.

If a participant is asked to perform two activities at the same time, dividing attention will be least costly if: A. The two activities are very different from each other B. The two activities are partially related C. Both activities heavily rely on the executive control mechanism D. Neither activity involves verbal processing

A. The two activities are very different from each other

Which of the following is NOT an attribute of working memory? A. Unlimited storage capacity B. Drawn on by a wide range of tasks C. Easily accessible D. Contents closely associated with the current focus of attention

A. Unlimited storage capacity; WM has LIMITED storage capacity

Patricio's mom calls and recites the following list of items for him to pick up at the grocery store: "eggs, bananas, cheese, onions, milk, lettuce, pickles, cereal, bread, potatoes, chicken, avocado, crackers, coffee, apples, salsa, and tissues." He is unable to write down the items as she says them, but he quickly creates a note on his phone after his mom hangs up. Which group of items is Patricio most likely to MISS? A. Lettuce, pickles, and cereal B. Eggs, bananas, and cheese C. Patricio will remember all of the items on the list D. Apples, salsa, and tissues

A. lettuce, pickles, and cereal

Sam was given a series of numbers to remember, and he decided to think about the numbers as though they were dates. For example, he thought to himself "the year I started college", when he was given the digits 1, 9, 8, 6. What is Sam organizing information into? A. Packaging B. Chunks C. Images D. Sentences

B. Chunks

Imagine that you are a participant in a memory experiment and that you are given one of the four orienting tasks below to learn a list of words. Which orienting task should lead to the BEST performance on the memory test? A. Determining whether each word contains the letter "E" B. Determining whether each word fits into a complex sentence (for example: "Trey came home from school and was welcomed with the pleasant smell of freshly baked ________ that his sister made") C. Determining whether each word fits into a simple sentence (for example: "The________ won the game") D. Determining whether each word rhymes with another word

B. Determining whether each word fits into a complex sentence (for example: "Trey came home from school and was welcomed with the pleasant smell of freshly baked ________ that his sister made")

Which of the statements below is INCORRECT? A. Both semantic memory and episodic memory are types of explicit memory. B. Examples of implicit memory include priming, procedural memory, and semantic memory. C. Both explicit memory and implicit memory are types of long-term memory. D. Both semantic memory and episodic memory are types of long-term memory.

B. Examples of implicit memory include priming, procedural memory, and semantic memory.

An experienced driver can drive while engaging in a complex conversation but the same task is difficult for a beginner driver. Which of the following explains this difference? A. The beginner driver has a shorter attention span B. Practicing a task leads to a decline in resource demands for that task C. The complex driver has a better working memory capacity D. Practicing a task leads to higher amounts of resource demands for that task

B. Practicing a task leads to a decline in resource demands for that task

Which of the following is an example of retroactive interference? A. Not being able to remember your cousin's married name because you keep thinking of their maiden name B. Remembering who sang a newer rendition of a song when trying to remember who sang the older rendition of the same song C. Retrieving your old password to login to your email account instead of your new password D. Not being able to remember who told you to get your flu shot, the school nurse or your lab partner

B. Remembering who sang a newer rendition of a song when trying to remember who sang the older rendition of the same song

In studies of spatial attention, participants are shown a neutral cue, a high-validity cue (correctly predicting the location of the upcoming target across most trials), or a misleading cue (incorrectly predicting the location of the upcoming target). In each trial, participants need to press a button as soon as they see the target. Which of the following is CORRECT about typical findings from these studies? A. Response times to a neutral cue are faster than response times to a high-validity cue. B. Response times to a neutral cue are faster than response times to a misleading cue. C. There is no difference in response times between a neutral cue and a misleading cue. D. Response times to a misleading cue are faster than response times to a neutral cue.

B. Response times to a neutral cue are faster than response times to a misleading cue

What is the difference between short-term memory (STM) and working memory (WM)? A. STM and WM are the same; no difference B. STM is used for temporarily storing info, but WM is used for doing something with the temporarily stored info in the face of distractors C. STM has unlimited capacity, but WM has limited capacity D. STM is only used in laboratory tasks, whereas WM is only used in tasks outside the laboratory

B. STM is used for temporarily storing info, but WM is used for doing something with the temporarily stored info in the face of distractors

What is the difference between short-term memory (STM) and working memory (WM)? A. STM and WM are the same thing; there is no difference between them. B. STM is used for temporarily storing information, but WM is used for doing something with the temporarily stored information in the face of distractors. C. STM has unlimited capacity, but WM has limited capacity D. STM is only used in laboratory tasks, whereas WM is only used in tasks outside the laboratory.

B. STM is used for temporarily storing information, but WM is used for doing something with the temporarily stored information in the face of distractors

The main effect of anterograde amnesia is: A. Trouble accessing previous memories B. Trouble creating new memories C. Difficulty in stroop task performance D. None of the above

B. Trouble creating new memories

The "cocktail party effect" suggests that: A. Unattended meaningful information cannot break through into awareness. B. Unattended meaningful information can sometimes break through into awareness. C. Attentional capture occurs in auditory perception only. D. Dichotic listening tasks have no real-world applications.

B. Unattended meaningful information can sometimes break through into awareness.

Which of the following best describes the concepts availability and accessibility in long-term memory? A. Whatever is available in long-term memory will only be accessible via implicit memory tests. B. Whatever is available in long-term memory may not always be accessible during retrieval. C. Whatever is available in long-term memory will only be accessible if the information was encoded via deep level of processing. D. Whatever is available in long-term memory will always be accessible during retrieval.

B. Whatever is available in long-term memory may not always be accessible during retrieval.

Proactive interference is: A. When new memories interfere with old memories B. When old memories interfere with new memories C. None of the above

B. When old memories interfere with new memories

Bryan had an argument with his partner earlier today, which put him in a very bad mood. At the end of the day, all Bryan can remember about their relationship are negative events, when in fact they have shared many positive experiences. Which of the following BEST describes this example? A. mood-dependency effects B. mood congruency effects C. depression D. fixed mindset

B. mood congruency effects

Which of the following is CORRECT regarding the study on recalling and recognizing the Apple logo? A. All participants were able to draw the logo from memory, demonstrating that maintenance rehearsal is sufficient for encoding information into long-term memory. B. Only the participants who were users of Apple products were able to draw the logo from memory, demonstrating that elaborative rehearsal is sufficient for encoding information into long-term memory. C. All participants showed poor performance when drawing the logo from memory, demonstrating that maintenance rehearsal is not sufficient for encoding information into long-term memory. D. Only the participants who were users of Apple products were able to draw the logo from memory, demonstrating that maintenance rehearsal is sufficient for encoding information into long-term memory.

C. All participants showed poor performance when drawing the logo from memory, demonstrating that maintenance rehearsal is not sufficient for encoding information into long-term memory.

Across two phone interview experiments, most participants failed to notice that the female interviewer to whom they were responding, changed after the third question of the interview, probably because of: A. Dichotic listening B. Inattentional blindness C. Change blindness D. The cocktail party effect

C. Change blindness

Which of the following is the best example of context-dependent learning? A. Recalling new info better than old info B. Remembering your friend's birthday because it's close to yours C. Chewing gum while studying, then chewing the same gum while taking a test D. Recalling positive memories when you are in a happy mood

C. Chewing gum while studying, then chewing the same gum while taking a test (more likely if the test is free recall as opposed to cued recall and/or recognition)

Which of the following does NOT provide evidence for the statement that attention isa limited capacity system? A. Stroop effect B. Inattentional blindness C. Cocktail party effect D. Spatial attention studies

C. Cocktail party effect

In memory experiments, particularly in those examining long-term memory, researchers typically include a brief distractor task (listing all US states, counting backward from 300 by 3s, etc.) between the learning phase (where participants study a set of material) and the testing phase (where participants try to remember the set of material they studied earlier). What would you expect such a distractor task to do? A. Diminish both recency and primacy effects B. Diminish primacy effects C. Diminish recency effects D. The distractor task should not have any effect on what is remembered from the learning phase

C. Diminished recency effects

What does the transfer-appropriate processing experiment we discussed in class demonstrate? A. A deeper level of processing at the time of encoding will always yield the best test result, no matter the test type B. Matching the physical location of encoding and retrieval will yield the best test result compared to when those do not match C. Encoding information in a way that matches the processing required during retrieval will yield the best test result D. A shallower level of processing at the time of encoding will always yield the best test result, no matter the test type

C. Encoding information in a way that matches the processing required during retrieval will yield the best test result

In dichotic listening tasks, most participants are able to: A. Maintain their focus on the attended channel, but with considerable difficulty and frequent slips B. Tell if the unattended channel contained a coherent message or just random words C. Identify physical attributes of the message on the unattended channel D. Concentrate effectively on the attended channel, so they end up detecting nothing on the unattended channel

C. Identify physical attributes of the message on the unattended channel

In a series of experiments, you compare performance of patients with anterograde amnesia to control participants who do not have amnesia. Which of the following is LEAST LIKELY to be observed? A. Similar recency effects between amnesic and control participants B. Similar responses when asked to describe how to ride of bike or change a flat tire C. No priming effects on an indirect memory test for amnesic participants, but strong priming effects for control participants D. Poor performance on a recognition task in amnesic participants, but better memory in control participants

C. No priming effects on an indirect memory test for amnesic participants, but strong priming effects for control participants

Which of the following statements about attentional resources is INCORRECT? A. We can perform multiple tasks only if the sum of those tasks' demands does not exceed our attentional resources. B. Practice can reduce the attentional resources required to complete a task. C. Practice can markedly increase the number of attentional resources we have. D. Attentional resources are used for any task requiring conscious or voluntary attention.

C. Practice can markedly increase the number of attentional resources we have.

You are at a professional basketball game. You look across from your seat and notice the other side of the stadium and all of the people in their seats. You close your eyes, and for a brief moment, you see an accurate afterimage of that view in your mind. This is an example of ______. A. short-term memory B. working memory C. sensory memory D. long-term memory

C. Sensory memory

Priya is taking an in-person psychology course at IU that meets in Room 113 of the Psychology building. At the end of the semester, the instructor will give a take-home final exam and Priya is wondering if she should try to complete it in Room 113 rather than at her apartment or the library. Based on what you know about context-dependent memory, which of the below is the best recommendation? A. She should take the final exam in Room 113 because matching the encoding and retrieval context always boosts memory relative to not matching these two contexts. B. t should not matter where Priya takes the final exam because context-dependent memory effects are not observed outside of laboratory experiments. C. The location of the final exam should not matter if the exam consists of multiple-choice questions that already provide specific and helpful retrieval cues. D. She should not take the final exam in Room 113 to avoid the interference that might occur from reinstating the encoding context at the time of retrieval.

C. The location of the final exam should not matter if the exam consists of multiple-choice questions that already provide specific and helpful retrieval cues.

Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding Ebbinghaus and his contribution to our understanding of memory? A. Ebbinghaus used nonsense syllables as his experimental stimuli to avoid any effects of meaning on learning and retention. B. Ebbinghaus calculated a measure called savings to describe how much he retained from previously learned information when he tested his memory at various retention intervals. C. When Ebbinghaus tried to relearn sets of material, he realized that he had no memory of the material, showing that encoded information is completely lost even at brief delays. D. Ebbinghaus demonstrated that previously encoded information is forgotten very quickly soon after initial learning, but that the amount of forgetting slows down after a certain point.

C. When Ebbinghaus tried to relearn sets of material, he realized that he had no memory of the material, showing that encoded information is completely lost even at brief delays.

Dividing your attention between multiple tasks can lead to increased responsetimes and decreased accuracy, relative to doing each task separately. In whichof the scenarios below would you NOT observe costs to dividing attention? A. Texting while driving B. Shoe shopping while taking notes in class C. You should expect costs to dividing attention in all of these scenarios D. Watching a TV show and doing homework

C. You should expect costs to dividing attention in all of these scenarios

A researcher randomly assigns their participants into four groups. Each group gets a different set of instructions to study the same word list: - Group 1 is given instructions to memorize the words and is told to repeat the words over and over again while studying. - Group 2 is given instructions to memorize the words and is told to pay attention to the appearance of the words. - Group 3 is not given instructions to memorize the words and is asked to search the list for typos. - Group 4 is not given instructions to memorize the words and is asked to determine how the words in the list relate to one another. After spending three minutes listing all the countries they can think of,the participants take a free recall test on the word list. According to the levels of processing framework, which group should have the BEST memory for the word list? A. Group 1 B. Group 2 C. Group 3 D. Group 4

D. Group 4

Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding attentional control? A. We do not always have full control over what we pay attention to. B. The Stroop task is one of the ways in which cognitive psychologists have studied attentional control. C. One aspect of attentional control is to inhibit relatively automatic processes, which uses up some attentional resources. D. How well someone can control their attention is not related to their working memory capacity.

D. How well someone can control their attention is not related to their working memory capacity.

Based on our discussion during Thursday's class, how can we decrease the frequency of prospective memory failures? A. Prospective memory failures are only observed in amnesic patients, so the frequency with which they happen cannot be decreased. B. Maintenance rehearsal of the intention we want to remember can help decrease the frequency of prospective memory failures. C. Prospective memory failures are unavoidable, and the frequency with which they happen cannot be decreased. D. Implementation intention can decrease the frequency of prospective memory failures due to a deeper level of processing.

D. Implementation intention can decrease the frequency of prospective memory failures due to a deeper level of processing.

Inattentional blindness is defined by: A. Hearing relevant information from a different source, causing a divert in attention B. Damage to the frontal cortex C. Forgetting previously-created memories D. Inability to notice visible objects due to engagement in other tasks

D. Inability to notice visible objects due to engagement in other tasks

Three years ago, Kayla sustained a serious head injury while riding a bike. The injury occurred shortly after her 25th birthday. Since then, she experiences anterograde amnesia. Which of the following could be attributed to this diagnosis? A. Kayla does not remember her parents' names B. Kayla no longer remembers how to ride a bike C. Kayla does not remember her 23rd birthday party D. Kayla tried a new restaurant two weeks ago but does not remember doing this

D. Kayla tried a new restaurant two weeks ago but does not remember doing this

Jane is given a list of 20 words and when asked to recall the list, she can only remember the last 4 words very easily. Why does this occur? A. Change blindness B. Primacy effect C. Proactive interference D. Recency effect

D. Recency effect

Which of the following is CORRECT regarding task switching? A. Switching back and forth between tasks does not impair how accurately or quickly you complete tasks. B. We never complete two tasks at the same time; we always switch back and forth between the two tasks. C. Task switching can only be observed in laboratory experiments studying attention. D. Switching between two attention-demanding tasks rather than completing the two separately increases errors and/or completion times

D. Switching between two attention-demanding tasks rather than completing the two separately increases errors and/or completion times

In one dichotic listening study, researchers measured the electrical activity in participants' brains as they listened to a different message on each ear. The electrical activity for the unattended channel and the attended channel started to show large differences as early as 80 milliseconds after the start of the messages. All participants shadowed the attended channel with great accuracy, and they could not report what the message in the unattended channel was about. Which of the following is a FALSE conclusion based on this study? A. Attention filters out irrelevant information early on; the unattended channel is processed very little. B. Participants can selectively attend to what they are instructed to pretty well. C. Attention is not an unlimited resource; participants cannot successfully indicate the content of the message in both channels. D. The late selection view of attention is supported; participants process both channels for 80 ms before the electrical activity starts showing differences.

D. The late selection view of attention is supported; participants process both channels for 80 ms before the electrical activity starts showing differences.

The 'cocktail party effect' suggests that: A. Unattended meaningful information cannot breakthrough into awareness B. Attentional capture occurs in auditory perception only C. Dichotic listening tasks have no real-world applications D. Unattended meaningful information can sometimes break through into awareness

D. Unattended meaningful information can sometimes break through into awareness

Which of the following is INCORRECT about distracted driving? A. People are slower to react to driving-related tasks if they are talking on the phone compared to if they are not on the phone while driving. B. Distracted driving can increase the likelihood of inattentional blindness for pedestrians, animals, and road signs. C. Even people who consider themselves as good drivers suffer from dividing their attention between driving and cell phone use. D. Using a hands-free phone while driving is not a problem, because your eyes are on the road and your hands are on the wheel.

D. Using a hands-free phone while driving is not a problem, because your eyes are on the road and your hands are on the wheel.

Which of the following is INCORRECT regarding working memory? A. Rehearsal helps maintain information in working memory. B. The contents of working memory are highly related to things we pay attention to C. Working memory is used in a variety of tasks D. Working memory is nearly unlimited in storage capacity

D. Working memory is nearly unlimited in storage capacity

evidence for early selection

EEG data show that unattended stimuli receive less processing than attended stimuli in primary sensory areas as early as 80 msec after audio begins noticing physical characteristics but not meaning of unattended channel

TRUE/FALSE: Complexity of a task/tasks has no effect on task switching

FALSE

TRUE/FALSE: Maintenance rehearsal is necessary to establish a memory

FALSE

TRUE/FALSE: Repetition or repeated exposure guarantees successful encoding to long-term memory

FALSE

TRUE/FALSE: The more practiced we are with a task, the MORE attentional resources that task typically require

FALSE

TRUE/FALSE: Unlike a hand-held cell phone, using a hands-free cell phone does not impair one's attention while driving

FALSE

TRUE/FALSE: Memory is like a video recorder

FALSE; much more complex

TRUE/FALSE: The Stroop test performance is NOT correlated with working memory capacity

FALSE; the Stroop test, GPA, reading comprehension, and complex problem-solving are all correlated with working memory capacity

TRUE/FALSE: The more practiced we are with a task, the FEWER attentional resources that task typically require

TRUE

TRUE/FALSE: Working memory capacity is a reliable measure that differs among individuals, and can predict performance in meaningful tasks

TRUE

In the experiment where participants saw a 9-item matrix of letters for 50 ms, and then were asked to do a full report (remember all letters in all rows) or partial report (1/3 rows), what were the results?

Participants remembered more letters in the partial report condition than they did in the full report condition Conclusion: people initially maintain the whole matrix in sensory memory, but lose it by the time they are reporting all letters

TRUE/FALSE: there is a higher cost with increased task complexity

TRUE

Which of the scenarios below indicate inattentional blindness? Scenario 1: you have been looking around the living room for 10 minutes for your keys. Your roommate picks them up off the coffee table that was right in front of you the whole time Scenario 2: Dillon is watching the movie Spiderman. He fails to notice that a lamp which Peter Parker (a.k.a. Spiderman) just broke is fully intact mere seconds later in the scene. Scenario 3: Martha looked in the mirror at least a dozen times while getting dressed for work, but she still failed to notice the pen stain on the front pocket of her blouse Scenario 4: While reading a magazine, Jerome comes across a "Can you spot the difference?" game, but he can't see how the two images differ from each other.

Scenarios 1 and 3

TRUE/FALSE: Cell phone use impairs the driving performance of younger and older drivers

TRUE

TRUE/FALSE: Repetition or repeated exposure does not always mean successful encoding to LTM, maintenance rehearsal is not good enough

TRUE

Deep processing works to improve memory performance A. True B. False

TRUE; Deep processing works to form connections and facilitates retrieval better than shallow/surface processing

Modal Model of Memory

The model proposed by Atkinson and Shiffrin that describes memory as a mechanism that involves processing information through a series of stages, including short-term memory and long-term memory. It is called the modal model because of the great influence it has had on memory research.

attention is a system with capacity limitations

We pay attention to things, which implies finite resources and the allocation of those resources to inputs/tasks Attention serves as a resource to process a subset of sensory input spatial attention studies divided attention studies

what happens to unattended input?

attention serves as a filter

we selectively attend to an input or a task at the expense of others

because attention has capacity limitations, we cannot process all of the sensory input coming in from our environment. consequently, we only attend to a subset of sensory input, thereby showing how attention serves as a filter to focus on processing this subset inattentional blindness change blindness dichotic listening task

certain stimuli involuntarily capture our attention

cocktail party effect dichotic listening task findings regarding participants hearing their name in unattended channel (~33%) salient or distinctive (against some background) stimuli

Through __________, info makes it into LTM from STM/WM, and through ______, info can be transferred into STM/WM

encoding; retrieval

The more practiced we are with a task, the _________ attentional resources that task typically require

fewer

retrieval from LTM; ways to assess encoding

free recall, cued recall, recognition

Evidence for late selection

hearing one's own name on the unattended channel context briefly leading participants to shadow the channel they are tasked to ignore

stages of memory

incoming sensory information -> encoding (info is converted for storage) -> storage (information is retained in memory) -> retrieval (information is retrieved from memory)

If the recency effect is really due to a separate working memory system, then under what circumstances would we predict the recency effect to go away?

increasing the time between learning and testing

Calling your sneaky link by your ex's name is an example of

proactive interference

effective encoding methods

relational/elaborative rehearsal (active encoding) is necessary to establish a memory; deep processing, making connections to things you already know, organizing to-be-remembered material, understanding instead of memorizing, and interactive imagery

When writing down your phone number, you accidentally write down your old phone number instead of your current one. This is an example of

retroactive interference

After a car accident, Manuel can't recognize his partner Eric and he doesn't remember what he did for a living prior to the accident. He remembers that the doctor told him about a broken collar bone and damage to some areas in his left hemisphere. What does this example represent?

retrograde amnesia

Memory for the names of all US states and territories would be an example of _______________ whereas memory of your first kayaking trip would be an example of _______________, both of which are a form of _______________.

semantic memory; episodic memory; explicit memory

attention as a filter: early selection

sensory input -> processing physical characteristics -> ATTENTION -> processing semantics -> awareness

Misattribution

some form of memory is present, but it is not actually experienced; memory is misattributed to an incorrect source (DRM procedure)

A detective asking you a leading question, such as "What weapon was the suspect holding?" and you begin to believe there was a weapon. This is an example of

suggestibility

suggestibility

tendency to include information provided in external sources into your own recollections (misinformation effects, planting false memories)

which is more accurate: the early or late selection model?

there is evidence for both models; they both capture some part of the truth

what do studies of spatial attention show?

we are LESS efficient to perceive and respond to a stimulus if we are misled we are MORE efficient to perceive and respond to a stimulus if we have some advance information