Cognitive Psychology exam 3

B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through

reinforcement.

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by

repeating it over and over

Surface features vs. Structural features

*Surface Features:* specific objects/terms of current problem (get in the way) *Structural Features:* underlying core of problem (must be used) - filtering details to "see" overarching similarity of 2 different problems

means-end analysis

reduce differences between initial and goal states

What is a mental set?

-A preconceived notion about how to approach a problem -Based on a person's past experiences with the problem (or similar problems) -Water-jug problem: given mental set inhibited participants from using simpler solution

Using Analogies to Solve a Problem - Gick and Holyoak

-Noticing relationship -Mapping correspondence between source and target -Applying mapping

Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?

Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.

Clinical Psychology with the LP

Doctorate degree, licensed psychologist,

What makes an analogy more useful to help solve a problem?

Effective way to get participants to pay attention to structural features that aide problem-solving

According to your textbook, perception goes beyond the simple receipt of sensory information. It is involved in many different cognitive skills. Which of the following is NOT one of those skills as noted by the chapter?

Experiencing neuromodulation

How do experts solve problems differently than a novice?

Experts possess more knowledge about their fields -Knowledge is organized so it can be accessed when needed to work on a problem -Novice: surface features -Expert: structural features

Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This demonstrates the property of language.

Hierarchical

___________ memories are those that we are not aware of.

Implicit

Intermediate state

In problem solving, the various conditions that exist along the pathways between the initial and goal states.

Newell and Simons model

Initial state, intermediate state, goal state

Most of the coherence in text is created by

Interference

Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, "Afraid you will be," violates which property of the English language?

Languge has a structure that is governed by rules

Counseling Psychology with the LPC

Masters degree, LPC license, counseling

School Psychology

Masters degree, SSP license

Using Analogies to Solve a Problem - Duncker's Radiation Problem

Often hints must be given to notice connection

___________ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory.

Retrieval

Syntax is

The rules for combining words into sentences.

A phoneme refers to

The shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of a word.

Initial state of problem solving

The starting point of the problem. Includes the knowledge/resources you have at the beginning

Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory?

The visuospatial sketch pad

Which set of stimuli would be the best selection for having people perform a lexical decision task?

Words "pizza, history" and non-words "pebble, girk"

A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of

a sequence of actions.

Regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by

an inborn biological program.

Information-processing approach

approach to the study of cognitive development by observing and analyzing the mental processes involved in perceiving and handling information

The ability to focus on one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli is called

cocktail party effect.

In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to

decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word

Elementary school students in the United States are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of

elaborative rehearsal.

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that

extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate.

Research shows that ___________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material.

highlighting

The primary effect of chunking is to

increase the efficiency of short-term memory.

Evidence that language is a social process that must be learned comes from the fact that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who speak or use sign language, they

invent a sign language themselves

If you are folding towels while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the act of folding while keeping up with the storyline on the TV show. Folding the towels would be an example of a(n) ________ task.

low-load

The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the

narrative rehearsal hypothesis.

One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that

people are not conscious they are using it.

Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She explains how to hold the racquet, how to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ___________ memory.

procedural

Coherence refers to the

representation of the text in a reader's mind, so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text.

Functional fixedness

restricting use of an object to its familiar functions Examples: -Candle problem: seeing boxes as containers inhibited using them as supports -Two-string problem: function of pliers gets in the way of seeing them as a weight

Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ___________ in long-term memory.

retrieval cues

According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are

short and across several days.

goal state

solution to a problem

Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers shows that __________ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable.

transition points

Creative Problem Solving- What strategies can be used to increase creativity?

•Creative cognition: technique to train people to think creatively -Preinventive forms: ideas that precede creation of finished creative product

Gestalt approach

•Representing a problem in the mind •Restructuring: changes the problem's representation