Cognitive Psychology exam 3
B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through
reinforcement.
Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by
repeating it over and over
Surface features vs. Structural features
*Surface Features:* specific objects/terms of current problem (get in the way) *Structural Features:* underlying core of problem (must be used) - filtering details to "see" overarching similarity of 2 different problems
means-end analysis
reduce differences between initial and goal states
What is a mental set?
-A preconceived notion about how to approach a problem -Based on a person's past experiences with the problem (or similar problems) -Water-jug problem: given mental set inhibited participants from using simpler solution
Using Analogies to Solve a Problem - Gick and Holyoak
-Noticing relationship -Mapping correspondence between source and target -Applying mapping
Why is classical conditioning considered a form of implicit memory?
Because it involves learning an association without being aware of the reasons behind it.
Clinical Psychology with the LP
Doctorate degree, licensed psychologist,
What makes an analogy more useful to help solve a problem?
Effective way to get participants to pay attention to structural features that aide problem-solving
According to your textbook, perception goes beyond the simple receipt of sensory information. It is involved in many different cognitive skills. Which of the following is NOT one of those skills as noted by the chapter?
Experiencing neuromodulation
How do experts solve problems differently than a novice?
Experts possess more knowledge about their fields -Knowledge is organized so it can be accessed when needed to work on a problem -Novice: surface features -Expert: structural features
Language consists of smaller components, like words, that can be combined to form larger ones, like phrases, to create sentences, which themselves can be components of a larger story. This demonstrates the property of language.
Hierarchical
___________ memories are those that we are not aware of.
Implicit
Intermediate state
In problem solving, the various conditions that exist along the pathways between the initial and goal states.
Newell and Simons model
Initial state, intermediate state, goal state
Most of the coherence in text is created by
Interference
Yoda, a central character of the Star Wars movies created by George Lucas, has a distinctive way of speaking. His statement, "Afraid you will be," violates which property of the English language?
Languge has a structure that is governed by rules
Counseling Psychology with the LPC
Masters degree, LPC license, counseling
School Psychology
Masters degree, SSP license
Using Analogies to Solve a Problem - Duncker's Radiation Problem
Often hints must be given to notice connection
___________ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory.
Retrieval
Syntax is
The rules for combining words into sentences.
A phoneme refers to
The shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of a word.
Initial state of problem solving
The starting point of the problem. Includes the knowledge/resources you have at the beginning
Imagine yourself walking from your car, bus stop, or dorm to your first class. Your ability to form such a picture in your mind depends on which of the following components of working memory?
The visuospatial sketch pad
Which set of stimuli would be the best selection for having people perform a lexical decision task?
Words "pizza, history" and non-words "pebble, girk"
A script is a type of schema that also includes knowledge of
a sequence of actions.
Regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by
an inborn biological program.
Information-processing approach
approach to the study of cognitive development by observing and analyzing the mental processes involved in perceiving and handling information
The ability to focus on one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli is called
cocktail party effect.
In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to
decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word
Elementary school students in the United States are often taught to use the very familiar word "HOMES" as a cue for remembering the names of the Great Lakes (each letter in "HOMES" provides a first-letter cue for one of the lakes: Huron, Ontario, Michigan, Erie, Superior). This memory procedure usually works better than repeating the names over and over. The use of this familiar word provides an example of
elaborative rehearsal.
A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that
extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate.
Research shows that ___________ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material.
highlighting
The primary effect of chunking is to
increase the efficiency of short-term memory.
Evidence that language is a social process that must be learned comes from the fact that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who speak or use sign language, they
invent a sign language themselves
If you are folding towels while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the act of folding while keeping up with the storyline on the TV show. Folding the towels would be an example of a(n) ________ task.
low-load
The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the
narrative rehearsal hypothesis.
One of the defining characteristics of implicit memory is that
people are not conscious they are using it.
Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She explains how to hold the racquet, how to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ___________ memory.
procedural
Coherence refers to the
representation of the text in a reader's mind, so that information in one part of the text is related to information in another part of the text.
Functional fixedness
restricting use of an object to its familiar functions Examples: -Candle problem: seeing boxes as containers inhibited using them as supports -Two-string problem: function of pliers gets in the way of seeing them as a weight
Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ___________ in long-term memory.
retrieval cues
According to memory research, studying is most effective if study sessions are
short and across several days.
goal state
solution to a problem
Asking people to recall the most influential events that happened during their college careers shows that __________ in people's lives appear to be particularly memorable.
transition points
Creative Problem Solving- What strategies can be used to increase creativity?
•Creative cognition: technique to train people to think creatively -Preinventive forms: ideas that precede creation of finished creative product
Gestalt approach
•Representing a problem in the mind •Restructuring: changes the problem's representation