Logic Homework 1a-2e (aka midterm review)

Instructions: Determine whether or not the following passages contain arguments. I got at least a 95 on all my exams in this course. The syllabus says that anything over a 92 is an A. So, I expect to get an A for the course.

Argument

Instructions: Determine whether or not the following passages contain arguments. It follows from the fact that she eats pork, chicken, beef, mutton, veal, venison, turkey, and fish that she must not be a vegetarian.

Argument

The four corners of the square of opposition are known as A, I, E and O. Who came up with these labels?

Medieval Logicians

What is the obverse of the following statement: All vertebrates are animals

No vertebrates are non-animals

Is it possible for an argument like this to be valid: Particular Affirmative proposition Particular negative proposition Therefore, universal negative proposition

No, it cannot be valid

Is the following syllogism valid: Some penguins are living in zoos Some zoos are in tropical climates Therefore, some penguins are living in tropical climates

No, it is invalid

A strong inductive argument is an argument such that if the premises are assumed to be true, then the conclusion is probably true.

True

A valid deductive argument is one where, assuming the premises are true, it is impossible for the conclusion to be false.

True

A weak inductive argument is an argument such that if the premises are assumed to be true, then the conclusion is not probably true.

True

An invalid argument is automatically an unsound argument.

True

An invalid deductive argument is one where, assuming the premises are true, it is possible for the conclusion to be false.

True

Every statement is either true or false; these two possibilities are called truth values.

True

Universal Affirmative ------------------- Universal Negative Particular Affirmative --------------------Particular Negative

True

Aristotle wrote in Greek. In our power-points, I show two medieval manuscripts that were translations of Aristotle into other languages. What languages were they?

Arabic and Latin

Does the following passage contain an argument? She won the lottery, so she will quit her job soon.

Argument

What ancient Greek word is our word "logic" derived from?

Logos

Which of the following is an example of a syllogism as studied by logicians in ancient India

1) The car runs on gasoline 2) This is because it has an internal combustion engine 3) Wherever there is an internal combustion engine, gasoline is the fuel 4) And this car has an internal combustion engine 5) Therefore, the car must run on gasoline

According to Aristotle's theory of the categories, how many categories are there?

10: Substance and the 9 Accidents

As far as we can tell from the historical record, the first person to study logical form (i.e. why some arguments are valid and others are not) was

Aristotle

What distinguishes Aristotle's approach to the study of arguments from that of classical Indian or Chinese philosophers?

Aristotle was the only one to focus on validity apart from the other parts of arguments.

Aristotle's logic can be described as...

Catergorical

All elements with atomic weights greater than 64 are metals. Z is an element with an atomic weight of 79. Therefore, Z is a metal.

Deductive

Instructions: Determine whether the following arguments are best classified as being deductive or inductive. The exam's range of C scores is 70-79. I got a 98 on the exam. Therefore, I did not get a C on the exam.

Deductive

Is the following argument best classified as deductive or inductive? All fires need oxygen. There is no oxygen in that room. So there is no fire in that room.

Deductive

According to Aristotle's theory of the syllogism, a syllogism must have a...

Distributed middle term

Is the following passage an argument or an explanation? The judge agreed with her, but charged too high a bond, so the auction went on.

Explanation

Is the following passage an argument or an explanation? The reason why Battlin' Jack has won eight fights in a row is not due to superior conditioning—he's still just as old and over the hill as he was before this streak began. Nor is it due to inferior opponents. The real cause is that the fights have been rigged. The mob controls the fights in this part of town.

Explanation

A deductive argument is one in which it is claimed that the conclusion follows probably from the premises

False

A valid argument is automatically a sound argument.

False

An argument is any group of statements.

False

An argument must have at least two premises.

False

An inductive argument is one in which it is claimed that the conclusion follows necessarily from the premises.

False

If an A-Proposition is true, it logically follows that the corresponding O-proposition is.

False

Use your understanding of the traditional square of opposition to determine the correct answer: a. True, b. False, or c. Undetermined. If it is true that "All banshees are screeching ghosts," then the proposition "No banshees are screeching ghosts" must be:

False

Is the following syllogism valid? 1) All residents of Halifax are residence of Nova Scotia 2) Some residents of Nova Scotia speak Scots Gaelic 3) Therefore, all residents of Halifax speak Scots Gaelic

Invalid

Is the following syllogism valid? 1) No student is a caveman 2) No caveman is a truck driver 3) Therefore, no student is a truck driver

Invalid

Is the following syllogism valid? 1) Some horses are brave 2) Bucephalus is a horse 3) Therefore, Bucaphalus is brave

Invalid

The ancient Greeks liked to study elenchos; eventually this led to two separate studies or disciplines. What are they?

Logic and Rhetoric

Since logic is content neutral, logical truths are different from truths about objects or things; what is one of the things that differentiate logical truths from truths about objects

Logical truths are independent of time and place

According to If A, then B, what is one of the things that differentiate logical truths from truths about objects

Logical truths are independent of time and place.

The following categorical proposition is to be analyzed in the following three ways: (1) the correct quantity (universal or particular); (2) the correct quality (affirmative or negative); (3) the correct distribution (subject term distributed; predicate term distributed; both terms distributed; or neither term distributed). Choose the correct answer. Some "Cats" are musicals on Broadway.

Particular affirmative; Subject term undistributed; Predicate term undistributed.

According to medieval logicians, what is the difference between physics and logic?

Physics is about contingency; while logic is about possibility and necessity.

Aristotle's teacher was...

Plato

Instructions: Pick out the premises and conclusion for each of the following arguments. Argument 1 Hamburgers are loaded with saturated fat and sodium. Pizza is loaded with saturated fat and sodium. Too much saturated fat and sodium are harmful to your heart. Jim takes in too much saturated fat and sodium. It follows Jim is harming his heart. Hamburgers are loaded with saturated fat and sodium.

Premise

Instructions: Pick out the premises and conclusion for each of the following arguments. Argument 6 Building fuel-efficient cars helps reduce gasoline consumption. Dependency on foreign oil for gasoline production is a drain on the economy. Offshore oil drilling is dangerous. Oil spills through faulty drilling are hazardous to life; so are large tanker spills. Carbon emissions are hurting the environment. We need to start building more fuel-efficient cars. Large tanker spills are hazardous to life.

Premise

Instructions: Pick out the premises and conclusion for each of the following arguments. Argument 1 Hamburgers are loaded with saturated fat and sodium. Pizza is loaded with saturated fat and sodium. Too much saturated fat and sodium is harmful to your heart. Jim takes in too much saturated fat and sodium. It follows Jim is harming his heart. Pizza is loaded with saturated fat and sodium.

Premise

What is the contradictory of "All fish are good to eat"?

Some Fish are-not good to eat

What is the subaltern of the following statement: All happy people are thankful people

Some happy people are thankful people

What is the contraposition of the following statement: Some mammals have fins

Some non-fins are non-mammals

The first paid teachers in ancient Greece were known as

Sophists

Aristotle's school was known as...

The Lyceum

A single counterexample to a deductive argument is enough to show that an argument is invalid.

True

A statement is a sentence that is either true or false.

True

Use your understanding of the traditional square of opposition to determine the correct answer: a. True, b. False, or c. Undetermined. If it is true that "No humans are reptiles," then the proposition "Some humans are not reptiles" must be:

True

Use your understanding of the traditional square of opposition to determine the correct answer: a. True, b. False, or c. Undetermined.If it is false that "All cats are mammals," then the proposition "Some cats are not mammals" must be:

True

Use your understanding of the traditional square of opposition to determine the correct answer: a. True, b. False, or c. Undetermined. If it is false that "All jabberwockies are slithy toads," then the proposition "Some jabberwockies are slithy toads" must be:

Undetermined

Use your understanding of the traditional square of opposition to determine the correct answer: a. True, b. False, or c. Undetermined. If it is true that "Some dogs are collies," then the proposition "Some dogs are not collies" must be:

Undetermined

The following categorical proposition is to be analyzed in the following three ways: (1) the correct quantity (universal or particular); (2) the correct quality (affirmative or negative); (3) the correct distribution (subject term distributed; predicate term distributed; both terms distributed; or neither term distributed).

Universal negative; Subject term distributed; Predicate term distributed.

The following categorical proposition is to be analyzed in the following three ways: (1) the correct quantity (universal or particular); (2) the correct quality (affirmative or negative); (3) the correct distribution (subject term distributed; predicate term distributed; both terms distributed; or neither term distributed). Choose the correct answer. No computers are conscious things.

Universal negative; Subject term distributed; Predicate term distributed.

Is the following syllogism valid? Some Coast Guard ships are ice-breakers All ice-breakers have reinforced hulls Therefore, some Coast Guard ships have reinforced hulls

Yes, it is valid

Is it possible to provide a pictorial representations of categorical syllogisms?

Yes: One can use either Euler or Venn diagrams