Cognitive Psychology Final Exam

When we search a scene, initial fixations are most likely to occur on __________ areas.

high-saliency

Speech segmentation is defined as

organizing the sounds of speech into individual words.

Taking clay and sand to create bricks, which are then used to build modular wall panels, which are then assembled to construct tall buildings, is similar to which of the following neural concepts?

Hierarchical processing

Which of the following is a criticism of analytic introspection?

It produces variable results from person to person.

What does the field of neuropsychology study?

Behavior of people with brain damage

Compare and contrast Broadbent's and Treisman's models of attention. How are they similar? How do they differ? Which model is considered "leaky" and why?

Broadbents Model- the filtering steps occure before the message is analyzed to determine the meaning. Information passes though 4 stages Treisman proposed a modification to Broadbents model --selection occurs in 2 stages and replaced filter with attenuator. She believed the analysis of the message goes only as far as necessary to identify the unattended message.

Which of the following options would NOT be an important factor in automatic processing?

Close attention

Which memory is used for physical actions?

Procedural memory

Define selective attention, divided attention, and attentional capture. Give an example of each to support your thinking.

Selective attention- doing something while not being distracted by surroundings or other noise. - Doing homework while listening to music Divided attention- doing something while tuning into surroundings like listening in on a conversation. - Washing dishes and talking to mom on the phone. attentional capture- a noise attracts attention so one scans the scene to figure out what is happening. -doing homework and a loud noise captures ones attention like a book crashing on the floor

Endel Tulving, one of the most prominent early memory researchers, proposed that long-term memory is subdivided into all of the following components EXCEPT

Short-term memory.

How does the phenomenon of apparent movement work?

The perceptual system creates the perception of movement from stationary images.

Describe the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory and how it woks.

We mentioned that the------of memory is based on an information-processing metaphor. The model was developed by Richard Atkinson and Richard Shiffrin (1968) and later modified. According to this model, memory works like this: Storage: information is saved here for future use, like the stuff save of a computer; Retrieval: this information can be accessed for reuse, like pulling up a file. Encoding function: this represents input into the system such as typing and entering information by keyboard.

The existence of transitional probabilities adds a(n) ________ quality to learning and using language.

anticipatory

The ability to focus on one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli is called

cocktail party effect.

Illusory conjunctions are

combinations of features from different stimuli.

Neurons that respond to specific qualities of objects, such as orientation, movement, and length, are called

feature detectors

The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on one's retina is called the

inverse projection problem.

Reaction time refers to the time between the _______ of a stimulus and a person's response to it.

presentation

Perceiving machines are used by the U.S. Postal Service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. Sometimes, these machines cannot read an address because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses, most likely because of

top-down processing.

The perception pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway, while the action pathway corresponds to the _____ pathway.

what; where

Anne Treisman's attenuator analyzes the incoming message in terms of all of the following EXCEPT

whether the perceptual load is low or high.