cognitive psychology - final exam part 2

Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns? a."apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, pants, lamp, chair" b."apple, chair, cherry, coat, desk, lamp, plum, shoe, sofa" c."apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" d."apple, desk, shoe, coat, lamp, pants"

a. "apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, pants, lamp, chair"

Pollack and Pickett's experiment on understanding speech found that when participants were presented with individual words taken out of conversations (single words presented alone with no context), they could identify a.50 percent of the words spoken by their own voices. b.100 percent of the words spoken by their own voices. c.none of the words spoken by others. d.50 percent of the words spoken by others with an accent similar to theirs.

a. 50 percent of the words spoken by their own voices

The key difference between depictive representation and propositional representation is based on which of the following? a.Content b.Neural response c.Longevity d.Validity

a. Content

__________ occurs when reading a sentence leads a person to expect something that is not explicitly stated or necessarily implied by the sentence. a.Pragmatic inference b.Observer perspective c.Prospective memory d.Automatic narrative

a. Pragmatic inference

In the experiment in which participants sat in an office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of __________ on memory. a.schemas b.bias c.scripts d.confabulation

a. schemas

Considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represents the _________________ problem. a.source b.prototype c.target d.exemplar

a. source

The principle that we encode information together with its context is known as encoding a.specificity. b.consolidation. c.transcription. d.priming.

a. specificity.

Collins and Quillian explained the results of priming experiments by introducing the concept of ___________ into their network model. a.spreading activation b.typicality c.cognitive economy d.back propagation

a. spreading activation

Intermediate states can be created by a.creating subgoals. b.creating operators. c.restructuring initial states. d.restructuring goal states.

a. creating subgoals.

Newell and Simon were early pioneers in designing computer programs that could solve problems. Their research program was based on the idea that problem solving is a process that involves a.search. b.algorithms. c.parity. d.insight.

a. search.

___________is a "typical" member of a category. a.A component b.A prototype c.An exemplar d.A unit

b. A prototype

___________ transforms new memories from a fragile state, in which they can be disrupted, to a more permanent state, in which they are resistant to disruption. a.Cued-recall b.Consolidation c.Amnesia d.Encoding specificity

b. Consolidation

Which of the following statements would most likely invoke the operation of a permission schema? a.No artists can be beekeepers, but some of the beekeepers must be chemists. b.If I get an A on my cognitive psychology exam, I can go out with my friends on Saturday night. c.All A are B. All B are C. Therefore, all A are C. d.I forgot to charge my cell phone last night; therefore, I missed an important call today.

b. If I get an A on my cognitive psychology exam, I can go out with my friends on Saturday night.

Flashbulb memory is best represented by which of the following statements? a.It is vivid, highly accurate memory for emotional events. b.It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time. c.It is vivid memory for emotional events. d.It is vivid, highly accurate memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event.

b. It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but not necessarily accurate over time.

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented a.before the event. b.after the event. c.all of the above d.during the event.

b. after the event.

Research into reconsolidation of memories in people who have PTSD has focused on the ________ aspects of memory. a.episodic b.emotional c.visual d.systemic

b. emotional

Tanenhaus and coworkers' eye movement study presented participants with different pictures for interpreting the sentence, "Put the apple on the towel in the box." Their results showed the importance of ____________________in how we understand sentences in real-life situations. a.the cooperative principle b.environmental context c.local connections d.instrumental inferences

b. environmental context

A lesson to be learned from the research on flashbulb memories is that a.rehearsal cannot account for them. b.extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate. c.they are permanent and resist forgetting. d.people's confidence in a memory predicts its accuracy (high confidence = high accuracy).

b. extreme vividness of a memory does not mean it is accurate.

Noam Chomsky proposed that a.the underlying basis of language is different across cultures. b.humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language. c.as children learn language, they produce only sentences they have heard before. d.language is learned through the mechanism of reinforcement.

b. humans are genetically programmed to acquire and use language.

Terrell volunteers his time to campaign for Joel Goodman. He spent all afternoon putting up "Goodman for Congress" signs around his town and arrived back at headquarters just in time to watch the Goodman- Hernandez debate on TV. Terrell was eager to watch the candidates debate each other, even though he was 100 percent sure he was going to vote for Goodman. Terrell's first response to the debate will most likely be a."I noticed that Goodman and Hernandez agreed on the new environmental policy." b."Hernandez is really going to make this a tight race." c."Goodman answered the question on job creation very well." d."I wonder why Goodman was vague on the school tax issue when I know he has a clear idea about that."

c. "Goodman answered the question on job creation very well."

Which of the following reaction time data sets illustrates the typicality effect for the bird category, given the following three trials? (NOTE: Read data sets as RTs for Trial 1: Trial 2: Trial 3) Trial 1: An owl is a bird. Trial 2: A penguin is a bird. Trial 3: A sparrow is a bird. a.653: 583: 518 ms b.518: 583: 653 ms c.583: 653: 518 ms d.583: 518: 653 ms

c. 583: 653: 518 ms

Kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex a.can be inferred using mental chronometry. b.is an epiphenomenon. c.plays a causal role in both perception and imagery. d.supports the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves propositional representations.

c. plays a causal role in both perception and imagery.

The circle problem, in which the task is to determine the length of a line inside a circle, was proposed to illustrate a.the problem space. b.how analogies can be used to solve problems. c.representation and restructuring. d.means-end analysis.

c. representation and restructuring.

One hundred students are enrolled in State University's course on introductory physics for math and science majors. In the group, 60 students are math majors and 40 are science majors. Sarah is in the class. She got all As in her high school science courses, and she would like to be a chemist someday. She lives on campus. Her boyfriend is also in the class. There is a _________________ chance that Sarah is a science major. a.60 percent b.50 percent c.100 percent d.40 percent

d. 40 percent

Which of the following is not part of a complete definition of a problem? a.The solution is not obvious b.Involves obstacles between one's current state and a desired goal c.Is difficult d.Has one correct answer

d. Has one correct answer

The phrase "You just hear what you want to hear" best reflects which of the following concepts? a.Availability heuristic b.Belief bias c.Expected emotion d.Myside bias

d. Myside bias

Making probable conclusions based on evidence involves_________________reasoning. a.syllogistic b.connective c.deductive d.inductive

d. inductive

Research into reconsolidation of memories in people who have PTSD has focused on the ________ aspects of memory. a.visual b.episodic c.systemic d.emotional

d. emotional

Utility refers to a.the validity of a syllogism. b.how useful a reasoning process is. c.degree of risk aversion one has. d.outcomes that achieve a person's goals.

d. outcomes that achieve a person's goals.

According to your text, the key to solving the Wason four-card problem is a.a categorical syllogism. b.the law of large numbers. c.a mental model. d.the falsification principle.

d. the falsification principle.

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words? a.Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned b.Deciding how many vowels each word has c.Repeating the words over and over in your mind d.Generating a rhyming word for each word to be remembered

a. Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

Which of the following is the core concept underlying the Gestalt perspective on problems? a.Representation b.Search c.Analogy d.Insight

a. Representation

Most of the coherence in text is created by a.inference. b.syntax. c.phoneme restoration. d.parsing.

a. inference.

Your text's discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is frequently influenced by all of the following EXCEPT a.inattention to relevant information due to the emotional nature of these events. b.failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear. c.increased confidence due to post-event questioning. d.source-monitoring errors due to familiarity.

b. failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear.

Ron is an avid reader. He has a large vocabulary because every time he comes across a word he doesn't know, he looks it up in the dictionary. Ron encounters "wanderlust" in a novel, reaches for the dictionary, and finds out this word means "desire to travel." The process of looking up unfamiliar words increases Ron's a.syntactical capacity. b.lexicon. c.parser. d.mental set.

b. lexicon.

The scanning task used by Kosslyn involves a.echoic schemas b.mental images. c.visual icons. d.perceptual images.

b. mental images.

Despite scientific evidence to the contrary, Harry believes that drinking dandelion tea would improve his long-term memory because he saw several news stories and articles about it online. What is Harry experiencing? a.Pragmatic inference b.Misinformation effect c.Illusory truth effect d.Source monitoring error

c. Illusory truth effect

Which of the following is key to the illusory truth effect? a.Culture b.Stress c.Repetition d.Source

c. Repetition

___________ cues help us remember information that has been stored in memory. a.Retrograde b.Encoding c.Retrieval d.Processing

c. Retrieval

The analogy that makes the solution to the mutilated checkerboard problem obvious is the _________________ problem. a.radiation b.Tower of Hanoi c.Russian marriage d.light bulb

c. Russian marriage

What is the key difference between synaptic consolidation and systems consolidation? a.Consciousness b.Content c.Scale d.State

c. Scale

Which of the following is a nonverbal component of communication? a.Causal inference b.Anaphoric inference c.Theory of mind d.Syntactic priming

c. Theory of mind

"You can't have any pudding unless you eat your meat," says a man to his son at the dinner table. This is an example of a.a self-serving bias. b.inductive reasoning. c.a permission schema. d.the illusory correlation.

c. a permission schema.

The finding that people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people die from tornados than from asthma has been explained in terms of the a.falsification principle. b.belief bias. c.availability heuristic. d.representativeness heuristic.

c. availability heuristic.

Learning takes place in a connectionist network through a process of ___________ in which an error signal is transmitted starting from the property units. a.graceful degradation b.spreading activation c.back propagation d.error verification

c. back propagation

Given its definition, expected utility theory is most applicable to deciding whether to a.take astronomy or geology as a physical science elective course. b.go out for junior varsity hockey or junior varsity basketball. c.buy first-class or coach tickets for a spring break trip. d.break up or stay involved with a current girlfriend.

c. buy first-class or coach tickets for a spring break trip.

Mantyla's "banana/yellow, bunches, edible" experiment demonstrates that for best memory performance, retrieval cues should be created a.by a memory expert who understands what makes cues effective. b.by agreement among many people, thus providing proof they are effective. c.by the person whose memory will be tested. d.using visual images.

c. by the person whose memory will be tested.

In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to a.identify words that are contained in sentences. b.separate a sentence into individual words. c.decide whether a string of letters is a word or a nonword. d.decide which meaning of an ambiguous sentence is correct in a specific situation.

c. decide whether a string of letters is a word or a nonword.

Katie and Alana are roommates taking the same psychology class. They have a test in four days during a 10:00-11:00 AM class period. Both women intend to study for three hours, but because of different work schedules, Katie will study one hour for each of the next three days, while Alana will study three hours the day before the exam. What could you predict about their performances? a.State-dependent learning predicts that Katie should perform better, because the exam takes place during a one-hour class period. b.Alana will perform better because of a long-term memory recency effect. c.Katie and Alana should perform equally well, because each studied the same time overall (supporting the equal-time hypothesis). d.Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect.

d. Katie should perform better because of the spacing effect.

Lydia is 48 years old, single, outspoken, and very bright. She majored in philosophy as an undergraduate. As a student, she was deeply concerned with issues of discrimination and social justice, and she participated in anti-nuclear demonstrations. Which of the following alternatives is most probable? a.Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman and active in the feminist movement. b.Lydia is a state governor. c.Lydia is a state governor and active in the feminist movement. d.Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman.

d. Lydia is a U.S. Congresswoman.

Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as a.intermediate states. b.subgoals. c.mental sets. d.operators.

d. operators.

Jeannie loves to dance, having taken ballet for many years. She is now learning salsa dancing. Although the movements are very different from the dances she is familiar with, she has found a successful memory strategy of linking the new dance information to her previous experiences as a dancer and to her own affection for dance. This strategy suggests reliance on a.a mass practice effect. b.semantic memory. c.the integrative experience effect. d.the self-reference effect.

d. the self-reference effect.

An advantage of the exemplar approach over the prototype approach is that the exemplar approach provides a better explanation of the ___________ effect. a.resemblance b.priming c.reaction time d.typicality

d. typicality

Which of the following statements is NOT accurate? a.Semantics and lexicons are equal in scope. b.The scope of lexical semantics is variable. c.Semantics are multidimensional in scope. d.Lexicon is smaller in scope than semantics.

a. Semantics and lexicons are equal in scope.

Leaving a footprint in the wet sand—with a deep indentation for the heel, a rise for the arch, and each toe clearly identified—is similar to which concept? a.Topographic map b.Pegword c.Mental walk d.Depictive representation

a. Topographic map

Which problem provides an example of how functional fixedness can hinder solution of a problem? a.Two-string problem b.Tower of Hanoi problem c.Mutilated checkerboard problem d.The radiation problem

a. Two-string problem

The prototype approach to categorization states that a standard representation of a category is based on a.category members that have been encountered in the past. b.a defined set of category members. c.the definition of the category. d.a universal set of category members.

a. category members that have been encountered in the past.

Consider the following syllogism: If it's a robin then it is a bird. It is a bird. Therefore, it is a robin. In the example above, "Therefore, it is a robin" is a _________________ of a _________________ syllogism. a.conclusion; conditional b.premise; conditional c.premise; categorical d.conclusion; categorical

a. conclusion; conditional

Learning in the connectionist network is represented by adjustments to network a.connection weights. b.hidden units. c.output units. d.nodes.

a. connection weights.

Mental imagery involves a.experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input. b.mental representations of the current sensory inputs. c.the misrepresentation of a stimulus as possessing physical attributes that are, in fact, absent. d.sensory representations of a stimulus.

a. experiencing a sensory impression in the absence of sensory input.

The analogical paradox refers to problem-solving differences between a.laboratory and real-world settings. b.experimental groups and control groups. c.well- and ill-defined problems. d.experts and novices.

a. laboratory and real-world settings.

"3 x + 9 = 16" is a ___________representation. a.propositional b.depictive c.descriptive d.spatial

a. propositional

Ty has finished work on his doctoral dissertation. He studied how most adults understand words, specifically the priming effects of categorically related words, and submitted a proposal to be included in a psychological conference to present his work to his peers. Presentations at the conference are grouped based on the particular topic in psychology under consideration. It is most likely that Ty's work will be presented in a conference session on a.psycholinguistics. b.psychoacoustics. c.psychophysics. d.neuropsychology.

a. psycholinguistics.

Stereotypes are reinforced by all of the following EXCEPT a.the falsification principle. b.illusory correlations. c.selective attention. d.the availability heuristic.

a. the falsification principle.

Metcalfe and Wiebe gave participants problems to solve and asked them to make "warmth" judgments every 15 seconds to indicate how close they felt they were to a solution. The purpose of this experiment was to a.show that some problems are easier to solve than others. b.show how people progress through the problem space as they solve a problem. c.demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems. d.measure the time-course of solving well-defined versus ill-defined problems.

c. demonstrate a difference between how people solve insight and non-insight problems.

In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to a.separate a sentence into individual words. b.identify words that are contained in sentences. c.decide which meaning of an ambiguous sentence is correct in a specific situation. d.decide whether a string of letters is a word or a nonword.

d. decide whether a string of letters is a word or a nonword.

Not all of the members of everyday categories have the same features. Most fish have gills, fins, and scales. Sharks lack the feature of scales, yet they are still categorized as fish. This poses a problem for the ___________ approach to categorization. a.prototype b.family resemblance c.exemplar d.definitional

d. definitional

Experts categorize problems based on a.event-specific knowledge. b.surface and deep structures. c.how similar the objects in the problem are. d.general principles that problems share.

d. general principles that problems share.

The experiment in which participants first read sentences about a baseball game and were then asked to identify sentences they had seen before, illustrated that memory a.depends on the participant's mood. b.is better for vivid descriptions. c.is like a tape recording. d.involves making inferences.

d. involves making inferences.

The pegword technique is particularly suitable for use when you need to remember items based on their a.bizarreness. b.importance. c.concreteness. d.order.

d. order.

Spreading activation a.inhibits unrelated concepts. b.weakens the link between unrelated concepts. c.creates new links between associated concepts. d.primes associated concepts.

d. primes associated concepts.

Autobiographical memory research shows that a person's brain is more extensively activated when viewing photos a.the person took himself or herself. b.the person has seen before. c.the person has never seen before. d.of familiar places.

a. the person took himself or herself.

Your text describes cross-cultural studies of categorization with U.S. and Itzaj participants. Given the results of these studies, we know that if asked to name basic level objects for a category, U.S. participants would answer___________ and Itzaj participants would answer ___________. a.tree; oak b.oak; tree c.tree; tree d.oak; oak

a. tree; oak

After witnessing a bank robbery downtown, Javier completed a cognitive interview at the police station. What term would Javier likely use to describe his interview experience? a.Structured b.Multidimensional c.Autobiographical d.Suggestible

b. Multidimensional

Which of the following correctly pairs a problem-solving stage with a process under Basadur's model? a.Problem Generation: Evaluation and Selection b.Problem Solving: Planning c.Solution Implementation: Idea Finding d.Problem Formulation: Fact Finding

b. Problem Solving: Planning

Brain imaging studies reveal that semantics and syntax are associated with which two lobes of the cerebral cortex? a.The temporal and parietal lobes b.The frontal and temporal lobes c.The parietal and occipital lobes d.The frontal and parietal lobes

b. The frontal and temporal lobes

One criticism of the embodied approach is that it doesn't explain how humans can recognize ________. a.colors b.abstractions c.artifacts d.actions

b. abstractions

Phoenix Decorating Company is responsible for designing and building many of the floral floats seen in the Tournament of Roses Parade every New Year's Day. Phoenix's designers start preparing the floats for the next year's parade soon after the first of the year. For each corporate sponsor, Phoenix gets their best advertising team members, and they sit in a room for several hours throwing out every idea they can come up with, no matter how good or bad it is. After a substantial list has been created, they then go through every idea and rate its merits or deficits, until they come up with the best idea to pitch to the corporate sponsor. This process demonstrates a.structural analyses. b.group brainstorming. c.creative cognition. d.convergent thinking.

b. group brainstorming

As described in your text, the pegword technique relies on all of the following EXCEPT a.visualizations. b.propositions. c.associations. d.rhymes.

b. propositions.

The connectionist network has learned the correct pattern for a concept when a.the connection weights add up to exactly +1.00. b.the error signals are reduced to nearly none and the correct properties are assigned. c.the output pattern matches the initial input pattern and this symmetry becomes "locked" into the system. d.the output unit response is greater than zero and the input signal has to compensate.

b. the error signals are reduced to nearly none and the correct properties are assigned.

Janet is alone in a room that contains a chair and a shelf with a book resting on top. She attempts to retrieve the book, but the shelf is a foot above her reach. How will Janet retrieve the book? Psychologists would NOT classify this scenario as a problem because a.the goal state is not clearly defined. b.the solution is immediately obvious. c.there is an obstacle between the present state and the goal state. d.the initial state is not clearly defined.

b. the solution is immediately obvious.

Insight refers to a.prior learning facilitating problem solving. b.the sudden realization of a problem's solution. c.the tendency to respond in a certain manner, based on past experience. d.prior learning hindering problem solving.

b. the sudden realization of a problem's solution.

Insight refers to a.prior learning hindering problem solving. b.the sudden realization of a problem's solution. c.prior learning facilitating problem solving. d.the tendency to respond in a certain manner, based on past experience.

b. the sudden realization of a problem's solution.

In the "word list" false memory experiment where several students incorrectly remembered hearing the wordsleep, false memory occurs because of a.the effect of scripts. b.verbatim recall. c.constructive memory processes. d.cryptoamnesia

c. constructive memory processes.

It may be difficult for young Matthew, who is only 4 years of age, to understand the difference between the iPad that his mother uses, the Kindle that his brother uses, and the Galaxy tablet that his sister uses. After all, all of them are tablets, have touch screens, are electronic technology, and run "apps" that include games and educational programs. These similarities remind us of the concept of ___________, which refers to the fact that animals tend to share many different properties. a.convergence b.obstruction c.crowding d.overlapping

c. crowding

Ling is sure that if her boyfriend proposes, she will feel elation. This is an example of an a.incidental immediate emotion. b.immediate emotion. c.expected emotion. d.integral immediate emotion.

c. expected emotion.

In the two-string problem, tying the pliers to one of the strings best represents a(n) _________________ state. a.goal b.initial c.intermediate d.functional fixedness

c. intermediate

Consider the following conditional syllogism: Premise 1: If I don't eat lunch today, I will be hungry tonight. Premise 2: I ate lunch today. Conclusion: Therefore, I wasn't hungry tonight. This syllogism is a.biased. b.abstract. c.invalid. d.valid.

c. invalid.

Evidence that language is a social process that must be learned comes from the fact that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who speak or use sign language, they a.start speaking out loud even though they cannot hear themselves. b.demonstrate compensatory regeneration of lost auditory neural pathways. c.invent a sign language themselves. d.lose the ability to communicate in any way.

c. invent a sign language themselves.

Lilo can't wait for school to start. This year is the first time she gets to take a foreign language class, and she is taking Japanese. Dr. Nabuto is a professor interested in studying how people learn additional languages later in life, and he is including Lilo's class in his research. Dr. Nabuto is most likely studying a.language comprehension. b.speech parsing. c.language acquisition. d.speech production.

c. language acquisition.

Kosslyn's transcranial magnetic stimulation experiment on brain activation that occurs in response to imagery found that the brain activity in the visual cortex a.supports the idea that the mechanism responsible for imagery involves propositional representations. b.can be inferred using mental chronometry. c.plays a causal role in both perception and imagery. d.is an epiphenomenon.

c. plays a causal role in both perception and imagery.

Rosch found that participants respond more rapidly in a same-different task when presented with "good" examples of colors such as "red" and "green" than when they are presented with "poor" examples such as "pink" and "light green." The result of this experiment was interpreted as supporting the ___________ approach to categorization. a.parallel processing b.network c.prototype d.exemplar

c. prototype

Examples from your book describing real experiences of how memories, even ones from a long time ago, can be stimulated by locations, songs, and smells highlight the importance of ___________ in long-term memory. a.long-term potentiation b.mass practice c.retrieval cues d.elaborative rehearsal

c. retrieval cues

Syntax is the a.way people pronounce words in conversational speech. b.meanings of words. c.rules for combining words into sentences. d.mental grouping of words in a sentence into phrases.

c. rules for combining words into sentences.

According to your text, the key to solving the Wason four-card problem is a.the law of large numbers. b.a mental model. c.the falsification principle. d.a categorical syllogism.

c. the falsification principle.

The lesson to be learned from the imagery techniques for memory enhancement (e.g.,, the pegword technique) is that these techniques work because a.distinctive images tend to provide easy "magical" improvements in memory. b.their flexible, undefined structures allow "rememberers" to spontaneously organize information in any way they want. c.they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance. d.they tap into reliable ways to develop "photographic" memory.

c. they showcase the fact that memory improvement requires a great deal of practice and perseverance.

Amedi and coworkers (2005) used fMRI to investigate the differences between brain activation for perception and imagery. Their findings showed that when participants were ___________, some areas associated with nonvisual sensation (such as hearing and touch) were ___________. a.using visual images; activated b.perceiving stimuli; activated c.using visual images; deactivated d.perceiving stimuli; deactivated

c. using visual images; deactivated

In a study, participants listened to the following tape recording: Rumor had it that, for years, the government building had been plagued with problems. The man was not surprised when he found several spiders, roaches, and other bugs in the corner of the room. As participants heard the word "bugs," they completed a lexical decision task to a test stimulus flashed on a screen. To which of the following words would you expect participants to take the longest to respond to? a.SPY b.ROACH c.ANT d.SKY

d. SKY

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented a.all of the above b.before the event. c.during the event. d.after the event.

d. after the event.

In Lindsay's "misinformation effect" experiment, participants saw a sequence of slides showing a maintenance man stealing money and a computer. This slide presentation included narration by a female speaker who described what was happening in the slides as they were shown. Results showed that the misinformation effect was greatest when presentation of misleading post-event information was a.visual. b.auditory, regardless of the gender of the speaker. c.auditory from a male speaker. d.auditory from a female speaker.

d. auditory from a female speaker.