Cognitive Psychology Final (FA16)

According to levels of processing theory, deep processing results in better memory. However, studies have shown that shallow processing can result in better memory when the individual encodes __________ and is tested __________.

auditorially; auditorially

In which neurological disorder might mirror neurons be most likely to be implicated as a potential cause of the disorder?

autism

An item on an implicit memory test would most likely resemble...

"Fill in the following with the first word that comes to mind: T__E."

According to Treisman's "attenuation model," what would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people? a. "house" b. their spouse's name c. "platypus" d. "fire"

"platypus"

A heuristic is a...

"rule of thumb" that provides a best-guess solution to a problem

The text's discussion of instances when people report a memory of being abused or witness abuse after years of having no memory for these events highlights the importance of considering...

- how visualization exercises during therapy may lead to false memories - that there is no test that can accurately discriminate between true and false memories - the specific situation under which a person recalls the past

The misinformation effect can be explained by...

- the memory-trace replacement hypothesis - retroactive interference - source monitoring

The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is...

15-20 seconds (18-30)

Broca's area

Heavily involved in language production

This statement is most consistent with recognition-by-components theory

Humans can identify an object if sufficient information is available to enable us to identify an object's basic features

The elements of the problem space include all of the following EXCEPT: a. initial state b. operators c. goal state d. intermediate states

b. operators

Broadbent's model is called an early selection model because...

the filtering step occurs before the meaning of the incoming information is analyzed

Difficulty singing a song with another song playing is understood as...

articulatory suppression

A difference between a heuristic and an algorithm is...

heuristics do not result in a correct solution every time as algorithms do

Research on monkeys has shown that the part of the brain most closely associated with working memory is the...

hippocampus

A 10 m/o baby is interested in discovering different textures, comparing the touch sensations between a soft blanket and a hard wooden block. Tactile signals such as these are received by the ____________ lobe.

parietal

Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n)

novel object

In support of late selection models, Donald MacKay showed that the presentation of a biasing word on the unattended ear influenced participants' processing of __________ when they were __________ of that word.

ambiguous sentences; unaware

The results of the Gauthier's "Greeble" experiment illustrate

an effect of experience-dependent plasticity

B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through

reinforcement

In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to...

decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word

Neurons receive information from other neurons through the...

dendrites

An experimental procedure used to study how attention affects the processing of competing stimuli?

dichotic listening

According to the text, imagery enhances memory because...

imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered

The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the __________ of words

meaning

The inability to assimilate or retain new knowledge is known as...

anterograde amnesia

The text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories...

are a natural consequence of a largely adaptive memory system

Illusory conjunctions are...

combinations of features from different stimuli

A phoneme refers to...

the shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of a word

A synapse is...

the space between neurons

Insight refers to...

the sudden realization of a problem's solution

For fluent speakers of a language, rules of the language such as how to create new words are often...

unconscious yet are reliably followed by speakers of the language

The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented...

after the event

What is most closely associated with implicit memory?

The Propaganda Effect

__________ occurs when more recent learning impairs memory for something that happened further back in the past.

Retroactive interference

Best example of a garden path sentence...

Before the police stopped the Toyota disappeared into the night

Conduct an experiment where participants see a number of target letters flashed briefly on a screen and are told immediately to write down the letters in the order they were presented. It is most likely that the target letter "P" will be misidentified as...

C (Task: letter span) 2 characteristics of letter span: - immediate recall - serial order

Flashbulb memory is best represented by...

It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but is not necessarily accurate over time.

Wernicke's area

Plays a crucial role in language comprehension

A scenario that best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into LTM

Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it everyday for three years.

Marcus is talking on the phone to his mother when a garbage truck drives by. As a result, he is unable to hear what his mom is saying for a few seconds. What is least likely to help him figure out what his mom said?

The fact that our minds fill in missing words, which is called the phonemic restoration effect

Which experimental result caused problems for Broadbent's filter model of selective attention?

The result of the "Dear Aunt Jane" experiment

Flanker compatibility experiments have been conducted using a variety of stimulus conditions. By definition, this procedure must include at least one target and one distractor. In any condition where we find that a distractor influenced reaction time, we can conclude that the distractor...

was processed

Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that...

when a memory is reactivated, it becomes fragile, just as it was immediately after it was formed

According to the model of working memory, what mental task would LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?

Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned

Evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by...

When someone accurately identifies a word in a song on the radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception

A specific person's face is represented in the nervous system by the firing of...

a group of neurons each responding to a number of different faces

Ill-defined problems are so named because it is difficult to specify _________ for the problems.

a single correct answer

For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for...

adolescence and early adulthood

In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on...

cultural expectations

Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds? a. BIP, TEK, LIN, MOD, REY b. SAY, BET, PIN, COW, RUG c. PIG, DOG, RAT, FOX, HEN d. MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP

d. MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP

Which of the following is not a geon? a. Cylinder b. Pyramid c. Cone d. Circle

d. circle

"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of ___________ memory.

episodic

Knowing the capital of California, but not being able to remember when you first learned it, is an example of how

episodic memory can be a "gateway" to semantic memory

When recording from a single neuron, stimulus intensity is represented in a single neuron by the...

firing rate of the action potentials

The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to get rid of the recency effect is to...

have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list

It is difficult to apply means-end analysis to an insight problem because it is difficult to define _________ for an insight problem.

intermediate states

What a double dissociation occurs, this indicates that two functions

involve different mechanisms

When we look at a record of the physical energy produced by conversational speech, we see that the speech signal...

is continuous

A high threshold in Treisman's model of attention implies that...

it takes a strong signal to cause activation

The solution to the candle problem involves realizing that the...

match box can be used as a shelf

The main difference between early and late selection models of attention us that in late selection models, selection of stimuli for final processing doesn't occur until the information is analyzed for...

meaning

Some neurons respond when we watch someone else do something. These are known as...

mirror neurons

The smallest units of language that carry meaning are called...

morphemes

The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the...

narrative rehearsal hypothesis

In ordinary speech production, the boundaries between syllables or between words are usually...

not marked, so they must be determined by the perceiver

The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid air used to illustrate the role of ____________ in memory.

organization

Speech segmentation is defined as...

organizing the sounds of speech into individual words

One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children...

produce sentences they have never heard

The fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with...

prosopagnosia

The automatic process exhibited in the standard Stroop effect is...

reading words

In the experiment in which participants sat in the office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of __________ on memory.

schemas

Information remains in sensory memory for...

seconds or a fraction of a second

If you remember something in terms of its meaning, the type of encoding you are using is...

semantic

The three structural components of the modal model of memory are...

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

Sadie sees her boyfriend across campus and waves. Even though the image he projects on her retina from that distance is quite small, Sadie does not perceive him to have shrunk at all. Instead, she perceives him as far away because of...

size constancy

The code for short-term memory is most commonly based on the __________ of the stimulus

sound

The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgments for both famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of __________ on memory.

source misattribution

The process of "slicing" the stream of speech into successive syllables or words is called

speech segmentation

When Carlos moved to the US, he did not understand any English. Phrases like "Anna Mary Can Pi And I Cream Class Hick" didn't make any sense to him. Now that Carlos has been learning English, he recognizes this phrase as "An American Pie and Ice Cream Classic." This example illustrates that Carlos is not capable of ________________ in English.

speech segmentation

When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because...

the length of iconic memory (the persistence of vision) is about one-third of a second

Research on the use of cell phones while driving indicates that...

the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone

Shallow processing of a word is encouraged when attention or something focused on...

the number of vowels in a word

The word-length effect reveals that...

the phonological loop of the working memory model has a limited capacity

Stany and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that...

the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event