Cognitive Psychology Final (FA16)
According to levels of processing theory, deep processing results in better memory. However, studies have shown that shallow processing can result in better memory when the individual encodes __________ and is tested __________.
auditorially; auditorially
In which neurological disorder might mirror neurons be most likely to be implicated as a potential cause of the disorder?
autism
An item on an implicit memory test would most likely resemble...
"Fill in the following with the first word that comes to mind: T__E."
According to Treisman's "attenuation model," what would you expect to have the highest threshold for most people? a. "house" b. their spouse's name c. "platypus" d. "fire"
"platypus"
A heuristic is a...
"rule of thumb" that provides a best-guess solution to a problem
The text's discussion of instances when people report a memory of being abused or witness abuse after years of having no memory for these events highlights the importance of considering...
- how visualization exercises during therapy may lead to false memories - that there is no test that can accurately discriminate between true and false memories - the specific situation under which a person recalls the past
The misinformation effect can be explained by...
- the memory-trace replacement hypothesis - retroactive interference - source monitoring
The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is...
15-20 seconds (18-30)
Broca's area
Heavily involved in language production
This statement is most consistent with recognition-by-components theory
Humans can identify an object if sufficient information is available to enable us to identify an object's basic features
The elements of the problem space include all of the following EXCEPT: a. initial state b. operators c. goal state d. intermediate states
b. operators
Broadbent's model is called an early selection model because...
the filtering step occurs before the meaning of the incoming information is analyzed
Difficulty singing a song with another song playing is understood as...
articulatory suppression
A difference between a heuristic and an algorithm is...
heuristics do not result in a correct solution every time as algorithms do
Research on monkeys has shown that the part of the brain most closely associated with working memory is the...
hippocampus
A 10 m/o baby is interested in discovering different textures, comparing the touch sensations between a soft blanket and a hard wooden block. Tactile signals such as these are received by the ____________ lobe.
parietal
Functional fixedness would be LOWEST for a(n)
novel object
In support of late selection models, Donald MacKay showed that the presentation of a biasing word on the unattended ear influenced participants' processing of __________ when they were __________ of that word.
ambiguous sentences; unaware
The results of the Gauthier's "Greeble" experiment illustrate
an effect of experience-dependent plasticity
B.F. Skinner, the modern champion of behaviorism, proposed that language is learned through
reinforcement
In the lexical decision task, participants are asked to...
decide whether a string of letters is a word or a non-word
Neurons receive information from other neurons through the...
dendrites
An experimental procedure used to study how attention affects the processing of competing stimuli?
dichotic listening
According to the text, imagery enhances memory because...
imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered
The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the __________ of words
meaning
The inability to assimilate or retain new knowledge is known as...
anterograde amnesia
The text's discussion of false memories leads to the conclusion that false memories...
are a natural consequence of a largely adaptive memory system
Illusory conjunctions are...
combinations of features from different stimuli
A phoneme refers to...
the shortest segment of speech that, if changed, changes the meaning of a word
A synapse is...
the space between neurons
Insight refers to...
the sudden realization of a problem's solution
For fluent speakers of a language, rules of the language such as how to create new words are often...
unconscious yet are reliably followed by speakers of the language
The misinformation effect occurs when a person's memory for an event is modified by misleading information presented...
after the event
What is most closely associated with implicit memory?
The Propaganda Effect
__________ occurs when more recent learning impairs memory for something that happened further back in the past.
Retroactive interference
Best example of a garden path sentence...
Before the police stopped the Toyota disappeared into the night
Conduct an experiment where participants see a number of target letters flashed briefly on a screen and are told immediately to write down the letters in the order they were presented. It is most likely that the target letter "P" will be misidentified as...
C (Task: letter span) 2 characteristics of letter span: - immediate recall - serial order
Flashbulb memory is best represented by...
It is memory for the circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an emotional event that remains especially vivid but is not necessarily accurate over time.
Wernicke's area
Plays a crucial role in language comprehension
A scenario that best illustrates how effective or ineffective maintenance rehearsal is in transferring information into LTM
Serena's keys were stolen from her purse. She cannot give a detailed description of her keychain to the police, even though she used it everyday for three years.
Marcus is talking on the phone to his mother when a garbage truck drives by. As a result, he is unable to hear what his mom is saying for a few seconds. What is least likely to help him figure out what his mom said?
The fact that our minds fill in missing words, which is called the phonemic restoration effect
Which experimental result caused problems for Broadbent's filter model of selective attention?
The result of the "Dear Aunt Jane" experiment
Flanker compatibility experiments have been conducted using a variety of stimulus conditions. By definition, this procedure must include at least one target and one distractor. In any condition where we find that a distractor influenced reaction time, we can conclude that the distractor...
was processed
Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that...
when a memory is reactivated, it becomes fragile, just as it was immediately after it was formed
According to the model of working memory, what mental task would LEAST adversely affect people's driving performance while operating a car along an unfamiliar, winding road?
Trying to remember the definition of a word they just learned
Evidence for the role of top-down processing in perception is shown by...
When someone accurately identifies a word in a song on the radio broadcast despite static interfering with reception
A specific person's face is represented in the nervous system by the firing of...
a group of neurons each responding to a number of different faces
Ill-defined problems are so named because it is difficult to specify _________ for the problems.
a single correct answer
For most adults over age 40, the reminiscence bump describes enhanced memory for...
adolescence and early adulthood
In the "War of the Ghosts" experiment, participants' reproductions contained inaccuracies based on...
cultural expectations
Given what we know about the operation of the phonological loop, which of the following word lists would be most difficult for people to retain for 15 seconds? a. BIP, TEK, LIN, MOD, REY b. SAY, BET, PIN, COW, RUG c. PIG, DOG, RAT, FOX, HEN d. MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP
d. MAC, CAN, CAP, MAN, MAP
Which of the following is not a geon? a. Cylinder b. Pyramid c. Cone d. Circle
d. circle
"I remember being really excited last year, when my college team won the national championship in basketball." This statement is an example of ___________ memory.
episodic
Knowing the capital of California, but not being able to remember when you first learned it, is an example of how
episodic memory can be a "gateway" to semantic memory
When recording from a single neuron, stimulus intensity is represented in a single neuron by the...
firing rate of the action potentials
The recency effect occurs when participants are asked to recall a list of words. One way to get rid of the recency effect is to...
have participants count backwards for 30 seconds after hearing the last word of the list
It is difficult to apply means-end analysis to an insight problem because it is difficult to define _________ for an insight problem.
intermediate states
What a double dissociation occurs, this indicates that two functions
involve different mechanisms
When we look at a record of the physical energy produced by conversational speech, we see that the speech signal...
is continuous
A high threshold in Treisman's model of attention implies that...
it takes a strong signal to cause activation
The solution to the candle problem involves realizing that the...
match box can be used as a shelf
The main difference between early and late selection models of attention us that in late selection models, selection of stimuli for final processing doesn't occur until the information is analyzed for...
meaning
Some neurons respond when we watch someone else do something. These are known as...
mirror neurons
The smallest units of language that carry meaning are called...
morphemes
The idea that we remember life events better because we encounter the information over and over in what we read, see on TV, and talk about with other people is called the...
narrative rehearsal hypothesis
In ordinary speech production, the boundaries between syllables or between words are usually...
not marked, so they must be determined by the perceiver
The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid air used to illustrate the role of ____________ in memory.
organization
Speech segmentation is defined as...
organizing the sounds of speech into individual words
One of Chomsky's most persuasive arguments for refuting Skinner's theory of language acquisition was his observation that children...
produce sentences they have never heard
The fusiform face area (FFA) in the brain is often damaged in patients with...
prosopagnosia
The automatic process exhibited in the standard Stroop effect is...
reading words
In the experiment in which participants sat in the office and then were asked to remember what they saw in the office, participants "remembered" some things, like books, that weren't actually there. This experiment illustrates the effect of __________ on memory.
schemas
Information remains in sensory memory for...
seconds or a fraction of a second
If you remember something in terms of its meaning, the type of encoding you are using is...
semantic
The three structural components of the modal model of memory are...
sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory
Sadie sees her boyfriend across campus and waves. Even though the image he projects on her retina from that distance is quite small, Sadie does not perceive him to have shrunk at all. Instead, she perceives him as far away because of...
size constancy
The code for short-term memory is most commonly based on the __________ of the stimulus
sound
The experiment for which people were asked to make fame judgments for both famous and non-famous names (and for which Sebastian Weissdorf was one of the names to be remembered) illustrated the effect of __________ on memory.
source misattribution
The process of "slicing" the stream of speech into successive syllables or words is called
speech segmentation
When Carlos moved to the US, he did not understand any English. Phrases like "Anna Mary Can Pi And I Cream Class Hick" didn't make any sense to him. Now that Carlos has been learning English, he recognizes this phrase as "An American Pie and Ice Cream Classic." This example illustrates that Carlos is not capable of ________________ in English.
speech segmentation
When a sparkler is twirled rapidly, people perceive a circle of light. This occurs because...
the length of iconic memory (the persistence of vision) is about one-third of a second
Research on the use of cell phones while driving indicates that...
the main effect of cell phone use on driving safety can be attributed to the fact that attention is used up by the cognitive task of talking on the phone
Shallow processing of a word is encouraged when attention or something focused on...
the number of vowels in a word
The word-length effect reveals that...
the phonological loop of the working memory model has a limited capacity
Stany and Johnson's "weapons focus" experiment, investigating memory for crime scenes, found that...
the presence of a weapon hinders memory for other parts of the event