Cognitive Psychology Test 2 chapter quiz questions and lecture notes

Which of the following is an experimental procedure used to study how attention affects the processing of competing stimuli? a. Early selection b. Filtering c. Channeling d. Dichotic listening

D. dichotic listening

late selection theory in attention

Deutsch and Deutsch (Deutsch-Norman) theory

theorists and theory which states all stimuli 1. activate representations in long term memory, 2. are recognized--quickly forgotten unless important, 3. important stimuli selected for further processing--more likely to be remembered

Deutsch and Deutsch (Deutsch-Norman) theory

who proposed working memory in 2000. Defined it as a limited capacity system 1. temporary storage, 2. manipulation of information. For complex tasks (thinking and comprehension)

Baddeley

theorists: memory was twice as good when picture was presented after reading the passage.

Bransford and Franks

theorists who studied the effect of organization and prior knowledge to create meaning in vague passages.

Bransford and Franks study

Psychologists who developed the Human Information Processing Model

Broadbent and Treisman

Early selection theory: all or none, if it gets through the filter, you will process it. If it doesn't make it through the filter, you won't process it.

Broadbent's filter model

Early selection theories in attention

Broadbent's filter theory and Treisman's attenuation theory

said that without rehearsal, information decays. Decay occurs even if you do nothing over retention interval.

Brown-Peterson

theorists who claimed decay of info resulted in loss of information in STM

Brown-Peterson

whose demonstration: task 1--remember 3 letters, task 2 count backwards when number is present.

Brown-Peterson

Component in Broadbent's filter model: attends to physical characteristics of sound (tone, pitch, speed, accent). Only this message passes through to detector/detection device.

Filter/selective filter

odor memory. 30 seconds: high accuracy. 2 minutes: decreased performance.

Olfactory memory

coding in _____________ is auditory, visual, and some semantic

STM

adding a distractor at the end of a list of words disrupts the recency effect rather than the primacy effect--it disrupts ______________ rather than _____________ which proves the two systems exist.

STM, LTM

theorists who in 1997 demonstrated that performance became 90% accurate after 900 trials. Processing became automatic.

Schneider and Shiffrin

type of attention that does not move smoothly across the visual field (eye movements not smooth, can't see while moving eyes--eyes are quickly stopping and starting). You can compare two noncontiguous items easily.

Selective Attention

type of attention: filter out distractions, and focus on one event, ignore others.

Selective Attention

effects: familiar items, names, statements are favored. e.g. political commercials (rated as true because heard before, Perfect and Andrew 1994).

Propaganda effects

during task switching, new process can't be initiated. Processing of choosing a response to earlier stimulus still going on. Cost to task switching.

Psychological Refractory Period

can't form new memories (amnesia for future). intact STM, intact LTM prior to injury. No new LTMs. Explicit memory damaged. However, implicit memory somewhat intact. Handshake with pin.

anterograde amnesia

has two processes: rehearsal (active) and translates visual into phono. Takes place in phonological store/loop.

articulatory control process (ACP)

disproves short>long words theory and proves that short words=long words. Memory is impaired for both because you are trying to remember words while saying "the" repeatedly.

articulatory suppression

part of explicit memory: intentional memory. "remember the next 10 words." Studying for the exam.

conscious memory

Scene schema is a. rapid movements of the eyes from one place to another in a scene. b. short pauses of the eyes on points of interest in a scene. c. how attention is distributed throughout a static scene. d. knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene.

d. knowledge about what is contained in a typical scene

The primary effect of chunking is to a. maximize the recency effect. b. increase memory for items by grouping them together based on sound. c. develop a visual code to supplement a phonological code for the information. d. stretch the capacity of STM.

d. stretch the capacity of STM.

One function of ____ is controlling the suppression of irrelevant information. a. sensory memory b. the phonological loop c. articulatory suppression d. the central executive

d. the central executive

long-term memory is first divided into conscious ____________________ which includes episodic (personal events) and semantic (vocab, facts, knowledge)

declarative/explicit

Component in Broadbent's filter model: place where detection of higher order of characteristics (meaning) takes place after sound has passed through filter. Processes ALL info that enters.

detector/detection device

experiment in which two different messages are played simultaneously; sometimes "shadow" one of the messages.

dichotic listening task

part of declarative memory: personal events, linked to specific time e.g. when you first learned to ride a bike.

episodic

new component: back-up store, not well-defined.

episodic buffer

release from proactive interference

evidence for semantic coding in STM

_______________ that affect divided (switching) attention: stimulus modality (e.g. visual vs. auditory); memory codes (e.g. verbal vs. visual-spatial); response (e.g. manual vs. verbal).

factors

a type of distinctive encoding: ex: 9/11, JFK assassination, OJ Simpson trial

flashbulb memories

If you can rehearse info continually it can stay in your STM _____________

forever

test of declarative/explicit memory: write down everything you know about chapters 4, 5, 6

free recall

type of encoding that does not equal memory. You ___________ to study does not equal gaining memory of information to do perform well on test

intentional encoding

theory: selection at higher stages of processing. Decisions about access to awareness, encoding into memory, or responses (occur internally, NOT based on sensory info)

late selection

these state that attention occurs later in processing (doesn't occur at sensory input), occurs at representations in long-term memory.

late selection models

lateralization: language and interpretation of events is in the _______ hemisphere

left

type of memory in modal model: holds info for years

long-term memory (LTM)

____________ rehearsal: shallow processing, good for keeping info in STM/WM. Saying something over and over again.

maintenance rehearsal

information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, skills after the original information is no longer present.

memory

processes involved in retaining, retrieving, and using ____________

memory

quotes on ______________: "Everything in life is __________, save for the thing edge of the present." "I don't have a bad _____________...I remember every time I've forgotten something." "I know it's in there somewhere, I just can't find it."

memory

________________ to improve learning and memory: elaborate (highlighting is not enough), generate and test, organize (helps reduce load on memory), match learning and testing conditions, associate what you are learning to what you already know, avoid the 'illusion of learning" (familiarity does not mean comprehension), take breaks (memory is better for multiple short study sessions, consolidation), distributed versus massed practice effect (difficult to maintain close attention throughout a long study session, studying after a break gives feedback about what you already know).

methods

example of using _____________ to benefit. Telephone operators initially tried to get callers to forget number so they would call back and be charged again.

modal model

Can capacity theory explain results from dichotomous listening studies?

no, cannot explain Treisman's data from capacity viewpoint.

long-term memory is secondly divided into unconscious __________________ which includes priming effects and procedural memory

non-declarative/implicit

unconscious past experience that influences behavior. Incidental memory.

non-declarative/implicit memory

____________ for Atkinson and Shiffrin: STM is not directly involved processing (rehearsal is the only process in STM). People with good LTM and poor STM. Cannot account for modality specific distracters (strategy for Brown-Peterson task?)

problems

memory for how to do something (how to tie your shoes, reading, playing the piano, how to ride a bike)

procedural memory

component of WM where articulatory control process and visual scribe are present.

processing

type of amnesia: memory loss not caused by physical trauma, maybe repression, maybe selective forgetting.

psychotic amnesia

effect from serial position curve: better recall at the end of the list. Items still active in STM (and possibly SM) at time of recall. These are usually reported first.

recency effect

test of declarative/explicit memory: multiple choice test

recognition

when you stop ____________________ info, it ceases to be in your STM

rehearsing

Nickerson and Adams study with _____________ of coins trying to pick out correct coin.

repetition

type of priming: no conscious awareness of prior, repeated experiences with stimuli. But performance shows benefit. Lots of prior experience without remembering

repetition priming

type of memory in modal model: holds 5-7 items, holds info for 15-30 seconds (unless some control process).

short-term memory (STM)

Broadbent's filter model: directing processing to one sensory input (selected input fully processed for meaning, available to consciousness) and unselected stimuli (completely blocked, unavailable to consciousness).

simple on-off switch

Stroop experiment resulted in _______________ to name text color when incongruent with color word

slower

Zhang and Simon found that having ____________ boosts our ability to remember characters.

sound

in ___________ practice: the context differs each repetition, some likely to match context at retrieval, many short, s-___________ rather than one big long.

spaced

type of encoding: ________ practice better than massed practice (cramming). In massed practice: context at encoding similar for all repetitions.

spacing

capacity is unlimited?, duration is unlimited?, problems with storage are anterograde/retrograde amnesia

storage

component of WM where phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad are present.

storage

consolidation that occurs at synapse, very rapid

synaptic consolidation

consolidation--reorganization of brain circuits. Takes long time.

systems consolidation

word-stem completion, word-picture fragment completion, repetition priming.

tests of implicit memory

in Treisman's Attenuation Theory: _____________ vary for different stimuli. E.g. your name, primed and expected stimuli, explains cocktail party/keg party phenomenon, some dichotic listening tasks.

thresholds

Broadbent's filter model: stimuli with no effect on behavior, not processed beyond the sensory level.

unattended stimuli

neglect that occurs when one can't attend to a part of visual space. e.g. when someone draws something but only draws half of it. (This is not vision impairment, instead attention is impaired.)

unilateral neglect

task that lead to more blood flow in the right hemisphere in the frontal lobe, the parietal lobe and the occipital lobe

visuo-spatial task

holds visual information (visual), holds spatial information (location), limited resource, and process (image refreshed by visual scribe).

visuospatial sketchpad

_________________ ______________ _______________ is eliminated under articulatory suppression.

word length effect

will remember more words when they are short than when they are long words

word-length effect

STM can be thought of as a part of _______________

working memory

concept that was proposed in 2000. Effects in search of a theory: word-length effect, articulatory suppression, phonological similarity.

working memory

storage and processing happen here

working memory

information learned previously interferes

proactive interference

moving attention requires three specific process which are?

1. disengaging, 2. moving attention, 3. focus

Who said the duration in STM determines transfer to LTM. (rehearsal serves as a way of maintaining information in STM--the longer the info is in STM the more likely it will be copied into LTM).

Atkinson and Shiffrin

model of memory proposed in 1968 which consists of structural fixtures and is defined in terms of capacity and duration. Were originally called stores. Copies of information are made and placed in each store (sensory memory, short-term memory, and long-term memory).

Atkinson and Shiffrin's Modal Model of Memory

whose model of short-term memory: decays fairly rapidly in the absence of rehearsal within 30 seconds unless you do something. If you don't do anything, it is lost.

Atkinson and Shiffrin's model of STM

happens in patient studies where damage to the right parietal lobe (typically) has occurred.

Attentional Neglect

Theory: control tasks (not practiced, require attention), automatic tasks (well-practiced, do not require attention).

Automaticity

storage only happens here

short term memory

1964 study studied phonological confusability (errors sound based with letters that sound similar). Found that short-term memory likes sound based coding best. Ex: rehearsing a phone number out loud.

Conrad

type of attention: attending without looking. Without or separate from eye movements. Combined peripheral vision and mental focus.

Covert Attention

1972 studied depth of processing with three tasks: 1. case: is the word in capital letters? TABLE 2. Rhyme: Does the word rhyme with able? TABLE 3. Sentence: There was a chair next to the ___________. TABLE.

Craik and Lockheart

found that using meaning is a higher level of processing. sentence > case=rhyme. Case and rhyme are shallower processes. Elaborative rehearsal > maintenance rehearsal. Depth of processing = better memory.

Craik and Lockheart

What are some examples of attention?

Driving a car, listening to this lecture.

Whose experiments demonstrated object attention where same object cues were faster than different object cues (although it was the same distance). Indicates that when part of an object is cued, the whole object becomes activated.

Egly, Driver, and Rafal

experimenters who argued attention seems to be allocated to the object and not dependent on location.

Egly, Driver, and Rafal

type of encoding: Group 1: the bird flew down and caught the chicken. Group 2: The large screeching bird swooped down close to the group and grasped the chicken in his sharp talons.

Elaboration 2nd sentence is more elaborative

properties of ______________: capacity--presumably infinite. Duration--exists for the length of our lives, may never know for sure (accessible vs. available issue).

LTM

Automaticity theory employed in 1935 by _______________.

J. Ridley Stroop

impaired STM, could form new LT memories

K.F.

theorist and theory: (current theory) amount of attention is limited. Allocation policy--decide, moment by moment, how to allocate that attention, different factors influence the allocation policy.

Kahneman Capacity Theories

Capacity theory in attention

Kahneman divided attention

theorist and theory: capacities are limited. Attention=set of processes (for categorizing and recognizing stimuli).

Kahneman's Capacity Theory

coding in ______________ is primarily semantic (but also some auditory, visual)

LTM

is organized into two types of consciousness.

Long-term memory

1980 Revolutionary who showed process that take place in attention process. Used Discrimination task.

M. Posner

developed the self-generation effect in 1986, cues generated by yourself are best

Mantyla

who said in 1956 that the capacity of short-term memory is 7 plus or minus 2 items of information

Miller

type of attention: with eye movements, measured with eye tracking. What you are attending (directing your attention to) is what you're looking at.

Over Attention (Naturalistic)

Attention remained neutral at fixation point, then moved when target was presented.

Posner's attention experiments

Invalid claims to whose experiments: attention moved to the cued location, then moved again to uncued location. Reaction time was slower when compared to to the neutral condition.

Posner's attention experiments

Valid claims from whose experiments: Attention has to move (fixation to the cued location). Facilitates processing compared to the neutral condition.

Posner's attention experiments

theorist in 1960 who experimented with whole report and partial report procedures.

Sperling

reported one line only as cued (immediate cue vs. delayed cue). Testing both echoic and iconic memory--does not interfere with iconic by doing both iconic (with arrows). Did this by tones (high tone top row, middle tone middle row, low tone, bottom row).

Sperling's partial report procedure

experiment--name the color text, pits controlled vs. automatic processing against each other.

Stroop experiment

Component in Broadbent's filter model: receives output of detector.

short-term memory

Information in sensory memory that is attended enters............

short-term memory

discovered in 1970 that it is not the strength of cue but the match between encoding and retrieval that results in successful retrieval of information.

Thomson and Tulving

Who conducted dichotic listening studies in 1964 (mixed up, associating left and right ear meanings together) which presented problems to Broadbent's filter model?

Treisman

Leaky filter in which both attended and unattended info goes through attenuator (unattended is weaker).

Treisman's Attenuation Theory

Theorist and theory who said there is no filter, but an attenuator which analyzes incoming information (only as needed to identify attended message). For example, turning a radio dial and multiple selections can experience bleed-over from the same radio station's signal.

Treisman's Attenuation Theory

output is analyzed by dictionary unit. Threshold for activation of words: uncommon words=high, common words=middle, own name=very low.

Treisman's Attenuation Theory

who in 1962 tested two groups. Group one saw the word "cabaret" and group two didn't. When tested to complete the word fragment c_ _ AR_T Group one did better than group two which supports repetition priming.

Tulving

theorists who in 1968 studied Korsakoff's syndrome (damage to ability to form LTMs). Drink so much, can't eat anything. Can have a conversation, turn around and can't remember it.

Warrington and Weiskrantz

found in 1976 evidence for semantic coding in STM

Wickens

theorist who claimed interference resulted in loss of information in STM

Wickens

who in 1976 found that ___________ happens when we are trying to learn something recently but something learned in the past interferes.

Wickens, proactive interference

Psychologist in the 1800s who said "everyone knows what attention is, intuitive sense."

William James

neurological evidence for WM: spared language, impaired vnsuo-spaital abilities (visuospatial sketchpad is impaired).

William syndrome

Can capacity theory explain automaticity?

Yes, (e.g. Stroop) key issues such as task difficulty and controlled vs. automatic processing are backed up by capacity theory.

who in 1985 tested image-based coding in STM (Chinese radicals vs. characters). Some research points to our ability to code only visual information.

Zhang and Simon

According to the levels of processing theory, which of the following tasks will produce the best long-term memory for a set of words? a. Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned b. Deciding how many vowels each word has c. Generating a rhyming word for each word to be remembered d. Repeating the words over and over in your mind

a. Making a connection between each word and something you've previously learned

The inability to assimilate or retain new knowledge is known as a. anterograde amnesia. c. the primacy effect. b. retrograde amnesia. d. the serial effect.

a. anterograde amnesia

Controlled processing involves a. close attention. b. ease in performing parallel tasks. c. overlearning of tasks. d. few cognitive resources.

a. close attention

llusory conjunctions are a. combinations of features from different stimuli. b. misidentified objects using the context of the scene. c. combinations of features from the masking field and the stimuli. d. features that are consistent across different stimuli.

a. combinations of features from different stimuli

The ability to pay attention to, or carry out, two or more different tasks simultaneously is known as a. divided attention. b. dual attention. c. divergenttasking. d. selective attention.

a. divided attention

According to the levels of processing theory, memory durability depends on how information is a. encoded. c. retrieved. b. stored. d. all of the above

a. encoded

The primacy effect is attributed to a. recall of information stored in LTM. b. a type of rehearsal that improves memory for all items in a list. c. recall of information still active in STM. d. forgetting of early items in a list as they are replaced by later items.

a. recall of information stored in LTM

Elaborative rehearsal of a word will LEAST likely be accomplished by a. repeating it over and over. b. linking the new word to a previously learned concept. c. using it in a sentence. d. thinking of its synonyms and antonyms.

a. repeating it over and over

Information remains in sensory memory for a. seconds or a fraction of a second. b. 15-30 seconds. c. 1-3 minutes. d. as long as it is rehearsed.

a. seconds or a fraction of a second.

If you remember something in terms of its meaning, the type of encoding you are using is a. semantic. b. acoustic. c. visual. d. iconic.

a. semantic

The cocktail party effect is a. the ability to pay attention to one message and ignore others, yet hear distinctive features of the unattended messages. b. the inability to pay attention to one message in the presence of competing messages. c. the diminished awareness of information in a crowd. d. the equal division of attention between competing messages.

a. the ability to pay attention to one message and ignore others, yet hear distinctive features of the unattended messages.

Memory performance is enhanced if the type of task at encoding matches the type of task at retrieval. This is called a. transfer-appropriate processing. c. elaborative rehearsal. b. episodic-based processing. d. personal semantic memory.

a. transfer-appropriate processing

Kahneman's Capacity Theory: attention ______________ resources to tasks. Whether or not you process info is determined by how much attention you have left. There is no early vs. late selection (rather it depends on how much attention is required for certain processes).

allocates (divides)

We are never doing two things at the same time--we are actually switching between tasks (e.g. pie graph of 1. messing around w/ snapchat filters, 2. watching AHS Cult, 3. texting Lazy Guys to order food, 4. reading ch 4.)

allocation of attention (limited capacity)

associated with damage to the PFL, normal performance tasks measuring (phonological loop, visuospatial sketchpad). Much greater impairment than normal subject when tasks performed simultaneously.

alzheimers patients

AKA Korsakoff's Syndrome in which STM is intact but can't form new LT memories.

anterograde amnesia

= selection for further processing. Limited mental energy 'powers' the cognitive system.

attention

Broadbent's conlusions on "Split Scan" dichotic listening task: ___________ must be switched to different channels, switched from ear to ear.

attention

Our _________________ can only be focused on a single activity at a time.

attention

focusing on specific features of the environment (usually at exclusion of others).

attention

this is a spotlight, move from location to location, and requires certain process.

attention

Conclusion of Egly, Driver, and Rafals' experiments with attention:

attention is object based, not space based.

failure to attend to the contralesional side of things (unilateral neglect, side opposite to lesion).

attentional neglect

in Treisman's Attenuation Theory, unattended stimuli are _______________--weakened rather than completely filter out. Allows processing of more than one input at a time. Both sensory and semantic (meaning) information affect attenuator control.

attenuated

type of encoding in which information is encoded implicit.

automatic encoding

processing that requires little/no attention, requires few cognitive resources, can occur simultaneously.

automatic processing

this type of processing is not always helpful, sometimes interferes with controlled processing, difficult to NOT follow through with an automatic task. However, it is most of the time helpful.

automatic processing--Stroop

Capacity theory can explain _________________.

automaticity (e.g. Stroop)

example of ____________________ study: flower. fruit-flower. Test: -___________, bloom-______________, fruit-_________________.

encoding specificity

The effective duration of short-term memory, when rehearsal is prevented, is a. a fraction of a second. b. 15-20 seconds. c. 1-3 minutes. d. 5-7 minutes.

b. 15-20 seconds.

type of retrieval: memory is better if context at retrieval matches context at encoding.

encoding specificity

The word-length effect shows that it is more difficult to remember a. a long list of words than a short list of words. b. a list of long words than a list of short words. c. a list of words that are all the same length than a list of words that are of different lengths. d. a list of words that are of different lengths than a list of words that are all the same length.

b. a list of long words than a list of short words

According to levels of processing theory, deep processing results in better memory. However, studies have shown that shallow processing can result in better memory when the individual encodes _____ and is tested _____. a. semantically; auditorially c. auditorially; semantically b. auditorially; auditorially d. semantically; visually

b. auditorially; auditorially

Carrie answers her phone with "Hello?" A response, "Hi, Carrie!" comes from the other end of the line. Carrie responds back with "Hi, Dad!" Carrie processed "Hi, Carrie" using a(n) a. auditory code in short-term memory. b. auditory code in long-term memory. c. iconic code in short-term memory. d. iconic code in long-term memory.

b. auditory code in long-term memory

Jocelyn is in an experiment where she is presented words representing categories. She is presented the word "furniture" in an earlier trial, which makes it easier for her later to recall the word "chair" because of the similarity of meaning. Jocelyn's memory enhancement for "chair" due to seeing the word "furniture" illustrates a. repetition priming. c. reconsolidation. b. conceptual priming. d. mental time travel.

b. conceptual priming

Dichotic listening occurs when a. the same message is presented to the left and right ears. b. different messages are presented to the left and right ears. c. a message is presented to one ear, and a masking noise is presented to the other ear. d. participants are asked to listen to a message and look at a visual stimulus, both at the same time.

b. different messages are presented to the left and right ears.

Hebb's idea of long-term potentiation, which provides a physiological mechanism for the long-term storage of memories, includes the idea of a. an increase in the size of cell bodies of neurons. b. enhanced firing in the neurons. c. larger electrical impulses in the synapse. d. the growth of new dendrites in neurons.

b. enhanced firing in the neurons

Students, beware! Research shows that _____ does not improve reading comprehension because it does not encourage elaborative processing of the material. a. organization b. highlighting c. making up questions about the material d. feedback

b. highlighting

The emphasis of the concept of working memory is on how information is a. permanently stored. b. manipulated. c. forgotten. d. perceived.

b. manipulated

This multiple choice question is an example of a ____ test. a. recall c. word-completion b. recognition d. personal semantic memory

b. recognition

Broadbent's filter model: _______________ happens when only certain amount of info makes it through to memory.

bottleneck

The "magic number," according to Miller, is a. 7 and 11. b. 5 plus 2. c. 7 plus or minus 2. d. lucky 13.

c. 7 plus or minus 2.

Which of the following is an example of a semantic memory? a. I remember my earth science teacher telling me how volcanoes erupt. b. I remember seeing a volcano erupt in Hawaii last summer. c. I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes. d. I remember "volcano" was the first word on the list Juan read to me.

c. I remember the big island of Hawaii has many active volcanoes

Memory for a word will tend to be better if the word is used in a complex sentence (like "the bicycle was blue, with high handlebars and a racing seat") rather than a simple sentence (like "he rode the bicycle"). This probably occurs because the complex sentence a. causes more rehearsal. c. creates more connections. b. takes longer to process. d. is more interesting.

c. creates more connections.

Brief sensory memory for sound is known as a. iconic memory. b. primary auditory memory. c. echoic memory. d. pre-perceptual auditory memory.

c. echoic memory

The principle that we learn information together with its context is known as a. memory consolidation. c. encoding specificity. b. repetition priming. d. a self-reference effect.

c. encoding specificity

Phoebe steps up to the golf ball and hits it down the fairway. She sees that the ball is heading towards someone, so she yells "Fore!" After her two partners hit their balls, they pick up their bags and start walking to the next hole. But Phoebe says, "Wait a minute, I haven't teed off yet." This behavior shows that Phoebe has a problem with ____ memory. a. semantic c. episodic b. procedural d. working

c. episodic

Two types of declarative memory are _____ and _____ memory. a. semantic; implicit c. episodic; semantic b. implicit; episodic d. procedural; episodic

c. episodic; semantic

Location-based attention is when a. the enhancing effect of attention spreads throughout an object. b. attention is divided across two or more tasks simultaneously. c. people move their attention from one place to another. d. attention affects an entire object, even if it is occluded by other objects.

c. people move their attention from one place to another

According to Treisman's feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the _____ stage. a. featureanalysis b. focused attention c. preattentive d. letter analysis

c. preattentive

When a person is shadowing a message, he or she is a. silently following it mentally. b. ignoring it while paying attention to another message. c. saying the message out loud. d. thinking about something closely related to the message.

c. saying the message out loud

The predominant type of coding in LTM is a. phonological. b. concrete. c. semantic. d. visual.

c. semantic

The three structural components of the modal model of memory are a. receptors, occipital lobe, temporal lobe. b. receptors, temporal lobe, frontal lobe. c. sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory. d. sensory memory, iconic memory, rehearsal.

c. sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory.

The standard model of consolidation proposes that the hippocampus is a. strongly active for both new memories as they are being consolidated and memories for events that occurred long ago and are already consolidated. b. strongly active for long-ago memories that are already consolidated but becomes less active when memories are first formed and being consolidated. c. strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated. d. uninvolved in memory consolidation.

c. strongly active when memories are first formed and being consolidated but becomes less active when retrieving older memories that are already consolidated.

The defining characteristic of implicit memory is that a. it always leads to episodic memory for events. b. it is enhanced by the self-reference effect. c. we are not conscious we are using it. d. people use it strategically to enhance memory for events.

c. we are not conscious we are using it

___________ of short-term memory is measured by memory span test.

capacity

____________ _______________ is also a component of WM. This direct the visuospatial sketchpad, episodic buffer, and phonological loop directing them.

central executive

coordinates the two subsidiary systems: encoding strategies, attention switching, mental manipulation.

central executive

grouping things together by applying meaning

chunking

items are meaningful ______________ of information (can be letters, numbers, but also words, dates, etc.)

chunks

Problem for Broadbent's model: report salient words from un-shadowed channel (e.g. your name, COPS! at keg party).

cocktail party effect

Evidence against Broadbent's Filter theory: we do process unattended info: two experiments/situations?

cocktail party/keg party effect and dichotic listening task

Problem with levels of processing theory: deep processing result in better memory, better memory is due to deep processing.

concept must be defined indpendently from findings. Circular reasoning--failure to define terms independently from results. There is no independent method to show deep vs. shallow processing effects on memory.

type of priming: concepts stored in long-term semantic memory influence your memory.

conceptual priming

Actual findings: what you study has direct impact on how you are tested and how well you perform. If you study rhyme you will perform better when prompted with rhyme. If you study better with semantic, you will perform better when prompted with semantic in test.

context effect

happens in retrieval--transfer appropriate processing, context-dependent, state-dependent.

context effects

memory is best when encoding and retrieval conditions match. Environment-context dependent (classroom, underwater vs. above water). State: state-dependent (caffeine, mood, alcohol).

context effects

transfer appropriate processing. Studied by _______________ in 1977. Study: RHYME: does bike rhyme with like? SEMANTIC: The boy rode the ____________. Will bike complete the sentence? Test: WHAT WOULD LOP PREDICT? SEMANTIC>RHYME

context effects

processing that requires attention, requires cognitive resources, usually only one at a time

controlled processing

test of declarative/explicit memory: essay question, fill-in-the-blank

cued recall

effect from serial position curve: better recall from the beginning of the list, items rehearsed more frequently.

primacy effect

type of encoding: using something that will set a thing apart from the other things around it. thing thing thing thing OBJECT thing thing thing thing. Making middle word ______________ improves memory. von Resorff effect

distinctiveness

type of attention: processing in two distinct channels at the same time (paying attention to more than one thing, similar tasks interfere with one another).

divided attention

type of attention: situations in which we try to __________ our ____________ between two things such as driving and talking, cell-phone debate while driving, CNN headlines...

divided attention

Summary of recent research article on ________ debate: Undertaking complex mental tasks can reduce a driver's ability to detect visual targets by as much as 30 percent. Research on driving in real traffic confirms that mental workload can interfere with the capacity to detect visual targets, discriminate among them, and select a response. Higher-level mental tasks take attentional resources away from the road, resulting in all-too-familiar post-acciendent reports: "I didn't expect it" or "I saw it too late"

divided attention: driving and talking on the phone

doing two tasks at once (assume doing both doesn't change how you do either).

dual task (switching attention)

information may stay in STM unrehearsed for about 15-30 seconds. If rehearsed, can stay in STM forever but unpractical.

duration of short-term memory

Broadbent's filter model: filtered before information is analyzed for meaning.

early selection

theory: not fully perceptually analyzed or encoded before selection for further processing or rejected as irrelevant.

early selection

auditory information. Capacity: 5-9 pieces of information. Duration: 2 seconds

echoic memory

type of encoding that requires use of strategy including repetition, elaboration, and self-referential.

effortful encoding

______________ rehearsal: deeper processing. Involves meaning or relationship. Levels of processing impacts LTM.

elaborative

the process of getting things into memory

encoding

visual information. Capacity: about 5-9 pieces of information. Duration: about 1/2 to 1 second (500 to 1000 milliseconds).

iconic store (memory)

procedural memory--how to do something is part of ____________ memory

implicit

not consciously learning

implicit learning

type of memory: procedural memory, priming effects, propaganda effects.

implicit memory

type of amnesia: no memories prior to age 3.

infantile amnesia

this type of attention is obtained even if occluded (evidence of occlusion heuristic).

object attention

Two tasks can be done simultaneously if __________________________ or ___________________________.

one activity is automatic or attention alternates between the two tasks.

encoding strategy--grouping words by meaning is easier to remember

organization

retrieval of existing memories, not conscious BUT impacts subsequent thoughts and actions

priming

types of _________________: conceptual, perceptual, repetition

priming

type of priming: information in memory enhances ability to identify something based on its physical features. Do not need to consciously recall seeing the priming item. Do not need to consciously encode the priming item.

perceptual priming

rhyming words<non-rhyme words: map, tap, cap, slap, rap < pen, bar, cow, rig, fin

phonological similarity

holds phonological information (store=2 seconds [passive] limited capacity). Has articulatory control process (ACP) rehearsal (active) and translates visual into phono.

phonological store/loop

task that led to more blood flow to the left hemisphere in the frontal lobe and the parietal lobe.

phonological task

associated with the ______________ _______________ in the brain

prefrontal cortex

theorists who in 1966 studied free recall vs cued recall practices in _________________ of information.

retrieval

(soap opera amnesia). No memory for the past. Makes by time of damage. Memories for events closer to time of injury more impaired.

retrograde amnesia

lateralization: visuospatial processing and face processing is in the ________________ hemisphere

right

type of encoding: information related to oneself is remembered better. Also requires deeper processing.

self-reference effect

coding in STM that is meaning-based.

semantic

part of declarative memory: knowledge about the world, vocab, not tied to any specific time e.g. what a bike is. Can originally be episodic, but as time passes it moves to semantic memory as the this info is lost.

semantic

capacity=large (e.g. we are constantly experiencing sensory info). Duration=very short.

sensory memory

only processes sensory information: iconic=visual, echoic=auditory, olfactory=odor

sensory memory

type of memory in modal model: initial stage holds info for very short time.

sensory memory

unless selected for further storage from _______________, you will be unconscious of this info.

sensory memory

Component in Broadbent's filter model: holds incoming information for short period of time, transfers info to filter.

sensory store/register

experiment with no recency effect (distractor task eliminates items from STM). Primacy effect still present (information in LTM is not affected by distractor task).

serial position curve with distractor