college bio: chapter 1 smartbook

the role of most genes is to encode mRNAs that are used in the production of

proteins

the entire protein complement of a cell or organism is called the

proteome

the observation, identification, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of natural phenomena can be defined as

science

an important part of science is the communication of results through journals and conferences and the peer-review process. these aspects of science make it a ______ discipline

social

what are the functions of the genome?

storage of information, providing continuity from one generation to the next, evolutionary change

a mutation that increases an organism's chance of ______ and ______ will tend to accumulate in a population

survival, reproduction

the grouping of species for purposes of classification is called

taxonomy

what is the proteome

the complete protein composition of a cell or organism

what carries the information to produce a proteome

the genome

the difference between discovery-based science and hypothesis testing is

whether data are collected and analyzed under a pre-formed hypothesis

arrange the levels of biological organization according to size, from smallest at the top to largest at the bottom

1. atom 2. molecule 3. macromolecule 4. cell 5. tissue 6. organ

list the levels of organization seen in living organisms, beginning with the smallest level at the top

1. organ 2. organism 3. population 4. community 5. ecosystem 6. biosphere

living organisms contain genetic material that is composed of

DNA

the information necessary to produce an organism's proteome is contained in its ____, which is the complete genetic composition of an organism or species

DNA

which of the following serves as the genetic material of all living things

DNA

what is studied in the field of genomics

DNA sequences

a mutation may accumulate in a population if it _______ an organism's chances of survival and reproduction

increases

a mutation that ________ may confer a beneficial trait to a population of organisms, and eventually lead to evolution

increases survival and reproduction

what determines the function of a biological molecule

its structure

the traditional view of evolution is in a vertical manner which involves a progression of changes in a series of ancestors called a

lineage

match with the appropriate level of biological organization: DNA

macromolecule

atoms combine to form

molecules

an organism that consists of many cells is called a

multicellular organism

in vertical evolution, new species evolve from pre-existing species by accumulation of ______, which are changes in the genetic message

mutation

changes in the frequency of beneficial mutations over generations is called

natural selection

consider a mutation that alters an organism's traits so that it increases the likelihood if survival and reproduction of the organism. such a mutation may become more common in the population over time due to a process called

natural selection

unicellular organisms are composed of ________, while multicellular organisms are composed of __________

one cell; many cells

match with the appropriate level of biological organization: heart

organ

match with the appropriate level of biological organization: mosquito

organism

match with the appropriate level of biological organization: school of fish

population

_____ organisms do not contain a nucleus, while _____ organisms do contain a nucleus

prokaryotic, eukaryotic

genomics involves the analysis of the ______ sequences of genomes

protein

while DNA encodes the information for traits of organisms and cells, ______ are macromolecules that are directly responsible for the structure and function of cells

protein

the majority of genes provide instructions for the synthesis of

proteins

the molecules that are most directly responsible for the structure and function of cells are

proteins

what is the difference between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell

a eukaryotic cell has a nucleus; a prokaryotic cell does not

a hypothesis is

a proposed explanation for a natural phenomenon

what is lineage

a series of ancestors

organisms in the domain eukarya were once subdivided into which of the following kingdoms

animalista, protista, plantae

changes that occur as a result of evolution often involve the

appearance of new structures for new functions

which domains of life contain prokaryotic organisms

archaea and bacteria

the smallest unit of an element that retains the chemical properties of the element

atom

all matter is composed of

atoms

molecules are formed by bonding together

atoms

identify the level of biological organization: places on earth where organisms live

biosphere

a ______, which is the simplest unit of life, is surrounded by a membrane and contains macromolecules

cell

identify the level of biological organization: blood cell

cell

the level of biological organization studied by cell biologists is the

cell

the smallest entity that can be considered a living organism is the

cell

what is the smallest unit of life

cell

what branch of biology focuses on the study of cells

cell biology

match with the appropriate level of biological organization: plants, animals, and other living organisms in a forest

community

which of the following diseases causes a build up of mucus in the lungs and pancreatic ducts to the small intestine

cystic fibrosis

researchers typically follow two general types of approaches while conducting biological investigations: ______-based science and _____ testing

discovery, hypothesis

which of the following are the two main scientific approaches that help us understand biology

discovery-based science, hypothesis testing

identify the level of biological organization: a river and the organisms that live in it

ecosystem

which domain of life contains eukaryotic organisms

eukarya

which domain of life includes organisms that have large cells with internal compartments specialized for particular functions

eukarya

what are the three domains of life

eukarya, archaea, bacteria

populations can become more successful at survival and reproduction as the result of

evolution

what is a unifying concept in biology that explains the diversity of life

evolution

all species, both past and present, are related to one another through an ______________ history

evolutionary

the unity of modern organisms can be explained by the realization that all living things ________ an interrelated group of ancestors

evolved from

true or false: species that live today are related to organisms that lived in the past but not to other currently existing species

false

until recently, eukaryotes were divided into ____ major categories called _____

four, kingdoms

one of the principles exhibited by all forms of life is that structure determines _______, which applies to small molecules, macromolecules, and multicellular tissues and features

function

the _______, which refers to the complete genetic composition of an organism, provides continuity from one generation to the next

genome

the collection of all the genetic material (the DNA) in a cell or organism is called the

genome

all members of the domain eukarya:

have cells with a nucleus and internal compartments

experiments are designed to test specific predictions based off one or more ______, which are proposed explanations for observations

hypothesis

the scientific method is also known as _____ testing

hypothesis

_______ gene transfer can occur when an organism acquires genetic information from another organism without being the offspring of that organism

horizontal

what type of gene transfer can occur between members of different species

horizontal gene transfer

what is biology

the study of life

both _______ seen among modern species are explained by biological evolution

the unity and diversity

identify the level of biological organization: muscle

tissue

true or false: evolutionary changes frequently involve the modification of pre-existing structures for a new function

true

eukarya

unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes

bacteria

unicellular prokaryotes found in many environments on earth

archaea

unicellular prokaryotes that typically inhabit extreme environments, such as hot springs

when evolution involves a progression of changes in a series of ancestors called a lineage, it is referred to as _______ evolution

vertical

evolutionary change occurs by what two mechanisms

vertical descent with mutation and horizontal gene transfer

successive changes in a series of ancestors called a lineage are the basis of a mechanism of evolution called

vertical evolution

the two mechanisms that lead to evolutionary change are _______ descent with modification/mutation and _______ gene transfer

vertical, horizontal

how do new species evolve from pre-existing species in the mechanism known as vertical evolution

via accumulation of mutations