College General Psychology: Module 3 Exam

A process that makes an observer less likely to repeat a behavior on seeing the model reprimanded is called _____ in observational learning.

vicarious punishment

A _____ schedule in operant conditioning rewards behaviors an average number of times on an unpredictable basis.

variable-ratio

Fred's mother allows him to watch television on Sundays only if he studies for four hours a day, every day of the week. Which of the following schedules of reinforcement in operant conditioning is Fred's mother using to discipline him?

A fixed-ratio schedule

Which of the following best characterizes a night of sleep?

A person's depth of sleep alternates up and down several times.

"Medical marijuana" is known to:

All of these

Sleep deprivation has been shown to:

All of these

Which of the following statements best describes classical conditioning?

It is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

Which of the following best defines drug addiction?

It is the physical or psychological dependence, or both, on a drug.

_____ occurs during slow-wave stage 4 sleep.

Night terror

_____ refers to the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior.

Behavior modification

_____ is a learning process in which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with an innately meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.

Classical conditioning

Which of the following is true of Ivan Pavlov's experiment on classical conditioning?

The bell was a neutral stimulus before it was paired with the meat powder.

Bradley participates in a sleep study at a university clinic. The researchers measure his body's physiological changes while he is sleeping. Which hormone do they find in large doses just before Bradley wakes up?

Cortisol

Which of the following is the most common neurotransmitter activated by psychoactive drugs and found to be related to addiction?

Dopamine

Boris uses classical conditioning to teach his goldfish to swim to the surface of its tank to eat whenever Boris turns on the aquarium light. He drops food into the tank and then turns on the light. After several such trials, the fish shows no more inclination to swim to the surface when the light is turned on than it did on the first trial. In the context of classical conditioning, which of the following should Boris do to improve his training technique?

He should turn on the light before he drops the food into the tank.

Martha's young son insists he went to the amusement park the previous day when he did not. Martha tells him that he probably dreamed this just before he awoke. "How do you know if I was dreaming?" he demands. She tells him that when she came into his bedroom just before he woke up, his eyes were moving up and down rapidly behind his closed eyelids. This indicates that he was having a dream.

True

Sleepwalking is:

a normal phenomenon.

In the context of classical conditioning, sign tracking is:

a phenomenon that helps to understand the vicious cycle of drug addiction and relapse.

States of consciousness that require little attention and do not interfere with other ongoing activities are called:

automatic processes.

People who are easily hypnotized usually:

can become deeply immersed in an imaginative activity.

Dr. Meyer is known for his difficult pop quizzes. Immediately before he announces a pop quiz to his students, he walks to the classroom door and closes it. His students soon learn to anticipate a pop quiz whenever Dr. Meyer closes the classroom door. In the context of classical conditioning, closing the door has become a(n) _____.

conditioned stimulus

_____ is the process of learning the associations between two events.

conditioning

An individual's awareness of external events and internal sensations under a condition of arousal is called:

consciousness.

Timmy is going to participate in the national spelling bee competition to be held over the weekend. In order to prepare for the competition, he locks himself in his room and starts memorizing words along with their spelling. His mom calls him several times for supper, but he is so engrossed in memorizing that he ignores her repeated calls. Timmy is exhibiting:

controlled processing.

The powerfully sleep-inducing chemicals produced by the body's cells while a person is fighting an infection are known as _____.

cytokines

Barbiturate:

decreases central nervous system activity.

In operant conditioning, a punishment is a consequence that _____.

decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur

In operant conditioning, _____ means responding appropriately to stimuli that signal that a behavior will or will not be reinforced.

discrimintaion

Opiate drugs affect synapses in the brain that use _____ as their neurotransmitter.

endorphin

In operant conditioning, _____ occurs when a behavior is no longer reinforced and decreases in frequency.

extinction

Kevin suffers from sleep apnea. With this condition, he awakens as often as 50 times during the night due to:

failure in the opening of the windpipe.

A _____ schedule in operant conditioning reinforces the first behavior after a set amount of time has passed.

fixed-interval

The _____ schedule in operant conditioning reinforces a behavior after a set number of behaviors.

fixed-ratio

Operant conditioning is a form of learning that _____.

focuses on the association between behaviors and the stimuli that follow them

In operant conditioning, _____ means performing a reinforced behavior in a different situation.

generalization

Jennifer was stung by a bee several days ago and was in pain for many days. As a result of the painful experience, she cries out whenever a flying insect gets too close to her. Jennifer's reaction to flying insects best illustrates the concept of _____ in classical conditioning.

generalization

In the context of classical conditioning, _____ refers to the decreased responsiveness to a stimulus after repeated presentations.

habituation

The overwhelming feeling of wellness right before a person falls asleep is referred to as:

hypnagogic reverie.

Positive reinforcement in operant conditioning _____.

increases the frequency of a behavior

Psychological research on sleep and memory has found that staying up all night to study for an exam is likely to:

lower memory retention.

The type of learning that occurs through observing and imitating another person's behavior is called _____.

modeling

Four-month-old Simon quickly learns that he will be fed milk every time he cries. From a behaviorist perspective, the milk that Simon receives when he cries is a _____.

primary reinforcer

According to activation-synthesis theory, dreams:

result from the brain's attempts to find logic in random brain activity that occurs during sleep.

The _____ view describes hypnosis as a normal state in which the hypnotized person behaves the way he or she believes a hypnotized person should behave.

social cognitive behavior

Amphetamines are classified as:

stimulants

Caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, and cocaine are:

stimulants

Jet lag can be best explained by:

the effect of time shifts on circadian rhythm.

Helen works night shift at a local grocery store every other day. She has trouble sleeping, which is most likely due to:

the fact that her circadian rhythms do not follow a 24-hour cycle.

Applied behavior analysis is:

the use of operant conditioning principles to change human behavior.

Extinction in classical conditioning is:

the weakening of the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is absent.