COM 4440 - Leadership

What is another name for the trait approach to leadership?

"Great man" theories

Leadership entails influence

How the leader affects the followers. Without influence leadership does not exist.

What is leadership?

Process by where an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal

Identify the primary leadership styles that may be distinguished from Blake and Mouton's Leadership Questionnaire.

1. Authority-Compliance: 9,1 style of leadership places heavy emphasis on task and job requirements, and less on people. Result driven with leaders often seeming controlling, demanding, and overpowering. 2. Country-Club management: 1,9 style of leadership represents a low concern for task accomplishment coupled with a high concern for interpersonal relationships. Deemphasizing production, they stress the attitudes and feelings of people, making sure the personal and social needs of the followers are met. Positive climate, agreeable, comforting, and uncontroversial. 3. Impoverished Management: 1,1 Leader who is unconcerned with both the task and interpersonal relationships. 4. Middle-of-the-Road Management: 5,5 style; this leader maintains the status quo, but there is little if any growth. 5. Team Management: 9,9 style; this leader emphasizes both task and relationships. 6. Paternalism, Materialism: 1,9 and a 9,1 style; this leader is gracious, but only for the purpose of goal achievement, this is the benevolent dictator. 7. Opportunism: A combination of the first give styles; this leader uses styles for personal advancement; the leader has a primary style and back-up style when under pressure.

What are several strengths of the style approach to leadership?

1. Characterizing leadership as an act and not a personality trait. 2. Basing an explanation of leadership on extensive empirical research. 3. Emphasizing the task/ relationship dimensions prevalent in leadership research. 4. Offering an intuitive way of understanding research.

Stogdill (1974) argues there are ten factors that characterize a leader.

1. Drive for responsibility and talks completion 2. Vigor and persistence in pursuit of goals 3. Risk taking and originality in problem solving 4. Drive to exercise initiative in social situations 5. Self-confidence and sense of personal identity 6. Willingness to accept consequences of decision and action 7. Readiness to absorb interpersonal stress 8. Willingness to tolerate frustration and delay 9. Ability to influence other people's behavior 10. Capacity to structure social interaction systems to the purpose at hand

Two types of leadership behaviors - Michigan studies

1. Employee orientation - Behavior of the leaders who approach subordinates with a strong human relations emphasis. They take interest in workers as human beings, value their individuality, and give special attention to their personal needs. 2. Production orientation: Behaviors that stress the technical and production aspects of a job. Workers are viewed as a means for getting work accomplished.

Be able to summarize Mumford et al.'s (2000) skills model

1. Examines the relationship between the leader's knowledge and skills and his or her performance 2. Five components - competencies, individual attributes, leadership outcomes, career experiences, and environmental influences 3. Three main competencies of effective problem solving and performance - problem-solving skills, social judgment skills, and knowledge

Be able to summarize Blake and Mouton's (Managerial) Leadership Grid.

1. How managers use task and relationship behaviors in the organizational setting. 2. Leadership Grid - used to explain how leaders help organizations to reach their purposes through two factors: - Concern for production - How a leader is concerned with achieving organizational tasks. - Concern for people - How a leader attends to the people in the organization who are trying to achieve its goals. - Horizontal axis - leader's concern for results. - Vertical axis - leaders concern for people.

What came from the Ohio State University studies on leadership?

1. Importance of considering more than leader's traits in leadership research. 2. LBDQ - Leader Behavior Description Questionnaire

Two types of leader behavior - Ohio State University study

1. Initiating - Behaviors are essentially asked behaviors, including such acts as organizing work, giving structure to the work context, defining role responsibilities, and schedule work activities. 2. Consideration - Essentially relationship behaviors and include building camaraderie, respect, trust, and liking between leaders and followers.

What are Northouse's (2013) five traits of effective leaders? Be able to explain each trait.

1. Intelligence: having a strong verbal ability, perceptual ability and reasoning makes a better leader 2. Self-confidence: allows the leader to feel assured that their attempts to influence others are appropriate and right 3. Determination: willing to assert themselves, are proactive, and have the capacity to persevere in the face of obstacles 4. Integrity: inspire confidence in others because they can be trusted to do what they say they are going to do 5. Sociability: inclination to seek out pleasant social relationships; sensitive to others' needs and show concern for their well-being

What are several strengths of the trait approach to leadership?

1. Intuitively appealing; fits clearly with our notion that leaders are the individuals out front and leading the way because it is built on the premise that leaders are different and their difference resides in the traits they possess 2. Gives clear benchmarks on what to look for if you want to be a leader; identifies traits we should have and if the traits we do have are the best traits for leadership

What are several strengths of the skills approach to leadership?

1. Leader-centered model that stresses the importance of developing particular leadership skills 2. Makes leadership available to anyone willing to learn 3. It aligns with most leadership education programs

What are the primary parts?

1. Leadership is a process 2. Leadership entails influence 3. Leadership occurs in groups 4. Leadership includes goals

How can the skills approach to leadership be applied?

1. Model provides a way to delineate the skills of the leader, and leaders at all levels in an organization can use it 2. Helps identify strengths and weaknesses in regard to technical, human, and conceptual skills 3. Could be used as a template for the design of extensive leadership development programs

How does the style approach to leadership work?

1. Not a detailed theory; Rather, it offers a framework for understanding leadership, in general. 2. Style perspective focuses on the leader per his or her actions. 3. Establishes that any leader's behavior may be categorized by two dimensions: task and relational

What are several criticisms of the style approach to leadership?

1. Not a detailed theory; rather, it offers a framework for understanding leadership in general. 2. Focuses on the leader per his or her actions 3. Establishes that any leader's behavior may be categorized by two dimensions: task and relational acts.

How can the trait approach to leadership be applied?

1. Provides a direction of which traits are good to have if one aspires to a leadership position 2. Managers can develop a deeper understanding of who they are and how the will affect others in the organization

How can the style approach to leadership be applied?

1. Provides a mirror for managers that is helpful in answering the question, "How am I doing as a leader?" 2. Many training and development programs are structured along the style approach. 3. Use the assessments to improve their overall leadership styles

How does the skills approach to leadership work?

1. Provides a structure for understanding the nature of effective leadership 2. Leaders should have problem-solving skills, social judgment skills, and knowledge and can improve their capabilities in these areas with training and experience

What are French and Raven's (1958) five types of power?

1. Referent 2. Expert 3. Legitimate 4. Reward 5. Coercive

How are the trait approach and the skills approaches to leadership alike? How are they different?

1. Similar: leader-centered approach 2. Different: shift from a focus on personality characteristics to a focus on skills and abilities that can be learned and developed

What two types of behavior does the style approach to leadership emphasize?

1. Task - Facilitate goal accomplishment. Help group members achieve their objectives. 2. Relationship - Help subordinates feel comfortable with themselves, with each other, and with the situation in which they find themselves.

What are Katz's three skills of the skills approach to leadership?

1. Technical - knowledge about and proficiency in a specific type of work or activity; competencies in a specialized area, analytical ability and the ability to use appropriate tools and techniques 2. Human - knowledge about and ability to work with people; abilities that help a leader to work effectively with subordinates, peers, and superiors to accomplish the organization's goals 3. Conceptual - ability to work with ideas and concepts; comfortable talking about the ideas that shape an organization and the intricacies involved, works easily with abstractions and hypothetical notions

What are several criticisms of the skills approach to leadership?

1. The skills included extend beyond the boundaries of leadership 2. Lacks predictive value - does not explain specifically how variations in social judgment skills and problem-solving effect performance 3. Many components in the model are "trait-like" 4. Model was created with military in mind; can it be generalized to other populations or organizational settings

What are several criticisms of the trait approach to leadership?

1. The traits included in the theory are limited 2. It is difficult to isolate a set of traits that are characteristic of leaders without also factoring situational effects into the equation 3. The theory has resulted in highly subjective determinations of the most important leadership traits 4. Does not focus on group members' feelings or productivity 5. Not a useful approach for training and development for leadership

Why did Katz (1955) contend that the trait approach was insufficient in explaining leadership?

A leader's effectiveness depends on the leader's ability to solve complex organizational problems not; what they can do, not who they are

In the mid-twentieth century, Stogdill (1948) advances something important to leadership inquiry. What does he advance?

An individual does not become a leader solely because that individual possesses certain traits; the traits that leaders possess must be relevant to situations in which the leader is functioning

What is the differences between the assigned versus emergent leadership perspective.

Assigned - Leadership based on occupying a position in an organization. Team leaders, plant managers, directors. Emergent - When others perceive an individual as the most influential member of a group of organization regardless of the individual's title. Acquires emergent leadership through other people in the organization who support and accept that individual's behavior.

Legitimate power

Associated with having status or formal job authority. A judge who administers sentences in the courtroom.

Referent power

Based on followers identification and liking for the leader. A teacher adored by her students.

Expert power

Based on followers perceptions of the leaders competence. Tour guide who is knowledgeable about a foreign country has expert power.

Leadership occurs in groups

Context in which leadership takes place. Influencing groups for a common purpose.

Coercive power

Derived from having the capacity to penalize or punish others. A coach who sits players on the bench for being late to practice.

Reward power

Derived from having the capacity to provide rewards to others. Supervisor who gives rewards to employees who work hard

Leadership includes goals

Direct energies toward individuals who are trying to achieve something together.

What is unique about Burn's (1978) research on power and leadership?

Emphasized power from a relationship standpoint. Power is not an entity that leaders use over others to achieve their own ends; instead, power occurs in relationships. It should be used by leaders and followers to promote collective goals.

How is the style approach to leadership different from the trait and skills approaches?

Emphasizes the behavior of the leader. Focuses exclusively on what leaders do and how they act.

What came for the University of Michigan studies on leadership?

Explored how leadership functioned in small groups.

How does the trait approach to leadership work?

Focuses exclusively on the leader and what traits they exhibit; emphasizes that having a leader with a certain set of traits is crucial to having effective leadership

Most recently, Michael Mumford developed a skills competence model. This model has three boxes. Name them:

Individual Attributes Competencies Leadership outcomes

What is the difference between leaders and leadership?

Leadership: Process by where an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal. Leader: An emergent or appointed individual who holds a distinct group role.

Leadership is a process

Not a characteristic that resides in the leader, but rather a transactional event that occurs between the leader and the followers. Leader affects and is affected by followers.

What is personal power?

Personal Power - Influence capacity a leader derives from being seen by followers as likable and knowledgeable.

Who initiated research on the skills approach to leadership?

Robert Katz

Who initiated the skills approach to leadership?

Robert Katz, 1955

How are leadership and management similar? How they different?

Similar - Leadership involves influence, as does management. Leadership and management entail working with people. They both are concerned with effective goal accomplishment. Different - Study of leadership can be traced back to Aristotle, management emerged around the turn of the 20th century. Management was created to reduce chaos in the organizations.

The original skills perspective distinguishes leadership as composed of three basic skills. What are these skills?

Technical Human Conceptual

What is the difference between the trait versus the process approach to leadership.

Trait - Certain individuals have special innate or inborn characteristics that make them leaders, and that is the qualities that differentiate them from non-leaders. Leadership is a property residing in select people. Process: Leadership is a phenomenon that resides in the context of the interactions between leaders and followers and makes leadership available to everyone. It can be learned.

What is position power?

a person derives from a particular office or rank in a formal organizational system. Having a higher status than the followers have.