COM1000 Unit Three

Aristotle's Defined Appeals

Ethos - credibility of the speaker (ethical appeals) Pathos - psychological state of the audience (emotional appeals) (short-term persuasion) Logos - substance of a message, do the arguments proved proof (logical appeals) (long-term persuasion)

Citing sources correctly

Use bibliographic references, internal references, verbal citations

Impromptu

a speech that has little or no preparation time and is made up along the way

Extemporaneous

a speech that is practiced thoroughly, but not memorized, using speaker's notes, not a manuscript

Memorized

a speech that is written as a manuscript and then delivered from memory

Manuscript

a speech that is written word-for-word using a tone and language that is appropriate for speaking rather than reading

Organizational patterns

arrangements of the contents of a presentation

Chronological

arranging main point on the basis of time (step-by-step or dates)

Spatial

arranging main points according to space

Functions of introductions

attention, motivation, credibility, purpose

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

attention, need (problem), satisfaction (solution), visualization, action

Using PowerPoint effectively

avoid stupid slides, use black screen feature, use "b" key feature, use pictures if applicable, customize builds, make text easy to read, keep effects simple

The implications of Cultivation Theory

based on assumptions that television is a centralized system of storytelling, tv replaced other primary sources in influencing predispositions and preferences, tv programming was/is a prime source of socialization

Components of extemporaneous

brief speaking notes, visible speaking notes, unobtrusive notes, conversational tone, employ immediacy behaviors

Types of organization patterns

chronological, spatial, deductive, inductive, causal, problem-solution, monroe's motivated sequence

Message Repetition

clarifying, reminding, or reinforcing message effects, most common in advertising, where the same commercial airs repeatedly until it reaches the wear-out point for its audience

Results of extemporaneous delivery / 4 C's of extemporaneous delivery

comfortable, conversational, confident, compelling

Source credibility dimensions

competence, trustworthiness, dynamism, common ground

Inoculation theory

deals with the effectiveness of one-sided versus two-sided refutation messages in conferring resistance to subsequent counter-persuasion

Types of sources

fictional books, nonfiction books, academic journal articles, government documents, trade journal articles, reference books, encyclopedias, magazine articles, newspaper articles, web pages

Ways visual aids assist presenters

focus audience attention, emphasize key points, show relationships between points, simplify statical information, make examples more specific, illustrate difficult-to-describe objects or scenes, create symbolic relationships

Creating introductions

gain the audience's attention, to arouse interest, to state the purpose or thesis of your speech, to establish your qualifications, to briefly forecast for listeners the organization of your speech and the way you will develop your ideas

Foot-in-the-Door Strategy

getting the receiver to comply with a simple, small request then a second, larger request

Forewarning of messages

if we know something is coming, we will be more likely to prepare for it

Delivery styles

impromptu, manuscript, memorized, extemporaneous

Using PowerPoint effectively

maintain eye contact with your audience, show visuals only when they add something to your speech, draw attention to the content, not the package, make your visuals easy for your audience to receive

The 4 delivery styles

manuscript, memorized, impromptu, extemporaneous

The importance of perception in the theory

media exposure leads to the cultivation of shared conceptions of reality among otherwise diverse publics through exposure to a similar system of programming or perceptions of reality that are more like tv reality

Primacy and Recency theory

more likely to remember the beginning of a speech more likely to remember the last thing your heard

First order and second order effects

perceptions of prevalence and attitudes

Door-in-the-Face

practitioners first ask for a large "favor" that they know will be refused then get the receiver to compromise by agreeing to a smaller request

Deductive

present position/general conclusion first and then provide supporting evidence

Inductive

present specific evidence first and built to your position/general conclusion

Establishing credibility

presentation well organized, employ personal experiences, off strong supporting evidence, prepare quality visual aids, confident delivery

One-sided/Two-sided messages

provide only the argument that support your message/ provide counter-arguments but do no refute those arguments, and provide and refute counter arguments

Concluding presentations

reference to introduction, general summary, emotional appeal, personal intentions, quotation, action steps, summary of individual points, point to future, illustration

Type of introductions

startling statement or statistic, rhetorical question, personal reference, vivid illustration, suspense, humor

Evidence

statistical is based on averages or percentages from a sample of many, story is based on a single case

Strong supporting evidence

supports that tend to be overused, statistics

Ethical Persuasion

the act of motivating an audience, through communication, to voluntarily change a particular belief, attitude, or behavior

trustworthiness

the degree to which the speaker is perceived as honest, fair, sincere, honorable, friendly, and kind

competence

the degree to which the speaker is perceived as skilled, reliable, experienced, qualified, authoritative, and informed

common ground

the degree to which the speaker's values beliefs, attitudes, and interests are shared with the audience

dynamism

the extent to which the speaker is perceived as bold, active, energetic, strong, empathetic, and assertive

Effective conclusions

the part that finishes the presentation by fulfilling the four functions of an ending

Low-Ball

the persuader tries to elicit a commitment from the receiver before revealing all go the "costs."

Dimensions of credibility

the speaker, the audience's perception of the speaker's trustworthiness and competence

Effective visual aids

visible, non-distracting, simple and clear, functional

Characteristics of effective visual aids

visible, simple and clear, non-distracting, functional, "profitable"