Combined Final

Which of the following is a cause of laminitis? a. Steroids b. Too fast of a diet change c. Long toes d. All of the above

d. All of the above

A veterinarian refers a 6-year old Greyhound to the animal chiropractor for Grade 1/4 (limping, but ambulatory) lameness in the left thoracic limb that has been present for 2 weeks. The patient has not responded to anti-inflammatory medication. On a range of motion exam you find there is decreased extension of the left carpus. On motion palpation the left radial carpal bone will glide posterior (palmar) to anterior but elicits pain; it feels rigid on anterior to posterior motion. Your chiropractic assessment and ROF should include: a. Left carpal pain, refer back to the veterinarian for radiographs b. Hypermobile left radiocarpal joint, recommend cage rest 2 weeks c. Left carpal osteoarthritis, treatment is carpal traction d. Anterior subluxation of the left radial carpal bone, treatment plan is chiropractic adjustment

d. Anterior subluxation of the left radial carpal bone, treatment plan is chiropractic adjustment

What condition is another term for "wobbler's disease"? a. Proprioception deficit b. Head tremor c. Non-epileptic seizure d. Cervical vertebral instability

d. Cervical vertebral instability

Which of the following items is not required to be part of the medical record? a. Client's name b. Actual or estimated weight c. Patient history d. Chief complaint

d. Chief complaint

With epilepsy, what are clinical signs of a generalized seizure? a. Licking, conscious, fly-biting behavior b. Hyperesthesia, conscious, vocalizing c. Cervical flexion, conscious, head bobbing d. Convulsive motor activity, unconscious

d. Convulsive motor activity, unconscious

1. During the laboratory, all students accurately performed a patellar tendon reflex. This tested the integrity of the motor nerve pathway from what spinal segment? a. b. c. d. L4, L5, L6 (femoral nerve)

d. L4, L5, L6 (femoral nerve)

A 15-year old Labrador retriever dog presents with a 6-month history of a 'gag' or retching sound. The primary differential diagnosis for this dog is: a. Cervical muscle atrophy/cranial nerve 11 lesion b. Vestibular disease/cranial nerve 8 lesion c. Facial palsy/cranial nerve 7 lesion d. Mega-esophagus, pharyngeal paralysis/cranial nerve 9 or cranial nerve 10 lesion

d. Mega-esophagus, pharyngeal paralysis/cranial nerve 9 or cranial nerve 10 lesion

The small muscles of the spine, the intertransversarii mm., are innervated by which of the following? Answers: a. Dorsal ramus b. Ventral ramus c. White ramus d. Gray ramus

A. Dorsal Ramus

When assessing disorders with spinal cord compression, which size fibers are said to be affected first? Answers: a. large b. medium c. small d. all are equally affected

A. Large

Which vertebrae are involved in the formation of the withers of the horse? Answers: a. T3 - T8 b. C7 - T6 c. T5 - T10 d. T6 - T12

A. T3-8

What is the common name for the proximal interphalangeal joint in the horse? a. pastern b. fetlock c. coffin d. knee

A. pastern

The principle balance point is an anatomical center point around which the vast majority of shoeing changes are made. Answers: a. true b. false

A. true

Environmental stresses affecting an organisms ability to maintain homeostasis are primarily internal in origin. Answers: a. True b. False

B. False

What is the number one breed involved in fatal dog attacks? Answers: a. Rotweilers b. Pit Bull Dogs c. German Shepherds d. Doberman Pinchers

B. Pitbull

What is usually the first palpable thoracic vertebrae in the dog? Answers: a. T1 b. T2 c. T3 d. T4

B. T2

What is the common name for the distal interphalangeal joint of a horse? a. short pastern b. coffin joint c. pastern joint d. fetlock joint

B. coffin joint

Proprioceptive input into the CNS occurs consciously. a. true b. false

B. false

What is the triangular or wedge shaped structure on the bottom of a horse's hoof called? a. periople b. frog c. bulb d. stratum cornium

B. frog

Horses can "lock" their stifle joint. To lock this joint the horse glides the patella up over the ____ trochlear of the femur. a. lateral b. medial c. intermediate d. posterior

B. medial

What is the ideal slope of the pelvis in the horse? a. 55 degrees b. 20 degrees c. 30 degrees d. 45 degrees

C. 30 degrees

What nerve roots would have to be severed to prevent extension of the elbow in the dog? Answers: a. C5, 6 b. C 3, 4 c. C8, T1 d. T2, 3

C. C8/T1

Which of the following parasites can you get from walking around in sandy soil barefooted? Answers: a. Baylisascaris b. the common round worm of dogs c. canine hookworm d. Giardiasis

C. Canine hookworm

A dog presents with an inability to extend the carpus and digits and has diminished feelings on the dorsum of the paw. What nerve is most likely involved? Answers: a. median nerve b. ulnar nerve c. radial nerve d. musculocutaneous nerve

C. Radial nerve

Cross talk also known as ephatic transmission occurs between when what two fibers are in close proximity of one another? Answers: a. An A fiber and a C fiber b. Two A fibers c. Two C fibers d. An A fiber and a B fiber

C. Two C fibers

1. A disease of animals that may be transmitted to humans under natural conditions is called a(n)_____ disease. Answers: a. animalistic disease b. zoology c. zoonotic d. zootosis

C. Zoonotic

What is the name of the distal sesamoid bone of the equine? a. flabella b. lunate c. navicular d. coffin

C. navicular

Choose the INCORRECT match of number of thoracic vertebrae in the animal listed. Answers: a. 18 - horses b. 13 - feline c. 12 - bovine and humans d. 15 - dogs

D. 15-dogs

Tendonitis of the superficial digital flexor tendon is called? a. bucked shins b. capped hock c. coronitis d. bowed tendons

D. bowed tendons

What is the common name for the carpus of a horse? a. stifle b. hock c. fetlock d. knee

D. knee

There are ___ pair of spinal nerves in the horse, ___ pair in the dog and ___ pair in the human. a. 42, 36, 31 b. 33, 28, 42 c. 42, 19, 27 d. 38, 36, 34

a. 42, 36, 31

A 3-year-old dressage horse is presented to you for chiropractic care. The horse belongs to Donald Trump's lawyer's daughter and was referred to you by the top equine veterinarian in the world you to do a chiropractic assessment. Upon physical exam, the horse shows upper cervical pain upon deep palpation and you notice the horse holds the right ear higher than the left one. There is palpable heat and tenderness at the poll on the right side and the right wing of the atlas palpates more dorsal than the left with restricted motion when you push the right wing dorsally; this also causes the horse pain. What is the probable chiropractic diagnosis? a. atlas posterior on the right b. atlas posterior on the left c. atlas superior on the left d. atlas superior on the right

a. atlas posterior on the right

You are presented with a Great Dane and find on exam that the atlantoaxial joints seems to be fixated and the right wing of the atlas palpates more dorsal than the left wing. You also notice the right ear seems higher than the left when you look at the dog from the front. What is the probable subluxation in this patient? a. atlas posterior right b. atlas posterior left c. atlas superior right d. atlas superior left

a. atlas posterior right

The clavicle is reduced to a fibrous intersection in the ______________ m. of the canine. a. brachiocephalicus m. b. sternocephalicus m. c. sternocleidomastoid m. d. brachioclaviculus m.

a. brachiocephalicus m.

Founder is another name for _____. a. chronic laminitis b. capped hock c. coronitis d. greasy heel

a. chronic laminitis

In most states, chiropractors credentialed by the AVCA cannot legally recommend supplements, herbals and vitamins to veterinary patients without the direct consult of a veterinarian. a. this is a true statement b. this is a false statement

a. this is a true statement

A "report of findings" just means you tell the client what you found on their animal and what you intend to do about it. a. true b. false

a. true

The horse has ___ sacral vertebrae where the dog has ___ sacral vertebrae. a. 3; 5 b. 5; 3 c. 5; 7 d. 7; 5

b. 5; 3

Which of the following set up requires no supplemental stabilization because it is supplied by the horse? a. Lateral TMJ b. Facial lift c. Lateral cervical body left d. Sacral apex left e. Occiput superior left

b. Facial lift

A client called me the other day and said she took her dog to her vet who told her they found nothing wrong with the dog and put their dog on a pain reliever. The dog is unable to blink the left eye, the left side of the face is drooping, the dog salivates out the left side of the mouth and the dog will not move the left ear when it is touched. What is the probably diagnosis this vet missed? a. Horner's syndrome b. Facial nerve paralysis (Bell's palsy) c. Centralized vestibular disease d. Trigeminal neuritis

b. Facial nerve paralysis (Bell's palsy)

A 15-year old toy poodle presents with a deviation of the nose to the left, drooping lip on the left, and tongue that slips from the mouth to the left. One of the primary differential diagnoses for this dog is: a. Cervical muscle atrophy/cranial nerve 11 lesion b. Facial palsy/cranial nerve 7 lesion c. Vestibular disease/cranial nerve 8 lesion d. Mega-esophagus, pharyngeal paralysis/cranial nerve 9 or cranial nerve 10 lesion

b. Facial palsy/cranial nerve 7 lesion

If you suspect that a dog has intervertebral disc disease it should NOT be adjusted a. True b. False

b. False

Choose the correct statement from the choices below. a. The lateral wing of the ilium serves as the attachment for the longissimus and iliocostalis muscles b. The tuber sacrale is the entire dorsal edge of the ilium from its cranial border to the sciatic notch of the ischium. c. The medial wing of the ilium serves as the attachment for the middle gluteal muscle d. a and c are correct

b. The tuber sacrale is the entire dorsal edge of the ilium from its cranial border to the sciatic notch of the ischium.

In the canine, the radial nerve supplies the: a. Biceps brachii m. b. Triceps brachii m. c. Deltoideus m. d. Trapezius m.

b. Triceps brachii m.

Which of the following applies to D.D. Palmer? a. Came from a family of bonesetters b. Was a magnetic healer c. He was a Native American d. He grew up in Davenport, Iowa

b. Was a magnetic healer

Which of the following subluxations is commonly associated with anal glad issues in the canine? a. a PI ilium b. a sacral apex lateral c. a sacral base posterior d.an AS ilium

b. a sacral apex lateral

Legg Perthes disease is _____________. a. podotrichleosis b. avascular necrosis of the femoral head c. laminitis d. fragmented medial coronoid process

b. avascular necrosis of the femoral head

A 23 year old appaloosa mare is presented to you for chiropractic care. The owner noticed the horse has difficulty chewing and grinds its teeth. The referring veterinarian has done a complete dentistry and now seeks your advice as they believe the horse has something wrong with their TMJ. You do your assessment and notice that the horse in painful upon palpation of the left TMJ and that joint seems to be fixated laterally. What is the most probably subluxation? a. right lateral TMJ b. left lateral TMJ c. rostral mandible d. occiput superior right e. occiput superior left

b. left lateral TMJ

This muscle is the major extensor of the back, helps maintain the stiffness of the back and is the major epaxial muscle. a. piriformis m. b. longissimus dorsi m. c. rectus abdominus m. d. tensor fasciae latae m.

b. longissimus dorsi m.

Prematurity of hoof strike sends a signal to ____ the jaw closing muscles. a. inhibit b. stimulate c. have no effect upon

b. stimulate

What is the segmental contact point for an anterior humerus listing in the horse? a. pisiform of the superior hand b. pisiform of the inferior hand c. greater tubercle of the humerus d. acromion of the scapula

c. greater tubercle of the humerus

The first adjustment credited to Chiropractic helped the patient to: a. walk again b. see again c. hear again d. clear their headaches

c. hear again

Sweeny is a condition in horses associated with paralysis of the muscles innervated by the ___ nerve. Answers: a. axillary b. musculocutaneous c. suprascapular d. radial

c. suprascapular

What is the body language of a dog in a prayer posture most likely telling you? a. the dog is about to attack b. the dog is showing submission c. the dog wants to play d. the dog is showing defensive threat posture

c. the dog wants to play

Choose the INCORRECT statement concerning the nuchal ligament a. the nuchal ligament in the dog attaches on the axis b. the nuchal ligament in the horse attaches to the EOP c. the nuchal ligament in the cat attaches to the atlas d. the nuchal ligament functions to help support the head in quadrupeds

c. the nuchal ligament in the cat attaches to the atlas

What is the segmental contact point when adjusting a PI ilium in the dog? a. the thenar eminence or guarded thumb b. the tuber coxae c. the tuber sacrale d. the pubic symphysis

c. the tuber sacrale

What is a twitch used for in horses? a. used to give injections to the horse b. used to give oral medications to a horse c. used to distract or have a calming effect on horses d. used to train racing horses to run faster

c. used to distract or have a calming effect on horses

Which of the following is FALSE regarding neurological examination of horse? a. An important part of a neurological examination in the horse is gait analysis b. Short striding can be considered a neurological symptom c. Dragging a toe can be considered a neurological symptom d. Blindfolding a horse should never be done unless the barn is on fire e. Chiropractic adjustment may change the results of a neurological examination

d. Blindfolding a horse should never be done unless the barn is on fire

Which of the following adjustments should be performed with the adjuster in front of the dog? a. Atlas Superior b. Atlas Superior Right c. C4 Body Left d. Occiput Superior Right e. TMJ Traction

d. Occiput Superior Right

Which of the following adjustments should be performed with the adjuster in front of the dog? a. Atlas superior b. Occiput inferior c. Atlas superior right d. Occiput superior right e. Atlas inferior

d. Occiput superior right

Which of the following statements concerning functional neurology is false? a. Large fiber afferents "drive" cerebellar pathways to regulate autonomic function b. Regulation of multifidus tone is via higher center modulation c. Wide turning radius may indicate decreased function on the same side cerebellum d. Peripheral nerve entrapment diminishes small fiber function before the larger fibers

d. Peripheral nerve entrapment diminishes small fiber function before the larger fibers

Which of the following is NOT true when checking equine proprioception? a. Check all four limbs by placing hooves upside down on the ground b. Normal animal will return the hoof back to normal c.Normal horses may not return the rear limb to normal as this is a normal resting stance in the horse d. Placing the hoof wide checks distal proprioception e. Crossing the legs checks proximal proprioception

d. Placing the hoof wide checks distal proprioception

Gravel in the horse is another name for __________. a. hip luxation b. laminitis c. curb d. abscess in the white line

d. abscess in the white line

The frog of the hoof _______. a. is weight bearing b. consists of 90% water c. expands and contracts the heel as the foot moves d. two of the above

d. two of the above

Spinous right rotation of a vertebra typically signifies what process on the right? a. Weakness of the ipsilateral multifidus and spasm of the paraspinal muscles b. Weakness of the contralateral paraspinal and spasm of the ipsilateral multifidus c. Weakness of both the paraspinal and multifidus on the same side d.Hypertonicity of the ipsilateral multifidus and weakness of the paraspinals, bilaterally

d.Hypertonicity of the ipsilateral multifidus and weakness of the paraspinals, bilaterally

Which of the following would be considered signs of pain in the equine? a. reluctance to be handled b. restlessness and anxious behavior c. head pressing d. increased respiratory rate and increased pulse rate e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Choose the INCORRECT match of herbal agent to condition it is used to treat. a. boswellia - arthritis b. black walnut - parasites c. ginger - nausea d. tumeric - antiinflammatory e. arnica - laxative and cathartic

e. arnica - laxative and cathartic

Glucosamine HCl or SO4 is used to treat what in dogs? a. diarrhea and vomiting b. cough c. hair loss associated with allergies d. constipation e. arthritis

e. arthritis

Which one of the following muscles DOES NOT contribute to the synsarcosis that suspends the trunk in the muscular suspension system? a. serratus ventralis m. b. pectoralis mm. c. rhomboideus mm. d. trapezius m. e. sternocephalicus m.

e. sternocephalicus m.

The front limbs of the horse bear _____ % of the weight of the animal and the hind limbs bear _____ % of the weight. a. 60; 40 b. 40; 60 c. 30; 70 d. 70; 30

a. 60, 40

The referring veterinarian noticed that the horse is lame in the left front leg, shows radicular pain in the brachial plexus and has a shortened stride in the left forelimb. Upon your physical exam you notice the horse has decreased lateral flexion of the neck and motion palpation reveals a fixation of C4 vertebra with the body being subluxated to the left. What is the most probably subluxation? a. C4 body left b. C4 body right c. C4 posterior d. C4 anterior

a. C4 body left

Which of the following is not a reason for rehabilitation, to _________________? a. Increase pain and inflammation b. Improve and maintain joint range of motion c. Increase strength and prevent muscle atrophy d. Improve coordination e. Improve proprioception and ambulation status

a. Increase pain and inflammation

The sacrotuberous ligament in the dog __________. a. Is a thick band running from the sacrum to the ischial tuberosity b. Will be tender on the side of the lower tuber sacrale c. Is used in a technique called the "Advanced" technique d. is not present

a. Is a thick band running from the sacrum to the ischial tuberosity

When adjusting a lumbar posterior right in a dog using a mammillary contact, what is the LOC? Answers: a. P-A b. P-A with a 5-10 degree L-M c. straight L-M d. P-A with a 45 degree caudal to cranial component

a. P-A

What is a clinical sign of a sciatic nerve lesion? a. Pain that radiates to the posterior lateral thigh b. Diminished or absent patellar tendon reflex c. Diminished or absent perineal reflex d.Knuckling

a. Pain that radiates to the posterior lateral thigh

Which of the following items is not part of a chiropractic report of findings (ROF)? a. Patient's diagnosis b. Proposed treatment c. Potential complications following an adjustment d. Effects of subluxation on the patient's health

a. Patient's diagnosis

What breeds are commonly affected by chondrodysplasia? Answers: a. Pug, French Bulldog, Dachshund b. Whippet, Greyhound, Afghan hound c. Labrador retriever, Golden retriever, Chesapeake Bay retriever d. Bearded collie, Border collie, Australian shepherd

a. Pug, French Bulldog, Dachshund

Choose the list of clinical signs that demonstrate a peripheral vestibular lesion. a. Spontaneous rotatory eye movements, head tilt, circling to same side as the lesion b. Flaccid paresis to paralysis, hyporeflexia, rapid muscle atrophy c. Knuckling onto the dorsum of the paw, ataxia that is worse when blindfolded d. Spastic paresis, hyperreflexia, normal to increased muscle tone

a. Spontaneous rotatory eye movements, head tilt, circling to same side as the lesion

Which of the following statements is true? a. The LOC for a cervical body right in the horse is 45° from the axis of the spine b. The LOC for an atlas superior right is 72° from the axis of the spine c. The LOC for an occiput superior left is 45° from the forehead d. The LOC for a facial lift is perpendicular to the spine

a. The LOC for a cervical body right in the horse is 45° from the axis of the spine

Which of the following is FALSE when examining a horse neurologically? a. The handler will have no influence on the outcome of the exam b. Extension of the head and neck should not change the gait of the horse c. In a neurologically abnormal animal neck extension may worsen lameness in the front limbs d. Normal horses will cross over the rear limbs when spinning in a tight circle e. Abnormal horses will stumble and falter, unable to cross the rear limbs when spinning in a tight circle

a. The handler will have no influence on the outcome of the exam

The skin of the face is innervated by: a. Trigeminal nerve (CN5) b. Facial nerve (CN7) c. Spinal nerves of C1 d. Answers (a) and (b)

a. Trigeminal nerve (CN5)

Comparing trigeminal neuralgia and trigeminal neuritis: a. Trigeminal neuralgia is characterized by pain b. Both conditions resolve spontaneously c. Both show acute paralysis of the muscles of mastication d. All of the above

a. Trigeminal neuralgia is characterized by pain

A horse has a blind spot directly in front of its head and directly behind it rump. a. True b. False

a. True

Edema and contracture exhibit the same barrier to normal joint motion. a. True b. False

a. True

In the normal joint motion parameter, there is no altered soft tissue function: a. True b. False

a. True

Rabies is a fatal incurable disease and any horse suspected of being infected with rabies should be handled with extreme CAUTION! a. True b. False

a. True

The LOC for a PI Ilium in the horse when doing a tuber sacrale thrust is P-A, M-L, I-S. a. True b. False

a. True

To state it simply, a "report of findings" means you tell the client what you found on their animal and what you intend to do about it. a. True b. False

a. True

When called upon to see what animal chiropractic can do for a gross motor problem, we would be accurate in considering the cervical region. a. True b. False

a. True

A 1-year old male Basset Hound has a 6-month history of ataxia, and decreased postural extension in his pelvic limbs when his neck is flexed or extended. The most likely cause is: a. Vertebral malformation b. Optic nerve lesion c. Complex partial seizure d. Lower motor neuron disease

a. Vertebral malformation

What is the primary motor deficit in a right radial nerve injury? a. Weak extension of the right carpus and digits b. Weak flexion of the right carpus and digits c. Extensor rigidity of the left thoracic limb d. Flexor rigidity of the left thoracic limb

a. Weak extension of the right carpus and digits

Which of the following is NOT TRUE when discussing examining spinal nerves in the horse? a. When checking the patellar reflex, tap on the patellar tendon with the leg in a weight bearing stance b. A positive patella reflex reaction will be an extension of the leg c. When checking the Achilles tendon reflex, tap on the Achilles tendon with the leg relaxed in a non-weight bearing stance d. A positive Achilles tendon reflex reaction will be a tightening in the semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles along with a slight extension of the hoof e. When checking the Panniculus response in a horse an abnormal response is a twitch of the skin

a. When checking the patellar reflex, tap on the patellar tendon with the leg in a weight bearing stance

Which of the following is FALSE when discussing examining spinal nerves in the horse? a. When checking the triceps reflex tap the tendon of insertion just distal to the olecranon b. A positive reaction to the triceps reflex will be a slight extension of the elbow c. Hyperreflexia in the triceps reflex is due to UMN d.When checking the biceps reflex tap on the distal ends of the biceps and brachialis muscle e. A positive reaction to the biceps reflex is a slight flexion of the elbow. You may only feel muscle contraction without a visual response

a. When checking the triceps reflex tap the tendon of insertion just distal to the olecranon

Snapping is a sign of ____ in the horse. a. submission b. dominance

a. submission

Degenerative myelopathy is: Answers: a. a progressive deterioration of myelin and axons in the spinal cord b. an acute disease of young puppies causing paresis of the pelvic limbs c. responsive to early intervention with steroids d. a congenital anomaly causing chest wall defects

a. a progressive deterioration of myelin and axons in the spinal cord

Codman's triangle indicates _______. a. a slow growing mass which is elevating the periosteum b. osteomyelitis c. a fracture d. a subcortical mass in which there is endosteal reactive tissue being laid down

a. a slow growing mass which is elevating the periosteum

The following palpates as a hard end feel: a. articular fixation b. ligamentous fixation c. muscular fixation d. tendinous fixation

a. articular fixation

This same horse mentioned above won the national barrel racing championship for geriatric citizens for the past two years. The referring veterinarian has treated the horse for chronic neck pain and the horse is becoming more and more reluctant to make tight turns while going around the barrels. Upon exam you notice the horse has pain at the poll and a closed atlas/mandible space on the right side. According to the owner the horse shakes his head a lot and you notice the head is not held in vertical alignment. The horse is sensitive when you touch the right ear and the obliquus capitis cranialis m. is tight on the right side. What is the most probably subluxation? a. atlas superior right b. atlas superior left c. right lateral TMJ d. left lateral TMJ

a. atlas superior right

A horse shoe should provide full support for the widest part of the foot as it is important: Answers: a. because this portion of the foot generally marks the center of articulation on the coffin joint b. because this is the portion of the hoof wall that requires the most support c. to the presentation of the farrier's work so he or she can leave a shiny rim of shoe for everyone to see d. because horses need wide feet to swim better if they should ever need to

a. because this portion of the foot generally marks the center of articulation on the coffin joint

Inability to flex the hock in the dog could be indicative of a problem with the ______ nerve. a. common peroneal n. b. tibial n. c. femoral n. d. obturator n.

a. common peroneal n.

"Hello pharmacy, may I help you?" "Yes this is Dr. Jones and I need you to RX 100 mg ampicillin capsules, Sig 2 capsules po BID". What does the term Rx mean in the just mentioned conversation between a veterinarian and a pharmacist? a. dispense b. write on the label c. tell the client d. give to the animal

a. dispense

A Collie and a Greyhound have a ____ shaped skull. a. dolichocephalic b. mesaticephalic c. brachycephalic

a. dolichocephalic

The most common form of aggression in the canine is? a. dominance aggression b. fear aggression c. territorial aggression d. sexual aggression

a. dominance aggression

What are the dorsal and ventral borders of the jugular furrow in the equine? a. dorsal is brachiocephalicus m.; ventral is sternocephalicus m. b. dorsal is sternocephalicus m.; ventral is brachiocephalicus m. c. dorsal is anterior scalene m.; ventral is posterior scalene m. d. dorsal is posterior scalene m.; ventral is anterior scalene m.

a. dorsal is brachiocephalicus m.; ventral is sternocephalicus m.

The hamstring muscles ___ the hip joint. a. extend b. flex

a. extend

When adjusting a superior internally rotated femur in the dog, the femur should be _____ prior to the adjustment. a. flexed b. extended

a. flexed

The equine foot lands to length and: Answers: a. flies to weight b. lands toe first normally c. cannot be modified via shoeing methods d. smells really bad

a. flies to weight

Large diameter afferents from spinal articulations exhibit which functional effect on the transmission of nociception? a. inhibitory b. excitatory

a. inhibitory

What do we call the power in the body that heals the body? a. innate intelligence b. Parrish intelligence

a. innate intelligence

The white line of the equine hoof ______. a. is where the sensitive and insensitive lamina meet b. is where the nails of the horse shoe should be aimed c.increases surface area of the equine foot decreasing pressure from 80 lbs. to 8 lbs. per square inch d. is usually painted on by a good barefoot farrier

a. is where the sensitive and insensitive lamina meet

When addressing dysfunction of nerve fibers, C fibers are most sensitive to ___________ and large myelinated A fibers are most sensitive to ________________ . a. ischemia, compression b. compression, ischemia c. compression, compression d. ischemia, ischemia

a. ischemia, compression

A horse with a decrease in left cerebellar function due to vertebral subluxation syndrome may show a decrease in turn radius to which side? a. left b. right c. neither d. both

a. left

Tramadol is a common drug used by vets to treat what in dogs? a. pain b. diarrhea c. cough d. hives e. vomiting

a. pain

Phenylbutazone is a drug commonly used to treat what in horses? a. pain and inflammation b. diarrhea and vomiting c. cough d. hair loss associated with allergies e. constipation

a. pain and inflammation

Nerve compression or entrapment will reduce the function of which fiber first? a. proprioceptive b. cutaneous c. nociceptive d. sympathetic

a. proprioceptive

A horse that is mostly concerned with self-preservation which manifests as lack of confidence, fear, stress, and distrust may be said to be ____________ a. right brain dominant b. left brain dominant c. d.

a. right brain dominant

The absence of a depression present between the ____ is an indication of a sacral base posterior in the canine. a. the contralateral tuber sacrale b. the ipsilateral ischial spines c. the contralateral tuber coxae d. the contralateral tuber ischii

a. the contralateral tuber sacrale

When adjusting a PI ilium on the horse using an Iliac thrust what is the SCP? a. the tuber sacrale b. the tuber coxae c. the tuber ischii d. the tuber gubernaculum

a. the tuber sacrale

In respect to blood flow through a horse's foot, which of the following is (are) true? Answers: a. venous blood is forced proximal due to contracture of the hoof capsule and elastic structures b. the action of the fetlock dropping under weight of the horse creates a valve effect in the palmar digital artery and vein during the advancement of the limb c. centripetal force forces blood to the distal limb while the limb is in the stance phase d. all of the above are true e. none of the above are true

a. venous blood is forced proximal due to contracture of the ghoof capsule and elastic structures

Which of the following statements is true? a.The LOC for a cervical body right in the horse is 45° from the axis of the spine b. The LOC for an atlas superior right is 72° from the axis of the spine c. The LOC for an occiput superior left is 45° from the forehead d. The LOC for a facial lift is perpendicular to the spine e. The LOC for Uglee is 45° from the axis of the spine

a.The LOC for a cervical body right in the horse is 45° from the axis of the spine

The panniculus reflex typically disappears ____ the suspect location of the herniated IV disc? Answers: a. 1 - 2 vertebral segments cranial to b. 1 - 2 vertebral segments caudal to c. at ...? d. it is not associated with a herniated disc

b. 1 - 2 vertebral segments caudal to

The brachial plexus in the dogs is formed by nerve contributions from spinal nerves _____. Answers: a. C3,4,5,6,7,8 and T1 b. C6, 7, 8 and T1 c. C8,9,10 and T1 d. C4,5,6 and T1

b. C6, 7, 8 and T1

What is the common name for 3rd metacarpal bone of the horse? a. long pastern b. cannon bone c. short pastern d. coffin bone

b. Cannon bone

An 11-year old neutered male Doberman pinscher dog presents with a base-wide stance and moderate neck pain. This most likely demonstrates signs of: a. Cervical radiculopathy b. Cervical myelopathy c. Peripheral vestibular disease d. Lower motor neuron disease

b. Cervical myelopathy

In class we discussed that disorders of the central nervous system will often have symptomatic manifestations in the peripheral nervous system. The term for this was called? Answers: a. Forecasting b. Diaschisis c. Penumbra d. Sensitization

b. Diaschisis

The dog has a clavicle but the cat does not. a. true b. false

b. False

The correct LOC for a sacral base posterior in the dog is A to P a. True b. False

b. False LOC = P to A

Choose the list of clinical signs that demonstrate a lower motor neuron (LMN) lesion a. Spontaneous rotatory eye movements, head told, circling to same side as the lesion b. Flaccid paresis to paralysis, hyporeflexia, rapid muscle atrophy c. Knuckling onto the dorsal of the paw, ataxia that is worse when blindfolded d. Spastic paresis, hyper-reflexia, normal to increased muscle tone

b. Flaccid paresis to paralysis, hyporeflexia, rapid muscle atrophy

____ is extrusion of the nucleus pulposus and ____ is gradual herniation of the annular fibers of the intervertebral disc. Answers: a. Hansen Type II, Hansen Type I b. Hansen Type I, Hansen Type II

b. Hansen Type I, Hansen Type II

Which of the following is true about a sacral apex deviation in the horse? a. There is only one accepted way to adjust it b. Horse may carry the tail to the side c. The horse will supply stabilization d. You must be directly behind the horse to accomplish the set up correctly

b. Horse may carry the tail to the side

An 8-year old male Beagle dog presents with a lateral deviation of his left eye and weak adduction of that eye when the head turns to the right. These are signs of: a. Left peripheral vestibular disease b. Left oculomotor nerve lesion c. Left corneal ulcer d. Canine hypothyroidism

b. Left oculomotor nerve lesion

Regarding exercise and canine rehabilitation: a. Exercise inhibits axonal regeneration b. Movement stimulates axonal regeneration c. Dogs are naturally buoyant in water d. 1-pound of body fat stores the equivalent of 1000 kcal (calories)

b. Movement stimulates axonal regeneration

What are clinical signs of a nerve root lesion? a. Hyperreflexia, spastic paresis, normal to increased muscle tone b. Radiating pain, numbness, or loss of motor control c. Edema, cool temperature, and pain in the distal extremity d. Knuckling, ataxia, and postural sway

b. Radiating pain, numbness, or loss of motor control

The first palpable sacral tubercle in the horse is _______. a. S1 b. S2 c. S3 d. S1

b. S2

The spinal cord ends at ____. Answers: a. T1 in the dog b. S2 in the horse c. L5 in humans d. L2 in the cat

b. S2 in the horse

During the surgical removal of the anal glands in a dogs, the surgeon must be careful not to severe the ____ nerves because doing so can result in fecal incontinence. a. pudendal b. caudal rectal c. sciatic d. caudal gluteal

b. caudal rectal

Which of the following subluxations typically cause the greatest pain in a dog? a. lumbosacral subluxations b. cervical subluxations c. pelvic subluxations d. thoracolumbar subluxations

b. cervical subluxations

Choose the INCORRECT statement concerning hepatic encephalopathy in the dog. a. etiology is typically a portocaval vascular shunt b. clinical signs are due to decreased levels of ammonia in the blood stream c. signs include seizures and altered behavior d. signs wax and wane and are worsened by feeding e. the initial neuro exam may be normal

b. clinical signs are due to decreased levels of ammonia in the blood stream

A draft horse is an example of a ___ horse. a. hot blooded b. cold blooded c. bloodless d. full blooded

b. cold blooded

A horse that is graded 3 out of 5 on a routine lameness exam is: Answers: a. only lame in the circle portion of a pattern b. consistently lame in the straight line and notable lame in the circle c. sound on the straight portion of the pattern and consistently lame in the circle d. better than 3 out of 5 horses that they may compete against

b. consistently lame in the straight line and notable lame in the circle

Hoof growth occurs from the _______. a. white line b. coronary band c. sole d. frog

b. coronary band

Harvey Lillard received the first chiropractic adjustment to address his? a. low back pain b. deafness c. emotional issues d. vertigo

b. deafness

Throughout the years, domestication of animals, particularly horses has shown that the size of their brains have _______________ in size. a. increased b. decreased c. unchanged

b. decreased

The area of the horse's gum line that is void of teeth is called the ______. a. mental space b. diastema c. hypsodont d. condylar space

b. diastema

________ is from infection and _____ is a degenerative condition. Answers: a. spondylosis, discospondylitis b. discospondylitis, spondylosis

b. discospondylitis, spondylosis

When adjusting an anterior humerus in the dog, the shoulder joint should be ____. a. flexed b. extended

b. extended

When adjusting an inferior externally rotated femur in the dog, the femur should be _____ prior to the adjustment. a. flexed b. extended

b. extended

A short rear leg in a Canine in quadrupedal position means the same thing as a short leg in bipedal position. a. true b. false

b. false

When adjusting a medial scapula in the dog or the horse, what is one thing to be sure and remember prior to making the adjustment? a. always have the animal in lateral recumbency b. flex the elbow to get the limb off the ground c. always be on the same side of the animal as the medial scapula d. retract the leg until it is up against the thoracic wall

b. flex the elbow to get the limb off the ground

Veterinarians begin their diagnostic protocol: Answers: a.In the middle of the lame leg working proximal and distal until the horse goes sound to save time b.from the foot to proximal, carefully remaining selective between local nerve blocks and synovial structures c. begin proximal and carefully work their way down the limb d.begin either proximal or distal as horse will go sound once you find the problem regardless of where you start

b. from the foot to proximal, carefully remaining selective between local nerve blocks and synovial structures

In discussing the term Subluxation, which one of the following statements is not true? a. neural integrity may be compromised b. functional and/or structural change is not usually a finding c. the autonomic system may be influenced d. articular integrity is usually compromised

b. functional and/or structural change is not usually a finding

When adjusting an atlas superior in the dog, what must you remember to do what? a. have the assistant wrap the lease around their hand and hold on tight b. have assistant hold the muzzle c. have assistant grasp the dog right behind the scapula on both sides to provide stability d.have the assistant hold the dog tightly as these adjustments can be painful and the dog may try to run away e. have the assistant hold the tail to provide stretch to get the pressure off of the atlas

b. have assistant hold the muzzle

Early clinical signs of degenerative myelopathy: Answers: a. urinary and fecal incontinence b. hind limb knuckling and ataxia c. forelimb muscle atrophy d. flaccid paralysis and hyporeflexia of the pelvic limbs

b. hind limb knuckling and ataxia

The tuber sacrale are much closer together in a ___ than in a ___ considering the size variance. a. dog, cat b. horse, dog c. horse, donkey d. cat, pig

b. horse, dog

Damage to the median and ulnar nerves will cause which of the following? Answers: a. gait abnormalities b. hyperextension of the carpus when standing c. hyperextension of the hock when standing d. all of the above

b. hyperextension of the carpus when standing

Stabilization of a joint prior to adjustment a. is the same for all species of animal adjusted b. is critical to make a proper adjustment c. does not take into consideration the LOC d. is not determined by the Doctor's body type

b. is critical to make a proper adjustment

An 8 year old spayed female Wolf Hound is presented to you for chiropractic care. The owner tells you the dog is having difficulty chewing his kibbles but seems to be able to eat soft food with no problem. The owner also tells you that he is not playing with his toys. Upon palpation of the mandible you notice that left side of the TMJ palpates more lateral and the dog seems to be in pain when you push the condyle of the mandible to the left but the dogs seems to like it when you push the condyle to the right. What is the probable subluxation in this patient? a. right lateral TMJ b. left lateral TMJ c. rostral mandible d. occiput superior right e. occiput superior left

b. left lateral TMJ

What is the strongest and most significant of the epaxial muscles? Answers: a. longus coli m. b. longissimus m. c. psoas major m. d. iliacus m.

b. longissimus m.

Branches of the facial nerve pass over the belly of the ______m. and are located just beneath the skin. a. temporalis b. masseter c. anterior scalene d. posterior scalene

b. masseter

Peridontal disease in the equine is caused by? Answers: a. too many sugary treats provided by the horse's owner b. negative pressure that results in drifting of teeth apart c. positive pressure that maintains the integrity of the equine arcade d.cementum formation that results in minimal gaps between teeth and structural integrity on the equine dental arcade e. both B and D are correct

b. negative pressure that results in drifting of teeth apart

Can a horse bear weight on a limb if the radial nerve to that limb is severed just as it is formed from nerves C8 and T1 (proximal to the shoulder)? Answers: a. yes b. no

b. no

Wobbler's disease is commonly seen in ________ Dobies and _______ Danes. a. young, old b. old, young

b. old, young

In reality an equine foot should be trimmed so that the foot angle is _____ to the axes of the angle of the pastern. a. perpendicular b. parallel c. 45 degrees d. 60 degrees

b. parallel

Our body position to effect a correct adjustment takes into consideration all of the following, except: a. contact hand b. patient species history c. LOC d. joint plane line of involved segment e. the listing

b. patient species history

A horse's first reaction to a fearful situation is to ____. Answers: a. determine the possible threat level of the disturbance b. run c. approach the fearful stimulus and investigate it d. shut their eyes and hope for the best

b. run

A bitch presents to you for chiropractic care and she is "in heat". You notice her vulva is very swollen, there is no bloody discharge and when you scratch her at the base of the tail she cocks her tail to the side. The owner tells you that she had a bloody discharge that started two weeks ago and stopped 4 days ago. He asks you if he should be worrying about her getting pregnant now that the bleeding has stopped, because he has seen males hanging around outside of his backyard where the bitch is kept. What do you tell him? a. it is ok for the males to be around her because she is now on her way out of heat and cannot get pregnant at this time. b. she is in standing heat and can get pregnant now so it is not safe for the males to be around her right now.

b. she is in standing heat and can get pregnant now so it is not safe for the males to be around her right now.

The middle phalanx of the horse is known as the ___. a. navicular bone b. short pastern c. long pastern d. cannon bone

b. short pastern

When adjusting a medial scapula in the dog the line of correction is parallel to the _____. a. floor b. spine of the scapula c. ertebral column d. the angle between the glenohumeral joint and the slope of the shoulder

b. spine of the scapula

On a lateral radiograph of the lumbar spine of a dog, you notice a large osteophyte bridging the space betwen L4 and L5 vertebrae on the ventral aspect of the vertebrae. What pathology is most likely demonstrated in this radiograph? a. hemivertebra b. spondylosis c. blastic metastasis to bone d. Wobbler's disease e. renal osteodystrophy

b. spondylosis

The ideal equine incisor angle must be in the same plane as a line drawn between? Answers: a. the articular surface of the TMJ joints and the occlusal surface of the maxillary cheek teeth b. the articular surface of the TMJ joints and the occlusal surface of the incisors c.the occlusal surface of the incisors and the occlusal surface of the maxillary cheek teeth d. the articular surface of the TMJ joints and the ventral wings of the atlas

b. the articular surface of the TMJ joints and the occlusal surface of the incisors

Choose the FALSE statement. a. the intertransverse joints are not found in the canine b. the base of the sacrum is the caudal end of the sacrum c. epaxial muscles are innervated by the dorsal branch of the spinal nerve d. the rectus abdomens m. attaches to the pubic bone and will flex the spine

b. the base of the sacrum is the caudal end of the sacrum

Choose the INCORRECT statement. a. the transverse processes of the canine atlas are also known as the wings or ala atlantis b. the nuchal ligament in the dog attaches from T1 to the occipital crest and external occipital protuberance c. the facets of the canine cervical vertebrae face medial, cranial and dorsal d. the nuchal ligament of the horse is divided into two parts, the funicular portion and the laminar portion e. horses have synovial bursae beneath the funicular portion of the nuchal ligament, one dorsal to the atlas, occasionally one above the axis and one at the withers

b. the nuchal ligament in the dog attaches from T1 to the occipital crest and external occipital protuberance

Axial flow of feed through the horse's mouth is NOT? Answers: a. the action of feed flowing or rolling towards the back of the horse's mouth b. the packing of feed in various places of resistance int he back of the horse's mouth c. analogous to play dough in your hands that tapers to the back of the mouth during mastication d. effected by the range of motion as lateral excursion and or not affected by simultaneous occlusion of lack thereof

b. the packing of feed in various places of resistance int he back of the horse's mouth

When you palpate a horse's neck you will feel hills and the valleys. What do the hills represent? a. the laminopedicle junction b. the zygapophyseal joints c. the spinous processes d. the bodies of the vertebrae

b. the zygapophyseal joints

It is perfectly within the scope of practice for a chiropractor who has been trained in an AVCA approved program and who has passed the certification exam to make recommendations to the owner of the animal patients for supplements that will improve the animals healing process. a. this is a true statement b. this is a false statement

b. this is a false statement

Trauma to which one of the following ligaments is involved with the formation of spondylosis in the dog. Answers: a. ligamentum flavum b. ventral longitudinal ligament c. dorsal longitudinal ligament d. interspinous ligament

b. ventral longitudinal ligament

To find the TMJ in the dog and the horse, palpate to the caudal aspect of the ____ and it is typically just ventral to this landmark. a. mastoid process b. zygomatic arch c. sagittal crest d. facial crest e. ramus of the mandible

b. zygomatic arch

Fundamental Health and Sickness Concepts entail all of the following, except: Answers: a. self- healing and self-regulating ecosystem b.our cells are innately equipped from birth with all the necessary environmental functions c. state of adaptability determines state of health/sickness d. health is a state of consistent homeostatic cell function

b.our cells are innately equipped from birth with all the necessary environmental functions

In the horse all three bones that form the pelvis are united (ossified) by age _____ and all secondary ossification centers for structures such as the ischial tuberosity are united (ossified) by age _____. a. 6 months, 2 years b. 1 year, 2 years c. 1 year, 5 years d. 3 years, 12 years

c. 1 year, 5 years

Socialization must have taken place by what age in the dog, otherwise there is little hope of the dog ever being able to relax and be interactive with people or other dogs. a. 2 years b. 1 year c. 12 to 14 weeks d. 6 - 8 months

c. 12-14 weeks

Where should the front of the tree sit on the horse? a. On top of the shoulder blade b. 4" behind the caudal edge of the shoulder blade c. 2" behind the caudal edge of the shoulder blade d. In front of the shoulder blade

c. 2" behind the caudal edge of the shoulder blade

How many turns in a Barrel race? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4

c. 3

The facet angles of the zygapophyseal joints in the cervical vertebra of a dog are _____. a. sagittal b. coronal c. 45 degrees d. non existent e. two of the above

c. 45 degrees

Which of the following SCP / listing combinations is incorrect in the dog? a. Lateral TMJ / ramus of the mandible b. Atlas superior / bilateral wings of the atlas c. AS Ilium / tuber ischium d. Atlas inferior / bilateral wings of the atlas e. Rostral mandible / mentum of the mandible

c. AS Ilium / tuber ischium

Which one of the following drugs has no anti-inflammatory properties and is extremely toxic to cats? a. Carprofen (Rimadyl) b. Butazolidin (Bute) c. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) d. Prednisolone (Pred)

c. Acetaminophen (Tylenol)

Concerning a PI Ilium in the dog, which of the following is true? a. the SCP is the Tuber Coxae b. The LOC is P-A, M-L, S-I c. Adjuster is on the opposite side of the dog as the subluxation d. Stabilization is of no concern

c. Adjuster is on the opposite side of the dog as the subluxation

The structural component of the subluxation is termed kinesiopathology and results in _____. a. Normal aberrant input b. Decreased nociceptive input c. Afferent neuropathology d. Enhanced homeostatic Cognition

c. Afferent neuropathology

You determine the above dog has decreased lateral flexion of the neck and generalized gait abnormalities with rear limb ataxia. The right forelimb does not advance as far forward as the left. Upon palpation you palpate a fixation (hypomobile segment) at the level of C4 and the body of C4 palpates noticeably more to the left than the rest of the cervical vertebra. What is the probable subluxation in this patient? a. C2 posterior b. C3 body right c. C4 body left d. C5 body right

c. C4 body left

When adjusting horses the adjuster's body position is very important because _____. a. Bad body mechanics will allow you to adjust longer b. Dr. Parrish will count off points on your lab practical if you are not in the right position c. Correct body position helps ensure correct LOC and safety of the adjuster d. it is impossible to adjust a horse with bad body position

c. Correct body position helps ensure correct LOC and safety of the adjuster

What pair of muscles lay against the lateral and medial surfaces of the anal sac in dogs? a. Levator ani and coccygeus b. Levator ani and sacrotuberous c. External anal sphincter and internal anal sphincter d.Levator ani and internal anal sphincter

c. External anal sphincter and internal anal sphincter

In the equine neck a. There is 90° of axial rotation between the occiput and atlas b. C1/C2 has less than half of the axial rotation of the entire neck c. Flexion and extension increase as you move from C1/C2 to C6/C7 d. C1/C2 has the most lateral flexion of any joint in the equine neck e. All of the above

c. Flexion and extension increase as you move from C1/C2 to C6/C7

The muscle spindle is innervated by which motor neuron? a. Alpha b. Beta c. Gamma d. Delta

c. Gamma

A cat presents with prolapse of the third eyelid, unequal pupil diameter with side of the 3rd eyelid prolapse being more constricted, and history of trauma. What is a probable diagnosis? a. Optic neuritis b. Thiamine deficiency (vitamin B-1) c. Horner's syndrome d. Tooth abscess

c. Horner's syndrome

What is a sign of deficient proprioception in the dog? Choose the most likely sign. a. An increase in cutaneous sensation b. Hyper-reflexia of the patellar tendon reflex c. Knuckling onto the dorsum of the paw d. Fixed, dilated pupils

c. Knuckling onto the dorsum of the paw

Choose the temporal sequence for loss of function from a spinal cord lesion. a. Loss of deep pain → decreased proprioception → increased skin sensation → spastic weakness b. Loss of deep pain → decreased proprioception → decreased skin sensation → spastic weakness c. Loss of proprioception → loss of voluntary motor function → loss of superficial sensation → loss of deep pain d. Loss of proprioception → loss of superficial sensation → loss of deep pain → loss of motor function

c. Loss of proprioception → loss of voluntary motor function → loss of superficial sensation → loss of deep pain

A right cervical radiculopathy is characterized by: a. Bilateral or generalized weakness b. Bilateral changes in sensation c. Pain in the distribution of the peripheral nerve d. None of the above

c. Pain in the distribution of the peripheral nerve

A 4-year old spayed Yorkshire terrier dog presents with a head tilt to the right, circles to the right, falls to the right when she decelerates, and has a resting nystagmus with fast deviation to the left. Her most likely diagnosis is: a. Cervical radiculopathy b. Cervical myelopathy c. Peripheral vestibular disease d. Lower motor neuron disease

c. Peripheral vestibular disease

Which of the following is not an indication of SI joint pathology in the horse? a. Poor performance b. Intermittent rear leg lameness c. Puppy sitting d. Lack of ability to cross rear legs in the spin

c. Puppy sitting

Imbrication ends at ___________ in the horse. Answers: a. T3 b. T8 c. T15 d. L1

c. T15

Which of the following herbal agents is a sedative for anxious animals prior to adjusting? a. Willow Bark b. Ginger c. Valerian Root d. Hawthorn

c. Valerian Root

A patient brings a pregnant female dog to you to adjust because she is worried about her delivery. She had problems in the past and she heard chiropractic could be of help. The bitch was bred 73 days ago and had shown no signs of labor. What should you do? a. adjust and send her home and tell her to watch the dog for signs of labor b. adjust and send her dog to a massage therapist to help relax the dog c. adjust her and send her dog to a veterinarian for as work up d. do not adjust and tell her to go home and come back in a week when the dog is closer to whelping

c. adjust her and send her dog to a veterinarian for as work up

The owner of the above dog also reports that the dog seems to be sore in her neck and shakes her head all the time. Like they said before, the dog does not like to play with its toys. The referring veterinarian has been treating the dog for an ear infection, although they could never find evidence of such. Upon exam you notice there is decreased mobility of the dog's neck, especially upon flexion at the poll. The dog resists you lowering its nose . There is a bilateral decreased space between the atlas and the occiput. What is the probable subluxation in this patient? a. atlas posterior right b. atlas posterior left c. atlas superior d. atlas inferior

c. atlas superior

Which of the following animals has the highest normal body temperature? a. cow b. mare c. chicken d. dog e. cat

c. chicken

In chiropractic listings on animals, the word superior actually refers to the ___ orientation of the animal. a. dorsal b. ventral c. cranial d. caudal

c. cranial

Chose the INCORRECT statement concerning anticlinal vertebrae. Answers: a. it is T11 in the dog b. it is T15 in the horse c. cranial to the anticlinal vertebra the spinous processes tilt cranially d. the spinous process of anticlinal vertebrae is vertical

c. cranial to the anticlinal vertebra the spinous processes tilt cranially

In discussing directional terms on the quadruped, which is not a true relationship? a. posterior/dorsal b. caudal/inferior c. cranial/ventral d. superior/cranial

c. cranial/ventral

What bone is the primary weight bearing base for the leg in the horse? a. proximal phalanx b. middle phalanx c. distal phalanx d. navicular bone

c. distal phalanx

Bog spavin is a distention of the ____ associated with a low grade synovitis. a. carpal joint b. stifle joint c. distal tarsocrural joint d. metacarpophalangeal joint

c. distal tarsocrural joint

What tract lines the posterolateral border of the spinal cord? a. dorsal column b. anterior spinothalamic c. dorsal spinocerebellar d. lateral corticospinal

c. dorsal spinocerebellar

Which of the species listed does not have a sacrotuberous ligament? a. equine b. canine c. feline d. bovine

c. feline

What does the body language of a horse tell you who is approaching you with his head lowered, his ears pinned back , his eyes dilated and his mouth open? a. he is coming over to say hello to you b. he is ducking his head because he is probably in a rain storm c. he is aggressive and may attack d. he is curious and awaiting the next command

c. he is aggressive and may attack

Herniated disc lesions in the dog are most likely to occur _____. Answers: a. in the mid thoracic spine b. in the sacrum c. in the transitional zones of the spine d. in the mid to lower lumbar region

c. in the transitional zones of the spine

When the stifle is flexed and you are able to extend the hock of the equine, this is ________. a. a normal function b. indicative of a ruptured quadriceps muscle c. indicative of a ruptured peroneus tertius muscle d. indicative of a ruptured calcaneal tendon

c. indicative of a ruptured peroneus tertius muscle

When checking leg length in a dog with a PI ilium and the dog is standing in a normal quadrupedal position. The ____ leg is the one on the side of the PI ilium but if you take the legs into full extension, the ____ leg is on the side of the PI ilium. a. short; long b. short; short c. long; short d. long; long

c. long; short

Choose the INCORRECT match. a. normal canine rectal temperature - 101.5 degrees b. normal equine rectal temperature - 101.5 c. normal canine breathing rate -56 to 70 breaths/min d. normal equine breathing rate - 8 to 16 breaths/min e. normal canine pulse rate - 70 to 160 bpm

c. normal canine breathing rate -56 to 70 breaths/min

Best way to evaluate limping in a quadruped in animal chiropractic is: a. Static palpation b. Motion palpation c. observe animal in motion d. Ask client

c. observe animal in motion

Pain upon full extension of the left rear limb would likely indicate which of the following subluxations? a. PI ilium on the right b. PI ilium on the left c. AS ilium on the right d. AS ilium on the left

d. AS ilium on the left

Cats and dogs with upper cervical subluxations can present with: a. Taut bands of suboccipital muscles b. Changes in sensation of the ear flaps c. Head tremors d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Joint passive range of motion is indicated for: a. Improving joint hygiene b. Preventing muscle contracture c. Decreasing pain d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Patients with lumbosacral stenosis exhibit: a. Pain with pressure over the LS junction b. Pain from extension of one or both pelvic limbs c. Pain with motion of L7 or S1 d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Signs of lumbar spondylosis on a canine lateral pelvis radiograph may include: Answers: a. Calcification of the ventral longitudinal ligament b. Osteophyte formation on the ventral aspect of 1 or more vertebrae c. Abnormal intervertebral disc space d. All of the above

d. All of the above

What has been determined to be the cause of a subluxation? a. Trauma b. Toxins c. Thoughts d. All of the above

d. All of the above

Choose the list of clinical signs that demonstrate an upper motor neuron (UMN) lesion. a. Spontaneous rotatory eye movements, head tilt, circling to same side as the lesion b. Flaccid paresis to paralysis, hyporeflexia, rapid muscle atrophy c. Knuckling onto the dorsum o the paw, ataxia that is worse when blindfolded d. Spastic paresis, hyper-reflexia, normal to increased muscle tone

d. Spastic paresis, hyper-reflexia, normal to increased muscle tone

Choose the INCORRECT match of nerve roots to peripheral nerve they contribute to the formation of in the horse. Answers: a. Axillary n. - C7,8 b. Radial n. - C8, T1 c. Median n. - C8, T1, 2 d. Suprascapular n. - C4, 5

d. Suprascapular n. - C4, 5

When adjusting dogs which of the following is true? a. Stabilization is not a concern like it is in the horse b. The SCP will change depending on the size of the dog and the adjustor c. The LOC will change depending on the size of the dog and the adjuster d. The CP will change depending on the size of the dog and the adjuster

d. The CP will change depending on the size of the dog and the adjuster

When referring to a sacral base posterior in the horse __________. a. The adjuster will always use the inferior hand b. The LOC has a lateral component to it c. Stabilization is provided by placing an assistance's knees under the pelvis of the horse d. The most difficult part of the adjustment set up is getting the episternal notch high enough to be in the correct LOC

d. The most difficult part of the adjustment set up is getting the episternal notch high enough to be in the correct LOC

An indication to use the ischial tuberosity as a segmental contact point for an AS ilium in the horse is? a. Fracture of the shaft of the ilium b. Fracture of the wing of the ilium c. Ischial Tuberosity fracture d. Tuber Coxae fracture

d. Tuber Coxae fracture

Fibrocartilaginous embolic myelopathy: Answers: a. occurs when fibrocartilaginous material is released from a degenerative disc b. causes acute ischemic necrosis of the spinal cord c. can be a result of Cushing's disease or hypothyroidism d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Lateral excursion: Answers: a. is described as the ability of the jaw to extend laterally b. can be limited by the malocclusion that creates pain during mastication c. the degree of lateral excursion will proportionally affect the axial flow of food through the mouth d. all of the above

d. all of the above

To properly assess the quality of a farrier's work as it relates to the horses needs, one must be able to: Answers: a. ensure that the shoe is fit full to the widest part of the foot b.properly assess medial to lateral balance by evaluating the length of the foot from medial to lateral and how it aligns with the bony column c. properly assess heel to toe balance and their proper proportions for balance being 40% toe and 60% heel d. all of the above

d. all of the above

You are eligible to sit for the AVCA certification exam if you _______. a. successfully complete an animal chiropractic program approved by the AVCA b. have a DC or DVM (VMD) degree c. hold a current license to practice d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Choose the INCORRECT statement. a.deciduous teeth begin to erupt at 4-5 weeks of age and all of them are in by 2 months b. permanent teeth erupt around 5-6 months of age c. the carnassial or sectorial teeth is the upper 4th premolar d. canines have a much larger masseter muscle than temporalis m. in comparison to the equine

d. canines have a much larger masseter muscle than temporalis m. in comparison to the equine

Which one would NOT be considered a contraindication to adjust? a. acute muscle strain of associated muscles b. neoplasia of the involved bones c. fracture of the involved bones d. intervertebral disc disease

d. intervertebral disc disease

An abnormal motion or position of a vertebra is called_____. a. myopathology b. histopathology c. pathophysiology d. kinesiopathology

d. kinesiopathology

In Chiropractic Basics the subluxation presented to you includes all of the following, except: a. articular integrity compromise b. neural integrity compromise c. segmental motion decline in a specific direction d. open dislocation e. is a complex of functional

d. open dislocation

Sudden attitude/personality change in a horse/dog is most likely due to: a. parasympathetic dominance b. poor environment c. poor training d. pain e. worms

d. pain

Choose the INCORRECT match of reflexes with nerves involved. a. canine rear dumb withdrawal reflex ---- sciatic n. (L6 - S2) b. patellar reflex ---- femoral n. (L3-L6) c. perineal reflex ---- pudendal n. (S1 - S3) d. panniculus relex ---- cranial nerve 10 (Vagus nerve)

d. panniculus relex ---- cranial nerve 10 (Vagus nerve)

A young kitten presents to your clinic for chiropractic care with a history of progressive rear limb paresis. The referring veterinarian reports there are no significant lesions radiographically. The owner also reports to you that the kitten has stopped eating; sits hunched in a corner all day and no longer meows or purrs. The cat bit the owner's child 2 days before and they are thinking about destroying the cat if you cannot help it. What is the best treatment option? Answers: a.do your assessment, adjust the cat and have them return to your clinic within 72 hours to reevaluate b. refer back to the regular veterinarian for more x-rays c. adjust the kitten, refer to a vet who will treat with corticosteroids and reevaluate in 72 hours d. report the bite to the local authorities in your area and follow their recommendations

d. report the bite to the local authorities in your area and follow their recommendations

When assessing the quadruped, a larger circle of gait on the right might indicate a functional neurological deficit where? a. right cortex b. left spinal cord c. left pons d. right cerebellum

d. right cerebellum

What is the intrinsic ligament of the hip called? a. the ischiofemoral ligament b. the cruciate ligament c. the patellar ligament d. the round ligament

d. round ligament

Choose the INCORRECT statement. a. the sternocephalicus m. attaches from the manubrium to the mastoid process and will lower the head b. the trapezius m. can both draw the limb forward and draw the limb caudally c. the triceps brachii m. is innervated by the radial nerve d. the brachiocephalicus m. will laterally flex the neck and draw the limb caudally e. the muscular suspension system is supported by the rhomboideus mm., the trapezius mm., the serratus ventralis mm. and the pectoralis mm.

d. the brachiocephalicus m. will laterally flex the neck and draw the limb caudally

When discussing the hoof pastern axis, one must understand that it is referring to: Answers: a. the balance between toe length and heel length b. medial to lateral balance or lack thereof c. something Dr. Parrish made up d. the length of a horse's toe as it relates to the bones of the distal limb when assessing it from lateral to medial perspective

d. the length of a horse's toe as it relates to the bones of the distal limb when assessing it from lateral to medial perspective

What is the one determining prognostic factor in the evaluation of a dog who has suffered a herniated disc or a fibrocartilaginous emboli is _________ in the affected limb(s)? Answers: a. the presence or absence of a proprioception b. the presence of absence of a tail wag c. the presence or absence of bladder function d. the presence or absence of deep pain

d. the presence or absence of deep pain

A "sagging hock", inability to extend the hock joint and considerable sensory deficit down the posterior thigh and leg would indicate damage to which one of the following nerves? a. peroneal nerve b. caudal gluteal nerve c. perineal nerve d. tibial nerve

d. tibial nerve

When observing an animal for a subtle lameness, the clinician should a. Observe the animal walking from the front and the rear b. Observe the animal walking from the right and the left c. Observe the animal walking in both a clockwise and counter clockwise motion d. Only 2 of the above e. All of the above

e. All of the above

When performing a neurological exam on a horse you should: a.First assess the animal's mental status by waving your hands in front of them and seeing if they shy away from you b.Check all cranial nerves, assess the patients mental status, check for proprioception, check for a panniculus, perform a tail pull, gait analysis (usually at the walk) involving circles, serpentine, and walking with the head and neck elevated/extended, and lowered/flexed with up and downhill walking c.Monitor the patient during a gait analysis which involved galloping the horse across a field d. Check anal tone e. All of the above

e. All of the above

Which of the following is FALSE in regards to the subluxation mechanism? a. There is a voluntary component b. There is an involuntary component c. Muscle tone/size are a good insurance policy in preventing the subluxation d.The vector and amount of force exerted on a joint need to be noted when evaluating the etiology of the subluxation e. Antagonist muscle action is always a voluntary function

e. Antagonist muscle action is always a voluntary function

When flexing the hock joint and stifle joint, one must understand that: Answers: a. an AS ilium can be pushed further into subluxation while flexing the hock b. a PI ilium can be pushed further into subluxation when flexing the hock c. an AS ilium can be pushed further into subluxation while flexing the stifle d. a PI ilium can be pushed further into subluxation when flexing the stifle e. B and C are correct answers

e. B and C are correct answers

When checking cranial nerves in the horse which of the following is false? a. CN I - May use food or hand and try to get animal to follow b. CN II - Shadows may act as obstacles in horses with vision problems c. CN III - Normal pupillary light response equals normal CN III d. CN V - Brushing whiskers tests CN V (sensory) and CN VII (motor) e. CN VII - Brushing whiskers tests CN V (motor) and CN VII (sensory)

e. CN VII - Brushing whiskers tests CN V (motor) and CN VII (sensory)

Choose the INCORRECT statement concerning herbal agents. a. aloe is used to laxative and cathartic effects; the gel - externally used in the treatment of burns, to promote wound healing b. Arnica is used as an anti-inflammatory, used externally for bruises, sprains, traumatic injuries, bites, stings, mild pain reliever c. Black Cohosh is used to treat osteoarthritis, bronchitis, hormonally conditions in ovariectomized animals such as incontinence d. Black Walnut is used to treat skin disorders, to prevent fleas, treat ringworm, hot spots, GI parasites and diarrhea e. Ginger is used to support cardiac function, including heart rate and blood flow to the heart, may help reduce blood pressure, use in CHF and feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

e. Ginger is used to support cardiac function, including heart rate and blood flow to the heart, may help reduce blood pressure, use in CHF and feline hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Which of the following adjustments is the adjuster not on the side opposite the laterality in the dog? a. Atlas superior right b. Atlas posterior right c. Cervical body right d. PI Ilium e. Lateral TMJ

e. Lateral TMJ