COMBINED OAE Elementary Education 018/019
_____ _____ defines the judicial branch as the Supreme Court and such inferior courts as Congress sees necessary to establish.
Article 3
America's first national government was based on the _____ _____ _____.
Articles of Confederation
wheel and axle
a simple machine allowing for less resistance and is similar to the force of a lever
Common Traits of Early Empires
a strong military; a centralized government; control and standardization of commerce, money, and taxes; a weight system; and an official language.
Mesolithic—
about 12000 to 7000 years ago;
Sum
addition
the Iron Age
(starting about 3200 years ago).
Stone age
(subdivided into Paleolithic—a span beginning more than a million years ago in which several Homo species used crude rock tools; Mesolithic—about 12000 to 7000 years ago; Neolithic—7000 to about 5500); the Bronze Age (5500 to 3200 years ago); and the Iron Age (starting about 3200 years ago).
inorganic compounds
-all lack carbon -mineral salts, metals and alloys, non-metallic compounds such as phosphorous and metal complexes -high melting points -water soluble
atomic theory
-concerned w the characteristics and properties of atoms that make up matter -matter on a microscopic level -John Dalton: all matter consists of atoms and atoms are indestructible; atoms can neither be created nor destroyed
chemical properties
-constituent particles that make up the physicality of a substance -influenced by electric charge -when a change in a substance results in a different substance -may release or consume energy
periodic table
-groups elements with similar chem properties tog -grouping is based on atomic structure -shows trends of phys and chem prop -identifies fams of elements w similar prop -each element has its own cell that includes varying amounts of info presented in symbol form
solution
-homogeneous mixture -consist of a solute (the substance that is dissolved) and a solvent (the substance that does the dissolving) -ex: sugar water. solvent-water, solute-sugar
Digits to the right of a decimal point correspond to negative powers of ten. For example, 23.405
23.405 = (2 x 10 to the 1 power) + (3 x 10 to the 0 power) + (4 x 10 to the -1 power) + (0 x 10 to the -2 power) + (5 x 10 to the -3 power)
Scientific notation
234,000,000 would be 2.34x10^8
Triassic Period
251-200 Ma
Output of the function when the input is equal to 5 INPUT OUTPUT 0 2 1 3 2 6 3 11
27
Neogene Period
28-2Ma
Permian Period
290-248 Ma
What is the prime factorization of 144? 2x3 or 2^4 x 3^2 or 3x4x6x2
2^4x 3^2
convert 3.208 to a mixed number.
3 + 208/1000
Converting a fraction to a decimal. For example 3/8
3 divided by 8 = 0.375
Carboniferous Period
359-290 Ma
Regina and Sam are runners. Each week, Regina runs on Monday, Wednesday, and Friday and Sam runs on Tuesday and Thursday. In addition, each weekend Regina runs 8 miles and Sam runs 6 miles. Regina runs the same number of total miles each week as Sam runs. R represents regina and S represents Sam
3r+8=2s+6
Right triangle a=6 b=8 a+b = driving c=bike path how much shorter is the bike path?
4 miles
Devonian Period
416-359 Ma
Standard American English contains about _____ basic phonemes, although differences in regional pronunciation and dialect can generate more.
42
Silurian Period
443-416 Ma
convert 0.45 to a fraction.
45/100
Ordovician Period
488-443 Ma
Before the birth of Prophet Mohammad in the northern Arabian trading city of Mecca between _____ and _____ CE,
570-580
The chemical formula for photosynthesis is:
6 CO2 + 6 H2O → C6H12O6 + 6 O2 Carbon dioxide + Water + Light energy → Glucose + Oxygen
Solutions
A homogeneous mixture.
The number Line
A fundamental concept of mathematics is that the set of real numbers is one-to-one correspondence with the set of points on a line
Landform
A landscape feature or geomorphological unit. These include hills, plateaus, mountains, deserts, deltas, canyons, mesas, marshes, swamps, and valleys. These units are categorized according to elevation, slope, orientation, stratification, rock exposure, and soil type. Landform elements include pits, peaks, channels, ridges, passes, pools, and plains.
Horace mann
A leader of the common school movement that made public education a right to all Americans
A new species of rodent would be most likely to evolve under which of the following circumstances?
A small group of rodents is cut off from the rest of the rodent population by a large lava flow
Balance and Harmony
A state of equilibrium between parts that creates a pleasant arrangement in the whole and depicts a difference in dimension between opposing forces or influences.
Common traits of Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece, and Rome
A strong military; a centralized government; control and standardization of commerce, money, and taxes; a weight system; and an official language.
Still life
A study of ordinary object in an every day setting in a painting, drawing or photograph.
Texture
A surface of elements woven together that has distinctive or identifying characteristics.
Prefix
A syllable that appears at the beginning of a word that, in combination with the root or base word, creates a specific meaning.
Parliamentary System
A system of government in which the legislature selects the prime minister or monarch.
Affective memory
A technique in which an actor reactivates a past experience to gain the emotional and psychological feelings associated with those events and then transferring them to a performance; used when the actor believes the character they are portraying is undergoing an event that emotionally parallels that which the actor experienced in real life.
construct validity
A test that conforms to real-world application
content validity
A test that reflects the curriculum taught
Newton's First Law.
Newton's First Law of Motion states that an object at rest will remain at rest and a body moving with a constant speed in a straight line will maintain its motion unless acted upon by an unbalanced external force. An example of force that opposes the motion of a body is friction.
Newton's Third Law.
Newton's Third Law states that all forces in the universe occur in equal but oppositely directed pairs; for every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction. Rockets and jet planes capitalize on Newton's Third Law. Each discharge hot gases in one direction (an action force so as to produce thrust (a reaction force). In both rocket and jet engines, chemical energy is changed to the energy of motion.
Sculpture
An object created by chiseling marble, molding clay or casting in metal into a real or abstract figure.
Aquifer
An underground water reservoir formed from groundwater that has infiltrated from the surface by passing through the soil and permeable rock layers to a zone of saturation where the rocks are impermeable.
An expert has been asked to give a speech to a community organization. The expert can best ensure a successful presentation by taking which of the following actions first?
Analyze the audience and their interests.
Point of View
Angle from which a story is toledo. It is the perspective of the narrator, which is established by the author.
Two rectangles, A and B, are similar. Rectangle A has a length of 100 centimeters and a width of 50 centimeters. If the area of rectangle B is 200 square centimeters, what is its perimeter? A.) 40 centimeters B.) 60 centimeters C.) 80 centimeters D.) 120 centimeters
B.) 60 centimeters
Convection.
Convection is the transfer of heat in a gas or liquid by the circulation of currents from one region to another. In convection, the molecules get heated and rise up; the cold molecules sink and get reheated. Then they rise again to continue the cycle. For example, heat leaves a coffee cup as the currents of steam and air rise. During convection, mass is transferred from one location to another.
which scientist first proposed the heliocentric theory?
Copernicus
Louisiana Purchase
In 1803 for $15 million may be considered Thomas Jefferson's greatest achievement as president. The reasons for the purchase were to gain the vital port of New Orleans, remove the threat of French interference with trade along the Mississippi River, and double the territory of the United States.
Commensalism.
In a commensal relationship, members of different species live together, and one member benefits without seriously affecting the other party. As a rule, the animal that benefits is usually the physically smaller of the two. The commensal organism may depend on its host for food, shelter, support, or transportation. The animal that benefits is known as the commensal, or symbiont, while the nonbenefitting species is known as the host. For example, some flatworms live attached to the gills of the horseshoe crab, obtaining bits of food from the horseshoe crab's meals; the horseshoe crab is apparently unaffected.
Frieze
In architecture, a horizontal band of painted or sculpted decoration usually found at the top of a wall between the molding and the cornice.
Command Economy.
In command economies, government provides all the answers to the three basic economic questions state planners decide which goods and services are produced and how they are distributed. The state owns all property and controls all resources, including land, labor, and capital. Consumer needs receive little attention in this type of economy. The former Soviet Union is an example of a command economy.
Assonance
Is the repetition of identical or similar vowel sounds, particularly in stressed syllables, in words in close proximity. Form of near rhyme. (the quiet bride cried)
1687
Isaac Newton publishes Principia Mathematica, the foundation of modern physics.
Unconfined Aquifer
It has room to expand and contract, and the water has to be pumped out.
Whig Party
It started in opposition to Jackson's authoritarian policies, and was particularly concerned with defending the supremacy of Congress over the executive branch, states' rights, economic protectionism, and modernization.
Manifest destiny
It was the right and duty of the US to expand westward to the Pacific
Resources
Items one can barter in exchange for goods.
Western Hemisphere
North and South America
Fiction
Not true, product of the imagination (novels, short stories, television scripts, and screenplays)
Subtidal Zone
May have3 large sandy plains, is always under water near the coast. Coral reefs and most of the world's fish are here because the waves create abundant life-sustaining oxygen in the water.
Volume
Measure of the amount of cubic space occupied.
Density
Measure of the amount of mass per unit volume.
Mass
Measure of the amount of substance in an object
Weight
Measure of the gravitational pull on Earth on an object or between two bodies
Nuclear energy.
Nuclear energy is stored in the nucleus of an atom—the energy that holds the nucleus together. Energy is released when nuclei are combined or split apart. Einstein showed that this energy is equivalent to mass. Nuclear power plants produce energy by splitting the nuclei of uranium atoms through a process called nuclear fission.
Sedimentary
Most common type of rock on earth. Formed by sedimentation, compaction, and then cementation of many small particles of mineral, animal, or plant material.
Simple circuit
Movement of electric charge along a path between areas of high electric potential and low electric potential, with a resistor or load device between them
Polyptych
Multiple scenes hinged together.
Identity Property
Multiplying a number by 1 does not change it. 2x1= 2
Distributive Property
Multiplying a sum by a number is the same as multiplying each addend by the number and then adding the product. For example, 2x(3+4) equals (2x3) + (2x4)
Natural Numbers
N = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, . . . }
N = natural numbers, W= whole numbers, and Z= integers, what is the relationship of these sets of numbers?
Natural numbers= small circle Whole numbers = middle circle Integers= large circle
Commodities
Natural resources that have to be extracted and purified rather than created, such as mineral ores.
Irrational Numbers
Numbers that are not rational like the square root of 2 or pi
cardinal numbers
Numbers that indicate quantity (but not necessarily order)
Character acting
Occurs when an actor must make a change to their physical person in order to perform a role; may include the use of dialect or accents that are not part of the actor's real persona or using stage makeup to create a specific facial disfigurement.
fission
nuclear process that features atomic nuclei splitting apart to form smaller nuclei
ions
number of protons and electrons is not equal
atomic number
number of protons in the nucleus of an atom represented as "Z"
gravity
opposing force that must be overcome by work
Animal and plant cells contain smaller structures, called _____, which are specialized to fulfill specific functions within the cell. Mitochondria, for example, break down glucose to provide energy to the cell. Bacterial cells lack most of these organelles.
organelles
Secondary research
Things that are written or otherwise recorded about the main subject (a magazine article about a person, commentaries, encyclopedias)
Types of maps
Topographic, Road maps, Nautical Charts, Subway/Bus maps, Weather maps, Geologic maps, Thematic maps
Thermal Energy
Total kinetic and potential energy present in a system
Heat
Transfer of energy from a body or system as a result of thermal contact. Consists of random motions and the vibration of atoms molecules, and ions. The higher the temperature is, the greater the atomic or molecular motion will be.
Conifers
Trees that thrive in northern latitudes and have cones
concurrent validity
Two tests that can be compared to see if the tests correlate (if given at the same time)
Metamorphic
Under conditions of high temperature and pressure within the earth's crust, rock with different minerals.
Phonics
The process of learning to read by learning how spoken language is represented by letters
Associative Property
The product is the same regardless of grouping. For example, (2x5)x3 equals 2x(5x3)
Commutative Property
The product is the same regardless of the order of the factors. (2x5=5x2)
Distributive property.
The product of a number with a sum equals the sum of the products of the number with each term of the sum. 2 × (3 + 5) = (2 × 3) + (2 × 5)
Pupa.
The pupa stage is usually considered a resting stage, although much activity is going on within a sealed chrysalis or cocoon. Special cells that were present in the larva are now growing rapidly and will become the legs, wings, eyes and other parts of the adult insect. After the reorganization is complete, the pupa splits to reveal the mature adult with functional wings. This stage can last a few weeks, a month, or even several years.
Timebre
The quality of sounds that distinguishes one tone color from another is called a timbre.
Acceleration
The rate of change of velocity
functions
The relationships between quantities and symbols; can be explicit without dependence on the relationship between quantities and symbols
Income taxes on corporations
The same complexity of exemptions and rates exists for corporations as individuals. Taxes can be raised or lowered according to the need to stimulate or restrain the economy
Rime
The same thing as rhyme, but spelled differently to distinguish syllable rime from poetic rime
biomechanics
The science that studies how the human body moves; studies how internal and external forces work to influence body movements
Product market
The selling of products to the people who want to buy them. The people are the buyers and the companies are the sellers.
Intergers
The set of positive and negative numbers, including zero. Integers do not include fractions, decimals, or mixed numbers.
Missouri Compromise.
The southern border of Missouri was set as the northernmost line of any slave territory.
Egypt
United by the Nile River. Originally settled in villages on its banks; had a national religion that held their pharaohs as gods; had a central government that controlled civil and artistic affairs; and had writing and libraries.
Synecdoche
Use of a part of something to signify the whole. (boots on the ground could be used to describe soldiers in the field)
Metonymy
Use of one term that is closely associated with another to mean the other. (crown to refer to the monarchy)
Sumer
Used the first known writing system, which enabled the Sumerians to leave a sizeable written record of their myths and religion; advanced the development of the wheel and irrigation; and urbanized their culture with a cluster of cities.
Ordinal Numbers
Used to show position, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th
Commutative property.
When adding two numbers, the sum is the same regardless of the order in which the numbers are added. 2 + 3 = 3 + 2
Commutative Property (+)
When adding two numbers, the sum is the same regardless of the order in which the numbers are added. 2+3=3+2
Displacement
When something moves from one place to another
Bases
When they are dissolved in aqueous solutions, they conduct electricity, change red litmus paper blue, feel slippery, react with acids to neutralize their properties.
In which of the follow situations would a line graph be the most approp. a biologist wants to see the pattern of change in the oxygen levels of the lake that were recorded each month for a year A sales manager wants to compare the sales figures of four regional offices for one month
a biologist wants to see the pattern of change in the oxygen levels of the lake that were recorded each month for a year
ionic bond
a bond formed when an atom transfers an electron to another atom
what change occurs as energy is added to a liquid?
a phase change
One significant difference between drama and fiction is that drama commonly features:
a plot that advances almost solely through dialogue and action.
surveying
a pre-reading activity. Students look over a passage or text to find clues which will help with comprehension
sound
a pressure disturbance that moves through a medium in the form of mechanical waves, which transfer energy from one particle to the next -transferred through the mvmt of atomic particles (atoms or molecules)
single/double pulley
a simple machine allowing for easier direction of force
incline plane
a simple machine that enables a force less than the object's weight to be used to push an object to a greater height
lever
a simple machine that multiplication of force
Paleolithic—
a span beginning more than a million years ago in which several Homo species used crude rock tools;
Which of the following processes can form metamorphic rock?
applying heat and pressure to igneous rock
autotrophic organisms)
are capable of harnessing energy from sunlight and using it to produce glucose, the main source of energy for the organism.
molecules
atoms combine to form what. Ex. of atoms: carbon, hydrogen, iron, helium, mercury, oxygen, etc.
electric force
attractive force btw electrons and nucleus -measured w Columb (C)
physical properties
attributes such as appearance, color, mass, volume -don't result in different substances -can change form but not composition -ex: water --> ice
atomic radius
average distance between nucleus and outermost electron
A kindergarten student recognizes that there are seven words in the spoken sentence "The bird flies high in the sky." This student is demonstrating:
phonological awareness.
magnet
piece of metal, such as iron, steel, or magnetite that can afffect another substance within its field of force that has like characteristics -attract or repel other substances -2 poles:north and south -like poles repel and opposite attract
nucleus
positive charged, contains protons and neutrons, dense and heavier than the surrounding electrons
electromagnetic field
positive or negative charge creates a field of sorts in the empty space around the electric force -like charges repel and opposite charges attract
federalism
power divided between local and central branches of government
Legislative branch
power to regulate interstate commerce
pitch
quality of sound determined by frequency -humans can detect btw 20Hz to 20,000Hz
Work
quantity of energy transferred by one system to another due to changes in a system that is the result of external forces/ macroscopic variables -amount of energy that must be transferred to overcome a force -ex: lifting an object in the air -measured in joules (J)
At the present time, scientists believe that the most fundamental particle of matter is the _____.
quark
The wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum vary in size from very long radio waves the size of buildings, to very short gamma-rays smaller than the size of the nucleus of an atom; they include, from longest wavelength to shortest:
radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, X-rays, and gamma-rays.
Under the U.S. Constitution, which of the following powers is reserved solely for the federal government?
raising armed forces
power
rate at which work is performed
When reading aloud from a text, a student is able to recognize written words rapidly and accurately with appropriate expression. This indicates that the student has acquired which of the following literacy skills?
reading fluency
Which of the following typically constitutes a key element of a persuasive essay?
reasons or facts that support the writer's view
Using structural analysis would be most effective for identifying which of the following words?
rechargeable
Interpersonal communication
refers to communication that takes place between two or more persons who establish a communicative relationship. Forms of interpersonal communication include face-to-face or mediated conversations, interviews, and small-group discussions.
Which of the following is a power of the legislative branch of the U.S. government?
regulating interstate commerce
cooperative learning
small groups of students at varying abilities coming together to increase their understanding of a subject
Native Americans
societies domesticated the maize plant
4 states of matter
solid, liquid, gas, plasma
letter name spelling
spelling incorporates vowels but these may be incorrect
within word spelling
spelling when the student can consistently spell words with short vowels but not words with long vowels
Before learning to spell words with str- as an initial blend, students will need to have learned to spell words that begin with:
st-
criminal cases are tried under what types of courts and laws?
state and federal law
solar wind
stream of charged particles that escape the Sun's gravitational pull
matter
substances that have mass and occupy space/volume
loudness
human's perceptio of sound intensity
timbre
human's perception of the type of quality of sound
knowledge base
indicates a child's declarative knowledge and must be present in order to facilitate the acquisition of procedural knowledge; A student's ability to accumulate and organize knowledge
Materials that do not conduct electricity well are called_____.
insulators
the Law of Reflectance:
the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. Scattering is merely a reflection from a rough surface. Incoming light waves are reflected at many different angles because the surface is uneven.
Color
the appearance of objects caused by different qualities of reflected light that involves hue, lightness, darkness, value and purity.
if an atom has a neutral charge, what must be true of the atom?
the atomic number is equal to the number of electrons
Specialization
the concentration of the productive efforts of individuals and firms on a limited number of activities
judicial branch
interprets laws
Graphic organizers such as semantic webs and clusters most significantly help students learn new vocabulary words by helping them gain an awareness of the:
interrelationships of new vocabulary words.
laccolith
intrusion of magma injected between 2 layers of sedimentary rock, creating a dome-like structure
Which of the following best describes how a rainbow is produced when sunlight passes through a glass or acrylic prism?
the light waves of different frequencies bend at different angles.
1939
Outbreak of Second World War: 50 million die worldwide from 1939-45 in the world's largest and most deadly conflict, which ends the long age of imperialisms.
Market Economics
Producers make decisions about methods and distribution on their own. These choices are based on what will sell and bring a profit in the marketplace. Consumers ultimately affect these decisions by choosing whether or not to buy certain goods and services.
Manipulatives
Physical objects that can be used to illustrate mathematical concepts.
Gymnosperms
Plants with vascular systems and seeds but no flowers
Order of Operation
Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally (parentheses, exponents, multiplication, division, addition, subtraction)
Cultural features
Population density, religion, and languages
Tone
The attitude of the writer or narrator towards the theme of, subject of, or characters in a work. Examples are serious, humorous, surprised, etc.
technology
involves the making, usage and knowledge of tools; The application of science for the benefit of people
Latitude and Longitude
The imaginary lines (horizontal and vertical, respectively) that divide the globe into a grid. Both are measured using the 360 degrees of a circle.
Atmospheres
The inherent energy within a specific place; actors may imagine they are in a specific location while performing in order to depict the corresponding emotion and actions that would best suit that environment thus creating an atmosphere.
Hydrologic Cycle
The journey water takes as it assumes different forms.
Zero Property
The sum of a number and 0 is that number, In multiplication the product of a number and 0 is 0. For example, 3+0=3 and 3x0=0
electrons
negatively charged, orbit the nucleus
relative location
the position of something relative to another landmark
biosphere
the regions of the surface and atmosphere of the Earth (or other planet) where living organisms exist
value
the relative lightness or darkness of color in a painting
lithosphere
the solid part of the earth consisting of the crust and outer mantle
Technological innovation
the steam engine allowed manufactures to produce a greater quanitity of goods at lower costs
Geology
the study of the origin and structure of the earth and of the changes it has undergone and is in the process of undergoing.
conservation of energy
the total amount of energy in a closed system is constant
A parent is reading a familiar book one-on-one with a child. The parent asks the child to point to each of the words of the story as the parent reads them aloud. This activity would be most effective for enhancing the child's awareness of:
the tracking of print.
diminished chords are dissonant because...
they lack a tonal center
what will happen to light waves as they hit a convex lens?
they will be refracted and converge
Natural Resources
things provided by nature that have commercial value to humans, such as minerals, energy, timber, fish, wildlife, and the landscape
The Economic Report of the President
this is presented every January by the President to Congress. Based on the work of the Council, the report recommends a program for maximizing employment, and may also recommend legislation.
inferential question
type of question; one in which the reader must draw conclusions or "read between the lines" to answer
literal question
type of question; requires the student to recall a specific fact from the passage
neurons
uncharged atomic particles in the nucleus represented as "N"
gravitational force
universal force that causes masses to exert forces on other masses -weakest of the 4 forces -attractive, acts along the imaginary line joining centers of masses F=G[(m1*m2)/r2]
transitional reading
usually have an instructional reading level above second grade and are beginning to read for comprehension (reading stage)
Fry readability graph (Edward fry)
what is this? (this graph analyzes Number of sentences per 100 words and the number of syllables per 100 words)
prephonetic spelling
when children realize that they need letters to spell words but make no connection between the letters and the sounds; letter assignment is random
acids
when dissolved in aqueous solutions, conduct electricity, change blue litmus paper to red, have a sour taste, react w bases to neutralize them, and react w active metals to free hydrogen -0-6pH -ex: urine, stomach acid, citric acid, vinegar, hydrochloric acid, battery acid
bases
when dissolved in aqueous solutions, conduct electricity, change red litmus paper to blue, feel slippery, and react w acids to neutralize their properties -8-14pH -ex: drain cleaner, soap, baking soda, ammonia, egg whites, sea water
Rational Numbers
Are the set of whole numbers, integers, decimals, and fractions, Can be expressed as either negative or positive value.
organic compounds
-all include carbon and formed by covalent bonds -can form long chains, double and trible bonds, and rings -melt, boil, sublimate, and decompose at temps below 300C -not water soluble
entropy
-amount of energy in a system that is no longer available for work -amount of disorder in a system
In a row of 24 houses, the first house and every third house after that have blue shutters. Beginning with the second house, every fourth house has a blue door. Out of the 24 houses, how many have both blue shutters and a blue door.
2
A negative exponent indicates a reciprocal. For example,
2 (-3rd power) =1 / 2 (3rd power) = 1 / 8
The first power of any number is itself. For example,
2 (to the 1st power) = 2
congressional elections are held every _____ years
2 years
Select the expression that represents the median of the data below. 4,5,8,3,7,3,1,6
4+5/2
oligarchy
A government ruled by A FEW powerful people
Magnetism
A magnet is any object that has the ability to attract ferrous objects like iron, steel, nickel, and cobalt. Magnetite, called lodestone for many years, is a naturally occurring iron ore that has this ability. Most permanent magnets we use are manufactured and are a combination or alloy of aluminum, nickel, cobalt, and iron, although none of these metals is naturally magnetic. The magnetic field in a permanent magnet is a result of electron spin. A magnetic field is produced by spinning electrons in an atom. Every atom is essentially a small magnet with a north pole and a south pole. In nonmagnetic materials, electrons spin in random directions, so the magnetic field is not noticeable. In magnets, however, the electrons all spin in the same direction—they are aligned—and create a north pole and a south pole. When a bar magnet is suspended at its center by a string, it will rotate until one end points north. That end is called the north pole of the magnet and the end that points south is called the south pole. In magnets, unlike poles attract, and like poles repel. Either pole, however, can attract iron objects such as pins and paper clips. That is because under the influence of a nearby magnet, each pin or paper clip becomes a temporary magnet, with its poles arranged in a way appropriate to magnetic attraction.
pH
A measurement of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a substance in terms of the number of moles of Hydrogen per liter of solution. A lower pH indicated a higher H concentration, while a high pH indicates a lower H concentration. A neural pH is 7. Anything with a pH lower than 7 is considered acidic. Anything with a pH higher than 7 is a base.
Which of the following is an example of a chemical change?
A metal shovel develops rust spots after being left out in the rain.
Colloidal suspension
A mixture of large (1nm to 500nm) particles
Lithography
A printing process in which a stone or metal plate has been treated with an oily substance so that the desired design retains ink while the rest of the surface is treated to repel ink.
Screw.
A screw, like a wedge, is another form of an inclined plane. A screw is an inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder to form a spiral.
Wheel and axle.
A wheel and axle is a lever that rotates in a circle around a center point, or fulcrum. The larger wheel (or outside) rotates around the smaller wheel (axle). Bicycle wheels, Ferris wheels and gears are all examples of a wheel and axle. Wheels can also have a solid shaft with the center core as the axle such as a screwdriver or drill bit or the log in a log rolling contest.
Prime Number
A whole number greater than 1 that has only two factors, itself and 1; that is, a number that can be divided evenly only by 1 and itself.
Susan B. Anthony
A women's rights and abolition activist, she lectured across the nation for suffrage, property and wage rights, and labor organizations for women
Subtropical Climates
Are very humid areas in the tropical areas of Japan, China, Australia, Africa, South America, and the U.S. The moisture, carried by winds traveling over warm ocean currents produces long summers and mild winters. It is possible to produce a continuous cycle of a variety of crops
Freshwater Biomes
Areas of relatively slow-moving water, such as rivers, lakes, and ponds. Since the water is not moving so quickly as to move life forms along, insects and fish have time to grown, and plants have time to attach themselves to the soil.
Qualifications of U.S Citizen
Anyone born in the US, born abroad to a US citizen, or who has gone through a process of naturalization to become a citizen.
Hydrosphere
Anything on earth that is related to water.
_____ _____ of the Constitution defines the legislative branch and vests power to legislate in the Congress of the United States.
Article 1
The executive powers of the President are defined in _____ _____. The executive branch of government enforces the laws of the land.
Article 2
Canals
Artificial waterways constructed by humans to connect two larger water bodies. Examples are the Panama and the Suez.
Symphony
As a work for an orchestra with multiple movements or multiple parts in one movement the symphony contained three movements of fast-slow-fast and was names for the Italian opera Sinfonia.
Vietnam War
As in Korea, U.S. involvement in the Vietnam conflict represented an effort to prevent the spread of communism. Despite the deaths of more than 58,000 U.S. soldiers, the war ended in the defeat of South Vietnam and the reunification of the country in 1975. The United States suffered a significant blow to its reputation as a world superpower, and the cost of the war damaged its economy.
Coral reefs
Are formed from millions of tiny, tube-shaped polyps, an animal life form encased in tough limestone skeletons. Once anchored to a rocky surface, polyps eat plankton and miniscule shellfish caught with poisonous tentacles near the mouth. Polyps use calcium carbonate absorbed from chemicals given off by algae to harden their body armor and cement themselves together in fantastic shapes of many colors. Polyps reproduce through eggs and larvae, but the reef grows by branching out shoots of polyps. There are 3 types of coral reefs: fringing reefs, barrier reefs, atolls
Eastern European immigrants
During the early twentieth century, the majority of Eastern European immigrants who entered the US left their homes to seek economic opportunities. There was poverty in Eastern Europe due to economic change so they sought better employment opportunities and living conditions in the US.
Monroe Doctrine
Conceived by President James Monroe in 1823, the foreign policy warned European powers to cease colonization of Central and South American or face military intervention by the U.S. In return, the U.S. would not meddle in the political affairs or standing colonies of Europe
1945
End of Second World War; when the first nuclear bomb is detonated, mankind develops the means to destroy itself.
Chemical energy.
Energy stored in bonds of atoms and molecules is described as chemical energy. Gasoline and coal contain stored chemical energy.
Every living thing needs energy that they produce or acquire in order to exist, grow, and reproduce. Some organisms (called autotrophic organisms) are capable of harnessing energy from sunlight and using it to produce glucose, the main source of energy for the organism. Others (called heterotrophic organisms) capture energy by eating plants or other animals.
Energy.
The Employment Act of 1946
Established the following entities to combat unemployment: the council of Economic Advisers (CEA) The Economic Report of the President Joint Economic Committee (JEC)
Eukaryotes.
Eukaryotes consist of all organisms with cells that have true nuclei and membrane-bound organelles. Four kingdoms—animals, plants, protists, and fungi—fit into this domain.
Exponentiation
Exponentiation is repeated multiplication. An exponent is often called a power. For example, the third power of 2 is 2³ = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8
Informational Text
Expository or informational texts enlighten readers by imparting factual information with verifiable knowledge, promoting critical thinking about that knowledge. Examples of informational texts include some picture and chapter books, content area textbooks, newspapers, journal articles, and photographic essays.
Plains
Extensive areas of low-lying, flat, or gently undulating land, and are usually lower than the landforms around them. Plains near the seacoast are called lowlands.
cognition
Developing competence within a subject area; a key component in formative assessments and is a model that is used to learn how students develop such competence
Metaphor
Direct comparison between two unlike things without the use of "like" or "as" (My soul is a dark forest)
Thermosphere
Divided into the lower ionosphere and higher exosphere, very thin and many ionized atoms with a net electrical charge
Prairie Climates (Steppe Regions)
Are found in the interiors of Asia and North America where there are dry flatlands (prairies that receive 10-20 inches of rain per year). These dry flatlands can be grasslands or deserts.
Exclusive Powers
Are powers reserved to the national government.
Relations
Are symbols that compare expressions. <,>, =
Constants
Are symbols that represent fixed values. In the expression 3x = 7, the constants are 3 and 7.
Variables
Are symbols that stand for changing values. Most often we use letters of the alphabet for variables.
Which of the following questions can be used to determine whether a number with four digits is divisible by 4?
Are the last two digits a number that is divisible by 4?
Poseidon/Neptune
God of the seas
Apollo
God of the sun, law, music, archery, healing, and truth
Hades/Pluto
God of the underworld and the dead
Areas/Mars
God of war
Dionysus/Bacchus
God of wine and vegetation
Athena/Minerva
Goddess of civilized life, handicrafts and agriculture
Demeter/Ceres
Goddess of grain
Aphrodite/Venus
Goddess of love and beauty
Hesita/Vesta
Goddess of the hearth or home
Artemis/Diana
Goddess of the moon, wild creatures, and hunting
Grouping symbols.
Grouping symbols are symbols such as parentheses ( ) and brackets [ ] that indicate the order in which we should interpret the operations and the relations in a mathematical expression.
Egypt
Had a series of governments after extending its territory beyond the Nile area. Compared to Mesopotamia, these were more stable and long-lived because they blended different peoples to create as ingle national identity.
Egypt
Had a series of governments after extending its territory beyond the Nile area. Compared to Mesopotamia, theses were more stable and long-lived because they blended different peoples to create a single national identity.
Mesopotamia
Had a series of short-term empires that failed because of their oppression of subject peoples
mesopotamia
Had a series of short-term empires that failed because of their oppression of subject peoples.
Waves
Have energy and can transfer energy when they interact with matter.
Joseph Smith
He founded the Latter Day Saints in 1827 and wrote the Book of Mormon
Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca
He got lost on foot in Texas and new Mexico.
Heat energy.
Heat energy is created by the random movement of molecules from a warm substance to a cool substance. Temperature, measured in degrees, is an indication of the average kinetic energy of the moving molecules—the speed at which they move. If the molecules in a substance move slowly, the substance has a low temperature. If the molecules move rapidly, the substance has a high temperature. Heat energy is transferred in three ways.
connections (connections strand)
Helping students link mathematical ideas to many different contextual problem (math process strand)
reasoning and proof
Helping students verify understanding (math process strand)
Heredity
Heredity is defined as the transmission of characteristics carried by the genetic code from one generation to the next. Characteristics may be physical, physiological, or psychological as long as they are carried by the genes. Heredity explains why offspring look like their parents and why dogs always give birth to puppies and never guppies or butterflies. Through heredity, living things inherit traits from their parents.
Effects of an economic downturn or recession
High unemployment rate, mortgage rates go up, credit becomes less available, stock market prices drop, and psychological depression.
Andrew Jackson
His election is considered the beginning of the modern political party system and the start of the Democratic Party. Jacksonian Democracy, a system that allowed universal white male suffrage. The Indian Removal Act, the issue of nullification,
Which entity in American government is the closest to true democracy?
House of Representatives
Demand
How much consumers are willing to pay for the product or the service.
Comedy
Humorous or satirical verbal literature depicting funny themes, situations, or characters that is written to be performed by actors in theater or on television, radio or film.
Most Abundant Elements
Hydrogen and Helium aside from dark energy and dark matter. Next is oxygen, neon, nitrogen, carbon, silicon, and magnesium.
Divisibility by 5.
If the last digit is a 5 or a 0, then the number is divisible by 5. For example, 1995 is divisible by 5 since its last digit is 5.
Divisibility by 2.
If the last digit is even, then the number is divisible by 2. For example, 158 is divisible by 2 since its last digit is 8.
Divisibility by 8.
If the last three digits form a number divisible by 8, then the number itself is also divisible by 8. For example, 1,120 is divisible by 8 since 120 is divisible by 8.
Divisibility by 4.
If the last two digits form a number divisible by 4, then the number is divisible by 4. For example, 316 is divisible by 4 since 16 is divisible by 4.
Divisibility by 10.
If the number ends in 0, then it is divisible by 10. For example, 670 is divisible by 10 since its last digit is 0.
Divisibility by 6.
If the number is divisible by both 3 and 2, then it is also divisible by 6. For example, 168 is divisible by 6 since it is divisible by 2, and it is divisible by 3.
Divisibility by 3.
If the sum of the digits is divisible by 3, then the number is also. For example, 177 is divisible by 3 since the sum of its digits is 15 (1 + 7 + 7 = 15), and 15 is divisible by 3.
Divisibility by 9.
If the sum of the digits is divisible by 9, then the number itself is also divisible by 9. For example, 369 is divisible by 9 since the sum of its digits is 18 (3 + 6 + 9 = 18), and 18 is divisible by 9.
Mixed Economy.
In mixed economies, both government and the marketplace answer the three basic economic questions. Individuals and firms enjoy varying degrees of economic freedom, but they are also subject to a range of government regulation. Common examples of mixed economies include the United States, Canada, Australia, Japan, Germany, the United Kingdom, and Italy.
Mutualism.
In mutualism, members of two different species benefit by associating together. For example, many plant species require an animal to visit its flowers for pollination. The animal benefits in this relationship by having a source of food (nectar or pollen), while the plant benefits by having its ovules fertilized.
Planets
In order of their distance from the sun (closest to furthest away): Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto
1509
Invention of the watch: essential to a modern economy and administration, this introduces the concept of regular timekeeping.
c.3500 BC
Invention of the wheel and plough in Mesopotamia (present-day Iraq); invention of the sail in Egypt: three fundamental inventions for trade, agriculture, and exploration.
Geography
Involves learning about the world's primary physical and cultural patterns to help understand how the world functions as an interconnected and dynamic system. It teaches the basic patterns of climate, geology, vegetation, human settlement,migration, and commerce.
Friction
Is a force that arises as a resistance to motion where two surfaces are in contact.
Fable
Is a tale in which animals, plants, and forces of nature act like humans. It teaches a moral lessons.
Tempo
Is a term that indicates the rate of speed for a beat of music or how fast a piece of music should be played. Music is marked to indicate if it should be played at an accelerated pace or a slower pace.
Prose
Language as it is ordinarily spoken as opposed to verse or language with metric patterns
Longitude vs Latitude
Longitude - E/W Latitude - N/S
14th Amendment
Made all person born or naturalized in the country US citizens, and forbade any state to interfere with their fundamental civil rights
15th Amendment
Made it illegal to deny individuals the right to vote on the grounds of race
Collage
Made of separate pieces of various materials and other objects glued to a surface.
1215
Magna Carta signed by King John at Runnymede: this is the origin of the modern concept of constitutional rule.
_____, called lodestone for many years, is a naturally occurring iron ore that has this ability.
Magnetite
Rome
Was an Italian city-state that grew into an empire extending from the British Isles across Europe to the Middle East. It lasted from 1,000 years and became the foundation of the Western world's culture, language, and laws
Hydrogen bonds
Weaker than covalent and ionic bonds, and refer to the type of attraction in an electronegative atom such as oxygen, fluorine, or nitrogen. They can form within a single molecule or between molecules. These bonds tend to be numerous, but short-lived.
Fr. Jacques Marquette & Louis Joliet
Were the first Europeans to travel down the Mississippi in 1673
All economic systems answer three basic economic questions:
What will we produce with our resources? How will we produce these goods? For whom will we produce these goods?
3 most important grains in the world and where they grow
Wheat-Grown on very continent except Antarctica Rice-More than 95% is grown in Asia. It is also grown on every other continent except Antarctica. Corn-Production is the highest in the U.S. 80% is consumed by livestock or used to make oil.
Modeling
When a sculptor uses clay or way to build up a form. Also, using color and light to create the illusion of a three dimensional plane in drawing and painting.
Associative property.
When adding three or more numbers, the sum is the same regardless of the way in which the numbers are grouped. 2 + (3 + 5) = (2 + 3) + 5
Associative Property (+)
When adding three or more numbers, the sum is the same regardless of the way in which the numbers are grouped. 2+(3+5)=(2+3)+5
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
With Lucretia Mott, she held the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848, demanding women's suffrage and other reforms
covalent bond
a bond formed when atoms share electrons
which is likely to have the coolest climate?
a city located 6,000 feet above sea level
hydrogen bond
a weak bond between a hydrogen atom of one molecule and an electronegative atom of another molecule
Chlorophyll, which is contained within a cell organelle called the ______, captures the light from the Sun;
chloroplast
What is the primary role of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the cycling of nitrogen through the environment?
converting atmospheric nitrogen into a form usable by plants
The most commonly-seen type of lens is the _____ _____. A convex lens is a converging lens; it focuses the light passing through it to a point. A convex lens is used to bend light in a magnifying glass so objects appear larger than they really are. A concave lens spreads out light rays that have been refracted through it.
convex lens
A fundamental concept of mathematics is that the set of real numbers is in one-to-one correspondence with the set of points on a line. That is, each real number corresponds to exactly one point on a line, and each point on a line corresponds to exactly one real number, called the _____ of the point
coordinate
A teacher could best promote students' ability to identify the structure of an informational or expository text by teaching them how to:
create a graphic organizer of the text as they read.
Mediterranean Climate
dry summers with hot temperatures and moist winters with mild temperatures
A geographer would most likely use the concept of interdependence to analyze which two subjects?
economic relations between Mexico and Canada
Doppler effect
effect hte relative motion of the source of the wave and the location of observer has on waves -easily observable in sound waves
Incomplete metamorphosis has only three life cycle stages: ____ ____ ____
egg, nymph, and adult.
Visible light, or the light energy we see, is only one small portion of a family of waves called _____ _____ _____. If you listen to the radio, watch television, have your teeth x-rayed, talk on a cell phone, or use a microwave oven, you are making use of different types of electromagnetic radiation. Electromagnetic waves are generated by accelerating electric charges. For example, if an electric charge oscillates back and forth, it will radiate energy in the form of an electromagnetic wave. The quickness, or frequency at which charges oscillate, determines the type of electromagnetic radiation produced.
electromagnetic (EM) radiation
The entire range of electromagnetic waves is referred to as the _____ _____
electromagnetic spectrum
Jim Crow Law
enacted in the southern states beginning in 1800s, was to legalize segregation and disfranchisement of African Americans
A teacher could most effectively use repeated reading of a grade-level text to promote students' reading fluency by:
encouraging students to read the text faster and more accurately with each reading.
sound energy
energy in sound waves
kinetic energy
energy of an object in motion atoms colliding and moving KE=1/2mv2
heat
energy of moving molecules
thermal contact
energy transferred to a body by means other than work -can exchange energy through heat
2nd law of thermodynamics
entropy of an isolated system can only increase -heat is not transferred from a lower temp system to a higher temp one
electrical energy
form of potential energy -energy it takes to pull apart positive and negative electrical charges
gravitational energy
form of potential energy -objects perched any distance from the ground it
salts
formed from acid base reactions, ionic compounds consisting of metallic and nonmetallic ions, dissociate in water, and comprised of tightly bonded ions
endocytic vesicles
formed when the plasma membrane surrounds a particle outside of the cell
Ehri's model of the growth of word recognition
four stages of reading growth; First, children recognize words through their visual features. Then they begin to differentiate different letter sounds, the phonemic awareness stage or phonemic cue reading (or partial alphabetic coding.) They proceed to full alphabetic coding in which the child examines each letter in a word. Finally, the letter-by-letter decoding becomes consolidated word recognition in which the reader chunks sounds or recognizes words automatically.
kinetic friction
friction that occurs when there is relative motion btw the surfaces
A _____ f is a set of ordered pairs that pairs each element x of one set, called the domain (input) of the function, with a unique element f(x) of another set, called the range (output) of the function.
function
kinetic theory of gases
gas molecules are small compared to the distances btw them and they are in constant random motion -higher temp=greater motion
Which of the following features typically included in a social studies textbook would be most effective for a student to use to better understand content-area vocabulary?
glossary
Hephasestus/Vulcan
god of fire, blacksmith
The primary functions of _____ are to maintain order, settle conflicts, and protect the community.
govt
consonant blend
groups of 2 or 3 consonants that make a distinct sound (bl, spl)
consonant digraph
groups of 2 or 3 consonants that make up a single sound (ph, th, ch)
visible light
interacts w matter thru molecular electron excitation (occurs in the human retina) and thru plasma oscillations (occur in metals) -btw ultraviolet and infrared light -380-760 nanometers (nm)
flowers
productive organs of a plant
Several third-grade students lack automatic word recognition of grade-level sight words. Which of the following strategies would be most effective in addressing the students' needs?
providing the students with explicit instruction in the spelling of the target words and frequent opportunities to use the words in writing activities.
3rd law of thermodynamics
temp approaches absolute zero, entropy approaches a constant minimum -a system cannot be cooled to absolute zero
where can a filibuster take place?
the Senate ONLY
Heat
transfer of energy from a body or system as a result of thermal contact -random motion and the vibration of atoms, molecules, and ions -higher the temp is, greater atomic or molecular motion
partitive division
type of division; refers to dividing a whole into several equal parts; arises from the notion of sharing, or distributing equally into a specified number of parts
measurement division
type of division; the students know how many are in each set but not how many sets there are; This problem asks the students to analyze the given information and the information they might already know
critical question
type of question; asks the student to form a value judgment or analyze the passage
electromagnetic waves
waves that transmit energy through a vaccum
mechanical waves
waves that transmit energy through matter
Van der Waals force
weak force between molecules
force
when one object exerts a force on another, a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction is exerted on the first object
Early letter-name spelling
when the children represent only one or two sounds in a word, usually the first or last sounds
Which of the following equations represents a linear function?
y=3x+3
Which of the following sets of ordered pairs describes a function?
{(-2,6), (1,3), (2,6) (4,18)}
Political science, civics, and government
Teach how to see another person's point of view, accept responsibility, and deal with conflict. They also provide students with an understanding of democratic norms and values, such as justice and equality. students learn how to apply these norms and values in their community, school, and family
Economics
Teaches concepts such as work, exchange (buying, selling, and other trade transactions), production of goods and services, the origins of materials and products, and consumption
Geography
Teaches students how to use maps, globes, and locational and directional terms. It also provides them with an understanding of spatial environments, landforms, climate, world trade and transportation, ecological systems, and world cultures.
1337-1453:
The Hundred Years' War was a series of separate wars between two royal houses for the French throne, which was vacant with the extinction of the senior Capetian line of French kings. When Edward III of England, whose mother had been a French princess, claimed the French crown in 1337, war broke out between the rival powers.
Mayflower Compact
The Mayflower Compact was the first governing document of Plymouth Colony. It was written by the Separatists, also known as the "Saints", fleeing from religious persecution by King James of Great Britain. They traveled aboard the Mayflower in 1620 along with adventurers, tradesmen, and servants, most of whom were referred to as "Strangers".
The Suez Canal, which separates the African continent from Asia, provides a link between the Red Sea and:
The Mediterranean Sea
1800-1815:
The Napoleonic Wars were a series of conflicts fought between France under the leadership of Napoleon Bonaparte and a number of European nations. They arose from the French Revolutionary Wars and engaged nearly all European nations in a bloody struggle that spilled into Egypt, North America, and South America.
Precipitate Watergate affair of 1972
The Nixon White House staff authorized a burglary at the Democratic National Headquarters
Which incident precipitated the Watergate affair in 1972?
The Nixon White House staff authorized a burglary at the Democratic National Headquarters.
1066:
The Norman conquest of England began with the invasion of the Kingdom of England by the troops of William, Duke of Normandy, and his victory at the Battle of Hastings. This resulted in Norman control of England.
1756-1763:
The Seven Years' War was a major military conflict that involved all of the major European powers of the period. The war arose out of the attempt of the Austrian Habsburgs to win back the rich province of Silesia, which had been wrested from them by Frederick II the Great of Prussia. But the Seven Years' War also involved overseas colonial struggles between Great Britain and France in the New World and Far East.
1618-1648:
The Thirty Years' War was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. It resulted from power struggles between the Kings of France and Habsburg rulers of the Holy Roman Empire and Spain. War was fueled by conflicts between Calvinism and Catholicism.
Supply
The amount of a product or service available to consumers
Northern Hemisphere
The area above, or north, of the equator.
Southern Hemisphere
The area below, or south, of the equator.
Western Hemisphere
The area between the North and South Poles. It extends west from the Prime Meridian to the International Date Line.
Cartography
The art and science of mapmaking
Cartography
The art and science of mapmaking.
Woodcutting
The art of carving an image on a wood block then using ink or paint to print the design.
Engraving
The art of carving, cutting or etching a design on a wood or metal surface then adding ink so the design can be printed.
Etching
The art of cutting into a metal or glass surface then bathing the surface in acid, adding ink to the plate, and printing the design.
Technology.
This area considers how the development and use of tools affect the ability of people to control and adapt to their natural environment. Major technological developments include the printing press (1454), light bulb (1848), telephone (1876), television (1925), microchip (1958), laser (1960), fibre optics (1966), Internet (1969), and personal computer (1977). Despite their benefits, many technological innovations have produced unwanted pollution, depleted natural resources, and caused other negative consequences.
Income taxes on individuals
This is a complex system because of demands for various exemptions and rates. Further, the schedule of rates can be lowered or raised according to economic conditions in order to stimulate or restrain economic activity. For example, a tax cut can provide an economic stimulus, while a ta increase can slow down the rate of inflation. Personal income tax generates about five times as much as corporate taxes. Rates are based on an individual's income, and range from 10 to 35 %
Azimuthal
This is a stereographic projection onto a plane so centered at any given point that a straight line radiating from the center to any other point represents the shortest distance. This distance can be measured to scale.
Verb
This is a word or phrase in a sentence that expresses action (Mary played) or a state of being (Mary is)
Adverb
This is a word that modifies a verb (INSTANTLY reviewed) and adjective (RELATIVELY odd), or another adverb (RATHER suspiciously)
Adjective
This is a word that modifies or describes a noun or a pronoun. (GREEN apple, EVERY computer)
Parallels
This is another name for lines of latitude because they circle the earth in parallel lines that never meet.
Meridians
This is another name for lines of longitude. The Prime Meridian is located at 0 degrees longitude, and is the starting point for measuring distance (both east and west) around the globe. Meridians circle the earth and connect at the Poles.
Cylindrical
This is any projection in which meridians are mapped using equally spaced vertical lines and circles of latitude (parallels) are mapped using horizontal lines. A Mercator's projection is a modified cylindrical projection that is helpful to navigators because it allows them to maintain a constant compass direction between two points. However, it exaggerates areas in high latitudes.
War of 1812
This is sometimes called the second American war of independence. During the Napoleonic Wars, Great Britain sought to restrict French trade. The Americans had been supplying many needed goods to France, so the British blocked all trade between the French and the United States. Only vessels that had first passed through a British port were allowed to sail unimpeded to the United States. Also, the British government in Canada was actively supporting Native American uprisings in the continental U.S. and her western territories. The resulting conflict between Great Britain and the United States ended in a draw; there were no territorial concessions made by either side. Relations between the United States and Britain would remain peaceful throughout the 19th century.
Troposphere
This is the layer closest to the earth where all weather takes place. Contains rising and falling packets of air.
Equator
This is the line at 0 degrees latitude that divides the earth into two equal halves called hemisphere
Tropic of Cancer
This is the parallel, or latitude, 23 1/2 degrees north of the equator.
Tropic of Capricorn
This is the parallel, or latitude, 23 1/2 degrees south of the equator. The region between these two parallels is the tropics. The subtropics is the area located between 23 1/2 degrees and 40 degrees north and south of the equator.
Arctic Circle
This is the parallel, or latitude, 66 1/2 degrees north of the equator.
Antarctic Circle
This is the parallel, or latitude, 66 1/2 degrees south of the equator.
Noun
This is word that names a person, place, thing, idea, or quality. It can be used as a subject, object, complement, appositive, or modifier.
National Level of Government
This level can coin money, regulate interstate, and foreign trade, raise and maintain armed forces, declare war, govern U.S. territories and admit new states, and conduct foreign relations.
Concurrent Level of Government
This level can levy and collect taxes, borrow money, establish courts, define crimes and set punishments, and claim private property for public use.
State Level of Government
This level can regulate trade and business within the state, establish public schools, pass license requirements for professionals, regulate alcoholic beverages, conduct elections, and establish local governments
Meter
This rhythmic patterning of strong, or accented, beats followed by weaker beats creates the meter of music.
Conical Map projection
This type of projection superimposes a cone over the sphere of the earth, with two reference parallels secant to the glove and intersecting it. There is no distortion along the standard parallels, but distortion increases further from the chosen parallels. A bonne projection is an example of a conical projection, in which the areas are accurately represented but the meridians are not on a true scale
Nonrenewable Resources
Those that cannot be replenished. These include fossil fuels such as oil and coal and metal ores. These cannot be replaced or reused once they have been burned, although some of their products can be recycles
Mechanical Waves
Those that transmit energy through matter
Carving
To cut hard material such as stone, wood or marble to create a form.
Divisibility Tests
To find the prime factorization of a number, it is helpful to know a few tests for divisibility.
Political Map
Uses lines for state, county, and country boundaries; points or dots for cities and towns; and various other symbols for features such as airports and roads.
Line
A continuous path made by moving pen, pencil or brush that makes a real or imaginary mark in relation to a point of reference.
Characteristics of Market Economy
-Economic freedom -Economic incentives -Competition -Private ownership -Limited government
Missouri Compromise
"Compromise of 1820" over the issue of slavery in Missouri. It was decided Missouri entered as a slave state and Maine entered as a free state and all states North of the 36th parallel were free states and all South were slave states.
Democratic System
"for the rule of people" People elect representatives. Indirect vs Direct and Parliamentary vs Presidential system. The US is a Presidential indirect democracy
Grouping Symbols
() or brackets
We define the zero power of any nonzero number to be 1. For example,
(-3)0 = 1
World War I
(1914 - 1918) European war in which an alliance including Great Britain, France, Russia, Italy, and the United States defeated the alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey, and Bulgaria.
10 to the 1 power
10
Cambrian Period
542-488 Ma
Proterozoic Period
2.5 billion to 542 Ma
Archaean Period
3.8-2.5 billion years ago
Paleogene Period
65-28 Ma
Angiosperms
Plants that have flowers
Fluency
The goal of literacy instruction. The ability to read accurately and quickly.
federal government
can raise armed forces
A _____ lens is used to correct short-sightedness.
concave
periods
rows in the periodic table
Register, or _____ _____, is the level of formality used when speaking or writing formal language, familiar language, or slang.
social variation
atmosphere
the mass of air surrounding the Earth
who negotiates treaties?
the president
compounds
when two or more different types of atoms bind together chemically
The plants discussed in this section are vascular plants; they have a system of tubes (_____ _____ _____) that are used to transport nutrients and water.
xylem and phloem
Casting
A sculptor pours plaster or molten metal into a mold and lets the substance harden into the desired form.
Command Economy
An economic system in which the government controls a country's economy.
Electrons
Atomic particles that are negatively charged and orbit the nucleus of an atom.
To multiply like bases with exponents, add the exponents. For example,
2 (to the 3rd) x 2 (to the 5th) = 2 (to the eighth)
Every whole number has a unique opposite or negative whose sum with it is 0. For example,
2 + (-2) = 0
Quaternary Period
2 Ma to present
hydrogen (H) and helium (He)
2 most abundant elements in universe
Eastern Hemisphere
The hemisphere east of the Prime Meridian.
0th law of thermodynamics
2 objects in thermodynamic equilibrium with a 3rd object are also in equilibrium w each other -dif objects are at same temp
Every nonzero integer has a unique reciprocal whose product with it is one. For example,
2 × 1/2 = 1
To exponentiate a power, multiply the exponents. For example,
(2 to the 3rd) to the 5th = 2 to the 15th
the Bronze Age
(5500 to 3200 years ago);
It is worthwhile to memorize the first several prime numbers.
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, ...
Identifying Place Value in Numbers 2045
2045 = (2 x 10 to the 3 power) + (0 x 10 to the 2 power) + (4 x 10 to the 1 power) + 5 x 10 to the 0 power)
Reasons for American Revolution
- England was controlling - 7 years war - Feared that the Anglican Church might try to expand in colonies and inhibit religious freedom - Heavy tax on sugar and stamp - Colonies had no official representation in English Parliament - Fears that Britain would block westward expansion and independent enterprise - Local gov't through elections by property holders was already functioning
the Louisiana Purchase
- Jefferson sent delegation to Paris to purchase ONLY New Orleans - Napolean offered to sell the US all of Louisiana territory (anticipation of intrusion) - delegation accepted offer
Major Event of the 1960s
- The Cuban Missile Crisis(1961) -Assassinations of President Kennedy (1963), Senator Robert Kennedy (1868), and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr (1968) - Civil Rights Movement (1964-1968) -Vietnam War(1964-1973)
what was the gilded age?
- era of robber barons in the business world - name is from excess of wealth in upper class - Carnegie called "Gospel of Wealth"
Duties of citizens
- obey laws - pay taxes - serve in the armed forces if called - serve on a jury or as a witness in court, when summoned
Operators
-, X, +
Results of Recessions
-High Unemployment -Mortgage Rates increase -Credit is less available -Stock Market prices drop -Psychological depression and trauma may occur
atom
-one of the most basic units of matter, central nucleus surrounded by electrons -consist of electrons and a nucleus containing at least 1 proton and 1 neutron -extremely small
valence layer
-outermost layer around the nucleus and can absorb or release energy -have or share 8 electrons
magnetic field
-set of invisible lines representing the paths of attraction and repulsion -also be formed by electric current flowing through a wire -also by motions of subatomic particles (nuclei and electrons) -strength=magnetic momentium
The Fibonacci Sequence. The Fibonacci sequence is the sequence
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34 ... beginning with 0 and 1 so that each term beginning with the third term is the sum of the two preceding terms.
Which of the following numbers is closest in value to 2.5 x 10^-2? 0.021 or 2.3 or 2/10 or 22/100
0.021
10 to the 0 power
1
10 to the -2 power
1 / 10 to the 2 power or 1 / 100
16 onces
1 lb
to be president of the US...(3 things)
1) be a natural citizen 2) be at least 35 years old 3) have lived in the US for 14 years
Philosophers that influenced Politics
1. Aristotle 2. Plato 3. Thomas Aquinas 4. Niccolo' Machiavelli
Events that contributed to American Revolution
1. Boston Massacre 2. The Boston Tea Party 3. The Shot Heard Round the World
The ratio or fraction of one integer to a nonzero integer is the product of the first integer with the reciprocal of the second. For example, the ratio of 2 to 3 is
2/3 = 2 × 1/3
Converting a fraction to a percentage. Convert the fraction to a decimal and then convert the decimal to a percentage. For example, 2/5
2/5 = .4 = 40%
Order of Operations
1. Evaluate expressions inside Parentheses. 2. Perform Exponentatiation from left to right. 3. Perform Multiplication and Division from left to right. 4. Perform Addition and Subtraction working from left to right. "PLEASE EXUSE MY DEAR AUNT SALLY"
which of the following expressions can be used to determine the number of centimeters in 20 kilometers
20(1,000)(100)
Jurassic Period
200-150 Ma
Bill of Rights; Amendments
1. Guarantees the freedom to peacefully assemble and petition. 2. Protects our right to possess firearms. 3. The government can't require citizens to house soldiers during peace time. 4. Protects people against unreasonable search and seizure. 5. Guarantees our right to life, liberty property, and the due process of law. 6. Guarantees the right to a trial by jury in most criminal cases. 7. Guarantees the the right to a trial by jury in civil cases. 8. Protects people against cruel and unusual punishment. 9. Declares that powers not given to the Constitution belong to the people. 10. Protects people against unreasonable search and seizure.
Four types of Federal Taxes
1. Income taxes on individuals 2. Income taxes on corporations 3. Excise taxes 4. Customs duties
Six Principles of the Constitution
1. Popular Sovereignty (Establish a government) 2. Limited Government (Put limits on it) 3. Separation of Powers ( 3 different branches) 4. Checks and Balances ( Keeps equal authority of each branch) 5. Judicial Review (Judges) 6. Federalism (Central vs Local Government)
Historically Important Supreme Court Cases
1. Marbury v. Madison(1803) -This ruling established judicial review as a power of the Supreme Court. 2. Dred Scott v. Sandford(1857) -This decision upheld property rights over human rights in the case of a slave who had been transported to a free state by his master, but was still considered a slave. 3. Brownv. Board of Education(1954) -The Court ruled that segregation was a violation of the Equal Protection Clause and that the "separate but equal"practice in education was unconstitutional. This decision overturned the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson ruling that permitted segregation if facilities were equal. 4. Miranda v. Arizona(1966) -This ruling made the reading of Miranda rights to those arrested for crimes the law. It ensured that confessions could not be illegally obtained and that citizen rights to fair trials and protection under the law would be upheld.
Groups that contributed to American Revolution
1. Sons of Liberty 2. Committees of Correspondence 3. First Continental Congress
4 basic forces of Newton's Laws
1. gravity 2. nuclear weak forces 3. electromagnitic force 4. nuclear strong force
not every rational number is an integer. For example, 1/2 is a rational number that is not an integer.
1/2 = 0.5
The sides of a six-sided cube are painted with the colors shown in the table below. Select the expression that can be used to determine the probability that if the cube is rolled twice, it comes up first green and then yellow. SIDE 1- BLUE SIDE 2- GREEN SIDE 3- RED SIDE 4-RED SIDE 5- YELLOW SIDE 6-YELLOW
1/6 x 2/6
10 to the 2 power x 10 to the 3 power
10 to the 5 power
In total, _____ elements have been observed as of March 2010, and new elements continue to be discovered. Of these, _____ occur naturally; the others are produced in laboratories.
118, 95
The Sequence of Squares. The sequence of squares of natural numbers is an important sequence.
12, 22, 32, 42, 52, 62, 72, 82, 92, 102, 112,... or 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100, 121 ...
Cretaceous Period
150-65 Ma
Juan Ponce de Leon
1513. He became the first European in Florida. Established the oldest European settlement in Puerto Rico, discovered the Gulf Stream; and searched for the fountain of youth
Marbury v. Madison
1803. This ruling established judicial review as a power of the Supreme Court
Louisiana Purchase
1803; purchase($15 million) of the Louisiana territory from France. Made by Jefferson, this doubled the size of the US.
Dred Scott v. Sandford
1857. This decision upheld property rights over human rights in the case of a slave who had been transported to a free state by his master, but was still considered a slave.
With the election of Abraham Lincoln in _____, seven southern states seceded from the Union.
1860
Clayton Antitrust Act
1914 act designed to strengthen the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890; certain activities previously committed by big businesses, such as not allowing unions in factories and not allowing strikes, were declared illegal.
Brown v. Board of Education
1954. the court rules that segregation was a violation of the Equal Protection Clause and that the "separate but equal" practice in education was unconstitutional. This decision overturned the 1896 Plessy v. Ferguson ruling that permitted segregation if facilities were equal.
Converting a percentage to a fraction. Convert the percentage to fraction with a denominator of 100. For example, 65%
65/100
One degree of latitude covers about _____ miles (111 kilometers).
69
Neolithic—
7000 to about 5500);
Earths Atmosphere
79% nitrogen, 20% oxygen, and 1% other gases
1492
: Italian mariner Christopher Columbus reached the Bahamas on October 12. Later, he visited Cuba and Hispaniola.
1487
: Portuguese explorer Bartholomeu Diaz rounded the Cape of Good Hope.
1519
: Spanish conquistador Herman Cortes crushed the Aztec Empire and its capital, Tenochtitlán.
and an area, A, given by
A = πr²
Literature
A body of creative writing that helps define a language, period or culture.
Motion
A change in the location of an object, and is the result of an unbalanced net force acting on the object
Rivers
A channeled flow of water that start out as a spring or stream formed by runoff from rain or snow. They flow from higher to lower ground, and usually empty into a sea or ocean. Great rivers of the world include the Amazon, Nile, Rhine, Mississippi, Ganges, Mekong, and Yangtze
Mixture
A combination of two or more substances that are not bonded
Fairy tale
A fictional story involving humans, magical events, and usually animals. Characters such as fairies, elves, giants, and talking animals are taken from folklore. The plot often involves impossible events and an enchantment.
Lever.
A lever has three parts: a fulcrum, an effort arm, and a resistance arm. There are three types, or classes, of levers. In all first class levers, the Fulcrum is between the Effort and Resistance (ex., seesaw). In all second class levers, the Resistance is between Fulcrum and the Effort (ex., wheelbarrow). In all third class levers the Effort is between the Resistance and Fulcrum (ex., baseball bat and tweezers).
Emulsion
A liquid or a solid that has a liquid dispersed through it.
Foam
A liquid that has gas dispersed through it
Valleys
A long depression located between hills or mountains. They are usually products of river erosion. Valleys can vary in terms of width and depth, ranging from a few feet to thousands of feet.
Foothills
A low series of hills found between a plain and a mountain range.
Direct Primary System
A means for members of a political party to participate in the selection of a candidate from their party to compete against the other party's candidate in a general election.
Scarcity
A measure of supply in that demand is high when there is a low supply of an item.
Amplitude.
A measure of the distance between a wave's crest and trough
Manifest Destiny
A notion held by a nineteenth-century Americans that the United States was destined to rule the continent, from the Atlantic the Pacific.
Open Primary
A party nominating election in which an qualified voter can take part.
Closed Primary
A party nominating election in which only declared party members can vote.
Middle Ages (Medieval Times)
A period that ran from approximately 500-1500 AD. During this time, the centers of European civilization moved from the Mediterranean countries to France, Germany, and England, where strong national governments were developing.
As part of a unit on media literacy, a third-grade teacher plans an activity in which students will compare three photographs of an incident taken by different photographers and published in different newspapers. This activity would be most effective for teaching students which of the following concepts?
A photographer makes choices when composing an image that can convey a particular point of view.
Painting
A picture or design created in oil or water based paint.
Inca Civilization
A pre-Columbian civilization in the Andes Mountains. The Inca excelled at engineering, and developed new food crops like potatoes.
Pulley.
A pulley is a chain, belt or rope wrapped around a wheel. The mechanical advantage of a pulley system is approximately equal to the amount of supporting ropes or strands. A rig on a flagpole or a sailing mast are examples of pulleys.
Meter
A recurring pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in language creates a rhythm when spoken. When a pattern is regular, it is called meter. When meter is used in composition, it is called verse.
Space
A three-dimensional empty area with a specific outline that is reserved for a particular purpose.
The Great Depression
A time of utter economic disaster; started in the United States in 1929. The Stock Market Crash of October 1929 started the downhill spiral of our economy.
Topographic Map
A type of physical map that shows the relief and configuration of a landscape, such as hills, valleys, fields, forest, roads, and settlements. It includes natural and human-made features.
Gravitational force
A universal force that causes every object to exert a force on every other object.
Diagrams
A variety of diagrams can be used to represent numbers. Area models work well for describing multiplication of integers. The process of division can also be modeled using diagrams. Fractions can be represented by using circles or squares, divided into equally sized regions.
War of 1812
A war (1812-1814) between the United States and England which was trying to interfere with American trade with France.
War of 1812
A war between France and Britain caused blockades that hurt American trade and caused the British to attack American ships and impress sailors on them. The embargo against France and Britain was imposed by Jefferson, but rescinded by Madison with renewed demand for respect for American sovereignty. However, Britain became more aggressive and war resulted. A benefit of the was was that it motivated Americans to become more self-sufficient due to increased manufacturing and fewer imports.
Wedge.
A wedge is an inclined plane which moves. Most wedges (but not all) are combinations of two inclined planes. A knife, axe, razor blade, and teeth are all good examples of wedges. Generally, it can be anything that splits, cuts, or divides another object including air and water.
Composite Number
A whole number greater than 1 that has more than two different factors. In other words, any number that is not a prime number. For example: The composite number 8 has the factors of 1, 2, 4, 8, and so on.
Why would the author want to share with the reader both sides to an issue? A.) this is done to show the reader that the author has thought about both sides of the issue. Here the author will be able to shut down any counter argument that the reader may have about the issue B.) Because they want to show the reader different causes of an issue, so that the reader can create a solution. C.) Because they want to make one side look bad with false information. D.) Because it is important to show both sides to an issue. The writer does not care which side they choose, as long as they choose one.
A.) this is done to show the reader that the author has thought about both sides of the issue. Here the author will be able to shut down any counter argument that the reader may have about the issue
What did the people of Spain and Portugal hope to gain by exploring new lands? A.) All of the answers are correct B.) Monarchs desired wealth C.) Explorers coveted fame D.) Christian missionaries wished to convert "savages"
A.) All of the answers are correct
Which transition would signal to your readers that an opposing viewpoint is about to be explored. A.) In contrast B.) In summary C.) In particular D.) Meanwhile
A.) In contrast
A young child says, "I drawed you a picture!" The error in this sentence best illustrates which process of language development? A.) overgeneralization of morphological rules B.) incorrect use of pronoun reference C.) overextension of the meaning of nouns D.) confusion of past and future tenses
A.) overgeneralization of morphological rules
Frederick Douglass
An escaped slave who became an abolitionist leader, government official, and writer.
Incomplete Metamorphosis
About 12 percent of all insects go through incomplete metamorphosis. These include stinkbugs, earwigs, crickets, grasshoppers, cockroaches, ants, praying mantis, and dragonflies. Incomplete metamorphosis has only three life cycle stages: egg, nymph, and adult. The nymph looks similar to, but is a smaller version of, the adult. The nymph is also wingless. As nymphs grow, they shed their hard exoskeletons, a process called molting. There is no pupal stage during incomplete metamorphosis.
Deltas
Accumulations of silt deposited at river mouths into the seabed. They are eventually converted into very fertile, stable ground by vegetation, becoming important crop-growing areas. Examples include the deltas of the Nile, Ganges, and Mississippi River
Identity property.
Adding zero to a number does not change it. 2 + 0 = 2
Identity Property (+)
Adding zero to a number does not change it. 2+0=2
Stratosphere
Air flow is mainly horizontal, the upper portion has a thin layer of concentrated ozone that is largely responsible for absorbing the suns ultraviolet rays
Homeostasis.
All living organisms exhibit homeostasis, or the ability to maintain a state of internal balance. For example, if the environmental temperature increases, the human body begins to perspire, and the cooling effect of evaporation decreases the surface temperature of the skin. Likewise, a disruption in any system will set off a diverse set of control mechanisms that return the organism to a state of internal balance.
What was a significant consequence of World War I?
Allied leaders redrew the political boundaries of Eastern Europe.
Blanket Primary
Allowed voters to vote in the primaries of both parties, was used at various times by three states.
stages of decoding (Ehri)
Alphabetic, blending of letters into sounds and phonograms and analogies
1776
American Declaration of Independence determines the political evolution of the New World and the rise of American power.
Newton's Second Law.
Any change in motion involves acceleration, or how much the velocity of an object changes in a certain time. This is where Newton's Second Law applies; it gives us the relationship between force, mass, and acceleration. Using Newton's Second Law, force is expressed by the mathematical equation, F=ma or Force=Mass × Acceleration. The greater the mass of the object being accelerated, the greater the amount of force needed to accelerate the object.
Archaea.
Archaea are microorganisms similar to bacteria in form but genetically so vastly different from everything else on the planet that they deserve their own unique branch on the tree of life. Archaea are often found in extreme environments including acidic conditions, boiling hot springs, deep ocean vents, or polar ice.
Salts
Are formed from acid base reactions, are ionic compounds consisting of metallic and nonmetallic ions, dissociate in water, and are comprised of tightly bonded ions.
Reserved Powers
Are not granted to the national government, but not denied to the states.
Has the popular vote and the Electoral College always chosen the same candidate for the Presidency in every United States election? A.) Yes, the popular vote is the same as the Electoral College vote and always results in the same candidate being chosen. B.) No, the popular vote and that of the Electoral College typically result in the same candidate winning the election, but not always. C.) No, the candidate that wins in the popular vote and the candidate that wins the Electoral College are rarely the same. D.) Unknown - the system has not been practiced since the United States established itself as its own nation.
B.) No, the popular vote and that of the Electoral College typically result in the same candidate winning the election, but not always.
Which topic below should be organised using the sequence of events structure? A.) Current Fashion Trends in New York B.) The evolution of the Civil Rights Movement C.) The Harmful Effects of Smoking D.) The most popular social media site E.) Potential Solutions to the Obesity Epidemic
B.) The evolution of the Civil Rights Movement
A student has a bag containing 96 hard candies and wants to give an equal number of them to each of 6 friends. Which of the following mathematical operations would be most useful for the student to use when determining how many candies each friend should receive? A.) addition B.) division C.) subtraction D.) multiplication
B.) division
A first-grade teacher puts the rime -all in magnetic letters on a board and gives a student three onsets for that rime. The teacher asks the student to place one onset in front of the rime and read the word aloud. This activity would be most effective for promoting the student's: A.) letter-name recognition skills. B.) phonics blending skills. C.) morphological skills. D.) sight-word identification skills.
B.) phonics blending skills
Nonfiction
Based on facts, the material is true. (historical material, scientific reports, memoirs, biographies)
refraction
Bending of light
c.5 BC
Birth of Jesus Christ, founder of the many branches of Christianity. The exact date is disputed.
Lakes
Bodies of water in a depression on the earth's surface. Examples are the Great Lakes and Lake Victoria.
Participants in WWI
Britain, France, Russia, Greece, Italy, Romania, and Serbia against Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey. US joined in 1917 and Russia withdrew
A circle with radius r has circumference, C, given by
C = 2πr
If a map had 2 cities on it that were one inch apart from each other on the map but in reality were separated by 50,000 inches of straight road, what would the scale ratio look like? A.) 50,000:1 B.) none of these answers are correct C.) 1:50,000 D.) there is not enough information given E.) 25,000:10
C.) 1:50,000
Electromagnetic Waves
Can transmit energy through a vacuum
Genes
Chromosomes are microscopic, threadlike structures that contain the genes that carry hereditary information from one generation to the next. Each chromosome contains many genes. Different organisms may have different numbers of chromosomes. In sexually reproducing organisms, chromosomes occur in pairs—one chromosome of each pair comes from the mother and one from the father. Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes. One pair, consisting of two X chromosomes (XX) in females or an X and a Y chromosome (XY) in males determines the gender of the offspring. The other 22 pairs are called somatic chromosomes because their genes produce proteins for building the body rather than determining gender. In eukaryote organisms, chromosomes, and their genes are found in the nucleus, which is surrounded by its own membrane. In bacteria, no nucleus is present and the chromosomes are found in the cytoplasm of the cell.
Estuaries
Coastline regions where the fresh water from rivers mixes with the salt water of the ocean. This mix is attractive to numerous types of marine life (and birds). It is especially suitable for laying eggs because the water is quite still and its brackishness hides newborn fish
The original 13 colonies
Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, new Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, and Virginia.
Indian Empire
Cohesive culture, subcontinent was seldom unified in terms of government until the British empire controlled the area in the 19th and 20th century. In terms of culture, India has had persistent institutions and religions that have loosely united the people, such as the caste system and guilds.
Mesosphere
Coldest layer
1989-90
Collapse of Communist regimes in Europe: marks the end of the long communist experiment; Asian communism is also transformed.
3 Ways that mountains form
Collision of continental plates causes the crust to buckle and fold. Collision of the plates causes a denser oceanic plate to go under a continental plate (subduction); strong horizontal forces lift and fold the margin of a continent. An Oceanic plate is driven under another oceanic plate, volcanic mountains are formed.
Basins
Come in various types. They may below areas that catch water from rivers; large hollows that dip to a central point and are surrounded by higher ground, as in the Donets and Kuznetsk basins in Russia; or areas of inland drainage in a desert when the water can't reach the sea and flows into lakes or evaporates in slat flats as a result. An example is the Great Salt Lake in Utah
Early Empires
Common traits of these empires were: a strong military; a centralized government; control and standardization of commerce, money, and taxes; a weight system; and an official language
Simile
Comparison between two unlike things using the words "like" or "as." (As pretty as a picture) ( My love is like a red rose)
The United States entered World War II after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor in _____ _____
December 1941.
Articles of Confederation
Designed to protect states' rights over those of the national government and sent to the colonies for ratification in 1777, had two major elements that proved unworkable. First, there was no centralized national government. Second, there was no centralized power to tax or regulated trade with other nations or between states. With no national tax, the Revolution was financed by printing more and more money, which caused inflation.
Variety
Diversity in a collection that has specific characteristics.
Panfilo de Narvaez
Docked in Tampa Bay wit Cabeza de Vaca in 1529, claimed Florida for Spain, and then sailed the Gulf Coast
Theater
Dramatic or comedic literature or other such material performed by actors impersonating characters through dialogue and action
The Dred Scott Case
Dred Scott v. Sandford, 60 U.S. 393 (1857), was a landmark decision by the U.S. Supreme Court in which the Court held that African Americans, whether slave or free, could not be American citizens and therefore had no standing to sue in federal court,[2][3] and that the federal government had no power to regulate slavery in the federal territories acquired after the creation of the United States.
EU capital in _____ _____
EU capital in Brussels, Belgium.
The Geosphere
Earth's geosphere can be divided into three main layers—the crust, mantle, and core. Physical conditions in Earth's interior vary from layer to layer partly because, as temperature and pressure increase with depth, and the properties of rocks and minerals change.
Market Economy
Economic decisions are made by individuals or the open market.
Tall Tale
Exaggerates human abilities or describes unbelievable events as if the story were true.
Whig Party
Existed from 1833-1856. Started in opposition to Jackson's authoritarian policies, and was particularly concerned with defending the supremacy of Congress over the executive branch, states' rights, economic protectionism, and modernization.
Rene-Robert de la Salle
Explored the Great Lakes and the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers from 1679-1682. Claiming all the land from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico and from the Appalachians to the Rockies for France.
Giovanni de Verrazano and Jacques Cartier
Explored the North American Coast and the St. Lawrence seaway for France
Newton's second law
F=ma -force=massXacceleration
1453
Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks: Almost 500 years of Turkish domination of the Eastern Mediterranean, North Africa and the Middle East begins.
_____ works most often include a plot, setting, characters, theme, conflict, and resolution.
Fictional
Mesas
Flat areas of upland. Their name is derived from the Spanish word for table. They are smaller than plateaus and often found in arid or semi-arid areas.
Igneous
Formed from cooling of liquid magma`
753 BC
Foundation of Rome: the Roman Empire is a pillar of the modern age, producing ideas on justice, law, engineering and warfare.
Samuel de Champlain
Founded Quebec and set up a fur empire on the St. Lawrence Seaway, also explored the coasts of Massachusetts and Rhode Island between 1604 and 1607.
1789
French Revolution marks a fundamental break with the tradition of monarchy; the "rights of man" are enshrined.
Earliest settlers
French and Spanish: 1. Juan Ponce de Leon-In 1513, he became the first European in Florida; established the oldest European settlement in Puerto Rico; discovered the Gulf Stream; and searched for the fountain of youth. 2. Samuel de Champlain, who founded Quebec and set up a fur empire on the St. Lawrence Seaway, also explored the coasts of Massachusetts and Rhode Island between 1604 and 1607.
Renaissance
French word for rebirth, and is used to describe the renewal of interest in ancient Greek and Latin art, literature, and philosophy that occurred in Europe, especially Italy, from the 14th through the 16th centuries. Historically, it was also a time of great scientific inquiry, the rise of individualism, extensive geographical exploration, and the rise of secular values.
Personification
Giving human characteristics to a non-human thing or idea. (The hurricane howled its frightful rage)
Market Economy.
In market economies, the three basic economic questions are answered by individuals and privately owned corporations rather than by the government. The exchange of goods, services, and information takes place in a free market governed by the law of supply and demand, which determines the price of goods and services.
Traditional Economy.
In traditional economies, answers to three basic economic questions are based on how they were addressed in the past. There is little difference from generation to generation about who will do what and how it will be done; if your family grows wheat, you will be a wheat farmer, too. New ideas or ways of doing things are generally rejected. Traditional economies are most often found in rural regions with high levels of subsistence farming.
Organic compounds
Include carbon and are formed by covalent bonds
4 types of federal taxes
Income tax on individuals Income tax on corporations Excise taxes Custom duties
Post-conventional morality stage
Individuals recognize the importance of individual right and social contracts in order to bring the greatest good to society. Older adolescents and young adults. (kohlberg's stages of moral development)
justice stage
Individuals recognize the principles of justice and obligation to others. Very few attain this stage (kohlberg's stages of moral development)
c.3200 BC
Invention of writing in Mesopotamia: the means to record and understand human history.
Jovian Planets
Jupiter (largest planet), Saturn, Uranus, Neptune. Huge sizes in relation to that of the Earth. Gaseous nature.
Jovian Planets
Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune
Modern taxonomy uses genetic analysis and comparison of physical traits to classify organisms according to a hierarchy of taxonomic ranks. These include
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Atomic Number
Known as the proton number, refers to the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.
Inorganic Compounds
Lack carbon. Include mineral salts, metals and alloys, nonmetallic compounds such as phosphorus, and metal complexes.
Factors of production
Land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship.
Deserts
Large, dry areas that receive less than 10 inches of rain per year. They are almost barren, containing only a few patches of vegetation.
Shield Volcanoes
Largest volcanic mountains because of a repeated, viscous lava flow from small eruptions over a long period of time that cause the mountain to grow
Larva.
Larvae hatch from the eggs and bear no resemblance to their adult parents. The larva has only one job—to eat and eat so it can grow quickly. Larvae can grow 100 times their size during this stage. Butterfly and moth larvae are caterpillars, fly larvae are maggots, and beetle larvae are grubs. Eventually, when growth is complete, the larva is transformed into a pupa.
North and South Poles
Latitude is measured in terms of the number of degrees north and south from the equator. The North Pole is located at 90 degrees north latitude, while the South Pole is located at 90 degrees south latitude.
Atoms are neither gained nor lost during a chemical change. This is the _____ ______ _____ _____ _____ ; matter can neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. In a chemical change, however, a new substance is formed, and there may be accompanying clues that a chemical reaction has taken place, such as light, heat, color change, gas production, odor, or sound.
Law of Conservation of Matter
Cinder Cone Volcanoes
Linear volcanoes, small in size, have a massive explosion through linear shafts that spread cinders and ash around the vent, result in cone-shaped hill
5 themes of geography
Location, place, human-environmental interaction, movement, regions
Which of the following strategies would work best? FOUR CHILDREN SITTING AT A TABLE ARE ALL WEARING SHIRTS OF DIFFERENT COLORS, B, R , G, AND T. Jared is wearing B. Lucy is not wearing R or T. Corina is wearing either R or T. Pablo is wearing either B or T shirt. What color is lucy wearing?
Making a chart
1517
Martin Luther launches the Reformation. It is the start of Protestant Christianity and the idea of religious individualism.
Primary research
Material that comes from the "horses mouth" (diaries, interviews, government records, artifacts, autobiographies)
Terrestrial Planets
Mercury, Venus, Earth,m and Mars. These are the four closest to the sun. They are called terrestrial because they all have a compact, rocky surface similar to the Earth's. Venus, Earth, and Mars have significant atmospheres but Mercury has almost no atmosphere.
Hermes/Mercury
Minor god of gracefulness and swiftness
_____, for example, break down glucose to provide energy to the cell.
Mitochondria
Composite Volcanoes
Mix of lava and ash layers that build their mountain
Suspensions
Mixtures of heterogeneous materials.
Teachers can promote emergent literacy skills when they:
Model what readers do when they read a text aloud. Point to words as they read. Explain what the punctuation is for. Encourage students to take part in the reading activity (pointing to the words, or turning the pages).
c.1600 BC
Modern alphabet invented: the essential means of communication of complex concepts and culture.
Third Person
Omniscient (knows everything) and limited (confined to what is known by a single character or a limited number of characters). Characters are referred to as he, she, or they.
Korean War
On June 25, 1950, North Korean forces moved without warning across the 38th parallel. The United States and the United Nations came to the aid of the South Koreans in repelling the communist invasion. The Korean War demonstrated that the United States would be willing to do everything possible to prevent the spread of communism. South Korea afterward became an important military base for the United States with thousands of American troops stationed there.
Marine climate
One near or surrounded by water. Warm ocean winds bring moisture, mild temperatures year round, and plentiful rain. These climates are found in Western Europe and parts of the US, Canada, Chile, New Zealand, and Australia.
Atoms
One of the most basic units of matter. It consists of a central nucleus surrounded by electrons. All matter consists of atoms, Atoms consist of a nucleus and electrons. The nucleus consists of protons and neutrons.
Topological Map
One on which lines are stretched or straightened for the sake of clarity, but retain their essential geometric relationship. This type of map is used, for example, to show the routes of a subway system.
Physical Map
One that shows natural features such as mountains, rivers, lakes, deserts, and plains. Color is used to designate the different features.
Operators.
Operators are symbols such as +, -, × and / that represent operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
Information Seeking Behavior Theory
Purports that students progress through levels of question specificity, from vague notions of the information needed to clearly defined needs or questions. According to this theory, students are more successful in the search process if they have a realistic understanding of the information system and problem. The should understand that the inquiry process is not linear or confined to certain steps, but is a flexible, individual process that leads back to the original question.
Pitch
Quality of sound determined by a frequency
Work
Quantity of energy transferred by one system to another due to changes in a system that is the result of external forces. or macroscopic variables. It is the amount of energy that must be transferred to overcome a force.
Radiation.
Radiation is the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves through space. Sunlight is a form of radiation that is radiated through space to our planet through a vacuum.
Middle Ages or Medieval Times
Ran from approximately 500-1500AD. During this time, the centers of European civilizations moved from the Mediterranean countries to France, Germany, and England, where strong national governments were developing.
Melody
Refers to a rhythmically organized succession of single tones that form a recognizable, aesthetic unit.
Spatial Organization in Geography
Refers to how things or people are grouped in a given space anywhere on earth. Applies to the placement of settlements, whether hamlets, towns, or cities.
Political locations
Refers to the divisions within continents that designate various countries. These divisions are made with borders, which are set according to boundary lines arrived at by legal agreements.
Acting process
Refers to the methods and materials from which an actor draws his or her ability to perform; actors should be able to verbalize the tools they use in their acting processes.
Physical location
Refers to the placement of the hemispheres and the continents.
Rhythm
Refers to the spacing between sounds and silences.
Matter
Refers to the substances that have mass and occupy space (volume). Solid, liquid, and gas.
Alphabetic principle
Refers to the use of letters and combinations of letters to represent speech sounds
Onomatopoeia
Refers to words that imitate sounds. It is sometimes called echoes. Examples are hiss, buzz, burp, rattle, and pop.
Scientists believe that there are over _____ million different kinds of life forms, or species, on Earth.
Scientists believe that there are over 10 million different kinds of life forms, or species, on Earth.
Complete Metamorphosis
See the last four
Suez Canal
Separates the African continent from Asia, provides a link between the Red Sea and the Mediterranean Sea
China
Since the end of the Warring States period in 221 BC,. China functioned as an empire. Although the dynasties changed several times, the basic governmental structure remained the same into the 20th century. The Chinese also have an extensive written record of their culture which heavily emphasizes history, philosophy, and a common religion.
Seas
Smaller than oceans and are somewhat surrounded by land like a lake, but lakes are fresh water and seas are salt water. They include the Mediterranean, Baltic, Caspian, Caribbean, and Coral.
Sound
Sound is a pressure disturbance that moves through a medium in the form of mechanical waves, which transfer energy from on particle to the next. Sound requires a medium to travel through, such as air, water,
Music
Sounds arranged to produce a unified composition that has melody, rhythm, and timber.
Onset
Sounds at the beginning of words
Greece
Started as a group of city-states that were united by Alexander the Great and joined to create an empire that stretched from the Indus River to Egypt and the Mediterranean coast, Greece blended Greek values with those of the local cultures, which collectively became known as Hellenistic society.
Greece
Started as a group of city-states that were united by Alexander the Great and joined to create an empire that stretched from the Indus River to Egypt and the Mediterranean coast. Greece blended Greek values with those of the local cultures, which collectively became known as Hellenistic society.
Industrial Revolution
Started in England with the construction of the first cotton mill in 1733. Other inventions and factories followed in rapid succession. Society changed from agrarian to urban.
Indus Valley (Harappan)
Started in the 3rd and 4th centuries BC and was widely dispersed over 400,000 square miles. It had a unified culture of luxury and refinement, no known national government, an advanced civic system, and prosperous trade routes.
Decoding
Strategy used to make sense of printed words and figure out how to correctly pronounce them. In order to decode, a student needs to know the relationship between letters and sounds, including letter patterns, phonemes and phoneme blend, and that a printed word represents a word that can be spoken
Which of the following statements about the encoding and decoding of text is accurate?
Students should be taught decoding and encoding together because these are reciprocal processes that mutually reinforce each other.
Cycads
Sturdy plants with big, waxy, fronds that make them look like ferns or palms
Ancient Civilizations
Sumer, Egypt, and the Indus Valley are distinguished by their unique contributions to the development of world civilizations. Sumer used the first known writing systems. Egypt was united by the Nile river. Indus Valley had a unified culture of luxury and refinement, no national government, an advanced civic system, and prosperous trade routes
Constructivist Learning Theory
Supports a view of inquiry-based learning as an opportunity for students to experience learning through inquiry and problem solving. This process is characterized by exploration and risk taking, curiosity and motivation, engagement in critical and creative thinking, and connections with real-life situations and real audiences.
Affixes
Syllables attached to the beginning or end of a word to make a derivative or inflectional form of a word. Both prefixes and suffixes are affixes.
Orogeny
Term for the process of natural mountain formation
predictive validity
Tests that predict future performance or success
1095-1291:
The Crusades were a series of religiously sanctioned military campaigns waged by much of Latin Christian Europe and the Holy Roman Empire to restore Christian control of the Holy Land.
1792-1802:
The French Revolutionary Wars were a series of major conflicts fought between the French Revolutionary government and several European states hostile to the Revolution.
Renaissance
The French word for rebirth, and is used to describe the renewal of interest in ancient Greek and Latin art, literature, and philosophy that occurred in Europe, especially Italy, from the 14th through the 16th centuries. Historically, it was also a time of great scientific inquiry, the rise of individualism, extensive geographical exploration, and the rise of secular values.
Famous Speeches in America
The Gettysburg Address, The Fourteen Points, Address to Congress, Inaugural Address, Berlin Dress, I Have a Dream, I see the Promised Land, Brandenburg Gate
The Human body has _____ organ systems—circulatory, digestive, endocrine, excretory, immune, integumentary, muscular, nervous, reproductive, respiratory, and skeletal.
The Human body has 11 organ systems—circulatory, digestive, endocrine, excretory, immune, integumentary, muscular, nervous, reproductive, respiratory, and skeletal.
Phonological Awareness
The ability to perceive sound structures in a spoken word, such as syllables and the individual phonemes with syllables.
Money
The cash or currency available for payment.
Style
The manner in which a writer uses language in prose or poetry. It is affected by diction or word choice, sentence structure and syntax, etc.
Carrying capacity
The maximum, sustained level of use of an environment can incur without sustaining significant environmental deterioration that would eventually lead to environmental destruction.
Velocity
The measure of distance moved in a particular direction over a period of time.
Speed
The measure of distanced moved over time
World War II (1939-1945)
The most destructive war in human history; America entered the war in 1941 after the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.
domain specific strategies
The need to master certain strategies in order to perform such tasks as reading, writing, math problem solving, etc
Frequency.
The number of oscillations the wave undergoes in a certain amount of time
Cardinal Numbers
The numbers we use for counting. Counting numbers, natural numbers.
Moon phases.
The phases, or changes in appearance of the moon, depend on its position relative to the position of the sun. When the moon is between the sun and Earth, the side of the moon facing the Earth is dark. This is called a New Moon. As the moon travels eastward in its orbit, more of its sunlit side becomes visible to Earth and the moon is said to be waxing. As the moon orbits Earth, the side of the moon facing Earth eventually becomes fully lit. This is called a Full Moon phase. As the moon continues to around in its orbit, the lit portion of the moon visible to Earth becomes smaller, so the moon is now said to be waning. As it completes its revolution around Earth, the moon starts the cycle again as a New Moon. The four phases are illustrated in Figure 6.13.
Proportion
The pleasing symmetry between objects or their parts with respect to comparative size, quantity or degree
The system currently used by taxonomists is called the _____ taxonomic system, in honor of Swedish biologist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778), one of the founders of the modern system of biological classification.
The system currently used by taxonomists is called the Linnaean taxonomic system, in honor of Swedish biologist Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778), one of the founders of the modern system of biological classification.
Stenciling
The technique of applying paint or ink to forms cut out of cardboard,metal, plastic or other flat materials to create letters, numbers and other images and designs.
For a beginning reader to succeed in recognizing the meaning of a word the reader has just decoded, which of the following must be true?
The word is already part of the reader's oral vocabulary.
Dynamics
The varying degrees or changes in value or loudness of musical notes are referred to as dynamics.
Confined Aquifer
The water is under pressure as the supply builds up between layers of impermeable rocks and has to move back towards the surface, resulting in a spring or artesian well
Uniflex Cubes
These are colorful, interlocking cubes that help students learn number and math concepts from patterning to multiplication and division.
Implied Powers
These are not expressly stated, but are reasonably suggested by the express powers.
Base- Ten Blocks
These are plastic cubes, rods, flats and blocks used to teach place value. Cubes represent ones, rods represent tens, flats represent hundreds, and blocks represent thousands.
Attribute Logic Blocks
These are plastic or wooden blocks that have four different features- shape, color, size, and thickness - and are particularly effective for classifying, sorting and ordering. Attribute blocks can also be sued to explore size, fractional relationships, and geometric shapes.
Inherent Powers
These are powers not expressed by the Constitution but ones that national governments have historically possessed, such as granting diplomatic recognition.
Cuisenaire Rods
These are sets of 10 rods, each of a different color and length, that help students understand the basic operations.
Express or enumerated powers
These are specifically spelled out in the Constitution
Custom duties
These are taxes imposed on imported goods. They serve to regulate trade between the u.S. and other countries.
Excise taxes
These are taxes on specific goods such as tobacco,liquor, automobiles, gasoline, air travel, and luxury items, or on activities such as highway usage by trucks.
Coordinates
These are the latitude and longitude measure for a place.
Pattern blocks
These are useful tools in teaching geometry and fractions. Students can manipulate triangles, squares, hexagons, trapezoids, and rhombuses to build compound shapes, explore symmetry and transformations, and solve problems in other areas of mathematics using geometry.
Thematic maps
These include base or topographic map as the foundation fro showing data based on a theme, such as population density, wildlife distribution, hill-slope stability, and economic trends
Topographic maps
These show the natural and human-made surface features of the earth, including mountain elevations, river courses, roads, names of lakes and towns, and country and state lines
Joint Economic Committee (JEC)
This is a committee composed of 10 members of the House and 10 members of the Senate that makes a report early each year on its continuous study of the economy. Study is conducted through hearings and research, and the report is made in response to the president's recommendations.
Gerund
This is a verb form asa noun, Most end in "ing"
Eastern Hemisphere
This is the area between the North and South Poles. it extends east from the Prime meridian to the International Date Line.
Absolute location
This is the exact spot where coordinates meet. The grid system allows the location of every place on the planet to be identified.
Variables.
Variables are symbols that stand for changing values. Most often we use letters of the alphabet for variables. In the expression 3x + 7, the letter x is a variable. The value of the expression depends on the specific number we substitute for x. For example, if we substitute 2 for x, the value of the expression is 3(2) + 7 = 13.
Physical features
Vegetation zones, or biomes. Climate Zones.
Drama
Verbal literature composed of serious subject matter written specifically to be performed by actors in the theater or on television, radio or film.
James Madison
Virginian who advocated a stronger central gov and was influential at the Constitutional Convention
Whole natural numbers together with zero.
W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, . . . }
First Person
When this point of view is used. the narrator refers to himself or herself as "I"
Associative property (X)
When three or more numbers are multiplied, the product is the same regardless of the way in which the numbers are grouped. 2 x (3x5) = (2x3)x 5
Commutative Property (X)
When two numbers are multiplied together, the product is the same regardless of the order in which the numbers are multiplied. 2X3=3X2
Opportunity Cost
Whenever limited resources are used to satisfy one want or need, there are other wants and needs that remain unsatisfied. Opportunity cost is the next best alternative that must be given up when a choice is made. Opportunity Cost
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado
While searching for gold in 1540, he became the first European to explore Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona
Hera/juno
Wife of Zeus/Jupiter, goddess of marriage
Chinese Empire
World's longest lasting and continuous empires
The set of integers consists of the whole numbers and their opposites.
Z = {. . ., -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, . . . }
Biomes
a broad, regional type of ecosystem characterized by distinctive climate and soil conditions and a distinctive kind of biological community adapted to those conditions.
Which of the following emergent readers shows clear evidence of having begun to develop phonemic awareness?
a child who can identify the initial sound of spoken words.
Mesoamerica,
a geographic region made up of Mexico and Central America.
theory of comparative advantage
a theory which states that countries benefit from specializing in (and exporting) goods and services in which they have relative advantage, and they benefit from importing goods and services in which they have a relative disadvantage
how must inferior courts interpret the law?
according to the Supreme Court's interpretation
Which of the following processes to upper-elementary students develop primarily through independent reading?
acquiring new vocabulary
A child's general knowledge and life experience have the greatest effect on which of the following literacy skills?
ability to comprehend grade-level texts
catalysts
accelerate chem reactions
Significant consequence of WWI
allied leaders redrew the political boundaries of Eastern Europe
Monroe Doctrine
an American foreign policy opposing interference in the Western hemisphere from outside powers
In which of the following situations would the reader need to apply evaluative reading comprehension skills?
an editor detecting unsupported assumptions in a news article.
Drypoint
an engraving technique that uses a sharp steel needle to create a rough edge, which produces soft, velvety lines.
A characteristic of living organisms that distinguishes them from non-living things is that living organisms
are made up of cells
Compound machines
are two or more simple machines working together. A wheelbarrow is an example of a complex machine that uses a lever and a wheel and axle. Machines of all types make work easier by changing the size or direction of an applied force.
how are elements on the periodic table organized?
arranged into groups and periods and ordered according to: - atomic number - reactivity - number of protons
A fourth-grade teacher introduces students to important concepts and new vocabulary before students participate in a hands-on science activity. After the activity, which of the following strategies would most effectively reinforce students' learning of the new vocabulary?
asking students to use the target words as they discuss what they learned from the activity.
In a school, there are 5 children who ride the bus to school for every 2 children who walk to school. If b represents the number of children who ride the bus and w represents the number of children who walk, which of thee following equations represents the relationship of the number of children who ride the bus to the number of children who walk?
b/w=5/2
emergent stage
beginning to understand the connection between speaking and print (reading stage)
Which of the following traits, if shared by two different types of organisms, would indicate the closest taxonomic relationship between the organisms?
body covered in fur
Which human activity is the primary cause of acid rain?
burning coal
Acid Rain
burning coal releases oxides of sulfur and nitrogen into the atmosphere, which causes acid rain when combined with precipitation
A parent has purchases enough juice for each child at a bday party to have at most three cups. Which of the following expressions represents c, the number of cups of juice each child could have?
c < _ 3
chemical reactions
can take place quickly or slowly -rate determined by how frequently reacting atoms and molecules interact and temp and various props of reacting material
potential energy
capacity for doing work that is based upon position or configuration PE=mgh m-mass, g-gravity, h-height
Energy
capacity to do work
heterotrophic organisms)
capture energy by eating plants or other animals.
During the early Medieval period in Europe, before 5th century, where were centers of literacy found?
churches and monasteries
The word circuit means _____
circle
Education for _____ in a constitutional democracy has been a long-standing goal of schools in the United States.
citizenship
In a circuit, electrons travel along a conductor in _____ loops.
closed
simple circuit
closed conducting path btw the high and low points or positive and neg charges
nucleon
collective number of protons and neurons
groups/families
columns in the periodic table
mixture
combination of 2 or more substances that are not bonded
solar energy
comes in the form of visible light and non-visible light -ex: infrared and ultraviolet rays
Intrapersonal
communication is communicating with oneself. It encompasses such activities as thought processing, personal decision making, self-talk, listening, and determining self-concept.
There are three basic properties of addition:
commutativity, associativity and identity.
The diameter of circle, d, is twice the radius. That is,
d = 2r
what do you need for an experiment to be considered successful?
data that others can reproduce
Research has shown that phonics instruction is an effective tool for developing children's early literacy when it is reinforced with:
decoding reading material.
inhibitors
decrease chem reaction rates
absolute location
describes a fixed position that never changes, regardless of your current location. It is identified by specific coordinates, such as latitude and longitude.
temperature
describes how hot or cold a material is; depends on the speed of the molecules movement in a material
protons
determine the atomic number of an element, positive charge
waves
disturbance of matter that transfers energy from one particle to an adjacent particle -many types: sound, seismic, water, light, micro, radio -2 basic categories: mechanical and electromagnetic
Describe a Mediterranean climate?
dry summers with hot temperatures and moist winters with mild temperatures
electron cloud
electrons swarm around the nucleus, similar to a solar system
concerns the process of mountain building? (3 things)
folding faulting convergent
Newton's third law
for every force there is an equal and opposite force -also applies to laws of work, energy, and power
how long can members of the federal judiciary serve?
for life
static friction
friction that occurs when there is no relative motion btw the surfaces
Alonso Alvarez de Pineda
he charted the Gulf Coast from Florida to Mexico in 1519. Probably the first European in Texas, he claimed it for Spain
Zeus/Jupiter
head of the Pantheon, god of the sky
1st law of thermodynamics
heat is a form of energy that cannot be created or destroyed, only converted -conservation of energy
An iron nail can be magnetized by rubbing it with the end of a permanent magnet. Which of the following can cause the nail to become demagnetized?
heating the nail over a flame.
The gulf stream moves across the Atlantic Ocean and forms the North Atlantic Drift. The presence of this ocean current and prevailing winds that blow from the ocean to land explains why, compared to other regions of the similar latitudes, the climate of northwestern europe has:
higher average annual temperatures
Which of the following strategies would be most effective in helping a reader recognize instances of bias in a magazine article about the history of television?
identifying adjectives that indicate the author's positive or negative attitude toward television.
Hydrogen
in its plasma state, the most abundant chem element in stars but rare on Earth
One principle of both first- and second-language acquisition is that learning a first or second language occurs:
in predictable stages and patterns of development.
Earliest Civilizations of Middle East
in river valleys where periodic floods improved the fertility of soil
The earliest civilizations of the Middle East were founded in which of the following locations?
in river valleys where periodic floods improved the fertility of the soil
simple machines
incline plane, lever, wheel and axle, and pulley -no internal source of energy -provide a force known as mechanicla advantage and make it easier to accomplish a task
Terrestrial Planets
mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars
interdependence
it is the mutual dependence, which is the economic relations between Mexico and Canada. a geographer would would say that Mexico and Canada mutually depend on each other economically in terms of trade and employment
When providing initial coaching to young children in how to kick a ball, which of the following activities should be introduced first?
kicking a stationary ball toward a partner or target while standing still
A second-grade teacher regularly reads aloud informational texts to the class about content-area topics. This practice enhances students' reading comprehension primarily by promoting their:
knowledge of academic concepts and language.
Newton's first law
law of inertia -a body in motion tends to stay in motion and a body at rest tends to stay at rest until another force acts upon it
Newton's laws
laws of motion -describe how these forces behave and how they can be used to calculate the effects of forces on the motion of objects -magnitude of change in motion F=ma F-force, m-mass, a-acceleration of gravity
The primary purpose of the Jim Crow laws, enacted in the southern states beginning in the late 1800s, was to:
legalize segregation and disenfranchisement of African Americans.
emulsion
liquid or solid that has a liquid dispersed thru it
foam
liquid that has gas dispersed thru it
In interpersonal modes of communication, such as in conversations, feedback refers to:
messages sent back to the speaker indicating reactions to what is said.
A second-grade teacher begins a read-aloud of an informational passage by asking students to think of a good title for the passage while they listen. After reading, the teacher writes down titles the students suggest, and class members discuss which of the titles would be most accurate and informative. This activity most clearly promotes students' development of which of the following listening skills?
listening for main ideas and an author's purpose
heat engine
machine that converts thermal energy to mechanical energy that can be used to do work
Surrounding all magnets is a region called the _____ _____.
magnetic field
Which of the following is the most economically sensible strategy for managing the growing demand for aluminum?
mandating the recycling of aluminum products
chemical energy
manner in which atoms form into molecules, and this energy can be released or absorbed when molecules regroup
volume
measure of the amount of cubic space occupied
the most recently formed parts of the Earth's crust can be found at
mid-ocean ridges
Eros/cupid
minor god of love
epithelial
of or belonging to the epithelium
Which of the following drawing media is most suitable for blending colors?
oil pastel
Which of the following types of manipulatives is most approp. for investigating and finding relationships between fractions?
pattern blocks.
Students can be given opportunities to develop and practice listening skills during three phases of the listening process: _____, _____ and _____ .
pre-listening, during listening, after listening
checks and balances
presidential veto of legislation passed by Congress illustrates this principal in American gov
what lab practice can increase the accuracy of a measurement?
repeating the measurement multiple times
During the early twentieth century, the majority of Eastern European immigrants who entered the United States left their homelands to:
seek economic opportunities.
cultural geography (or human geography)
shows the relationship between a place and the humans or animals that inhabit it; study how human populations interact with each other and the environment
A simple food chain might look like this:
sun → grass → grasshopper → toad → snake → hawk → bacteria of decay
electric current
sustained flow of electrons that are part of an electric charge along a path -ampere (amp or A) -measured using an ammeter -measurement of rate at which charge flows through a circuit point -ex:flow from one terminal car battery to another; D battery, small light bulb, piece of copper wire to create a circuit to light the bulb
guided practice
teachers give students an authentic task to complete and then provide hints, prompts, and ask questions to help students use the appropriate problem-solving strategy to get through the task. Teachers can also use praise, feedback, and encouragement to help students accomplish the task.
sublimation point
temp at which elements change from solids to gasses w/o going through a liquid phase
work
the force used to move a mass over a distance
mercantilism
the idea that the purpose of the American colonies was to provide Great Britain with raw materials and a market for its good
hydrosphere
the watery layer of the earth's surface
edward fry
this person developed one of the more popular Reading Formulas; This graph-based test determined readability through high school; it was validated with materials from primary and secondary schools and with results of other readability formulas; this graph analyzes Number of sentences per 100 words and the number of syllables per 100 words
Renewable Resources
those that can be replenished, such as wind, solar radiation, tides, and water. Soil is renewable with proper conservation and management techniques, and timber can be replenished with replanting. Living resources such as fish and wildlife can replenish themselves if they are not over-harvested.
Progressive Era
time at the turn of the 20th century in which groups sought to reform America economically, socially, and politically
efferent listening
to understand a message
thermal energy
total kinetic and potential energy present in a system
Ohm's Law
voltage and current are directly proportional to one another
drybrush is a technique used in...
watercolor painting
Even Number
Any integer than can be divided by 2 without leaving a remainder. For example, 2, 4, 6, 8, and so on.
Odd Numbers
Any integer that cannot be divided evenly be 2. For example, 3, 5, 7, and so on.
Underground Railroad
a system of secret routes used by escaping slaves to reach freedom in the North or in Canada
Money and Resources
-Money: cash or currency available for payment. -Resources: items that can be bartered in exchange for goods(minerals, labor, raw materials).
Scarcity vs Choice
-Scarcity: When there is a high demand, but a low supply. -Choice: Consumers have to make difficult decisions based on scarcity.
Ancient Civilizations and their Contributions
-Sumer (first known writing system) -Egypt (Central Government) -Indus Valley (unified culture of Luxury and refinement)
Supply vs. Demand
-Supply: How much of something (good or service) is available. - Demand: How much people want of something.
Regions of the United States
-The Northeast -The South -The Midwest -The Interior West -The Pacific
Responsibilities of Citizens
-Voting in elections. -Respecting one another's rights and not infringing upon them. -Staying informed about various political and national issues. -Respecting one another's beliefs.
Miranda v. Arizona
1966. This ruling made the reading of Miranda rights to those arrested for crimes the law. It ensured that confessions could not be illegally obtained and that citizen rights to fair trials and protection under the law would be upheld.
Bill of Rights, 1791
1st 10 amendments of the Constitution. Based off the Magna Carta of 1215
Articles of Confederation
1st Constitution of the U.S. 1781-1788 (weaknesses-no executive, no judicial, no power to tax, no power to regulate trade)
The other _____ pairs are called somatic chromosomes because their genes produce proteins for building the body rather than determining gender.
22
A car's gas mileage averages 25 miles per gallon in the city and 30 miles per gallon on the highway. The car can travel 325 miles on a tank of gas in the city. Which of the following proportions can be used to determine how many miles the car can travel on the highway using the same amount of gas?
25/325=30/x
Hadean Period
4.5-3.5 billion years ago
the collapse of Rome in _____,
496 CE
Mayan Civilization
American civilization located in Central America that saw its height from 200-900 CE.
Rome
An Italian city-state that grew into an empire extending from the British Isles across Europe to the Middle East. It last fro 1000 years and became the foundation of the Western world's culture, language, and laws.
William Lloyd Garrison
An abolitionist and the editor of the Liberator, the leading anti-slavery newspaper of the time
construct relevancy
An assessment that measures only what the teacher wants it to measure
Inclined plan.
An inclined plane is a slanted surface used to raise an object. A ramp is an inclined plane. When an object is moved up an inclined plane, less effort is needed than if you were to lift it straight up, but you must move the object over a greater distance.
For which of the following purposes does the U.S. Constitution guarantee the right to a writ of habeas corpus? A.) to ensure that criminal defendants have access to an attorney B.) to prevent the illegal imprisonment of persons in the United States C.) to prevent unreasonable searches and seizures D.) to ensure that a person is not tried twice for the same crime
B.) to prevent the illegal imprisonment of persons in the United States
The Protestant Reformation
Began as an attempt to reform the Catholic Church, but eventually led to the separation from it. It caused the Catholic Church to finally reform itself, but the Protestant movement continued, resulting in a proliferation of new denominations.
Developing countries are divided into moderately developed and less developed. Compare the per capita income ranges for each of these types of developing countries. A.) $1,000 to $12,000 for less developed and less than $1,000 for moderately developed. B.) $500 to $12,000 for moderately developed and less than $1,000 for less developed. C.) $1,000 to $12,000 for moderately developed and less than $1,000 for less developed. D.) $4,000 to $12,000 for moderately developed and less than $1,000 for less developed.
C.) $1,000 to $12,000 for moderately developed and less than $1,000 for less developed.
When did the 1st city states emerge in Mesopotamia? A.) 9th Millennium B.C. B.) 7th Millennium B.C. C.) 4th Millennium B.C. D.) 3rd Millennium A.D. E.) 3rd Millennium B.C.
C.) 4th Millennium B.C.
[0, 1, 5, 14, 30, 55, . . . ] Which of the following numbers would appear next in the patterned sequence above? A.) 64 B.) 81 C.) 91 D.) 121
C.) 91
One of the biggest capital markets is the stock market which is associated with all of the following except A.) 401(k)s and individual retirement accounts B.) Ownership in companies C.) Money Markets D.) The NASDAQ
C.) Money Markets
_____ are groups of two or more elements that are bonded together through chemical change.
Compounds
Indirect characterization is best described as: A.) A very direct method of describing a character by outright telling the reader about the character. B.) Inferior to direct characterization because it isn't as clear C.) Reveals information about characters by showing their dialogue, actions, or appearance. D.) When a character is dealing with an emotional or mental struggle or conflict.
C.) Reveals information about characters by showing their dialogue, actions, or appearance.
Explain how place strategies work A.) They come up with ideas on how to promote the product on social media networks. B.) They set the price of the product to match the price of the competitor's product. C.) They make the product available to the consumers when they want and need them. D.) They are used to make sure the product is well designed for the target consumers.
C.) They make the product available to the consumers when they want and need them.
You spend many hours researching and writing a paper for a class. Accidentally, you leave a draft copy in the library and it is picked up by another student. After you turn your final paper in, the professor does not return your paper with a grade but asks you to see her after class is finished. What is most likely her concern? A.) You shared information from a published document with someone else in the class. B.) You summarized the main ideas of someone else's work in your own words in your paper. C.) You stole someone else's work and portrayed the work as your own words writing the paper. D.) You borrowed someone else's work but gave them credit for the ideas that you used.
C.) You stole someone else's work and portrayed the work as your own words writing the paper.
The waxy layer covering the exoskeleton of an insect is an adaptation that primarily aids in which of the following functions? A.) absorbing oxygen B.) avoiding detection by predators C.) minimizing water loss D.) blocking ultraviolet radiation
C.) minimizing water loss
In which stage of the writing process should a writer focus on sharpening a persuasive argument? A.) pre-writing B.) drafting C.) revising D.) proofreading
C.) revising
Foreshadowing is a device used in literary works primarily to: A.) create a mood of apprehension or fear. B.) highlight important traits of the characters. C.) suggest an important turn of events in advance. D.) place emphasis on important themes in a text.
C.) suggest an important turn of events in advance
The relationship between form and function is a common theme in science. For example, the specific type of chemical bonding between copper atoms is what is responsible for the high electrical conductivity and ductility of this metal. Which of the following is another example of this relationship? A.) the expression of human genes in bacterial cells B.) the differences in weathering patterns caused by wind and water C.) the shape of plant leaves in the understory of a tropical rain forest D.) the jigsaw puzzlelike characteristics of the continents
C.) the shape of plant leaves in the understory of a tropical rain forest
Tree diagram
Can be used to model a variety of ideas, such as factoring a number into primes, determining number of combinations, or finding the probabilities of events.
Energy
Capacity to do work.
Major trend in US Society in 20th century
Changing attitudes toward work and family broadened the economic opportunities available for women
Which of the following best describes a major trend in U.S. society during the last two decades of the twentieth century?
Changing attitudes toward work and family broadened the economic opportunities available to women.
individualism and change stage
Children behave because they may get a reward: Older primary (kohlberg's stages of moral development)
obedience stage
Children behave to avoid punishment. Preschool and kindergarten (kohlberg's stages of moral development)
conscience change
Children recognize the need for social order: High school (kohlberg's stages of moral development)
Mutual interpersonal expectations and conformity stage
Children want to please those they care about: Middle or junior high. (kohlberg's stages of moral development)
The Council of Economic Advisers (CEA)
Composed of a chair and two other members appointed by the President and approved by the Senate, this council assists the President with the development and implementation of U.S. economic policy. The Council members and their staff, located in the Executive Office, are professionals in economics and statistics who forecast economic trends and provide analysis based on evidence-based research
Conduction.
Conduction is the process by which energy is transferred through matter by collisions between particles. It is the transfer of heat energy from atom to atom within a substance. As one molecule is heated, it begins to vibrate. As it does, it passes some of its energy to other molecules around it. Through this process, all the molecules of an object pass energy from one to another, until they are all hot. This is conduction. For example, a metal spoon in a cup of hot soup becomes warmer because the molecular motion of the hot soup molecules is transferred, via collisions, along the length of the spoon, to the molecules in the metal spoon.
Original 13 Colonies
Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Virginia
Nucleus of an Atom
Consists of protons and neutrons. It is positively charged, dense, and heavier than surrounding electrons.
Factor market
Consists of the people who exchange their services for wages. The people are sellers and companies are buyers
Constants.
Constants are symbols that represent fixed values. In the expression 3x + 7, the constants are 3 and 7.
According to the law of demand, the price of a product would most likely rise under which of the following circumstances?
Consumers become willing and able to buy a larger quantity of the product.
Product of
Corresponds to multiplication
Base maps
Created from aerial and field surveys, base maps serve as the starting point for topographic and thematic maps
Dorothea Dix
Created the first American asylums for the treatment of mental illness and serves as the Superintendent of Army Nurses during the War Between the States
Current electricity.
Current electricity comes from a stream of electrons moving through a conductor, such as copper. Some materials allow charges, usually electrons, to flow through the material. These materials are called conductors, and the flow of charge is called current. Some materials are better conductors than others; they offer very little resistance to the flow of electrons. Most metals are very good conductors—copper, silver, gold, aluminum, or steel, for example. However, not all substances are good conductors. Materials that do not conduct electricity well are called insulators. Rubber, plastic, wood, cloth, glass, and dry air are good insulators; they have very high resistance to the flow of electrons.
How would you classify the form of government utilized in the U.S.A? A.) A direct democracy, because people directly choose their leaders B.) A monarchy, because it only has one supreme commander. C.) An oligarchy, because a lot of the power is focused in the political class. D.) A representative democracy, because citizens exercise their power through elected representatives.
D.) A representative democracy, because citizens exercise their power through elected representatives.
A speech to argue for or against something is written to ________ the audience. A.) Educate B.) Inform C.) Negotiate with D.) Persuade
D.) Persuade
What is FALSE about the past WWII period? A.) Japanese civilians continued to die because of radiation burns and sickness resulting from the atomic bombs in years after the war. B.) Cancer rates in Japan increased because of the bombings C.) VJ day was declared on August 14th, 1945 D.) U,S, continued to threaten Japan with atomic bombs.
D.) U,S, continued to threaten Japan with atomic bombs.
One major cause of the American Revolution was disagreement between colonists and the British over which of the following questions? A.) Should the British abolish slavery in the colonies? B.) Do the colonists have a right to freedom of speech? C.) How will the British defend the colonies? D.) Who has the authority to tax the colonists?
D.) Who has the authority to tax the colonists?
In dramatic literature, which of the following is a common characteristic of plays that are classified as tragedies? A.) a story line that ridicules a situation in society for the purpose of improving it B.) stock characters who represent particular personality types C.) a clear and unchanging view of right and wrong D.) a main character who makes an error that leads to inevitable consequences
D.) a main character who makes an error that leads to inevitable consequences
Which of the following geographic concepts most fundamentally affects human efforts to produce food and crops? A.) industrialization B.) longitude C.) urbanization D.) climate
D.) climate
A fourth-grade teacher regularly integrates content-area vocabulary into language arts lessons and activities. This practice benefits students primarily by: A.) introducing them to new vocabulary words. B.) increasing their level of engagement during language arts work. C.) providing them with a systematic overview of the content-area curriculum. D.) enhancing their ability to understand and use the new vocabulary words in context.
D.) enhancing their ability to understand and use the new vocabulary words in context.
From about 500 CE to 1000 CE, Western Europe was politically divided, rural, and largely cut off from advanced civilizations in the Middle East, China, and India. This period in Europe has often been called the _____ _____
Dark Ages.
13th Amendment
Declared slavery illegal
5 Characteristics of a market economy
Economic freedom Economic incentives Competition Private Ownership Limited Government
Egg.
Eggs are laid by the adult female insect. Females lay a lot of eggs so that at least some of them will survive.
1905
Einstein's theory of relativity published. It transforms the nature of modern physical knowledge.
Electrical energy.
Electrical energy is produced by the movement of electrically-charged particles (electrons). The movement of electrons through a conductor, such as a wire, is called current (or circuit) electricity. Lightning is an example of a giant spark of static electricity, or the sudden movement of electrons from a cloud to another surface.
Plateaus
Elevated land forms that are fairly flat on top. They mat be as high as 10,000 feet above seal level and are usually next to mountains.
Hills
Elevated landforms that rise 500-2000 feet above sea level
Mountains
Elevated landforms that rise fairly steeply from the earth's surface to a summit of at least 1,000-2,--- feet above sea level
Inquiry-based learning
Facilitated by the teacher who models, guides, and poses a starter question, inquiry-based learning is a process in which students are involved in their learning. This process involves formulating questions, investigating widely, and building new understanding and meaning. This combination of steps asks students to think independently, and enables them to answer their questions with new knowledge, develop solutions, or support a position or point of view.
Inquiry-based learning
Facilitated by the teacher who models, guides, and poses a stater question, inquiry-based learning in a process in which students are involved in their learning. This process involves formulating questions, investigating widely, and building new understanding and meaning.
27 BC Founding of the Roman Empire: this is the start of the classic period of Roman domination in Europe and the Mediterranean.
Founding of the Roman Empire: this is the start of the classic period of Roman domination in Europe and the Mediterranean.
Static electricity.
In order to understand static electricity, it is important to review the basics of atoms. An atom consists of protons, electrons, and neutrons. Protons have a positive charge, electrons are negatively charged, and neutrons have no charge. Because atoms normally have the same number of electrons as protons, the positive and negative charges cancel each other out and, as a result, atoms usually have no charge; they are neutral. Static electricity is the result of an imbalance between negative and positive charges in an object. Normally, the protons and neutrons in the nucleus are held together very tightly. But some of the outer electrons are held very loosely; they can move from one atom to another. If an electron is removed from a neutral atom, the atom is left with more positive particles and acquires a positive charge. If an electron is added to a neutral atom, the atom has more negative particles and acquires a negative charge. The more positive atoms or negative electrons you have, the stronger the attraction for the other. For example, rubbing a shoe against a carpet creates an excess of electrons. When reaching and touching a doorknob a shock, or tiny spark, is felt or seen; excess electrons are released to recreate a balance of electrons and protons in atoms. Lightning is also a result of static electricity.
Parasitism.
In parasitic relationships, one species receives a benefit from the relationship to the detriment of the other species. For example, there are parasitic fishes, such as the lamprey, that attach themselves to other fishes and suck their body fluids. Similiarly, tapeworms may attach to the intestines of host humans in their intestines. They constantly take in nutrients and can eventually cause organ and tissue damage.
Interdependence
Interdependence Decisions by Business A affect the decisions of other businesses and the decisions of other businesses affect the decisions of Business A.
Harmony
Is express by one note following another while harmonic music exists when two or more notes are played at the same times. When three or more tones are sounded together, a chord is produced. Harmonic notes or chords blend sounds that complement the melody of a musical piece.
Humid Continental Climate
Is one that has four seasons, including a cold winter and a hot summer, and sufficient rainfall for raising crops. Such climates can be found in the U.S. , Canada, and Russia. The best farmlands and mining areas are found in these countries.
Root Word
Is the base word to which affixes can be added. For example the prefix "in" can be added to the root word "vent" to create "invent"
Alliteration
Is the repetition of the first sounds or stressed syllables (usually consonants) in words in close proximity. "Chirp Chirp said the chickadee.)
Relations.
Relations are symbols that compare expressions. Common relations are =, <, >, ≤, and ≥.
Mountains
Portion of earth that has been raised above its surroundings by volcanic action or tectonic plate movement. Made up of igneous , metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks, and most lie along active plate boundaries.
The turn of the century witnessed the emergence of a national reform movement known as _____. It included advocates of women's suffrage, municipal reform, temperance, immigration reform, and a host of other social reforms.
Progressivism
_____ _____ proposes two principal reasons for including knowledge of science history as part of any discussion of the tenets, goals, and values of science.
Project 2061
Prokaryotes.
Prokaryotes have neither nuclei nor organelles with membranes. True bacteria fit in this domain.
Anthropology and Sociology
Provide an understanding of how the world's many cultures have developed and what these cultures and their values have to contribute to society.
Sociology, economics, and political science
Provide an understanding of the institutions in society and each person's role within social groups. These topics teach the use of charts, graphs, and statistics.
Transverse wave
Provides a good illustration of the features of a wave, which include crests, troughs, amplitude, and wavelength
Constitution of the United States
Signed September 17, 1787; ratified by the required nine states June 21, 1788 *Drafted at the Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia in 1787 *Included a preamble and seven articles *Created a stronger federal government *The Bill of Rights constitutes the first ten amendments, and it protects individual rights and freedoms
Shape
The characteristic outline or contour of an object that is distinguished from its surroundings by its distinctive form.
The Columbian Exchange
The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages.
Hernando De Soto
The first European to explore the southeastern United States form Tallahassee to Natchez
Factors of Production.
The four basic factors used to produce goods and services- labor, capital, land, and entrepreneurship.
Command Economics
The government controls what and how much is produced, the methods used for production, and the distribution of goods and services.
Which of the following is an example of energy being transferred by conduction?
The handle of a soup ladle gets hot while hot soup is being served.
Which of the following sentences contains a metaphor?
The harvest moon was a jack-o'-lantern smiling in the October sky.
Oceans
The largest bodies of water on earth and cover nearly 71% of the earth's surface. There are five major: Atlantic, Pacific (largest and deepest), Indian, Arctic, and Southern
Brigham Young
The leader of the Mormons when they fled religious persecution, built Salt Lake City, and settled much of the West. He was the first governor of the Utah Territory.
Intertidal Zone
The space on the coastline that is under water during high tide and dry during low tide. It is usually rocky, and contains abundant amounts of algae, small marine life, and many birds looking for food.
unity
The state of being in accord and having a continuity of purpose or action
What is one technological innovation that majorly affected the development of European societies?
The steam engine allowed manufacturers to produce a greater quantity of goods at a lower cost.
Physical Geography
The study of climate, water, and land and their relationships with each other and humans. it locates and identifies the earth's surface features and explores how humans thrive in various locations according to crop and goods production.
Geomorphology
The study of landforms. A science that considers the relationships between geological structures and surface landscape features. It is also concerned with the processes that change these features, such as erosion, deposition, and plate tectonics.
Ecology
The study of living organisms in relation to their environment and to other living things. It is the study of the interrelations between the different components of the ecosystem
Meteorology
The study of the atmosphere, including atmospheric pressure, temperature, clouds, winds, precipitation, etc. It is also concerned with describing and explaining weather.
Economics
The study of the buying choices that people make, the production of goods and services, and how our market system works.
Cultural Geography
The study of the influence of the environment on human behaviors as well as the effect of human activities such as farming, building settlements, and grazing livestock on the environment. Cultural geography also identifies and compares the features of different cultures and how they influence interactions with other cultures and earth.
Oceanography
The study of the oceans, which includes studying their extent and depth, the physics and chemistry of ocean waters, and the exploitation of the resources.
India
The subcontinent was seldom unified in terms of government until the British empire controlled the area in the 19th and 20th centuries. In terms of culture, India has had persistent institutions and religions that have loosely united the people, such as the caste system and guilds. These have regulated daily life more than any government.
Electric Current
The sustained flow of electrons that are part of an electric charge moving along a path in a circuit.
Presidential System
a system of government in which the legislative and executive branches operate independently of each other.
An intervention focused on prosody would be most appropriate for addressing the needs of which of the following students who have not yet developed reading fluency?
a student who reads aloud accurately but without appropriate expression or pauses between sentences.
Which of the following dance forms is most suited to performers who want to explore and express personal feelings
an improvisational modern dance
Which of the following early literacy skills is most likely to transfer from a first language when a child is learning a second language?
an understanding of the functions and uses of print and writing.
x+water+energy from sunlight --> glucose and oxygen
carbon dioxide
There are three basic properties of multiplication:
commutativity, associativity and identity.
A natural number is _____ if it is greater than 1 and not prime.
composite
Humans have four basic types of tissues:
connective, epithelial, muscle, and nerve.
mixtures
contain 2 or more substances that are combined but have not reacted chemically w each other -can be separated using physical methods
Since the middle of the twentieth century, some efforts have been made by the federal government to end discrimination against ethnic minorities in the public schools. This undertaking best illustrates which of the following principles of democratic government in the United States?
equal protection of the law.
conservation of matter
explains why chemical reactions don't result in any detectable gains or losses in matter
In stage 2 of the frog life cycle, what feature will be present in a newly hatched tadpole
external gills
The Constitution establishes a government based on the principle of "_____," or the sharing of power among the national, state, and local governments.
federalism
In humans, the evaporation of perspiration helps a person who is exercising maintain a constant internal body temperature. In Earth's processes, melting sea ice exposes darker water below it, which absorbs more heat and causes more ice to melt. These two examples illustrate which of the following themes in science?
feedback in a system
A speaker would be most likely to use presentation software to:
focus the attention of the audience on important points of the speech.
Prior to having a guest presenter in class, an upper-elementary teacher could best facilitate students' listening comprehension during the presentation by:
guiding students in developing a list of questions they would like to have answered by the presentation.
element
matter with one type of atom can be identified by its atomic number 117 of them 94 occur naturally on earth
density
measure of the amount of mass per unit volume D=m/V expressed in g/cm3
mass
measure of the amount of substance in an object
weight
measure of the gravitational pull of earth on an object or between two bodies
specific gravity
measure of the ration of a substance's density compared to the density of water
sound intensity
measured as the sound power per unit area -decibles
frequency
measured in hertz -f=v/y -#of occurences of an event in a given time period -f X magnitude = speed of light (3.0X10^9)
pH
measurement of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a substance in terms of the number of moles of H+ per liter of solution -lower =higher H+ concentration -higher=lower H+concentration water=neutral=7
oscillation
measurement, usually of time, ag a basic value, equilibrium, or rest point
oxygen, silicon, aluiminum
measurements of masses of elements in Earth's crust
a protractor is used for
measuring angles of a triangle
epithelium
membranous tissue covering internal organs and other internal surfaces of the body
perpetual motion
misguided belief that a system can continuously produce more energy than it consumes
colloidal suspension
mixture of large (1nm to 500nm) particles ex: aerosol apray
suspensions
mixtures of heterogneeous materials -ex: dirt mixed in water
developing stage
more independent in their reading, speaking and writing; They can read sight words and are using decoding skills (reading stage)
oxygen, neon, nitrogen, carbon, silicon, magnesium
most abundant elements in universe besides H and He
hydrogen-1, helium-4
most abundant isotopes
line
most commonly used in art to create illusion of depth in a painting
Drought
most directly responsible for the migration of people away from the Great Plains region of the US in the 1930s
A fourth-grade teacher would like to use literature to familiarize students with a variety of cultural traditions. Which of the following genres could the teacher use most effectively to achieve this purpose?
mythology
executive branch
nominates supreme court justices and vetoes bills
The discipline of geography is divided into two major branches: _____ _____ and _____ _____. Physical geographers study the landscapes, surface processes, and climate of Earth, much as earth scientists do. They are interested in the dynamics of the four spheres of our planet (atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, and lithosphere). Human (cultural) geographers, on the other hand, study ways in which human populations interact with each other and with the physical environment. They examine such topics as the spread of ideas and beliefs through cultural diffusion, the effects of different models of population distribution and urban development, and the framework of beliefs and traditions that shape a culture's relationship to its environment.
physical geography, human (cultural) geography
Electricity and magnetism are closely _____. The movement of electrons creates a magnetic field, so electric current creates a magnetic field. This magnetic property can be used to make powerful electromagnets. You can make an electromagnet by simply coiling wire around a thin rod made of iron or steel (a nail will work, too). When an electric current moves through the wire, it makes a magnetic field. The strength of the magnetic flow is dependent on the number of times the wire is coiled around the rod, and the value of the current is dependent on the flow through the conductor. The strength of the electromagnet becomes greater as the number of loops of wire around the core is increased.
related
transitivity
requires that students understand the relations between physical objects. Identifying how objects relate to one another indicates that students have entered the concrete learning phase
friction
resistance to motion that occurs where two surfaces touch each other -direction of motion occurs one way, this occurs in opp direction
