Combined Set: Part 2
USSR collapsed in
1991
Austerity
?
Leonard Woolf
Argued that peace and prosperity required "consciously devised machinery" and that it is not part of a latent natural order.
Core
Democratic government High Wages Import: raw materials Export: manufactures High Investment Welfare Services
Who was Yeltsin's successor in post-communist Russia? Gorbachev; Vladimir Putin; Dmitri Trenin; All of the above
Dmitri Trenin
Doyle's thoughts
Doyle thinks that liberal democracies are as aggressive as any other type of state in their relations with authoritarian regimes and stateless peoples.
Second woRLD wAR
EVEN MORE TOTAL IN NATURE AND GLOBAL SCOPE.
Cluster Three: Looking at Effects of Nuclear Weapons
Existential deterrence- suggests that possession of a single nuclear warhead is enough to deter conflict because it scares other countries.
d
Khrushchev's policy towards the West was a mixture of seeking coexistence and sometimes pursuing: a. nuclear arms superiority. b. economic reforms. c. hegemony. d. confrontation.
D) thE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN STATE AND NATION
Loyalty to the sate- country-- which can have people of multiple nationalities is different than having loyalty to one's nation in which people are ethnically similar. Loyalty is complex, with certain hierarchies at domestic levels, while also claiming certain loyalties like belonging to the European Union.
Discourse
Michael Foucault defined language as a linguistic system that orders statements and concepts.
Neo-liberals often describe international reaction as a "two-level game"
Nation-state Governments have to conduct their bargaining and negotiations at two levels at once: With other nation-state government ( external) With sub-national Actors and Constituencies ( Internal)
According to realists, can the survival of the state be guaranteed?
No. The use of force culminating in war is a legitimate instrument of statecraft.
Defintions of man and women are
RELATIONAL. They depend on each other. To be a true "manly man"-- you can't have womanly "weak" characteristics.
What was the term used to describe the re-establishment of more friendly relations between China and the US? Containment; Rapprochement; Détente; 'Wind of change'
Rapprochement
How are rationalists and Constructivists different??/
Rationalists-- emphasize the costs and benefits of action Constructivists-- emphasize the desire to be accepted by the broader community and to show the ability to learn... So some paths to socialization are closer to what each of them have in mind
Post-colonialism
Relatively new approach to study of IR-- starting in the 1990s slightly after feminist and post-structuralist approaches It explained some of the things that IR could not explain like decolonization and the fall of the Berlin Wall and the demise of the Soviet Union and hte end of the cold war.
The ancient society to promulgate the idea of ius gentium (law of nations) is: China; India; Rome; Greece.
Rome
GATT OBJECTIVES
TRADE LIBERALIZATION/ DEREGULATION/ PRIVITIZATION
The Palme Commission's notion of common security beucase the conceptual basis of teh Conference on sECURITY AND cOOPERATION IN eURPOSE
The CSCE made East-West security cooperation conditional on the improvement of the human rights situation in the former Soviet Bloc.
d
The First World War: a. was characterized by trench warfare and attrition. b. began to end in November 1918 with allied advances. c. mobilized whole European societies. d. all of the above
Who are the Bourgeoisie and Proletariat?
The bourgeoisie: run the system.. they take advantage of the fact that proletariat don't have power... the bourgeoisie exploit the need and vulnerability of proletariat. Proletariat: struggle within the system. they have less power Therefore capitalism is exploitative because the privileged take advantage of the needy and weak.
Deterritorialization
The delinking of cultures (or practices) and other social phenomena from the location that once defined them. whatever the scope of a certain enhance or idea used to be, that scope has seethe shrunk or grown or moved. The traditional place of the social phenomena has shifted. DE-LINK SOCIAL PHENOMENA FROM PLACES )
A strand of security studies is the Securitization approach.
This was developed by Barry Buzan. "By equating "security" with "military", the Western and particularly the American political establishment exposed itself to an objectivist, externally determined definition of security that was extraordinarily difficult to break" Argued for an approach to thinking about security that involves thinking about security threats as not objective, but rather subjective or intersubjective.
The most important aspect of the NATO alliance was the American commitment to the defence of Western Europe.
True
The philosopher Immanuel Kant was one of the first to claim that liberal states are peaceful in their international relations.
True
The proxenos was the ancient Greek counterpart to a modern ambassador.
True
Francis Fukuyama
Wrote an article entitled " The End of History" which celebrated the triumph of liberalism over all other ideologies, contending that liberal states were more stable internally and more peaceful in their international relations.
Who called foreign policy, according to universal moral principles, 'a policy of national suicide'? a. Walzer b. Miller c. Morgenthau d. Pogge
c. Morgenthau
Which treaty in 1968 sought to limit the spread of nuclear weapons? a. SALT 1 b. START 1 c. Nuclear Proliferation Treaty d. ABM Treaty
c. Nuclear Proliferation Treaty
What does OPEC stand for? a. Oil and Petroleum Economies with Coal b. Old People with Economic Concerns c. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries d. Overly Populated Economies and Countries
c. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
In which region did the cold war have its origins: a. China b. USSR c. USA d. Europe
d. Europe
Democratic peace theory is based on ________ logic. a. idealist b. Fukuyama's c. Foucault's d. Kantian
d. Kantian
Kenneth Waltz tries to overcome the problem of realism's weak definition of the meaning of power by shifting the focus from power to: a. sovereignty b. cooperation c. relative gains d. capabilities
d. capabilities
Political globalization involves webs of: a. non-state actors and corporations b. alliance politics c. civil society d. multilateral institutions, policy networks, and transgovernmental cooperation.
d. multilateral institutions, policy networks, and transgovernmental cooperation.
DAWN
dEVELOPMENT alTERNATIVES WITH woMEN FOR A nEW eRA USES feminist knowledge and it also publishes analyses of the impact of global economic policy on Southern countries, focusing on Southern women.
postcolonialism
did not start as a branch of IR
Global Governance
embracing states, international institutions, and transnational network and agencies that function to promote and regulate or intervene in the common affairs of humanity.
REALISM
emphasizes first-image analyses, explaining IR based on human drives and failings.
The type of anti-war liberal thinking that was prominent in the aftermath of the First World War is usually labelled:
idealism
There are several types of feminists
liberal, marx, socialist, post-colonial, and poststructural
Constructivism is best compared to
rational choice
Wendt talks about security dilemmas as
self-fulfilling prophecies
Ethnic Nationalism (Remember if he asks what naitionalism is, just say there are 2 types... ethnic and civic)
stresses specific elements such as common language, race, religion, and ancestry, often in a context of xenophobia and exclusion
Marx's key work focused on
the development and characteristics of nineteenth-century British capitalism
We are moving towards global capitalism
this is a global trend
US law has defined terrorism as
"the unlawful use of force or violence against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives"
International
'between' state governments
NPT
ALLOWS USSR, CHINA, FRANCE AND BRITAIN AND US to engage in a mentality that they are going to move towards three pillars: non-proliferation, eventual disagreement, and peaceful use of nuclear technology.
Critical Theory
ANDREW LINKLATER
d
According to the text, a person's worldview theory: a. is something the person might not even be aware of. b. might come from family, friends, and the news media. c. might seem like "common sense" or not at all like a theory. d. all of the above
Casual Vs Constitutative Theories
Causal theories - answer "why" questions Answers assume three things X and Y are independent of each other X precedes Y in time Constitutive theories - answer "how-possible" or "what" questions "account for properties of things by reference to the structures in virtue of which they exist." Language of dependent/independent variables does not exist --- EXPLAIN
What key policy was associated with the Truman Doctrine? Rapprochement; Apartheid; Containment; Decolonization
Containtment
Positivist vs post-positivist
Explaining = positivist, Understanding = post-positivism Explainers - causal questions Understanders - constitutive questions
'International society' is the merging of distinct political communities into one.
FALSE
After the end of the Cold War, international bodies like the European Union and NATO began to shrink, becoming more and more exclusive and club-like.
False
For international society theorists, power hierarchies are mainly determined by material power.
False
The caliphate and the papacy are examples of transnational authority.
False
The cold war actually facilitated and advanced the transition to independence in the former colonized world.
False
The transition from empire was comparatively conflictual and bloody in the former British Empire.
False
The use of 'cold' in the term 'Cold War' refers to the lack of war in the Third World from 1945 to 1990.
False
3 areas worth talking about:
Finance ( the realm of risk-taking and money-making, investing and planning. Owners and investors. Capitalists who invest the money that's used to produced goods and services. Entrepreneurs or the people that entrepreneurs borrow money from. They help businesses start and expect to reap the reward for their investments— for their risk) Production (things get made;workers;creating;manufacturing;putting things together) Trade (buying and selling across state borders; imports and exports; matters to governments who count trade patterns)
Is relationship between global south and North fundamental to new post cold era or is globalization going to fix or exacerbate it
Financial globalization!
Common goals between US and USSR
DID not want nuclear war, to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons to other powers, to manage a european continent that had been the site of two great wars in the past
What is the term most widely used to describe the end of empire throughout most of Asia and Africa after 1945?
Decolonization
c
In what year did the Cuban missile crisis take place? a. 1960 b. 1961 c. 1962 d. 1968
d
A "theory" is: a. a formal model with hypotheses and assumptions. b. a simplifying device that helps the analyst decide which facts matter and which facts do not. c. a deception to get citizens to reach an unpopular decision. d. both a and b
Alongside growing UN involvement in development issues in the 1990s, the UN economic and social arrangements underwent reform at the country (field) level and at the headquarters level.
A key feature of the reforms at the country ( field ) level was the adoption of Country Strategy notes.
Washington Consensus
A set of policies advocated by the American government and international financial institutions advocating neo-liberal economic policies such as reducing the role of the state in the economy, deregulation, privatization, and openness to foreign financial capital investment.
The 'Concert of Europe' was...
A sort of club amongst great powers in Europe that met regularly in order to maintain the delicate balance of power that existed at the time.
What are 2 main ideas with constructivismm
A) the convergence of states around similar ways for organizing domestic and international life B) how norms become internationalized an institutionalized, influencing what states and non-state actors do and their ideas of what legitimate behaviour is .
Three factors led to the brith of transnational terrorism in 1968
A) the expansion of commercial air travel B) The availability of televised news coverage C) broad political ideological interest among extremists that intersected around a common cause
9/11 and the US
It led to the US intervening in Afghanistan It made its foreign policy more militarized US military spending doubeld between 2001 and 2009 It also caused a temporary split with many of its Europen allies
Why was the cold war important?
It represented the first occasion when soverign equality was the central legal norm for the whole world
What did the first WW do for liberalism?
It shifted liberal thinking towards a recognition that peace is not a natural condition but is one that must be constructed.
Why is it important to question how we organize political communty?
It tell us the forms of governance that are in place are legitimate, who we can trust, who we have something in common with, and who we should help if they are under attack.
Why are imperialism and liberalism interconnected
Machiavelli has a number of argumetns for the necessity for republics to expand: a) liberty increases wealth and the concomitant drive for new markets b) soldiers who are at the same time citizens are better fighters than slaves or mercenaries c) expansion is often the best means to promote a state's security.
MATCH THE FOLLOWING TO ITS MEANING
Match these terms with their meanings. Avoid being tricked by the extra answer. (4 points) Correct Response __2__ dharma Correct Response __3__ ius gentium Correct Response __4__ umma Correct Response __1__ proxenos 1. The ancient Greek counterpart to a modern ambassador. 2. A term for natural and eternal law. 3. The law of nations. 4. The worldwide Islamic community of believers. 5. The idea that wars should only be fought for 'just' or 'ethical' reasons.
Constructivists also ask how actors make their acitvities meaningful
Max Weber said " we are cultural beings with the capacity and the will to take a deliberate attitude towards the world and to lend it significance"...... constructivists attempt to recover the meanings that actors give to their practice sand the objects that they construct. These derive not from private beliefs but rather form culture.
Ethics is the descriptive study of what actors have done, rather than the evaluative study of what they should do.
True
The United Nations Security Council has undergone minor but notable reform in that a new class of members (permanent observers) has been introduced.
True
The World Social Forum is broadly speaking critical of "Washington Consensus-esque".
True
The same territory can be claimed by competing nationalists
Turkish Nationalists claim Kurds in tuRKEY AS tuRKISH, A VIEW THAT kURDish nationalists reject
Responsibility to Protect Doctrinte: R2P
The Responsibility to Protect doctrine is the enabling principle that first obligates individual states and then the international community to protect populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity.
We often hear of the Third World (although it is a contested term). But what is the Second World? The Western hemisphere, with particular reference to the United States (i.e., the term is interchangeable with the "new" world); The Soviet Union and its allies; Eastern Asia (particularly Japan and China) ; All of the above depending on context
The Soviet Union and its allies
Liberal institutionalism ( also called neo-liebralism)
The developing pattern of institutionalized cooperation between states opens up unprecedented opportunities to achieve greater international security in the years ahead. This approach operates within teh realist framework but argues that international institutions are much more important in helping achieve cooperation and stability.
How is Garmscian thought different from critical theory?
The different between these two strands of Marxist thought: Gramsci tends to be much more concerned with issues relating to the subfield of international political economy than critical theorists. Critical theorists on the other hand have involved themselves with questions concerning international society, international ethics, and security
Why was Obama propelle to power?
The economic crisis. He said that if the USA were to avoid another great depression it would have to adopt a set of radical policies that did not shy away from using teh state to save the market from itself.
Hoffman's explanation of why Liberalism is successful in N.A but not in international politics as a whole...
" international affairs have been the nemesis of Liberalism because the essence of liberalism is self-restrain, moderation, compromise and peace whereas the essence of international politics is exactly the opposite: troubled peace, at best or the STATE OF WAR"
Marx's quote
"Accumulation of wealth at one pole, is therefore, at the same time accumulation of misery, agony of toil, slavery, ignorance, brutality at the opposite pole"
Sun Tsu
"All men can see these tactics whereby I conquer, but what non can see is the strategy out of which victory is evolved" actics: refer the short-term conduct of a particular engagement on the battlefield... A particular battle, taking a particular hill, or pushing past enemy lines at a certain point Strategy: refers to long-term, big picture thinking about how multiple engagements fits together and how the war in itself is going. Tactics help you win the battle, but strategy helps you figure out which battles are worth winning in order to win the war.
a
"Nation-state" is a problematic term because: a. few states are comprised of one nation, so the term is confusing at times. b. all territorial units called "countries" are comprised of only one nation, so the term is unnecessary. c. globalization has eroded all sense of national identity as the Waltzer quote that opened Chapter One indicates. d. in the contemporary era no elected official ever uses the term, yet it lives on in textbooks.
Jeremy Bentham (1843):.
"Rights is the child of law; from real law come real rights; but from imaginary laws, from 'law of nature,' come imaginary rights. [...] Natural rights is simple nonsense: natural and imperceptible rights, rhetorical nonsense, nonsense on stilts."
Arnold Wolders
"Security, in any OBJECTIVE sense, measure the absence THREATS to acquired values and in a SUBJECTIVE sense, the absence of FEAR that such values will be ATTACKED"
Alexander Wendt (
"Self-help and power politics are institutions, not essential features of anarchy. Anarchy is what states make of it." Wendt (1992): "Rational choice directs us to ask some questions and not others, treating the identities and interests of agents as exogenously given, and focusing on how the behavior of agents generates outcomes."
How to judge the effectiveness of the new post-cold war era?
a) is it an aspect of the interstate system and thus asking us to speak of INTERNATIONL ORDER? b) or wident to impact on individaul human lives talking about WORLD ORDer
IN the first ustable phase after 1990 there was
a rapid emergence of ethno-nationalism and new nation-state formations. However after that phase the international community ( above all teh USA) reacted against ethno-nationalism and state breakup while enabling new forms of intervention into the internal affairs of weaker states.
Poststructuralists say that the inside-outside dichotomy is not a RULE but that most places are governed by this idea... when can we see national-international dichotomy?
When states choose not to intervene in other states that are prosecuting their own citizens.
b
Which four academic theories of international relations the primary focus of the 1980s interparadigm debate? a. Liberalism, Chorley's concept of stage and process, Hobbesian, Marxism b. Realism, liberalism, Marxism, constructivism c. Hobbesian, Marxism, realism, liberalism d. Realism, liberalism, Marxism, Chorley's concept of stage and process
Civil Society
Is the network of institutions and practices that enjoy some autonomy from the state, and through which groups and individuals organize, represent, and express themselves to each-other and to the state. E.g. the media, education system, churches, voluntary organizations
The Economic and Social C0uncil
Is under the overall authority of the G.A., and coordinates the economic and social work of the UN. It also consults with non-governmental organizations thereby maintaining a vital link between the UN and civil society. Its subsidiary bodies include: functional commissions, regional commissions and other bodies. Along with the Secretariat and the G.A., ECOSOC is responsible for overseeing the activities of a large number of other institutions known as the United Nations system. This includes the specialized Agencies and the Programmes and Funds. Oversees economic and social institutions. This is an example of how, unlike the League of Nations, the Un created special organizations to deal with specific economic and social problems.
gRAMSCI
Italian school. He was one of the founding members of the Italian Communist party. Jailedi n 1926 for political activities and spent the remainder of his life in prison. Most creative marxist thinker of the twentieth century, he produced no single integrated theoretical treatise. His legacy is transmitted through his prison notebooks.
WW2 ENDS:
Japan surrenders and ww2 ends. What needed to happen now? Division of Cooped Germany ( and of Berlin) West Germany AND East Germany separation. The western allies took control of Western Germany imposed a democratic and capitalist way of life in that part of Germany. East germany was a communist regime. Germany had a pockett of western control in a sea of eastern control... The American said we want to CONTAIN communism. that was the whoel containment thing. We want to stop it from spreading even though we can't tear it down at it's roots. Self determination is important but when people fight against the government using communism then this self determination should be stopped. American wanted to freeze communist impliments and make sure that it wouldn't spread any further. It wanted to halt communism. These ideas stemmed from the long telegram memo.
Page 231 Boss quote by
Jonathan Friedman saying that post-9/11 era is the most dangerous
Joseph Stalin:
Joseph Stalin: The nation is "a historically evolved, stable community of people, formed on the basis of a common language, territory, economic life, and a common culture."
Lenin
Lenin and the vanguard were a break away form MArx. This struggle is going to take some time and it's going to take time ( that' what marx was saying). But lenin said let's go faster and kill everyone and get control asap! Lenin said let's get strong people and kill people an take their stuff and tha't what happened in their revolution and that's why the ocmmunism is a break from the Marxist idea of how history unfolds. for marx the progress is going to be beneificl, we think about emancipation which i sa noter way of saying freeing people from the shakees they face.
Liberalism
Liberalism is a broad tradition of social and political thought putting an emphasis on individual rights, the possibility of social progress, and responsible government.
Liberalism and identity
Liberalists think that the identity of the state determines its outward orientation. Liberals see a further parallel between individuals and sovereign states. Although the character of states may differ, all states are accorded certain "natural" rights, such as the generalized right to non-interference in their domestic affairs. At the same time, liberal believe that for certain purposes the liberty of the state must be compromised by the need for collective action, hence the priority attached to the coordinating role of international organizations.
ECONOMIC LIBERALISM
Liberalization: the adoption of FREE TRADE politics that remove barriers to transnational buying, selling, and investment ( such as tariffs, taxes, regulations, etc.). This makes it easier to buy, sell, and invest. Interdependence: the idea that because of increasing social and economic connections, the goals and experiences of nation-states are inextricably tied together. Many people thought that free trade would result in peace as a result.
Production chains:
Long, complicated geographic lines to draw between us and the things we buy.
b
Many international relations experts believed that __________during the Cold War more or less produced a stable international system. a. multipolarity b. bipolarity c. United States' conventional military arsenal d. the strength of democracy in West Germany
Statism
Max Weber's defintion of the state as " the monpoly of the legitimate use of physical force within a given territory". Within this territorial space, sovereignty means that the state has supreme authority to make and enforce laws. This is the basic unwritten contract between individuals and the state. According to Hobbes, we trade our liberty in return for a guarantee of security. One security has been established, civil society begins. Thus power must first be organized domestically. Power is hard to define and it does not consider the power of non-state actors.
Weber's State
Max Weber: "the state is the form of human community that (successfully) lays claim to the monopoly of legitimate physical violence within a particular territory—and this idea of 'territory' is an essential defining feature." So the state is allowed to use violence by the people... But also they are allowed to deny or evaluate the use of violence and to punish it. The two elements that matter are: The delineated territory: clear patch of land The use of violence as a tool Legitimacy: the right person doing the right thing appropriately
International Soceity
May be applied to international systems, empires, sovereignty, international hierarchical orders that are governed to some degree by common rules and practices.
OECD Countries and UNEVEN Globalizaiton
More globalized than poor sub-Saharan African States. It is not uniformly experienced in all regions and the poorest countries are often excluded.
Which of these is not a component of jus ad bellum? Right intention; Restoration of peace; Multilateral authority; Last resort.
Multilateral authority
a
Multination corporations, human rights groups, and environmental organizations can be examples of: a. transnational actors. b. transhumance actors. c. transistant actors. d. transformative actors.
Power Structures
Multipolar: many states have similar amounts of power and vie for influence and power (they might be balancing off against each other. Making sure that no one person emerges and gets too strong) Bipolar: two states compete as rivals for influence and supremacy in global affairs ( Like the cold war... 2 poles.... Soviet Uinion has its sphere of influence and Americans had their own ... They compete as rivals... ) Unipolar: one state emerges as the dominant power in the international system, and archives HEGEMONY
NGOS, Transnational Advocacy networks, Global Social Movements
NGOS—- are organization that are made outside of government... They are people who start a non-profit that has a formal structure and a mandate and they try to get something done in world politics... Human Right's Watch, Greepeace... They rely on donations... They are organzations. THEY ARE ORGANIZED. The other ones work a bit differently... They deal with governments though and are set up in away that feels familiar to government sos that they can be invited to discuss with governments and speak to uN people and write reports that can be take seriously by the government GLOBAL SOCAIL MOVEMENTS—- much looser. They push collectively towards something. in a decentralized way they push for things using twitter hashtags and rallies. They know when they are going to rally but the don't deice what exactly they're going to say. There is no ONE leader... it just expresses an opinion of what's going on and it calls for certain types of changes. it IS LESS organized in this traditional way. Global social movemetns are a little looser and you can easily be a part of. They take on a community approach where people share ideas and take action together. TRANSNATIOAL ADVOCACY NETOWRKS— people who are tied together though some form of connectedness that allows them to share information and ideas and maybe work together in a group but in a less linear sort of way. Maybe it's a facbeook group and it connects different people with different things even though it's spread across space. They connected people with like phone chains or don't know eachotehr personally. Loose nodes of trading and communication that are separated by time and space...A Networks come because there is a connection of some kind between people. They don't usually have formal meetings or funding, ideas, arguments and news...
Is nationalism the same as the nation state?
NO--- it is precisely when the nation-states are the most threatened that nationalism , as a reaction against that, can be strongest. At the same time, the very globalization of politics can stimulate new forms of sub-national and transnational politics including form of nationalism
The idea of a 'vanguard party', 'democratic centralism', and the 'command economy' were key parts of Soviet ideology. Which of these was set out by Karl Marx in his writings? Vanguard party: the idea of a small and dedicated elite of revolutionary leaders who will work to establish a 'dictatorship of the proletariat' (working class). Democratic centralism: the idea that the political party should be run in a way that it unified, centralized, and authoritative. Command economy: an approach to governance where investment and production decisions are made by the the government rather than by investors, businesspeople, and entrepreneurs. All of the above. None of the above.
NONE OF THE ABOVE
a
National self-determination a. means the right of specific, distinct national groups to become states and to rule themselves. b. was guaranteed in the Peace of Utrecht (1713). c. is the basis of the 1786 Congress of Vienna. d. is the right of an individual to declare in which nation-state that person will be a citizen.
Is national security obsolete?
No, but it can't account for everything anymore. We use the principles of democratization and teh post-cold war emphasis on human rights to consider new ways of approaching security issues.
Triangulation
Only if a UN security council resolution obliges all the countries of the world to impose sanction is there a reasonable prospect of a determined government preventing TNCs from evading sanctions.
Is the European Union itself a member of UN Security Council or the G20. Yes, both; Only in the UN Security Council; Only in the G20; No, in neither
Only in G20
Poststructuralism focuses on ontology and epistemology
Ontology-- what is in the world Epistemology-- how can we study the world
Which of the following criteria does the chapter author, Peter Willetts, argue is necessary for a company to truly be considered a TNC?
Opening branches or subsidiaries outside its home country.
Which of the following are not usually considered 'key' liberal values? Tolerance and Equality Freedom and Rights Order and Authority Constitutionalism and Responsible Government
Order and Authority
What does OPEC stand for? Overly Populated Economies and Countries; Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries; Old People with Economic Concerns; Oil and Petroleum Economies with Coal
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
Lethality
People are concerned about terrorist use of WMD. Militant Islamic statements have mentioned the use of many means, including, WMD to kill as many infidels and apostates as possible. LOL GLOBALIZED MEDIA MAY PLAY ROLE INS HAPING TERRORIST PLANS A S AL QAEDA LEADERS HAVE ALLEGELDY BEEN INSPIRED BY SPECTUACULAR SPECIAL EFFECTS OF HOLLYWOOD BLOCKBUSTER MOVIES. ahahah
NATO Bombing of Yugoslavia ( 1999) Humanitarian Bombing: Perceived Overrreach"
People in one Serbia's provinces started pushing for tier own indepndence. thERE were alleged crimes against humanity committed,. In response to perceived comes against serbia, US bombed bELLagrade trying to get sebrian government to get forces to withdraw from Kosovo. NATO went to the UN and tried to get a security council resolution saying it was okay, but it was vetoed. They did it anyways. This was called "humanitarian bombing" .... There were other economic and political interests...
Post-colonial vs postcolonial
Post-colonial used throughout chapter to refer to the analysis of colonialism and anti-colonialism Postcolonial is used to indicate a turn since the 1990s towards analyzing the current era of IR as the post colonial era
Which of the following descriptions best portrays the approach taken by post-colonial theory?
Post-colonialism is a bottom-up approach to international relations.
Poststructuralism's critique of universalism shows that although poststrucutalists are critical of realism, they agree with realists that we should take power and the state seriously.
Poststructuralists agree with the value in classical realism because it is historically sensitive and concerned with the big political and normative questions of world politics. Neo-relaism on the other hand is criticized for its ahistorical view of the state and its reification of the international structure and its positivist epistemology.
Which author of the choices below is known for describing the paradox of American Power? President George H.W. Bush; Kenneth Waltz; Samuel Huntington; Christopher Layne
President George H.W. Bush
Jus in bello includes debates over which of the following? Proportionality of means.; Double effect; Non-combatant immunity; Proportionality of means, double effect, and non-combatant immunity.
Proportionality of means, double effect, and non-combatant immunity.
How does Wallerstein describe the end of the cold war?
Rather than a triumph for liberalism, it indicated that the current system has entered its "end" phase-- a period of crisis that will end only when it is replaced by another system. Crisis presents opportunity-- in a time of crisis, actors have gar greater agency to determine the character of the replacement structure. His work has been an attempt to develop a political programme to promote a new world system that is more equitable and just than the current one. From this perspective, to focus on globalization is to ignore what is truly novel about the contemporary era. Focusing on westernization is a "gigantic misreading of current reality"... The phenomena evoked by "globalization" are manifestations of a world system thatt emerged in euROPE DURING THE SIXTEENTH CENTURY TO INCORPORATE THE ENTIRE GLOBE: a world system now in decline.
What countries are thought to possess nuclear weapons today?
Russia,Britian, France, China, US, India, Pakistan, North Korea, and Israel.
a
Scholars of the end of European decolonization contend that a. there is no one pattern of decolonization during that period. b. there was more violence in British decolonization. c. there was little to no violence associated with French decolonization. d. imbedded liberal institutions in Spanish colonies caused a reaction from the United States.
Postcolonial
Signifies lingering colonial hierarchies of race, class, and gender despite the winding down of the formal colonial period, and the tendency of IR ( and people in the West) to pay more attention to the foreign policies of the USA and Europe than those of most former colonies: Zambia, Botswana, Jamaica, Bangladesh, the Philippines, or Bolivia.
Which key concept of global politics describes '... the rightful entitlement to exclusive, unqualified, and supreme rule within a delimited territory?' Sovereignty; The disaggregated state; Independence; 'Might is right'
Sovereignty
R2P was developed by Canadian Commission
Sovereignty as Responsibility—- Francis Deng—- he said sovereignty shouldn't be seen as a privilege or a shield... It is a responsibility to govern and care for people from the inside out and from below. The primary responsibility to protect people should be with the state, but when the state is unwilling or unable to protect them, the sovereignty principle should yield to R2P.
Non-violent fights
Space Race ( 1955- 1972) The leaders of both sides looked for more innovative ways to dominate opponents. thIS LEAD to the space race... Soyuz Satellite ( 1957) and Moon Landing ( 1968) The soviet union was successful in launching the first satellite into space. thE SAPCE RACE WAS VERY MUCH ABOUT FIGHTING the cold war through non-military domains.... The summit series was seen as a victory that Canada won because it was a shot at wining the series on behalf of the nato allies. We represented the west. Winning that hockey game was important.
B) the Lack of similarity between countries
States aren't the same... e.g. in terms of economic size, after the end of the cold war in 1989, the US economy was 2x the size of the Soviet Union. At the end of the 20th century, the US economy was 9x as big as China and 55x bigger than Saudi Arabia. They also have different governments... democracies,, feudal regimes, ethnic oligarchies, economic oligarchies, populist regimes, theocracies, military dictatorships... The only thing they have in common is their right to have their own government.
Structural Adjustment Programs ( SAPs)
Structural adjustment programs are the effort by countries to make structural economic changes in an effort to get an IMF loan priorities include: -implementing austerity -reduce spending -fighting corruption -cutting subsidies -controlling inflation (IMF IS CRITICIZED BECAUSE it sounds like neoliberalizing moves that is reflective of the Washington consensus). "Yes, w'ell bail you out, but you have to do what we say." they're exploitative because they take vulnerable countries and make them use the one-size-fits all Washington approach
What do structural realists vs classical realists have to say about power?
Structural: the balance of power will emerge even in the absence of a conscious policy to maintain in balance. Classical: emphasize the crucial roles that state leaders and diplomats play in maintaining the balance of power. The balance of power is not natural or inevitable-- it must be constructed.
Materialism:
Sturcutural realism tends to focus on the material capabilities of states. It emphasizes power defined in terms of brute force strength Ideas, cultures, norms, arguments, opinions, religion, and identities are considered largely epiphenomenal: of secondary or minimal importance how strong are the tanks? how many are there? how strong is your army? how strong could it be tomorrow? For realists, because the are making parsimonious theory, they say materialism is what you are trying to focus on.
The three pillars of the "Westphalian" model of world politics are:
Territoriality, sovereignty, and autonomy
Violence is most codon when nationalist movements or ethnic minorities reject the legitimacy of a government... These groups can be called
Terrorists--- to express disapproval Guerrillas-- by those who are more neutral National liberation movements-- by their supporters
What is arab spring?
The Arab Spring was a revolutionary wave of demonstrations and protests (both non-violent and violent), riots, and civil wars in the Arab world that began on 18 December 2010 in Tunisia with the Tunisian Revolution, and spread throughout the countries of the Arab League and its surroundings. The Arab Spring is widely believed to have been instigated by dissatisfaction with the rule of local governments, particularly by youth and unions, though some have speculated that wide gaps in income levels may have had a hand as well
IRON CURTAIN
The Iron Curtain symbolized the ideological conflict and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II in 1945 until the end of the Cold War in 1991. The term symbolized efforts by the Soviet Union to block itself and its satellite states from open contact with the west and non-Soviet-controlled areas. On the east side of the Iron Curtain were the countries that were connected to or influenced by the Soviet Union. On either side of the Iron Curtain, states developed their own international economic and military alliances:
Robert Cox:
"Theory is always for someone and for some purpose."
Hans Morgenthau (1948)
"[P]olitics, like society in general, is governed by objective laws that have their roots in human nature."
Contirbution to the Critique of Political Economy
"the mode of production of material life conditions the social, political, and intellectual life process in general" ( Marx 1970). Thus the legal, political, and cultural institutions and practices of a given society reflect and reinforce the pattern of power and control in the economy. Therefore, the economic base ultimately leads to change in the legal and political superstructure.
Rapproachment vs Detente the way the teacher wants
'Rapprochement' is the re-establishment of good relations between two parties. 'Rapprochement' is usually used in the context of the Chinese-US relationship, since while they had not had great relations before, they were not major rivals. The term 'détente' is much more closely associated with improved relations between major rivals in a bipolar system -- such as the 1970s relationship between the USA and the USSR. Détente might be seen as a particular kind of rapprochement between intense rivals, but it's not a word that commonly or accurately applies to this case.
Stephen Krasner
'Regimes' are: "Implicit or explicit principles, norms, rules and decision-making procedures around which actors' expectations converge in a given area of international relations."
Subnational
'below' or 'within' states ( kinda means sub-state... so if there are tensions at the subnational level we could be talking about the Hamilton city council).
Internationalization
( the growing interdependence between states. It emphasizes that states and the government continue to be important. it just means that the UN is getting stronger. These bodies like the UN are developing and helping make the powerful countries more powerful)
Poststructuralism is critical of...
(being skepticism about master narratives)... GOOD AND EVIL fighting might not exist... that's a big pattern... Not buying into destinies. People who are skeptical of these master plans or sUPER explanations.
Niccolo Machiavelli
- an italian dimplomat For Machhiavelli, practical political questions about how to gain power rand hold on to it were central. The moral aspects were not important German thinkers call him real politic. It is always best to put the interest of your state above all other considerations. Real politic and raision d'etat both have the idea that states have interest and should be looked at pragmatically and with clear eyes.
What do terrorist leaders want?
- disproportionate reactions by a state which disaffects public or international opinion and increases support for their cause -others seek immediate impact, to demonstrate the weakness of their opponent and by extension the group's power and reach by generating fear through media coverage.
NGOs contribuet to human security in a # of ways:
- source of information and early warning abotu conflicts -providing a channel for relief operations and often being the first to do so in areas of conflict or natural disaster, and supporting government or uN-sponsored peace building and rehabilitation missions. -- play a big role in promoting sustainable development.... the international committee of the red cross was established in geneva and it has a unique authority based on international humanitarian law of the geneva conventions to protect the lives and dignity of victims of war and internal violence, including the war-wounded, prisoners, refugees, civilians and other non-combatants to provide them with assistance.
core
-Advanced manufacturing economics -Uses economic sanctions and militarism to quash resistance -Actively sustain dependence through policies and practices They set up the rules of the game in a way that benefits them and keep the relationship happening
The trilemma concerning moral epistemology
-Circular argument -Self-Evidence -Infinite Regress*— three year old asking "why"? Infinite reasons.
TRACKING THE GLOBAL BALANCE OF TRADE
-Countries can generally get by with alternating periods of trade surpluses and deficits -Chronic trade deficits, however, are seen as major problem needing resolution -The balance of trade is carefully tracked through a system of "national accounts" by the International Monetary Fund
Asian History
-European power during 19th century -depredations of Japan between 1936 and 1945 -Since 1945, it experienced at least 2 devastating wars, several insurgencies, and a genocidal revolution. -Several US interventions -bloody war between Vietnam and Cambodia -Chinese invasion of Vietnam
EXPORT PROCESSING ZONES (EPZs)
-Export Processing Zones, also known as Free Trade Zones (FTZs) are areas in a country where good can be transported manufactured and processed with minimal local government intervention or regulation and oversight. Largest free trade zone in African is Nigeria where a bunch of consumers buy stuff every year form this factory. 140 million consumers buy from there. This free trade zone has a website that says "come invest here" because there are less regulations because the laws of Nigeria don't apply here. This is one strategy that people have used not to deregulate the whole country or bend on environemtanl standards for the whole country....
What did the Third World Bloc do?
-It was more favourable to socialism than capitalism -It sought to draw resources from each superpower rather than choose a side in the cold war -Foreign aid would be put in the service of policies set by these new states and not by the superpowers.
Securitization Theory
-Making something a "security" issue typically involves a speech act that "securitizes" it, framing it as a serious threat that warrants a serious response. So when speakers try to securitize something, they talk about it as if it is an existential threat that demands that exceptional measures be allowed as an option for response. Securitization speech attempts to elevate the importance of proposed responses to the threat beyond the scope of democratic politics as usual, usually permitting greater license and leeway to authorities. Successful securitization therefore creates allowances for exceptional measures, special policies, or actions that the public or another target audience would not normally tolerate. It often results in depoliticization.
Issues with Nationalism
-National Community -Territorial State Borders Should be made congruent Brings problem with borders. Should we get people outside of our borders to rejoin our borders? If you are part of our bloodline and heritage we should unite the land. Like Nazi Germany and Russia... We want to take over Ukraine because there are Russian people there culturally. Germans believe that people in the master race were in other places in Europe so they went to go get them and conquer that land and unite them. B) Minority groups who liv in villages within the borders of the state but aren't part of the majority nation or don't share the heritage or bloodline. If the country should be denied by the nation ( these people aren't part of the nation) then what do you do with the people who aren't part of your community. Minorities aren't part of the nation... So they are either changed (residential schools... genicides), pushed out ( displacement... armenian genocide). What happens to people who don't live in borders? What happens to non-members living in the borders? These questions can be addressed in healthy ways, but also with violence.
Rawl's Toolkit of Ethical Concepts
-Original Position -Veil of Ignorance ( can we view things from a more neutral perspective) -Public Reason -Reflective Equilibrium ( be consistent) -Overlapping Consensus ( used in human rights) -Distributive Justice -Difference Principle
Rawlsian ideas (he was a pluralist)
-Public reason ( people would not only have ideas but would discuss and justify them.. being reasonable and rational would matter... and so would being consistent... ) -Reflective equilibrium ( the things you believe should work together and be coherent. Can't believe in patriarchy and gender equality) -Overlapping consensus (What claims or arguments and through this exchange would they all agree with from their disininterested original position? If everyone believes that mruder is wrong, we have an overlapping consensus but not a "Truth")
which institutions and regimes help states to manage the "two-level game" of international relations by:
-Reducing uncertainty -Facilitating the spread of information -building trust -applying enforcement mechanisms -Counteracting the power of domestic pressures
Moral pluralism is influenced by communitarian thinking and here are its values:
-Self-Determination -Belonging -Particularism -Membership -Connection -Cultural Context
Periphery
-Serves as source of cheap labour and natural resources -Undeverdeveloped because resources are dominated and diverted -Provide markets for obsolete technology and surplus goods ( like a dumping ground from the last year's hot items in the core)
Washington consensus is a rejection of the Import Substitution Industrialization
-The Washington consensus describes a set of policies, priorities, and "best practices" that the US government and international economic institutions advocate for the liberalization of free trade. The one size fits all manual for how to be a good economically liberal country. Economic policies favouring liberalization make up a dominant approach referred to as the Washington Consensus
Jus Ad Bellum
-The justness "of" a war -Should the war be fought at all? -Were all the conditions for justice and rightness met before war was started? JUS AD BELLUM -Just Cause -Right Authority ( were you appointed? who' do you represent?.. Are you in the appropriate position to go to war? Who are YOU to say that this can happen? Does the people who are launching the war actually have the right representation/standing to fight the war?) -Right Intention (What is it that people really want? What is the private rational and the public rational for going to war? ) -Last Resort (Was war fought as a last resort? Did diplomacy/bargaining/verbal/ naming and shaming tried? Were all your other tools exhausted?) -Reasonable Hope ( Did it have hope or was it always doomed? It should be avoided if it can't be won)
COSMOPOLITAN VALUES
-Universalizability -Egalitarianism (equal value of humans) -Inclusion -Consistency ( no ethical blindspots.. don't be selective)
MORAL PLURALISM
-Views the world as a collation of distinct an separate communities sharing moral standards that protect diversity and autonomy. Each country's local practices are worth protecting. It's good that there is a tapestry of difference. A moral good that we need to protect is diversity.
Women play a crucial role as peace keepers
-improve access and support for local women -makes male peacekeepers more reflective and responsible -broadens the repertoire of skills and styles available within the mission
NEO-LIBERALISM
-institutions shape politics Liberals emphasize 2nd image explanations for global politics, stressing the role played domestic pressures and by the characteristics of states, especially by imperialist, undemocratic governments. Neo-liberals emphasize 3rd Image Explanations for global politics, stressing the constraining and shaping role played by system-wide structures such as international institutions and international regimes.
Similarities between "Freedom from Want" and "Freedom from Fear"
-referent object is the person -both acknowledge globalization and the changing nature of armed conflict in creating threats to human security. -stress safety from violence as a key objective of human security -both call for rethinking of state sovereignty as a necessary part of promoting human security Both agree that development isa necessary condition for human security just as security is a necessary condition for human development.
Stalin
. He was an aggressive authoritarian masculinist. He lead purges of political opponents and enemies. STALINISM is a phased use to describe this form of totalitarian rule. Stalin ruled the soviet union with an iron firs
Explain Bhahba discusses DissemiNations
. The idea of people having hybrid identities is an interesting complication of the ideas discussed in this chapter. I had never questioned the central idea of international relations that everything was based on a states which are fixed, territorial entities. However, Bhahba's approach is so interesting because he says that the state is built by people and if people travel, then the state is no longer a fixed entity and this new perspective can completely alter how international relations are viewed.
Truman made the famous decision to use the atomic bomb
... Atomic bombing of hiroshima and Nagasaki ( 1945)... This was the beginning of the atomic age. It was also a severe war crime... an unnecessary show of force.
The origin of the concept of human security can be traced to the publication of the Human Development Report of 1994... The report defined the scope of human security to include 7 areas
1) Economic security ( assured basic income for people) 2)Food security ( all people have physical and economic access to basic food) 3)Health Security ( minimum protection from diseases and unhealthy lifestyles) 4) Environmental Security (protect people from short and long term ravages of natural manmade threats and the deterioration of the environment) 5) Personal Security-- protect from physical violence ( from inside or outside state) and from violent individuals or sub-state factors and from domestic abuse and predatory adults 6)Community Security--- protecting people from the loss of traditional relationships and values, and from sectarian and ethnic violence . 7) Political Security-- ensuring that people live in a society that honours their basic human rights, and ensuring the freedom of individuals and groups from government attempts to exercise control over ideas and information.
jOHN IKENBERRY MAPPED LIBERAL IDEAS INTO THREE SETS
1) Liberal internationalism 1 corresponds with the inter-war period and the failed attempt to replace the old balance of power order with the rule of law. 2) After 1945, American constructs liberal internationalism 2. It did this by embedding certain fundamental liberal principles into the regulatory rules and institutions of international society. Contrary to realist claims, the world's pre-eminent power chose to forsake the pursuit of short-term gains in return for a durable settlement that benefited its European allies and those in Asia too. This is experiencing a criss today because american hegemony is no longer an adequate framework to support liberal international order. Even in the USA had sufficient power, there are signs that the rest of the world no longer wants on order in which a single state is preponderant. 3. Requires a movement away from a sovereignty-based order towards one where global institutions become the new rulers of the world. Liberalism 2 is in criss but 3 is unrealistic.
How did nationalism evolve??
1) Westaphaliam system developed 2) There was a rise in the 18th century where the whole world was organized as a series of nation states. International relations became relations between nations states 3) globalization undermines political order by eroding both sovereign territorial power and national identity.
The main contributions of post-colonial analysis:
1) bring historical relations of colonial powers with colonies into the study of IR 2) to provide views and theories of those relations from perspectives of colonized peoples rather than from the perspectives of great powers alone 3) to encourage the use of novels, poetry, diaries, and testimonials as valuable sources of information on the nature of colonialism and post-colonailism.
The UN sees all NGOs as being eligible for ECOSOC consultative status
1) can be small number of high-status NGOs concerned with most of the council's work 2) Specialist NGOs concerned with a few fields of activity and having high reputation in them 3) a Roster of other NGOs that are expected to Make occasional contributions to the Council.
US PIVOTS TO CHINA in the following ways
1) get more involved in Asian organizations such as ASEAN and APEC and reassure other states in aSIA ABOUT THE us's longer term commitment to the region 2) press hard for a larger role to be given to all Asian countries in international economic bodies like G20 3) reassure china that it's rise was welcomed by the US 4) give priority to Asia in US foreign policy discourse
There are three factors involving TNCs push towards globalization of politics
1) governments can reassert control only by acting collectively 2) consumer pressures are leading to global codes of conduct being accepted by companies and implemented in collaboration with NGOs. 3) there is a push for global companies to submit to social and environmental auditing.
three key questions
1) is there a distinctive pattern of order in the post-cold war world? What are its principal elements 2) should this order be defined in terms of globalization? 3) What is now happening to globalizations? What challenges are tehre???
Obama had to do 2 things
1) put the US back on the road to recovery 2) Restore the US standing abroad, shifting the focus of American foreign policy away from the mIDDEL eAST TOWARDS aSIA On his "watch" Bin Laden was killed. He also ordered the use of more drones over Pakistan to kill Taliban leaders. He also made it clear that if ever Iran came close to acquiring nuclear weapons that the US would use force.
What can the Security Council do if there is a threat to international peace?
1) settle dispute through settlement and mediation 2) in the event of fighting it tries to secure a cease-fire 3) may send peacekeeping mission to help out parties 4) impose economic sanctions or order an arms embargo 5) Collective military action Council can also make recommendations to the General Assembly on the appointment of a new Secretary-GENERAL AND ON THE ADMISSION OF NEW MEMBERS OF THE UN.
Civilian deaths
10% of the victims during WW1 were civilians and 50% in WW2... 80% of people killed or injured by land mines are civilians.
Britain
1945: British Empire extended across the globe. Between 1947 and 1980 forty nine territories were granted independence.
In what year did the Cuban missile crisis take place? 1960; 1961; 1962; 1968
1962
Neorealist Kenneth Waltz
1979 work called Theory of International Politics--- attacked the pluralist argument about the decline of the state. He argued that the degree of interdependence internationally was far lower than between the constituent parts in a national political system. Moreover, the level of economic interdependence-- especially between great powers-- was less than that which existed in the early part of the twentieth century.
The European Security and Defence Policy began in which year? 1998; 1965; 1992; 1999
1998
In the third world during the cold war
25 million peopel were killed as a result of real wars being fought from kOREA TO vIETNAM, lATIN American to Southern Africa
Ancient Rome was formally divided into Eastern and Western parts in which year? 360 AD; 395 AD; 300 AD; 400 AD
395 AD
How many states signed the UN Charter when it was first established?
51
Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
A form of investment where a foreign entity invests directly into the country by buying a domestic company, or by opening up a local branch of an existing foreign company. (As opposed to less-direct forms of investments through financial tools, etc.)
Nation-state
A particular social and political structure that merges the idea of the state as a political organization with the idea of the nation as a 'cultural' or 'ethnic' category.
Three definitives for the Perpetual peace by Kant ( see 116)
A) The civil Constitution of Every State Shall be Republican B) The right of Nations shall be based on a Federation of Free States c) Cosmopolitan Right shall be limited to conditions of universal hospitality
Tools of Statecraft
A)Establishment of centralized and efficient military power B)Professional diplomatic service C)Ability o manipulate the balance of power D) evolution of treaties from interpersonal contracts between monarchs, sanctioned by religion, to agreements between states that had the status of 'law"
Critical Theory
According to Robert Cox, critical theory "stands apart from the prevailing order of the world and asks how that order came about."
Problem-Solving Theory
According to Robert Cox, problem-solving theory "takes the world as it finds it, with the prevailing social and power relationships and the institutions into which they are organized, as the given framework for action."
Security Dilemma
According to Wheeler and Booth, security dilemmas exist "when the military preparations of one state create an unresolvable uncertainty in the mind of another as to whether those preparations are for defensive or offensive purposes. States are suspicious and the pursuit of security for one state infringes on the other.
What were the ups and downs of liberalision
After WW2 liberalism came back because of the hope in the UN. This hope was extinguished after the cold war. 1990 s liberalism appeared again as the Western state leaders proclaimed a NEW WORLD ORDER
Austerity1
An approach to government policy-making that puts strict limits on spending so that the government budget does not have a 'deficit' requiring loans to pay for programs.
Statism
An approach to the theory and practice of world politics that focuses on the nation-state as the main (and often only) actor deserving attention and analysis.
Arabic politics
Arah nationalism shaped the identities and interests of Arab states, contained nroms that guided how Arab leaders could play the game of Arab politics, and ecouraged Arab leaders to draw from symbols of Arab politics to try to manoeuvre aroung thei rrivals....... HOW ARAB LEADERS PLAYED OUT THEIR REGIONAL GAMES WAS STRUCTURED BY THE NORMS OF ARABIC POLITICS... They had very intense rivalries and vied for prestige and status and accused each other of being traitors or harming the cause of Arabism. BUT RARELY did they use military force. (page 158)
Trends in social science (1930s and 1940s) that helped make realism what it was (Classical realism)
Behaviourism: an approach that focuses mainly on examine what humans beings do, on their actual behaviour, rather than trying to " get into their heads" Scientism: the idea that the social world, like the natural world, operated according to "Covering laws" ( laws that are universal and are true indiscriminately) Rationalism: the idea that to complex insights can be developed by analyzing what typical or model actors woods do given certain clear preferences and rules. You can picture what an average person/ rational person would do and extrapolate and then understand the world based on those models. What would someone knowing the rules do? Explain the world based on these rational insights.
First World War
Between European states on European soil but extended across the globe. It was the first modern, industrialized total war. Brought the demise of Russian, German, Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires.
Detente
Between Moscow and Washington, and for what became know as rapprochement, between Beijing and Washington. Detente in Europe has origins in the OSTPOLITIK of the Germal Sociliast Chancellor and resulted in agreements that recognized the peculiar status of berlin and the sovereignty of East Germany. The soviet-American detente had its roots in mutual recognition of the need to avoid nuclear crises and in avoiding unconstrained arms race
BRICs newly emerging economies
Britain, Russia, India, and China.
Which five (5) states were the 'official' nuclear weapons states (NWS) as first identified in the Non-Proliferation Treaty of 1968? In other words, which five countries officially had nuclear weapons as of 1968?
Britain, US, France, China, USSR
Bringing the East back to the West for the process of enlargement:
By 2007 the european union and grown to twenty-seven members ( and Nato to twenty-six). They also changed their club0like characteristics. The EU lost its will to integrate because it became so large. Realists were criticized for thinking that institutions would never play an important role. EU and NATO were essential and helped prevent anarchy in Europe
Fourteen Points
By President Woodrow Wilson whose vision of international society was articulated in such a way and the Americans entered the war in 1917 under woodraw wilson
Is Canada a Nation-State ?
Canada is certainly a state but is it accurate to say that there is Canadian "nation"? regional identities stronger than national identities Establish shared values to become a nation. Get shared values and unite us as Canadians. We are still maturing. Common value across Canada: social support/ health support/ cultural sports ( hockey)/ diversity of climates ( rough'n'tough)
What made the change of the USSR?
Changes in material capabilities, the cost of maintaining an expensive empire, an unwinnable arms race with US, and alteration in Soviet thinking could have made the change in the 1980s.
Structural Adjustment Programs (SAPs)
Changes made to a country's economic policies and structure in order to obtain loans from the IMF, loans which are offered 'conditionally' on meeting certain criteria and goals.
Polis
City-state
What is Classical Realism ?
Classical Realism: in reference to Thucydides' history of peloponnesian war between Athens and sparta Thucydides represents power politics as a law of human behaviour. The drive for power and the will to dominate are fundamental aspects of human nature. State is self-seeking egoist because so are people. HUMAN NATURE EXPLAINS STATES. Also characterized by primordial character of power and ethics. It is a fundamental struggle for belonging which is often violent. Thucydides explains teh war between Athens and Sparta by saying that the growth of Athens caused Sparta to fear and this power distribution influenced state actors. Pericles in Sparta was acting out of ambition and self-preservation while Sparta was acting out of survival (national interest).
David Baldwin ( 1993) identified four varieties of liberalism that influence contemporaryINTERNATIONAL rELATIONS:
Commercial, Republican, Sociological, and liberal institutionalism
Cuban Revolution ( January 1959)
Communist reovlutionaries seized power in Cuba. Rejecting America's influence over Cuban society. For the USA, seeing cuba move to soviet sphere move to communists was scary because of the worry of the domino effect.
World War 1 ( 1914- 1918)
Conflict between allied power ( britisn, russia, united states, france) And central powers ( Germany, Bulgaria, Ottoman Empire)
Gramsci's ideas about consent
Consent is created and recreated by the hegemony of the ruling class in society. Hegemony allows the moral, political, and cultural values of the dominant group to become widely dispersed throughout society and to be accepted by subordinate groups and classes as their own. This takes place through the institutions of civil society.
There are many different types of constructivism but there is unity within diversity
Constructivism is about human consciousness and its role in international life ( RUGGIE)... This focus on human consciousness suggests a commitment to idealism and holism which according to WENDT represents the core of constructivism.
Differences between Constructivism and Realism
Constructivists view structures as the product of social relationships while realists think about structure as made up only of a distribution of material capabilities.
Multilateralism
Cooperation by three or more nation-states; usually contrasted to unilateralism and/or bilateralism.
During the cold war, what were some strategies that the United States used?
Counterforce strategy: American nuclear weapons targeted USSR nuclear and conventional military assets. Countervalue strategy: American weapons targeted USSR assets that had social or industrial value like cities with large populations Extended Detterence: the threat of nuclear response in order to deter an attack on one of its allies. So if someone attacked an ally of the US, the US would attack Russia... the problem is that Russia could retaliate against the US
over and underreach R2P GIVES THE POSSIBILITY BUT DOES NOT ENSURE THE INEVITABLITY OF INTERVENTION-- YOU CAN BE SELECTIVE
Crisis in Darfur—2003 Percieved Inaction and Apathy No one enacted the R2P during the Darfur Crisis Invasion of iraq in 2003 was seen as overreach and imperialism even though it had been originally argued as a self- defines act. Perceived reach and neorealism. Retroactive humariatiansim got bundled in with R2P. International community can punish wrongdoers but DON'T HAVE TO. If they CHOOSE to get involved, they can, but they're not obligated. Allows but does not guarantee intervention and no consequences if it fails because the SC can't be sued for neglect.
Interesting story about mobility
Customs officials cannot inspect all of the vehicles or containers passing through the border points or ports. to illustrate the scale of the problem, the United States recieves 10 million containers per year and one port, Los Angeles, processes the equivalent of 12,000 twenty-foot containers daily. Western government official fear that terrorist groups will use containers a s convenient and cheap means to ship WMD.
Distributive Justice and the Difference Principle
DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE— we all want equality and the same slice size of pie We would try to arrange for distributive justice by using the DIFFERENCE PRINCIPLE— inequality is only acceptable if it benefits the worst off. Institutionalized inequality is acceptable and ONLY acceptable iF that inequality helps people in the worst situations.
What is the term used to describe the retreat from empire throughout most of Asia and Africa after 1945? Decolonization; 'Wind of change'; Retro-imperialism; Détente
Decolonization
ECONOMIC discussion in Europe
Dirigistes-- favoured greater state involvement in the management of a specifically European social model Free marketers-- led b the British-- who areged that under conditiosn of gobal competition such a protected system was simply not sustainable and that thoroughgoing economic reform was essentail
Why did the UN atomic energy commission fail?
Disagreements between the US and USSR
A) State-centric problem 1: confusion of the three meanings of state
Easily confused with concrete concept of a country with a distinct system of people with common values. There is a very dissimilar concept of a state as the apparatus of Government. Civil society is understood to be part of the state.... But when we talk about the state in terms of government, then it doesn't encompass civil society
APPRAOCHES TO TRADE
Economic Nationalism (aka mercantalism)<— driver of colonialism or also a "push back" of colonialism from on the outside ANNDD Economic liberalism ( aka neo-liberalism)
Human Security was developed by Dr. Mahbub Ul Haq. IN the united nations development report form 1994, he said that our understanding of security studies should be expanded to the following seven issue areas:
Economic Security Environmental Security Health security Food Security Political Security Community Security Personal Security
Peace Treaties of Westphalia
Ended the 30 years war and established the legal basis of modern statehood.it has formed the normative structure or constitution of the modern world.
The constitution of subjectivity also changes how we engage in our physical environment.
Epstien and Salter say that passports, visas.... and the entry was is reuglated at aiprorts govern who gains access and how one should look and act...
Ernest Gellner
Ernest Gellner: Nationalism is "a political doctrine which holds that the political and national unit should be congruent."
In which region did the cold war have its origins? USSR; China; Europe; USA
Europe
Suprastate Body
European Union
Global SOUTH
Exists in various forms within and across former colonial powers and in former colonies associated with the southern hemisphere as people migrate north and cut lures interpenetrate.
Post-colonial theorists argue that colonial practices are over, and the question is now how developing societies can move forward in a positive way with their newfound independence.
FALSE
The International Court of Justice is the UN body that prosecutes accused war criminals for genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing, crimes against humanity, and aggression.
FALSE
The end of the Cold War led to the abolition of nuclear weapons.
FALSE
World-travelling is a post-colonial methodology associated with African male scholars educated in the United States.
FALSE
The START 1 Treaty of 1990 eliminated land-based and intermediate nuclear weapons.
False
The bipolarity of the cold war more or less produced an unstable international system.
False
A distinct form of nationalism known as ______Correct Response celebrates collectivities above the level of the individual, and advocates mass mobilization under strong leader -- often to conquer other inferior peoples and achieve greatness. Hide Feedback
Fascism Fascism is an extreme form of nationalism. The word comes from the italian word for a bundle of hay. While an individual piece of hay is weak, a bundle is much stronger. This emphasis on strength through unity carries through in authoritarian fascist thinking.
Wendt can be compared to a microphone and a speaker.... .
Feedback loop ( high pitched an annoying)... The sound can travel and make the squeeky noise.... This helps show us how the feedback loops happen in understahidn complex loops. It gets wendi's point across that the interactions end up changing what they want and looping back in an important way. States still matter, but the tricky relation between them is crucial.
Images of Liberalism and their relationship to war
First Image ( human nature): Richard Cobden-- Interventions by governments domestically and internationally disturb the natural order Solution: so we need individual liberty, free trade, prosperity, and interdependence Second Image ( the state): Woodrow Wilson--- undemocratic nature of international politics, especially foreign policy and the balance of power. Solution: national self-determination; open governments responsive to public opinion; collective security. Third Image ( the structure of the system): J.A Hobson--The balance of power system: A world govoernemnt with powers to mediate and enforce decisions
WHY is there still a greater importance assigned to national security over human security?
For developing countries, state sovereignty takes precedence.... Many countries in developing world are artificial nation states whose boundaries were drawn arbitrarily by the colonial powers without regard for the actual ethnic composition or historical linkage between peoples. thIS SPURRS ON ETHNIC SEPARATIST MOVEMENTS WHICH ARE ROOTED IN PEOPLE'S REJECTION OF COLONIAL IMPOSED ARBITRARY BORDERS. -Also some third world states, as well as China, remain under authoritarian rule with state ideologies that restrict civil liberties... Also the war on terror has revided the traditional emphasis of states on natioanl security.
Media battle
For the hearts and minds of people as well as using media to move propoganda around much easier. Media is so accessible and so are idea sharing and individual empowerment of these small groups
The three central institutions of an international soceity
Formal communication: carried by diplomats who went between state sand were immune from the laws of the land that they were based Rules: rules given the status of international law could not be binding on states without their consent. Order: given that order in international affairs could not be maintained by a higher authority vested w/ adequate mans of enforcement, such international order as was possible could emerge only from the on-going struggle among states to prevent any of their number from achieving more power. They had to keep a power balance and keep each-other in check.
Balance of Power 30 years
France and Richelier were catholic and the haps burgs were also catholic but they were becoming too powerful for the cardinal's liking. if they had too much power, that would mean relatively less power for France.
Critical theory was developed out of the work of the
Frankfurt School -Left-wing German Jews.... Max Horkheimer, Theodor Adorno, Herbert Marcuse. Jurgen Habermas is one of the most influential of all contemporary social theorists.
Richard Cobden's belief that ______ would lead to a more peaceful world order is a core idea of 19th century liberalism.
Free Trade
Should it be "Freedom from fear" or "freedom from want"?
Freedom from fear--- initially articulated by former Canadian External Affairs Minister Lloyd Axworthy who focused on reducing the human costs of violent conflicts through measures such as a ban on landmines, using women and children in armed conflict, child soldiers, child labour, and small-arms proliferation, the formation of the ICC, and promulgating human rights and international humanitarian law. From this perspective the GENEVA CONVENTIONS ARE THE "CORE ELEMENTS" OF THE DOCTRINE OF HUMAN SECURITY.
The French philosopher Michel Foucault has been very influential in shaping 'Post-modern' and 'Post-structuralist' thought, especially with his idea of ______which is an approach that seeks to examine what seems 'natural' or 'taken for granted' and explore how it came to be that way, while also examining how other possibilities or ideas were dismissed and discarded along the way.
Genealogy
Which term best describes "the collective structures and processes by which 'interests are articulated and aggregated, decisions are made, values allocated and policies conducted through international or transnational political processes"? Cosmopolitan; global politics; raison d'etat; global polity
Global polity
Which movement, led by Martin Luther, helped to bring about a secular concept of the state? The Respublica Christiana; The Counter Reformation; The Renaissance; The Protestant Reformation
The Protestant Reformation
What is historical determinism and how does the possibility and of counterfactual worlds work against it?
HA. whtat?
Post-colonialism entered the field of international relations at the end of the Cold War because mainstream theories: Had failed to anticipate the effect of 'people power' in international politics; Did not adequately discuss nuclear deterrence; Did not discuss the role of the state in international politics; Were too focused on nuclear deterrence.
Had failed to anticipate the effect of 'people power' in international politics
Carl Von Clausewitz— book on war
He defined war as follows: "War is the continuation of politiK by other means" He said war isn't a political act, but is also a real political instrument. A continuation of political commerce, a continuation of the same by other means If politics is about the struggle over ideas about who should do/get what then war is the physical extension of that struggle through physical pressure and coercion. "War is thus an act of force to compel our enemy to do our will" hE ALSo thinks that while the study of tactics can be treated as a science— with clear rules of thumb and principles BUT strategy should be though of as an art because it requires improvisation, creativity, and a unique style. Politik=politics or policy
Emancipation
He wanted to overthrow the prevailing order and replace it with a communist society-- a society in which wage labour and private property are abolished and social relations are transformed.
What do liberals say about hegemonic wars?
Hegemonic wars don't always happen. in the 1800s they were the dominant power enjoying hegemony... Then it became the US and the US was challenged between the USSR. What happened in power transfer between Britain and the US. The 100 year's peace from 1814 between America and Britain. And then America supplanted Britain as the Hegemony in the world. Liberals think it might have something to do with those countries. What let them have peace is their RELATIONSHIPS between each other: shared language and values.
What are the efforts to limit the spread and destructive impact of nuclear weapons? They want to limit in 2 main ways...
Horizontal Proliferation : spread of nuclear weapons to new countries Vertical Proliferation: when nuclear weapons states increase the size of their nuclear arsenals
IR AND CULTURE
IR has difficulty representing culture. During the cold war years, culture was synonymous wiht ideology, politics, adn economics rather than with literature, religious beliefs, language and history.
So what does the relationship between the core and periphery do?
Implication: rich nations and rich people are actively sustaining dependence through policies and practices and that resistance ends up getting squashed one way or another. The core keeps the periphery dependent on it but in important ways, the core is also dependent on the periphery. THE PRIVILEDGES OF THE CORE are only made possible through the exploitation and unfair relationships with the periphery.
d
In July 1914 most people of each of the belligerent states: a. feared the coming of war, because schools had taught anti-militarism. b. expected that modern technology would make the coming war long and brutal. c. wanted peace and therefore rioted against the mobilization orders. d. had nationalist beliefs and patriotic values and as a result wanted war to prove that their nation was best.
Base
In Marxian theory, the material basis of society, especially the technological means of production and the existing relations of production between people
Antonio Gramsci
In addition to exercising control over material factors like the means of production, capitalist elites succeed in establishing a hegemony of ideas, culture, and consent that dominates civil society and makes capitalist norms, structures and values difficult to critique and rally against.
Exogenous / Endogenous
In approaches that think in terms of 'systems', exogenous means 'having a basis outside of a system'. Endogenous means 'having a basis within the system'.
Global conflict and nationalism
In both wars, the Western Allies proclaimed their cause as liberal demoracy, not as narrow natioanlism even though the democracy was organized in the form of civic nation-states. The alliance of hte allies with Russia comprised that claim and so did their failure to u niversalize liberal democracy after victory.
When did Liberalism first crop up?
In the 20th century liberal thinking influenced policy-making elites and public opinion in a number of Western states after the first world war, an era often referred to in academic International relations as IDEALISM
Article 16 of the League of Nations
In the event of war, all member states must cease normal relations with the offending state, impose sanctions, and if necessary, committee their armed forces to the disposal of the League Council should the use of force be required to restore the status quo.
Post-colonial studies began by looking at those considered to be of subaltern status in which country?Mexico; Yemen; Saudi Arabia; India
India
How has Al Qaeda developed in accoradance with this new technology?
Instead of a hierarchical organization with fixed training bases, it has developed into a virtual global militant Islamic "community of practice" characterized by individuals exchanging information and discussing the best ways to coordinate and conduct attacks. Cells form around individuals sympathetic to militant islamic goals, accessible via webcast or online jihadi discussion forums.
Sociology is happening and sociological type dynamic is happening is something classical realists wouldn't care about. .
Instead of applying economics and statistics to understanding IR, they consider norms and sociological elements. Norms and patterns emerge. We should study norms. Sikkink talked about the life cycle of norms... Norm emergence— norm cascade— norm internalization
LEVELS OF ANALYSIS
International Relations theories are also compared and contrasted according to three main "Images" of world politics, or "levels of analysis" 1st Image analyses: explain world politics with reference to the nature of human beings. 2nd image analyses: explain world politics with reference to the characteristics of states 3rd image a analyses: explain world politics with reference to the structure of the international system (anarchic international systems put people in an uncertain position and because of the security dilemma they have to act like that. at the end of the day, the big picture is because of the anarchic system.)
Who was Yeltsin's successor in post-communist Russia? a. Dimitri Trenin b. Vladimir Putin c. Gorbachev d. all of the above
b. Vladimir Putin
Which of the following is not a variety of contemporary Liberalism? a. constitutional b. republican c. sociological d. commercial
a. constitutional
What is the term used to describe the retreat from empire throughout most of Asia and Africa after 1945? a. decolonization b. wind of change c. detente d. retro imperialism
a. decolonization
Which of the following is not a definitive article of Kant's 'Perpetual Peace'? a. the democratic franchise shall be extended to each citizen equally b. the Right of Nations shall be based on a Federation of Free States c. the civil constitution of every state shall be republican d. Cosmopolitan Right shall be limited to Conditions of Universal Hospitality
a. the democratic franchise shall be extended to each citizen equally
__________ explores the tension surrounding non-combatant losses that are unintended but foreseeable. a. the law of double effect b. proportionality of means and ends c. right intention d. non-combatant immunity
a. the law of double effect
Freedom from want--
advocated by Japan! closer to the original UNDP formulation. It stresses the ability of individuals and societies to be free from a broad range of non-military threats, such as poverty, disease, and environmental degradation.
Globalization can be seen within the military sphere by: the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction; the growth of transnational terrorism.; the growing significance of transnational military corporations; all of the above.
all of the above
Neo-liberals support cooperative Multilateralism
and are critical of preemptive and unilateral use of force.
At the top level, internatioanl politics is a masculine world
and it it important to pay attention to various forms of masculinity that are often used to legitimate states' foreign and military policies. For example, power, autonomy and rationality ( defined as masculine) are also characteristics that are most valued in states' foreign policies. But gender is more about personal characteristics
NGOs
are norm entrepreneurs, initiating and sustaining change in global political debates that determine policy-making
d
The _________ is the structure that controls the allocation of public goods and services, including border protection and a legal system. a. United Nations b. global actor c. transnational actor d. government
Security
The cells and leaders in preserving security in a number of ways, including distributing elements in a coordinated network, remaining mobile, and using clandestine and encrypted communications Terrorist groups have been able to leverage technological developments designed to shield a user's identity from unauthorized commercial or private exploitation.
How would you, in your own words, describe the Constructivist approach? (4 points) .
The constructivist approach is not designed to make predictions, it just explains things after they have already occured. It talks about how important aspects of politics have their roots in social and historical events. It tends to avoid universals that are always true through time and space, and does not like the idea of inevitabilities. It is especially talks about how the social forces-- with a focus on norms especially-- shape state behaviour. It is not a substantive theory of international relations and is concerned with the relationships between agents and structures.
Rosa Luxembourg
The emergence of capitalism shouldn't be studied by looking only at capitalist states. Most states were able to develop as capitalist economies because of their exploitative ties to non-capitalist states that provided cheap labour and easily controllable markets to sell to.
Thucydides
The facts of political relations reveals that "the standard of justice depends on the equality of power to compel and that in fact the strong do what they have the power to do and the weak accept what they have to accept..."
International relations has not traditionally been interested in investigating relations of dominance and subordination in the world
The field initially developed around the study of sovereign states and their interactions.
Difference Principle
The idea that institutionalized inequality is, in some cases, acceptable if it works to benefit those who are worst off.
d
The interparadigm debate, according to the text, was not so much four different views of the same world, but instead a. a sterile, academic disputes that had no impact on public policy. b. a dangerous argument, because it caused anarchy which in turn caused international war. c. a lengthy scholarly inquiry into the origins of climate change, to which the verbiage added. d. four views of different worlds.
__________ explores the tension surrounding non-combatant losses that are unintended but foreseeable: Non-combatant immunity; The law of double effect; Proportionality of means and ends; Right intention
The law of double effect
Fragmented political Community
The political communtiy is rfragmented in terms of enthic, linguistic, or relgiious diferences.
Veto
The power to overrule, cancel out, or otherwise stop an official decision from going forward or being carried out.
Self-Help
The principle that states must rely on themselves to achieve security. But in pursuing your security, you infringe on the security of other states.
Doctrine of Double Effect
The principle that, in war, some bad outcomes may be acceptable if they are the unavoidable circumstance of trying to do something good.
Democratic Peace Theory
The proposition that democratic states are less likely to go to war with each other because citizen accountability constrains government leaders.
Bystander Responsibility
The sort of obligations held by an actor by virtue of being in a position to help someone in need.
Causal Responsibility
The sort of obligations held by an actor by virtue of having contributed in some way to the circumstances of someone in need.
d
The theorist _______ called the period between the two world wars the twenty-year crisis. a. Grotious b. Francisco de Vitoria c. Vittel d. Carr
By 1994
The trust territories had attained self-government or independence, either as separate states or by joining neighbouring independent countries. its work has therefore been completed, so the trusteeship council now consists of the five permanent members of the Security coUNCIL.
Constructivism and 'rational choice' are generally viewed as very similar approaches.
The two are seen as very different approaches, most particularly because rational choice treats actors as having stable or fixed identities and interests that shape how they interact but which aren't affected in any meaningful way by interactions.
Globalization
The widening, deepening, and speeding up of the worldwide interconnectedness. Denationalization of power. It involves .. A) Stretching social, political and economic activities so that events in one part of the world affect another part of the world B) intensification of interconnectedness... viruses to weapons C) Growing extensity, intensity, and velocity of global interactions which enmeshes the local and global events.
There were soft images of masculinity in the 1990s at a time of peace in the north.... Bill Gates and Bill Clinton who refused to fight in the Vietnam war....
Then 9/11 happened and turned it back to militarized masculinity In times of war, like the War on Terror, US voters (men and women) wanted leaders who demonstrate a more obviously militarized masculinity.
Robert Cox
Theory is always for someone and for some purpose."
What do skeptics say about globalization?
They argue that nation states and geopolitics remain the principal agent sand forces shaping world politics today
True or False: Best and Christiansen, the textbook chapter authors, argue that regionalization proves that globalization is a myth.
They argue that there is no paradox or contradiction between regionalism and globalization, and suggest that the two are complementary trends that shape each other.
Constructivists avoid laws and instead they search for contingent generalizations
They find this contingent generalizations by using statistical models, game theory, rich case studies and ethnography.
What are the dangers of universal discourse?
They were brought out by the Western government with troops in Iraq and Afghanistan in the mid and late 2000s. Int his discourse fighting terroirsm became known as defending freedom and democracy. The problem of this universally good category is that this category and these terms are not spoken by a truly global voice, but by a particular set of states. The "good universal categories" we aimed at those were not not yet part of that universal project, and the universal discourse reinforced the West as the one that could define "real" universalism. This echoes colonialism when the West had the power to define right and obligation and "good"
Critical Theory Studies
They wish to de-emphasize the role fo the state and also understand the need to re-conceptualize security in a different way. These approaches include feminist and poststructuralist. Critical security theorists say that states should not be the centre of analysis because they are not extremely diverse in character but they are also often part of the problem of insecurity in the international system. They can be providers of securit ybut ca also threatned thier own people... Therefore, the focus should be on the INDIVIDUAL and not the state. GREATER FOCUS ON HUMAN SECURITY
Liberalist scholars in the 1960s and 1970s
This argument was not simply about the mutual gains from trade, but that other transnational actors were beginning to challenge the dominance of sovereign states. World politics according to pluralists was no longer an exclusive arena for states, as it had been for the last 300 years of the Westphalian states-system.
Total vs Traditional War
Traditionally wars can be fought in this sense of chivalry. In a total war, there is less differentiation between combatants and civilians and sometimes no differentiation. And nearly every human resource available, could be considered to be part of the war effort ( civillians)
Third Generation Liberal Institutional scholarship ( 1st and 2nd were the world wars)
Transnationalisal and complex interdependence of the 1970s. Theorists suggested that the world was more pluralistic and that international actors had become more dependent on each other. Complex independence presented a world with 4 characteristics: 1) Increasing linkages among states and non-state actors 2) new agenda of international issues with no distinction between low and high politics 3) recognition of multiple channels for interaction among actors across national boundaries 4) decline of the efficacy of military force as a tool of statecraft.
The Great Depression affecting WW2
Triggered by Wall Street crash in 1929 weakened liberal democracy in many states and strengthened the appeal of communist, fascist, and Nazi parties. Economic and political instability provided the ground in which support for the Nazis took root. 1993 Hitler gets power and transformation begins.
Glasnost means 'openness'.
True
Most experts assumed the cold war would continue indefinitely.
True
Neo-liberal foreign policies sometimes place national interests ahead of morality and universal ideas.
True
Post-Westphalian" denotes an order where national borders and sovereignty are no longer paramount.
True
The end of the Cold War marked the achievement of self-determination for the states of Eastern Europe
True
The idea of a gradual diffusion of liberal values can be said to be of a Kantian origin.
True
'International society' is the merging of distinct political communities into one.
True?
IN 1995
Twenty-nine mostly Asian and African countries created the beginnings of a post-colonial, non-aligned, Third World bloc of international relations at the Bandung Conference in Indonesia.
Millennium Summit
Un--- heads of state committed themselves to a series of measurable goals and targets. e.g. achieving universal primary education for citizens...
What term best describes the balance of power in the post-cold war era? Unipolar; Bipolar; Multipolar; Semi-polar
Unipolar
What marked the atomic age?
Unite dStates' explosion in New Mexico desert in 1945
Third World Liberaiton Movements
United by commons aims: emancipation from their former colonial masters, rapid economic development, and the speedy creation of societies without poverty, hunger, and illiteracy.
Munich Agreement in 1938 and other agreements and stuff before WW2
Unsuccessful; appeasement; kept hoping that Hitler was taking land as "price for peace" but in reality they were naive and unprepared.
What are the types of bombs?
Uranium and plutonium can be used to make implosion-type bombs in which explosives around a mass of fissile material implode the fissile material to reach a critical mass and start the nuclear reaction. Uranium can also be used to make a gun-type bomb in which one piece of uranium is fired into another to achieve critical mass
The theorist credited with examining the rights of indigenous peoples but also criticized for implicitly enabling sovereignty-based imperialism was: Machiavelli; Francisco de Vitoria; Vattel; Grotius.
Vattel
REALIST ETHICS:
Views the world as a collection of distinct and separate communities struggling for survival in a non-moral anarchic realm of realpolitik Between state there shouldn't be morality but within states you can talk about it... just keep it out of the international. We shouldn't propose/expect moral behaviour at international level.
Al Qaeda and Culture
Violence is the only method of preserving traditions and values against a cultural tsunami of Western products and materialism. Once sought after as an entry method to economic prosperity, Western secular, materialist values are increasingly rejected by those seeking to regain or preserve their own unique cultural identity. The social changes associated w/ globalization and the spread of free market capitalism appear to overwhelm the identity or values of groups who perceive themselves as the losers in the new international system.
Cox's critique of realism
WHO: These theories serve the interest of people who prosper under the prevailing order. These are people in developed states who are the ruling elite. WHAT: they do it to reinforce or legitimate the status quo. They do this by making the status quo seem natural or immutable. They are just enforcing the ruling hegemony of the CURRENT world order.
Poststructualist warn that although deconstruction of state sovereignty makes it look like less of an objective fact, it is not easy to transcend, nor can it be replaced by a global community
Walker says " the state is a political category in a ay that the world, or the globe or humanity is not" If we leave the state in favour of the global, we are just reverses the hierarchy between teh terms ( the state is replaced with global and we haven't actually rethought the complex dichotomies or made any meaningful groundwork).... Poststructuralists hold that claims to global and universal solutions always imply that something else is different and particular... And that which is different is almost always in danger of being forced to change to become like the universal. They are therefore sceptical of idealists or liberal who advocate for universal principles, ut who overlook the power involved in defining what is "universally" good and right.
Waltz to Greico
Waltz's theory of structural realism is only of of the versions of neo-realism. A second group of neo-realists represented by Grieco have integrated Waltz's ideas with the idea os more traditional realists like Hans Morgenthau, to construct a contemporary or modern realist profile. A third version of neo-liberalism is found in security studies.
Where do liberalists and realists agree??/
War is a recurring feature of the anarchic system. But unlike realists they do not identify anarchy as the cause of war.
Trusteeship couNCIL
Was initially established to provide international supervision for eleven Trust Territories administered by 7 member states, and to ensure that adequate steps were taken to prepare the territories for self-government or independence. United Nations trust territories were the successors of the remaining League of Nations mandates, and came into being when the League of Nations ceased to exist in 1946.
Imperialism
We project our cultures onto other countries and there is stress for them to try to preserve their ways of live
Clash of civilizations
Western and non-western ideas are incompatable
Issues after USSR Collapse
What do with nuclear arsenal? How to prevent weapons from leaving the former USSR or ensure that control of them remained in RUSSIAN HANDS. New nations had to work out a relationship with rUSSIA AFTER THEY STOPPED BEING PART OF IT in the USSR. 25 million Russian were now living outside Russia proper. Ukraine and Georgia were thought of being managed in imperial terms. Transition from centralized , planned economy designed to guarantee full employment, to a competitive market economy where many of the old industries that had been the rock of the USSR (huge militlary-industrial complex) were clearly no longer fit for purpose.
c
What is the core value of the post-1648 international society that Europeans created? a. Political independence b. Self-determination c. Sovereign equality d. Freedom
a
What is the term used to describe the retreat from empire throughout most of Asia and Africa after 1945? a. Decolonization b. "Wind of change" c. Retro-imperialism d. Détente
a
What key policy was associated with the Truman Doctrine? a. Rapprochement b. Apartheid c. Containment d. Decolonization
a
What phrase best describes the global economic trend of the post-cold war era? a. The globalization of capital b. The liberalization of commerce c. The nationalization of production d. The commercialization of information
b
What term best describes the dominance of a particular state in relation to all other states in the international system? a. Empire b. Hegemony c. Sovereign d. Suzerain State
c
What war began the era of modern total war? a. British colonial wars in Africa b. The cold war c. The First World War d. The Second World War
What was the key question that animated Gramsci's theoretical work?
Why had it proven to be so difficult to promote revolution in Western EUROPE? Marx had predicted that revolution and the transition to socialism would occur first in the most advanced capitalist societies. But in the event it was the Bolsheviks of comparatively backward Russia that made the first "breakthrough" while all subsequent efforts by putative revolutionaries in the Western and Central Europe to emulate their success ended in failure. The history of the early twentieth century seemed to suggest that there was a flaw in classical Marxist Analysis.
Who was the most famous advocate of an international authority for the management of international relations?
Woodrow Wilson... According to him, peace could only be secured with the creation of an international organization to regulate international anarchy. He also called for the presence of an international force that could be mobilized if non-violent conflict resolution failed. IN THIS SENSE, MORE THAN ANY OTHER STRAND OF LIBERALISM, IDEALISM RESTS ON THE DOMESTIC ANALOGY.
Neo-realist waltz vs liberals
You can't manage the process of globalization merely by building effective international institutions. Their effectiveness depends on the support of major powers.
Rational Actor Model:—- systemic thinking —— REALIST MODEL
_Assume that all units ( nation-states) are rational actors who seek to maximize value in terms of their chosen interests ( i.e. power defined in terms of coercive capabilities)
RANK THE EVENTS FORM EARLIEST TO LATEST
__2__ The Peace of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years War. __5__ The Cold War ends. __4__ The United Nations is founded. __6__ Extremists hijack four planes and attack America on September 11th. __1__ The Roman Empire comes to an end. __3__ The United States of America emerges as a new country.
In the social science use of the term, the term 'nation' refers to...
a 'people' defined by unique linguistic, ethnic, and cultural bonds.
War affected regions usually demonstrate
a higher increase in domestic violence directed at women, and a growth in the number of women trafficked to become forced labourers or sex workers.... Women and children comprise 73% of an average population but account for 80% of the refugees in the world today and perhaps a larger percentage as internally displaced persons.
Constructivists reamin committed to causality and explanation
a highly popular view of causality is that independent and dependent variables are unrelated and that a cause exists when the movement of one variable precedes and is responsible for the movement of another. coNSTRUCTIVISTS ADD THAT STRUCTURES CAN HAVE CAUSAL IMPACT BECAUSE THEY MAKE POSSIBLE CERTAIN KINDS OF BEHAVIOUR AND THUS GENERATE CERTAIN TENDENCIES IN THE international SYSTEM. Sovereignty does not cause states with certain capacities, instead, it produces them and invests them with capacities that make possible certain kinds of behaviours.
Robert Cox
a neo-liberal institutionalist that states that neo-liberal insititutionalism borrows equally from realism and liberalism. Both theories represent status quo perspectives and are what Robert Cox calls problem-solving theories. This means that the neo's address issues and problems that could disrupt the status quo-namely, the issues of security, conflict, and cooperation.
Why was it hard to boost Europe as an international power?
a) reluctance to hand over serious security power to brussels b)Europeans did not seem to want to boost collective strength by investing more in hard power. Only UK and France maintained anything like a serious military capability meaning that when Europe wanted to intervene militarily, it required the support of the US and only one or two countries (france or uk) form Europe actually contributed.
The Treaty of Westphalia was signed in: a.1648 b.1870 c.1945 d.1989
a. 1648
In the 1990s Western state leaders proclaimed: a. a new world order b. an age of realism c. that liberalism was a redundant ideology d. the end of history
a. a new world order
Globalization appears to have a/an _______ impact on international security. a. ambivalent and contradictory b. negligible and irrelevant c. intense and positive d. neutral
a. ambivalent and contradictory
The events of 9/11 and the subsequent so-called 'war on terror' have: a. made the concept of territoriality more flexible and in come ways precipitated a 'return' of the concept but has also challenged the post-structuralist conception of the term b. in some ways shown the concept of territoriality to be redundant but in other ways made a return of the concept of territoriality c. challenged the post structuralist concept of territoriality but not made them entirely redundant d. made the post structuralism concept of territoriality redundant
a. made the concept of territoriality more flexible and in come ways precipitated a 'return' of the concept but has also challenged the post-structuralist conception of the term
The vast bulk of Marx's theoretical efforts consisted of a painstaking analysis of capitalism as a: a. mode of production b. tool of emancipation c. theory of hegemony d. world economic system
a. mode of production
Léopold Sédar Senghor introduced which concept to post-colonialism? a. negritude b. the non-aligned movement c. orientalism d. revolution
a. negritude
According to constructivists, what shapes the identity and interests of actors such as states? a. normative structure b. anarchy c. level of capabilities d. international treaties and institutions
a. normative structure
Debates about security have traditionally focused on the role of ________ as the primary actor in international relations. a. the state b. structures c. anarchy d. institutions
a. the state
Defensive neo-realists suggest that our assumptions of a state's relations with other states depend on: a. their security b. their status within the international system c. whether or not they are liberal states d. their relative capabilities
a. their security
The Gulf War 1990-1 has been used as an example of collective security. a. true b. false
a. true
The World Social Forum is broadly speaking critical of "Washington Consensus-esque". a. true b. false
a. true
The acceptance of cosmopolitan ideals has advanced more or less in tandem with processes of globalization. a. true b. false
a. true
The end of the Cold War marked the achievement of self-determination for the states of Eastern Europe. a. true b. false
a. true
The idea of a gradual diffusion of liberal values can be said to be of a Kantian origin a. true b. false
a. true
The most important aspect of the NATO alliance was the American commitment to the defence of Western Europe. a. true b. false
a. true
The proxenos was the ancient Greek counterpart to a modern ambassador. a. true b. false
a. true
The rise of air power has led to replacement of the term 'battlefield' with 'battlespace.' a. true b. false
a. true
Latin American Dependency School
adherents of which developed the notion of core and periphery in greater depth. ... Paul prebisch argued that countries in the periphery were suffering as a result of what he called " the declining terms of trade." He suggested that the price of manufactured goods increased more rapidly than that of raw materials. So year by year it takes more tons of coffee to pay for a refrigerator. As a result of their reliance on primary goods, countries of the periphery become poorer relative to the core. Cardoso and Frank developed this idea further to show how the development of less industrialized countries was directly "dependent" on the more advanced capitalist societies.
Transnational companies
all companies that export or important are engaging in transnational economic activities. If they lobby foreign governments about trade, they become transnational political actors. However they cannot be known as TNCs until they have branches or subsidiaries outside their home country. Increasingly, transitionals are not clearly based in a single country. E.g. the world's biggest steel company-- Arcelor-Mittal has it legal headquarters in Luxembroug, is run from London, and was created by an indian takeover of Spanish and French steel producers.
International institutions are said to facilitate: lower transaction costs; credible commitments; reciprocity; all of the above.
all of the above
September 11th was foreshadowed by: the attempted destruction of the World Trade Center (1993); the bombing of US embassies in Africa (1998); the bombing of the USS Cole (2000); all of the above.
all of the above
The central argument of the chapter is that globalization: is uneven; varies in its intensity and extensity between different spheres of activity; reconstructs the world as a shared social space; all of the above.
all of the above
The United States chose to go to war in Iraq because: of the key role played by British Prime Minister, Tony Blair; Iraq posed a genuine threat to the security of the USA post 9/11; the USA was determined to secure control of the regions oil fields; all of the above options are competing explanations behind the USA's decision to go to war in Iraq.
all of the above options are competing explanations behind the USA's decision to go to war in Iraq.
Billiard ball metaphor
all the entities involved int he system are the same in their basic essence and that the characteristics of a country do not really matter in the same way that the colour and number of billiard ball don't REALLY matter ( from a physics point of view). The system is bounded so there are not many external things influencing it. It's just the physics of the balls hitting themselves the same way that a state is a state is a state so all that matters is the strength/ military capabilities of a state because all they want is survival. This is an example of systemic thinking which is an approach to examine nuanced and diverse phenomena. Let's build a model to look at units. We're going to look at how the units in a system fit goethe and we'll develop a story or a model of how it works even if it doesn't always capture the details of what people want.
ommand economy
an economy in which production, investment, prices, and incomes are determined centrally by a government.
Constructivism counters main stream approaches that states have enduring interests like power and wealth
and says that they are influenced by social forces like ideas, knowledge, norms and rules that influence identities and itnerests
The Human Development Report of 2005 estimates that the rich nations of the world provide $10 to their military budgets for ever $1 on aid!
and the spending on HIV/AIDS which is a dease that clains 3 million lives a year represents three days' worth of military spending
Constitutive non-positivist theories are usually
anti-foundationalist
What were Combating terrorism things?
anti-terrorism laws, taking preventative security measures at airports, creating special operations counter-terrorism forces also. A normative approach to tackling the problem founded on the principles of international law and collective action was less successful. Attempts ot define and proscribe transnational terrorism in teh UN bogged down in the GA over semantics, but other cooperative initiatives were successfully implemented. These included the conventions adopted through the International Civil Aviation organization to improve information sharing and legal cooperating such as the Hague Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful seizure of Aircraft..... Another collective response was to improve information sharing and collaborative action was the creation of the public Safety and Terrorism Sub0Directorate in Interpol in 1985. However most initiatives and responses throughout this decade were largely unilateral, regional, or ad hoc in nature.
Structural realists view national security
as a result of the structure of the international system. ..... Mearhsheimer said that international politics is "constrained by the dominating logic of security competition, which no amount of co-operation can eliminate" (Mearsheimer is a neoreliast) So neorealisits think that genuine long-lasting peace is very unlikely...
What is the purpose of terrorism?
as with other forms of irregular warfare, terrorism is designed to achieve political change for the purposes of obtaining power in order to right a perceived wrong. Terrorism is the weakest for of irregular warfare with which to alter the political landscape.
What two terms best describe the transition to a post-westphalian order of global politics? a. International relations to global politics b. (State centric) geopolitics to (geocentric) global politics c. Internationalization to globalization d. Cold war to post-cold war
b. (State centric) geopolitics to (geocentric) global politics
What year was the NATO treaty signed? a. 1960 b. 1949 c. 1945 d. 1959
b. 1949
The European Security and Defence Policy began in which year? a. 1992 b. 1998 c. 1999 d. 1965
b. 1998
Ancient Rome was formally divided into Eastern and Western parts in which year? a. 400 AD b. 395 AD c. 360 AD d. 300 AD
b. 395 AD
According to this chapter, the adoption of neo-liberal policies is the result or an example of: a. the core periphery distinction b. American hegemonic power c. the effect of capitalism d. the theory of contradictions
b. American hegemonic power
What concept supposes that liberal states will not go to war with one another? a. Republican constitutionalism b. Democratic peace thesis c. Balance of power d. Sovereign equality of states
b. Democratic peace thesis
The United States chose to go to war in Iraq because: a. the USA was determined to secure control of the regions oil fields b. Iraq posed a genuine threat to the security of the USA post 9/11 c. of the key role played by the British Prime Minister, Tony Blair d. all of the above options are competing explanations behind the USA's decision to go to war in Iraq.
b. Iraq posed a genuine threat to the security of the USA post 9/11
Which of the following are seen as evidence of the obsolescence of war? a. Democratic Peace theory b. Security communities such as that in Europe and democratic peace theory c. Civil conflict in Africa d. Security communities such as that in Europe
b. Security communities such as that in Europe and democratic peace theory
The climate change negotiations in Copenhagen in 2009 has been presented as an example of the changing institutional context. How? a. the financial crisis weakened Europe's bargaining position b. the BASIC countries acted in concert to push a common agenda c. anti-globalisation organizations were made formal partners in the negotiation structure d. China successfully used soft power to push its agenda
b. The BASIC countries acted in concert to push a common agenda.
We often hear of the Third World (although it is a contested term). But what is the Second World? a. Eastern Asia (particularly Japan and China) b. The Soviet Union and its allies c. The Western Hemisphere, with particular reference to the US d. all of the above depending on the context
b. The Soviet Union and its allies
'Globalism' and 'globalization' are really just two words that mean the same thing a. true b. false
b. false
'International Society' is the margins of distinct political communities into one. a. true b. false
b. false
'Transnational civil society' means '..the degree to which networks or patterns of social interaction are formally constituted as organizations with specific purposes'. a. true b. false
b. false
A key element of Marxist thought is the non-material conception of history. a. true b. false
b. false
Constructivism and 'rational choice' are generally viewed as very similar approaches. a. true b. false
b. false
Critical security theorists generally argue that not enough emphasis is given by most approaches to the state. a. true b. false
b. false
Democratic peace predicts that nuclear autocracies will fight each other. a. true b. false
b. false
Ethics is the descriptive study of what actors have done, rather than the evaluative study of what they should do. a. true b. false
b. false
For international society theorists, power hierarchies are mainly determined by material power. a. true b. false
b. false
Post-colonialism entered the field of international relations in the 1960s. a. true b. false
b. false
Rawls argues for distributive justice in the global economy. a. true b. false
b. false
Realism has been a minor theory of world politics since the beginning of academic international relations. a. true b. false
b. false
State sovereignty, power and security are three central concepts of poststructuralism a. true b. false
b. false
For constructivists, actors follow: a. the logic of consequence b. the logic of appropriateness c. paths determined by strategic interaction d. irrational courses of action
b. the logic of appropriateness
The election of Barack Obama in 2008 occurred during: a. a time of peace in the Middle East b. the worst financial crisis faced by the USA since 1930s c. a time of heightened prosperity for the USA d. a technological revolution
b. the worst financial crisis faced by the USA since 1930s
One of the main contributions of post-colonial analysis to political science has been: a. to study the personal biographies of political leaders of the colonizing powers b. to study the experience of colonialism from the point of view of the colonized peoples father than from the point of view of the great powers c. to focus on the foreign policy of the great powers during post-colonialism d. to place greater focus on the experience of rich, industrialized nations.
b. to study the experience of colonialism from the point of view of the colonized peoples father than from the point of view of the great powers
The Convention of the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production, and Transfer of Antipersonnel Mines
bans the development, production, acquisition, stockpiling, transfer, and use of anti-personnel mines.... It also obliges signatories to destroy existing stockpiles... The countries that have yet to sign it are China, The Russian Federation and the USA.
League of Nations Failure
based on self-interest and didn't follow idealism. For example, the USA decided nto to join the institution it had created. After the failure of the league of nations and the Holocaust, idealism had to become more pragmatic.
How do nuclear weapons create damage?
blast, thermal radiation, and nuclear radiation and also an electromagnetic pulse that can disrupt electronic equipment and can also cause fires.
Historically, terrorism has mainly been an instrument of internal conflict within a single society.... In fact, extensive political violence used by governments against their citizens was commonplace and immune from diplomatic criticism as recently as the 1970s.
but Al Qaeda suddenly present the world with a new threat of a transnational global network.
How were Lenin's views developed
by the Latin American Dependency schoo
The ancient society to promulgate the idea of ius gentium (law of nations) is: a. China b. Greece c. Rome d. India
c. Rome
Private Military and Security Companies (PMSCs): a. are solely a feature of contemporary warfare and were not used before the year of 2000 b. are rarely used in modern war and have little impact on its outcome c. are a pervasive and influential feature of modern war, demonstrated by their heavy use in the invasion of Iraq in 2003 d. have replaced standing national armies
c. are a pervasive and influential feature of modern war, demonstrated by their heavy use in the invasion of Iraq in 2003
The liberal institutional scholarship of the 1970s that suggested that the world had become more pluralistic in terms of actors involved in international interactions is known as: a. neo-liberal institutionalism b. pluralism c. complex interdependence d. commercial liberalism
c. complex interdependence
Post-structuralism takes which view of identity and foreign policy? a. performative and constitutive b. rationalist c. constitutive d. performative
c. constitutive d. performative
With regard to 'the state', post-structuralist theory: a. adopts exactly the same view of the state as realism b. naturalizes the state c. does not naturalize 'the state' but instead seeks to analyze how practices produce 'the state' which is a political, historically contextualized concept d. is wholly unconcerned with the state as a concept
c. does not naturalize 'the state' but instead seeks to analyze how practices produce 'the state' which is a political, historically contextualized concept
Modern Marxist analyses of international relations aim to reveal the hidden workings of: a. the means of production b. the relations of production c. global capitalism d. the superstructure
c. global capitalism
Which term best describes 'the collective structures and processes by which 'interests are articulated and aggregated, decisions are made, values allocated and policies conducted through international or transnational political processes'? a. cosmopolitan b. raison d'état c. global polity d. global politics
c. global polity
The Revolution in Military Affairs: a. negates the idea of postmodern warfare b. demonstrates that technological advantage is decisive in warfare c. has partially facilitated the rise of asymmetric warfare d. has partially facilitated the rise of asymmetric warfare, demonstrates that technological advantage is decisive in warfare, and negates the idea of postmodern warfare
c. has partially facilitated the rise of asymmetric warfare
According to Gramsci, the mutually reinforcing and reciprocal relationships between the socio-economic relations and political and cultural practices that together underpin a given order is known as which of the following? a. hegemonic order b. world system c. historic bloc d. mode of production
c. historic bloc
The Marxist approach is often known as: a. imperialist doctrine b. the base-superstructure model c. historical materialism d. the communist theory
c. historical materialism
For neo-liberal institutionalists, the core research question is: a. to understand the role of non-state actors in globalization b. how to design effective international institutions c. how to promote cooperation in an anarchic, competitive international system d. how to assess the relative capabilities of the Great Powers
c. how to promote cooperation in an anarchic, competitive international system
According to 'social constructivists', the fundamental structures of international politics are ________ rather than ________. a. social, political b. economic, political c. social, material d. material, social
c. social, material
The growing integration in regions like Europe that is undermining the classical political order based on nation state, leaving nations exposed within larger political frameworks, has led to the concept of __________. a. zone of democratic peace b. multilateralism c. societal security d. increased surveillance of the public
c. societal security
Which of the following is not a pillar of essential realism? a. self-help b. survival c. sovereignty d. statism
c. sovereignty
According to Just War theory, which of the following can legitimately wage war? a. individuals b. criminals c. states d. corporations
c. states
For neo-realists, the most critical problem presented by anarchy is: a. cheating b. conflict c. survival d. security
c. survival
Which of the following is an example of institutions that were created at the end of WW2 (and based on the power situation of that era)? a. the G6 b. the World Social Forum c. the IMF d. ASEAN
c. the IMF
What is the percent of casualties in war?
civilians represent 90 percent! a LARGE PROPRTION OF THESE CASUALITIES ARE WOMEN and children and women and children constitute about half of the worlds' refugee population. Women in wartime are particularly subject to rape and prostitution. Rape is a systematic military strategy. In Bosnia, rape was associated with a policy of ethnic cleansing. The strategy included forced pregnancies to make Bosnia a Serbain state by implanting Serbain babies in Bosnian Muslim mothers. There are also assumptions made that women are not fighting in ethnic and nationalist wars and the assumption that men are the only ones that do it mean that when they reintegrate soldiers into civilian life, they often miss women!
Alex Wendt
claims that anarchy is what states make of it ... this calls attention to how different beliefs and practices will generate divergent patterns and organization of world politics.
THe league of Nations ( 1919)
collective security was the major goal: to any future wars. It wanted to harness the competitive system... move away from raison d'etat politics
Neo-liberals
conceded that the core assumptions of neo-realism were indeed correct: the anarchic international structure, the centrality of states, and a rationalist approach to social scientific enquiry.
North aTLANTIC tREATY ( April 1949)—-
considering military threat form the soviet union, the counties of western Europe and north america formed a military alliance. They entered a formal military alliance. THE BIRTH OF NATO. This treaty organization remains today and is called NATO. it's a military organization made up of just the allies of this organization. All western european and capitalist states. IF you attack one country, all the other countries have to perceive it as an attack against them. SO there was a huge potential for sparks that could ignite a war. These two huge military alliances ( blocs) could get to war at any time as long as even one country was attacked. thIS WAS a looming threat. (including the United States, Great Britain, France and other countries)
Stakes in the long war
consist of the basic preservations freedoms and way of life. pg 369
IN CONTRAST tot eh rationalist presumption that culture constrains action
constructivist argue that culture informs the meanings that people give to their action. Sometimes constructivists have presumed that such meanings derive from a hardened culture but because culture is fracture and because society comprises different interpretations of meaningful activity, scholars need to consider these cultural fault lines and treat the fixing meanings as an accomplishment that is the essence of politics. STATES and NON-STATE actors have different interpretations of concepts like human rights, security, and humanitarian intervention and will fight to try to get these preferred meanings collectively accepted.
Arjun Appadurai (1996)
converts globalization into postcolonial language by writing about five types of cultural flowers of imagination: -ethnoscapes, mediascapes, technoscapes, finacescapes, and ideoscapes, all of which operate globally and beyond the absolute control of states.
Constitutive rules
create the very possibility for these activities. The rules of sovereignty not only regulate state practices but also make possible the very idea of a sovereign state.
The idea that the "strong do as they will and the weak accept what they must" comes from: a. Machiavelli b. Game theory c. Schwellet d. Thucydides.
d. Thucydides.
Post-structuralism views language as a. entirely value neutral b. a system of stable dichotomies c. irrelevant to politics d. a system of unstable dichotomies where certain terms are superior to others.
d. a system of unstable dichotomies where certain terms are superior to others.
The term signifying natural and eternal laws is: a. karma b. just war c. the correct order of society d. dharma
d. dharma
Liberalism is a theory of both: a. freedom and authority b. sovereignty and equality c. tolerance and balance of power d. government within states and good governance between them.
d. government within states and good governance between them.
Post-colonialism entered the field of international relations at the end of the Cold War because mainstream theories: a. did not discuss the role of the state in international politics b. did not adequately discuss nuclear deterrence c. were too focused on nuclear deterrence d. had failed to anticipate the effect of 'people power' in international politics
d. had failed to anticipate the effect of 'people power' in international politics
Classical realism represents power politics as a result of: a. anarchy b. international relations c. state sovereignty d. human behaviour
d. human behaviour
What term is not generally associated with constructivist thought? a. social theory b. relativism c. structuration d. individualism
d. individualism
While neo-realism and neo-liberalism have a lot in common, neo-realism tends to focus more on: a. economic issues b. human rights c. environmental issues d. security and military issues
d. security and military issues
According to Marx, the central dynamic to be understood is the tension between the means of production and relations of production that together form: a. the political system of a given society b. the mode of production c. capitalism d. the economic base of a given society
d. the economic base of a given society
The roots of neo-liberal institutionalism are found in: a. the writings of Kant b. realism c. Woodrow Wilson's 14 points d. the functional integration scholarship of the 1940s and 1950s.
d. the functional integration scholarship of the 1940s and 1950s.
Wars between substate groups for personal glory, power, enrichment, or revenge are classified by Metz as: a. postmodern b. first tier c. new wars d. third tier
d. third tier
The phrase 'rational devils': a. is a core tenet of cosmopolitanism b. deals with the human capacity to be both self-interested and reasonable c. underlays Kant's categorical imperative d. underlays Kant's categorical imperative and deals with the human capacity to be both self-interested and reasonable
d. underlays Kant's categorical imperative and deals with the human capacity to be both self-interested and reasonable
How did international relations feels about these tricontinental tinkers?
dangerous pro-communist and anti-american agitators.
Classical liberal theory focuses on democratic peace theory:
democratic states are less likely to go to war than other types of states. Why?—- citizens bear the cost of war, and also exercise influence on decisions of the government And?_—- liberal states also share social, cultural and trading relationships making conflict unwelcome. Since trade is so crucial and war disrupts trade then war wouldn't happen. Democratic peace theory is a theory which posits that democracies are hesitant to engage in armed conflict with other identified democracies.
Military training
depends on the denigration of anything considered feminine-- to act like a soldier is not to be womanly. Goes into procession myth in that soldiers are just seen as warriors, self-sacrificially protecting women, children and other vulnerable people.. E.g. US--led war in Afghanistan was partially justified as a heroic intervention on behalf of presumably helpless Afghanistan women. There is also a feminized and racialized view of the other....
Arlene Tickner
described how IR focused on established state relations and the organizations these ahd created. It approached the formation of new states in the 1960s and 1970s not through the work of third world intellectuals, but through an analyses of radical North-South politics.
Wealth Creating Reforms
did not always lead to the alleviation of economic distress. A new middle class may have been in the making, but there was no hiding where the greatest concentration of disease, the highest level of malnutrition, and the most deaths of young children continued to be concentrated. Third world was in crippling debt from the Western states. In 2007 the developing world was having to pay $13 in debt repayments for every $1 received in aid. The dent of the developing countries to the West stood at 5 trillion dollars
so IT DOESN'T agree on everything
different constructivists can say different things even though they acept things in general like holism and tan interest in the relationships between agents and structures and commitments to idealsim
Four important philosophical concepts of poststructuralism
discourse, deconstruction, genealogy, and intertextuality
Much of the concern in poststrucutralism has been the
discourses of danger-- as coined by Campbell
A state-centric appraoch involves
distinguishing between high politics of peace and security taking place in military alliances and uN diplomacy from the low politics of other policy questions debated in specialist UN bodies, other IGOs and INGOs. The move from a state-centric to a pluralist model depends on rejecting a static unidminsentioanl concept of power. Contrary to the realist view, capabilities alone do not determine influence. Explaining outcomes requires examining whether the resrources of the actors are relvant to the goals being pursued
Subalterns
early twentieth century term by Italian Marxist Antonio Gramsci to denotes groups so subordinated and even despised in thier natioanl socitiets that they had been cast out form nationalist activities and all national histories, local and internation.
Peace enforcement
emerged after the end of the cold war. These missions were more likely to use force to achieve humanitarian ends. Used when order has collapsed within states, and therefore address civil war as well as international conflict.
Liberalism
emphasizes second-image analyses, explaining IR based on the qualities of states. (different states act differently and these differences matter)
Reform of ECOSOC
ensures that GA politics were appropriately implemented on a system-wide basis. It was given the power to make final decisions on the activities of its subsidiary bodies. One of the responsibilities is to review common themes in the work of the nine functional commissions ( commission on narcotic drugs, on sustainable development, commission on the status of women)
The three pillars of the Westphalian Constitution of world politics are; life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.; independence, autonomy, sovereignty; territoriality, sovereignty, autonomy; sovereignty, territoriality, independence.
erritoriality, sovereignty, autonomy
Constitutions
establish the location of legitimate political authority within a polity and the rules that inform the exercise and limits of political power
Critical security theorists generally argue that not enough emphasis is given by most approaches to the state.
false
For much of the Cold War period most writing on the subject of security was dominated by the idea of international security
false
Jihad is one expression of just war tradition.
false
Rawls argues for distributive justice in the global economy.
false
The English school deals primarily with ideas of order and justice.
false
Post-colonial Feminism
focus on colonial relations of domination and subordination established under European imperialism in the 18th 19th centuries. They say that post colonial feminists see similar problems arising form feminist knowledge that is base largely on the experiences of relatively privileged Western women. Chandra Mohanty suggests that women's subordinations must be addressed within their own cultural context, rather than through some universal understanding of women's needs. She criticizes the western feminists' portrayal of the third world women as poor, under-educated, victimized, and lacking in agency.
Explanatory positivist theories are usually
foundationalist
The good and bad of Old geopolitics
geopolitics is seen by some as a force that helps to prevent the emergence of overly dominant states in the world. In contrast, other see "Old Geopolitics" as resulting in thinking that encourages constant violence and war.
The growing interdependence between states regarding security and the dampening down of the security dilemma is said to be taking place in a condition of ________. anarchy; globalization; mature anarchy; contingent realism
globalisation
Antifoundateionlists
hold that what counts as facts and truth differ form theory to theory and that we cannot find the OBJECTTIVE truth
Economic Status of the Third World
inefficient. They ran up enormous debts that rendered them vulnerable to the renewed Western economic pressure. Some states that had been propped up by one or other of the two superpowers during the cold war simply collapsed into complete chaos, a fate that awaited Somalia and the Congo. Many countries implemented Western-style structural reform which lead to greater inequality and a decline in public services and the exponential growth of ever more rampant forms of corruption
Global Polity
interests are articulated and aggregated, decisions are made and values are allocated and policies are conducted through international or transnational political processes
In the 1800s
international relations were dominated by arms races based on new technology and formal alliances. Politicians appealed to public opinion and national interests. Powerful nations challenged eachother
Nationalism
is "a political doctrine which holds that the political and national unit should be congruent"
What is the UN
is made up of a group international institutions, which include the central system located in New York, the specialized agencies ( such as the WHO, International Labour organization, and the International Labour Organization and the Programmes) and the Programmes and Funds (UNICE and UNDP).
The central argument of the chapter on "Globalization" by Anthony McGrew is that globalization...
is uneven. varies in its intensity and extensity between different spheres of activity. reconstructs the world as a shared social space.
Because poststructuralism argues in favour of a constitutive, post-positivist, anti-foundationalist position
it is seen as one of the most alternative approaches in IR.
Criticisms of Said
it represents colonized people through stories written by Western men. Said's construction of oriental discourse is beholden to western masculine fantasy that i cannot accommodate the views of western women who are physically present in the middle eastern and asian countries and whose writings put these dominant masculine representations in question. Said describes women as having passivity and sexual availability Said also draws a dividing line between colonized and colonizers as though the flow of knowledge and power were all in one direction only
Post-colonial is largely different from what came before it because
it says that nation-states are NOT always the key actors in IR-- great powers in particular
Nationalsim alone cannot form nation-states
it succeeded only with the destruction or weakening of multinational states through war.
Fascism is a type of nationalism
it's not insular. they hate communism and liberalism while rejecting old conservative elite politics They see the nation as a supra-individual, classless collective requiring a strong state, mass mobilization, and a genius leader to assert itself in the world... The WW1 gave nationalism a statist and militarist character on which fascists built. With economic depression and loss of faith in liberal democracy, fascism gained popularity. Fascist ideology was imperialist but profoundly anti-universalist. The fascist vision included huge power blocs, each organized as a master nation/rase ruling over inferior slave nations/races. Fascism did nto envisage a global order of nation-states but instead saw super-emprires led by dominant races/ nations or classes
Epistemology
leads you to select different kinds of "facts" and to treat them differently.
Imperialism vs Colonialism
means the practice, the theory and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan centre ruling a distant territory ( the thinking and the doing of control and rule that project itself across space) ---> a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force. BUT COLONIALISM IS the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically.
Essentialism
means trying to make bank categorical statements that try to reduce plicated things to simple things. Diverse groups to a common category. All X people are Y. All B people do Q. All M are like Y. It ends up rearticularing and reentrenching things that overismplify the complexity of racial and historical and sexual groups. too much exisentatialism oversimplifies the world and creates "us and them groups"' Overismplifying the difference not only creates us and them but also sets up a ranking. A)create us and them B) Imply or explicitly assert that there is a hierarchy
Nationalism
membership of the nation provides the overriding focus of political identity and loyalty, which in turn demands national self-determination. It is a whole society occupying a specific territory.
critical security studies literatures is the idea that the usual practices and policies of nation-states seeking to pursue "national security"
might in themselves pose meaningful security threats worth questioning, challenging, and resisting.
Political globalization involves webs of; non-state actors and corporations; alliance politics; civil society; multilateral institutions, policy networks, and transgovernmental cooperation.
multilateral institutions, policy networks, and transgovernmental cooperation.
SALT I
must gain "control of the ABM race," and Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara argued that the more each reacted to the other's escalation, the more they had chosen "an insane road to follow." While abolition of nuclear weapons would be impossible, limiting the development of both offensive and defensive strategic systems would stabilize U.S.-Soviet relations.
Rather than 'organization', it is becoming common for advocacy groups to take the structure of a ___.___Correct Response, meaning a looser, less centralized set of connections between people, often facilitated by the internet and social media.
networks
Globalization appears to have a/an _______ impact on international security; ambivalent and contradictory; intense and positive; negligible and irrelevant; neutral
neutral
Stability-instability paradox
occurs when nuclear-armed countries feel safe from large-scale retaliatory attack because they have nuclear weapons, and so they feel free to engage in low-scale provocations against other countries. This means that countries w/ nuclear weapons are more likely to be involved in low level conflicts, but less likely to be involved in big ones because they are afraid to provoke the use of nuclear weapons.
Feminism as an academic discipline grew out
of Feminist movements of the 1960s and 1970s-- a movement dedicated to achieving social, political, and economic equality for women
Substantive theory
offers specific claims and hypotheses about patterns in world politics; for instance, how do we explain why democratic states tend not to wage war on one another? It requires scholars to delineate who are the principal actors, what are their interests and capacities, and what is the content of the normative structure.
Why do we often ignore ontological studies?
ontological assumptions come into view only when theories with different ontological assumptions clash. As long as one works within the same paradigm, there is no need to discuss one's basic assumption, and energy can be devoted to more specific questions.
ASEAN
organization of ten Southeast Asian countries....Its aims include accelerating economic growth, social progress, and sociocultural evolution among its members, protection of regional peace and stability, and opportunities for member countries to resolve differences peaceful
Hegemony
overwhelming power that lets a state adjust the rules of the game in its favour... american has been the world Hegemon... if you wan to explain international relations today, you need to understand american as being the Hegemon)
What are two types of weapon-grade fissile material?
plutonium and uranium which are necessary to make nuclear weapons.... Challenge with uranium: you need U-235 which is not easily found in nature plutonium: created by humans and is a by-product of chemical processes... it must be reprocessed or chemically separated from non-fissile material.
What sets apart poststructuralism from structuralism?
poststructuralism sees sign structures as unstable because connections between words are never given once and for all. The way we describe things is not neutral or given by the things themselves.
Cluster Two: Examining Motivations
potential utility in fighting and winning major international armed conflicts. Also to deter adversaries from engaging in military provocation or conventional attack. A) security motivation B) domestic politics (it serves interest of powerful bureaucracies and military organizations OR because political leaders and ruling coalitions opt for inward-looking political and economic platforms rather than pursuing growth through integration in global economy) C) States may pursue nuclear weapons for reasons to do with prestige, identity, or culture. Give people a seat of power, pushed by fear and pride. 1) Security Model to increase national security against foreign threats 2) domestic politics- weapons advance parochial domestic and bureaucratic interests 3) Norms model: weapons acquisition or restraint in weapons development provides important normative symbol of state's modernity or identity 4) psychology model: political leaders hold a conception of their nation's identity that leads them to desire the bomb 5) political economy model: nature of country's political economy-- mostly whether or not it is globally integrated-- gives their leaders different incentives for or against nuclear weapons 6) strategic culture model: culture leads them to hold certain ideas about how valuable the acquisition and use of nuclear weapons will be
Foucault's perception of power
power is productive and it comes about when discourses constitute particular subject positions as natural ones. Actors therefore do not exist outside discourses: there are produced through discourses and need to be recognized by others.
Who was heavily criticized about predictions of the cold war?
realists were accused of having a static outlook, failing to pay attention to what was happening inside USSR, and taking no account of the important role played by ideas in bringing the cold war to an end.
Depoliticization
refers to the shift that occurs when a social issue or problem is removed from the domain of open democratic discussion and critical thinking and considered to be a matter best dealt with by entrusted experts with technical or administrative knowledge behind closed doors on a need -to-know basis.
Finance— ,
risk-taking and money making and investing and planning International Investing Inter-state Borrowing and Lending Global Money Markets ( Currency Trading)
State-strengthening vs state-subverting nationslim
sate-strengthening: might well mobilize around the defence of a threatened nation-state State-subverting -- might well exploit the new preparedness of the USA and international bodies to intervene in the affairs of states to demand support for claims to separate statehood.
Post coloniail and poststructural feminists
say we can't generalize about women because it depends on where they are in society and on their class and race....
Civil society is is the source of change
see examples of 335
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
signed in April 1949. An attack on one member would be treated as an attack on all... the principle of collective self-defence as found in the UN charter. The cornerstone of the alliance was the commitment of the US to defend Western Europe. The US was also eager to use nuclear weapons to deter Soviet "aggression"
Civil Society
society considered as a community of citizens linked by common interests and collective activity.
Contingency: .
something is contingent if it is depends ton certain factors; in the context of social theory; calling something "contingent" often means that something doesn't necessarily have to be the way it is, and could be otherwise. This idea is crucial to both Postconstructivism and constructivism Maybe the world we have has been put together using contingent decisions BASED ON WHO WON AND WHO LOST.!!! WHOA THE WINNERS WRITE THE HISTORY.
What is effective in combating terrorism?
state law enforcement and paramilitary forces were increasingly effective in combating terrorism
National politics
state-strengthening or state-subverting State strengthening: accepts an existing state as broadly legitimate but seeks to strengthen it, internally by purifying the nation and reforming government, externally by reclaiming national territory and extending power. subverting: create a new state, usually be separation from a larger state, something by unifying states
According to Just War theory, which of the following can legitimately wage war? Criminals; Individuals; Corporations; States
states
Defensive realists such as Waltz say that
states have security as their principal interest and therefore seek only the requisite amount of power to ensure their own survival. States will note seek greater amounts of power if that means jeopardizing their own security The status quo lessens the competition for power
Kenneth Waltz was a founding author of the 'neo-Realist' tradition of theory. In his work he argues that the key difference between domestic orders (within countries) and international orders is:
structure
James Der Derian
studies intertext of popular spy novels, journalism, and academic analysis and also analyzed tv shows and film...
When poststructuralists write about identities as constituted in discourse, they usually use the terms..
subjectives or subject positions to underscore the fact that identity is not something that some has, but that is is a position the one is constructed as having.
3rd world women are usually in the
subsistence sector.....See page 267 for agriculture and africa
Democratic peace theory:
suggests that liberal states do not fight each other, and can thus benefit form a "eace dividend".
Cynthia Enloe
suggests that we need to look in unconventional places, not normally considered within the boundaries of global politics, ot answer this question. Women are vital in roles as domestic servant, diplomats' wives, secretaries, clerical workers etc... to international politics and the functioning of the global economy and foreign politics....
David Campbell's.... He develops a performative theory of identity and foreign policy
take a broad view of what foreign policy is and distinguished between Foreign Policy ( policies undertaken by states in the international arena) and "foreign policy" ( all those discursive practices that constitute something as "foreign in relation to the Self).... Foreign Policy might just as well take place within states as between them.It might involve gender and sexual relations as when women were deemed unfit to participation the military.... By looking not only at Foreign Policy but also at foreign policy, postructuralism casts light on the symbolic boundaries that are constituted within and across states.
Norms also vary in terms of their instutitonalization
that is, how much they are taken fro granted....
Wallerstein emphasized
that systems have a distinctive life cycle with a beginning, a middle, and an end.
Thee was a demand from the UN for New International Economic Order
that would e more favourable to the circumstances of post-colonial societies, offering preferential terms of trade, aid, and resource allocation where all states would be equal partners in global economic governance.
The third world was talked about from
the TOP down... it did not reflect the everyday lives in ways that could yield full pictures of colonial experiences Bottom-up initiatives were not the order of the day; vanguard politics was.
Most international relations theorists treat power as
the ability of one state to compel another state to do what it otherwise would not, and tends to focus on the material technologies such as military firepower and economic statecraft
Samuel Huntington famously argumed that fundamental incompatibility between Western and non-Western values will inevitably lead to conflict. The term that describes this is...
the clash of civilizations.
The ideology of nationalism becomes the principal way of justfiyng
the existence of particular states... it combines the democratic principle ( nation= people), the claim to sovereignty ( national self-determination), and a sense of distinct identity ( nation as a unique society).... It is also flexible neough to accomodate different social and political arrangements.
Superstructure
the ideational layer of society, including laws, culture, institutions, governments, etc.
What did post-structuralists think of the cold war?
the key to the cold war lays in the enemy construction that both East and West promoted.
International interdependence
the linkages between nation-states
Religion provides terrorist groups with a crucial advantage;
the mandate and sanction of the divine to commit otherwise illegal or immoral acts
Sociological liberalism
the notion of community and the process of interdependence are important elements. Many of the assumptions of sociological liberalism are represented in the current globalization literature dealing with popular culture and civil society.
Conclusions
the peoples in the middle east began to throw off their autocratic rules without very much urging from the West. Most people in the regions seemed to opt for some form of Islamically-inspired governments.
Nuclear Detterence
the question of "how nuclear weapons could be used to prevent an opponent from taking an undesirable action"
Preemptive Strike:
the strategic use of nuclear weapons when an opponent is perceived to have made moves to use them first ( so it happens BEFORE the first strike)... During the cold war, one or the other side falsely detected that the other side was going to attack it. So it became very close to nuclear war being launched because of these false alarms.
The cold war began in Europe but quickly spread to
the third world...
Kiras defines terrorism as
the use of violence by su b0state groups to inspire fear, by attacking civilians and/or symbolic targets, for purposes such as drawing widespread attention to a grievance, provoking a severe response, or wearing down their opponent's moral resolve, to effect political change"
Realist perspective
there can be no progress, no law, and no justice where there is no common power
WHY doe sstates converge?
there realize that some instituations are better than others... They they want acceptance and legitimacy and status so they mimic other countries that have it... States want to pursue democracy becuase they want to be considered part of the "Modern world" and achieve the benefits associate with being a legitimate state.
Social Facts
things whose existence is dependent on human agreement .... and they are taken for granted. Money, refugees, terrorism, human rights and sovereignty are social facts... Brute facts such as rocks, gravity and oceans exist independently of humans.
Both realists and many critics ( who went on to promote CONSTRUCTIVISM as an alternative to realist discourse)
together faced perhaps even bigger theoretical conundrum: the cold war might not have ended if not for a single person--- Mikhail Gorbachev
United State criticism during cold war
too interventionist, insensitive, little interested in needs of underdeveloped countries, upholding right-wing dictators when they should have been promoting freedom.
A company using primary commodities such as Starbucks processing coffee may respond to higher tax rates b changing its ______ to reduce its tax billl
transfer prices
Global communications infrastructure
transnational spread of ideas, ethnic cultures, and information
Just War Theory
tries to apply moral reasoning to the question of war
'Societal security' theorists believe states are becoming embedded in a larger political framework than the nation-state
true
Some writers see the security dilemma as the essential source of conflict between states.
true
True or False?: Karl Marx himself had relatively little to say specifically about a theoretical analysis of international relations.
true
According to Stubbs, the meaning of security has been broadened after the events of 11 September 2001
true?
The digitial information revolution opens
up the prospects of global culture, whether envisaged as homogenized mass culture or a plurality o niche cultures, including national ones. All this creates opportunities for new forms of nationalism.
Mass nationalism
using ethnic ideas to subvert an existing state
Self-detemriantions
usually means independent statehood. Nationalists consider it to mean an autonomy within a federal state.
Putin in Russia
wanted acquiescence (if you did not do this, you went to prison or were exiled)
The UN
was the re-vamped league of nations that had to have the consensus of all the great powers and so they implemented a veto system. The veto system allowed any of the five permanent members of the Security COuncil the power of veto.
We need toask qusiton liek
what constructions of certain identities are available and why we feel the need to identify and construct these identities. Who can speak within the discourse? How can the subject speak? Some subject positions are more desirable than others becuase they provide a sueprior position compared to other identites.
The means of production
what tools do you use? <— this is combine with the relations of production—> who CONTROLS whether the factories open or close? who holds the money? How are the physical relationships round production and the technology, how is that organized?
Wendt talksa bout the logic of reciprocity
which means that states acquire a shared knowledge about the meaning of power and act accordingly. Policies of reassurance can also help to bring about a structure of shared knowledge that can help to move states towards a more peaceful security community.
The USA's decision to go to Iraq
without the blessing of the U N security council meant that other states viewed the USA's actions as illegitimate and were less willing to support them and this raised the costs to the US as it went ahead on its own.
biopower
works at 2 levels: A) Individual level we are told to discipline and control our bodies B) collective level we find that governments and other institutions seek to manage whole popualtions
Kenyan novelist Ngugi wa Thiong'o
writes " how people perceive themselves affects how they look at their culture, at their politics and at the social production of wealth, at their entire relationship to nature and to other human beings"
Feminizing your opponent means that
you are implying that your enemy is a wealking, soft, negotiator, reactive, emotioal, passive and domestic.
John viNCNET is a pluralist thinker who says:
— "the GENERAL FUNCTION of international society is to separate and cushion, not to act". Eggcarton ethics^^^^—> eggcarton special foaming material that separates and cushions eggs and gives them structure and stability but makes sure they don't smash into eachother. Norms are important. We should respect norms of sovereignty. Pluralist Values -Self-determination -Diversity -Autonomy -Coexistence "Good fences/borders make good neighbours" "Let it be"— what happens in somalia stays in somalia... There shoudldn't be spillover effects from countries but we don't impose our own ideas on countries about what's good and what's bad.
What key policy was associated with the Truman Doctrine? a. Rapprochement b. Containment c. Decolonization d. Apartheid
b. containment
According to post-structuralism, foreign policies: a. should be based solely on self-interest b. create and recreate identity of 'the self' and 'others' c. are unimportant to international politics d. will revolve around the importance of human rights.
b. create and recreate identity of 'the self' and 'others'
What are the central concepts in post-structuralist philosophy? a. institutions and co-operation b. discourse, deconstruction, intertextuality c. rational economics d. discourse, deconstruction, genealogy, intertextuality
b. discourse, deconstruction, intertextuality
Marx was committed to the cause of which of the following? a. communism b. emancipation c. the global south d. the proletariat
b. emancipation
What word is contentiously used to describe the post-9/11 brand of US foreign policy? a. multilateralism b. empire c. turbo-charged capitalism d. neo-liberalism
b. empire
Which of the following factors is not considered an 'engine' of globalization? a. economics b. environment c. technics d. politics
b. environment
Constitutive theory is a particular sort of: a. causal theory b. explanatory theory c. social theory d. critical theory
b. explanatory theory
'Constitutive' rules are those that regulate already existing rules. a. true b. false
b. false
For much of the Cold War period most writing on the subject of security was dominated by the idea of international security. a. true b. false
b. false
Jihad is one expression of just war tradition. a. true b. false
b. false
Judith Butler is a realist scholar. a. true b. false
b. false
Marxism argues that capitalism is an irrelevant way of thinking about the world. a. true b. false
b. false
Neo-liberal and neo-realist theories seek to usurp the status quo. a. true b. false
b. false
Neo-liberalism places importance on the civilizing capacity of global society. a. true b. false
b. false
One of the major debates today centers around the exercise of US power in an age of unipolarity and US hegemony. a. true b. false
b. false
Post-colonial studies exclusively uses novels, fiction, and interviews to develop theories. a. true b. false
b. false
The use of 'cold' in the term 'Cold War' refers to the lack of war in the Third World from 1945 to 1990. a. true b. false
b. false
The word "refugee" was a product of the 18th century. a. true b. false
b. false
World-travelling is a post-colonial methodology associated with African male scholars educated in the United States.
b. false
Which word is missing from the following sentence: Richard Cobden's belief that _____ would create a more peaceful world order is a core idea of 19th century liberalism. a. tolerance b. free trade c. justice d. freedom
b. free trade
Post-colonial studies began by looking at those considered to be of subaltern status in which country? a. mexico b. india c. saudi arabia d. yemen
b. india
According to the post-structuralist scholar Judith Butler, identity: a. is static and independent of practices and surroundings b. is performative and can only be constituted through repeated practices c. is irrelevant d. is central to showing how foreign policy will be formed
b. is performative and can only be constituted through repeated practices
Which branch of international relations theory allows for more cooperation between states when it comes to security? a. neo-classical realism b. liberal institutionalism c. neo-realism d. constructivism
b. liberal institutionalism
The growing interdependence between states regarding security and the dampening down of the security dilemma is said to be taking place in a condition of ________. a. contingent realism b. mature anarchy c. globalization d. anarchy
b. mature anarchy
Until recently, the main area of interest for both academics and statesmen regarding security tended to be in ________. a. sovereignty b. military capabilities c. anarchy d. self-help doctrine
b. military capabilities
To explain its differences with the 'neos', constructivism has sometimes been contrasted with: a. historical materialism b. rational choice c. social theory d. individualism and norms
b. rational choice
A branch of modern realism that sees institutions as playing an important role is called: a. neoclassical realism b. rational choice realism c. neo-liberalism d. neo-realism
b. rational choice realism
Constructivists argue that knowledge shapes how actors interpret and construct their: a. normative structures b. social reality c. world d. norms
b. social reality
Kenneth Waltz argues that the key difference between domestic and international orders lies in their: a. security b. structure c. ideology d. wealth distribution
b. structure
The three pillars of the Westphalian Constitution of the world politics are: a. sovereignty, territoriality, independence b. territoriality, sovereignty, autonomy c. independence, autonomy, sovereignty d. life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness
b. territoriality, sovereignty, autonomy
Who said that war is 'a condition of time in which special rules permitting and regulating violence between governments prevails'? a. Carl von Clausewitz b. Quincy Wright c. Michael Sheehan d. Thucydides
b. Quincy Wright
The scholar who deals with globalization theory is: a. Gramsci b. Rosenberg c. Marz d. Waltz
b. Rosenberg
When did the non-aligned movement begin? a. 1990 in Rio de Janeiro b. in 1980 in Beijing c. 1965 in Bandung d. 1964 in London
c. 1965 in Bandung
The statement "the king is emperor in his own kingdom' came from: a. Germany b. Italy c. France d. England
c. France
Who termed the US a 'hyperpower'? a. Boris Yeltsin b. Jaques Chirac c. Hubert Vedrine d. Josef Joffe
c. Hubert Vedrine
What war began the era of modern total war? a. The Second World War b. The Cold War c. The First World War d. British colonial wars in Africa
c. The First World War
The lineage of classical realism is said to have begun with: a. Hans Morgenthau b. Niccolo Mahiavelli c. Thucydides d. Kenneth Waltz
c. Thucydides
Which of the following schools of thought is Pogge situated within? a. generalism b. individualism c. liberal cosmopolitanism d. communitarism
c. liberal cosmopolitanism
Rational choice treats actors as: a. social b. ideational c. pre-social d. material
c. pre-social
Globalization and Terrorism main idea:
changed the scope but not the fundamental principles guiding it
The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
began to take control of natural resources like oil that were values by the West.
Intersubjective:::
being considered "true" or "factual" by a group
Frantz Fanon
early analysts who advocated the violent overthrow of colonialism and dominance-subordiation relations in new states. He joined the Algerian anti-colonial struggle against France after he experience racism while going through medical training. Black skin, White Masks and The Wretched of the Earth are two pieces that initiated an ongoings discussion in fledging post-colonial studies about mechanisms of colonial control
Political cooperation
entails mutual support and commitment regarding the implementation of certain values and practices within the countries.
The Peace of Westphalia ( 1648)
eventually after ra generation of fighting, the war ended with the peace of wesphaphila. It is a name given to a few different peace treaties to end the war. It took a number of treaties to end the war state Sovereignty—- the peace of Westphalia brought a new status quo between states. it e empathizes the importance of the idea of state sovereignty.
Truman Doctrine and the policy of Containment
expressed the self-image of the US as inherently defensive and were underpinned by the MARSHALL PLAN for European economic recovery which was essential to the economic rebuilding of Western Europe.
'Transnational civil society' means '... the degree to which networks or patterns of social interaction are formally constituted as organizations with specific purposes.'
false
Constructivism takes an approach to social science that takes actors as having already-established identities and interests, and then examines how they wield ideational power given that fixed starting point.
false BC Constructivism takes an approach to social science that sees actors as having malleable or changeable identities and interests, and then examines how processes of interaction affect self-perception and the perception of worthwhile goals.
Disciplining Gender .
happens both in childhood an in the media and it leaves us with a number of questions that carry over into international relations.
Truman Doctrine ( March 1947)
he argued for containment... The Truman Doctrine was an american foreign policy initiative which provided economic and military support to countries which seemed vulnerable to soviet control. America would help support these vulnerable countries. This was supposed to help free people....
Che Guevara at the Tricontinental Conference
he expounded his theory of Guerilla warfare as the best method for the remaining colonies to employ in their struggles for independence. He also advocated popular armed struggles wherever corrupt Latin American regimes were propped up by a neo-colonial USA, whose only concern was to keep the region anti-communist
Deepening
he study of security involves examining the concept of security beyond its application to the interests of nation-states, and considering other reference objects such as individuals, cultural groups, etc. as those things needing and deserving security
The Logic of Appropriateness
highlight how actors are rule-following, worrying about whether their actions are legitimate The ideas of logic consequences and appropriateness are not competing.... Eg. the more illegitimate a possible course of action appears to be, the higher the potential cost for those who proceed on their own.
Bush's response to international terrorism
highly controversial very costly Not believed the the status quo was not sacrosanct preared the intelelctural fround for the war against Iraq in 2003.
Dissuion
how particular models, practices, norms, strategies, or beliefs spread within a population.
Holism
constructivism accepts holism or structuralism The world is irreducibly social and cannot be decomposed into the properties of already existing actors. Holism allows for agency, recognizing that agents have some autonomy and their interaction help to construct, reproduce and transform those structures... Although the structure of the cold war seemingly locked the USA and the Soviet Union into a fight to the death, leaders on both sides creatively transformed their relations and the very structure of global politics.
Twenty five years ago
constructivism did not exist
What term best describes the dominance of a particular state in relation to all other states in the international system? a. Sovereign b. Empire c. Suzerain State d. Hegemony
d. Hegemony
______ offered the timeless insight that '... we are cultural beings with the capacity and will to take a deliberate attitude toward the world and lend it significance.' a. John Ruggie b. Kenneth Walt c. Alexander Wendt d. Max Weber
d. Max Weber
Which movement, led by Martin Luther, helped to bring about a secular concept of the state? a. The Renaissance b. The Respublica Christiana c. The Counter Reformation d. The Protestant Reformation
d. The Protestant Reformation
Which of the following is not considered a key liberal value? a. tolerance b. constitutionalism c. freedom d. order
d. order
Surplus value:
if paying a worker to produce something cost a certain amount... and then the thing that gets produced has a certain value on the market when it gets sold... the difference between what you pay the worker and what money you make is the surplus value that get extracted. For marx and criticisms of capitalism, it is unfair because it takes advantages of existing power dynamics. This idea that in-profits and wages are in opposing interests for the people involved. Owners want to drive wages lower and prices up. This is a source of unfairness for critics of capitalism.
Politically, the most important criminal industries are ...
illicit trading in arms and in drugs They have been estimated to be the 2 most valuable commodities in world trade
How do liberalists explain war?
imperialism, failure of the balance of power, undemocratic regimes.... ad all of these things can be remedied through collective security, commerce, and world government respectively?
Partial Test Ban Treaty
in 1963 Russia, Britain and the US signed a treaty that limits these three states to underground nuclear tests.
Poststructuralists agree with realists that the state is central to world politics, but they disagree with realists when they say that
in contrast to realists, who take the state for granted, poststructuralists deconstruct the role the state plays in the world politics as well as in academic field of iR. They argue that the state is not a unit that has the same essence across space and time. Walker says that the state is a particular way to organize political community.
3o years war
in the 1600s, the two most powerful were the Holy Roman Empire and France. France was also emerging as a powerful social community. In these two areas, rule powerful faimilies. thE HAPSBURGS AND THE boURBON. TheY HAD A fierce rivalry. These tensions between families and religious things in europse caused the 30 year war which lasted from 1618 to 1648 The 30 years war as a period of intense fighting and was the pinnacle of the wars in Europe. Layers of religious animosity
What is the core value of international society? Political independence; Self-determination; Sovereign equality; Freedom
Sovereign equality
Peace of Westphalia
The combined effect of the peace treaties ending the Thirty Years War in 1648.
Détente
The period of improved or relaxed tensions between two rivals; used especially in reference to a period of improved relations between the Cold War rivals beginning in 1971.
Henry Kissinger ( academic realist who became secretary of state during Nixon Presidency)
a nation's survival is its first and ultimate responsibility and it cannot be compromised or put to risk
By far the majority of colonies that became independent states after World War II were: a. in asia b. in africa c. in South America d. in Europe
b. in africa
Nuclear non-Proliferation Treaty
included Soveity Union, Britain, France, China, and the US in 1968
proxenia
an ancient version fo the modern institution of the consulate
Absolute Gains thinking
an approach to interaction with others that emphasizes mutual benefits.
year 1900
We have modern nation states that believe that countries should be sovereign and have territorial integrity and should be autonomous and should be norms of non-intervention and there was a trend towards nationalism.
Graeme Turner
local structures are "ultimately produced by the culture; thus, they generate meanings, take on significances, and assume forms that are articulations of the values, beliefs-- the ideology-- of the culture"
Nationalists representing minorities
looked to their won national state for support and invoked minority rights provisions in the peace treaties. Such nationalism was inward-looking. The USA turned inwards.
What were the implications of decolonization happening during the cold war?
a lot of the decolonization process was sometimes uncertain and especially if your member that it happened in the context of the cold war. People in aFRICA NA SIA AND LATIN AMERIC HAD To fight against colonialization and be free, but which side of the oil war are they going to fall on? So who are we going to support if it becomes a struggle for independence. As these countries emerged, both sides of the cold war had an interest in steering how independence would take shape.
Kenneth Waltz 1964
by reducing the number of major international actors to only two, the cold war created its own form of stability.
Russia's power
major supplier of oil and gas to Europe Permanent member of UN Security Council Nuclear weapons state
Kenneth waltz and his three images of war
man, the state, and the international system
Perpetual Peace
manifesto contains the seeds of core liberal ideas, in particular the belief that reason could deliver freedmo and justice in international relations.
The Cold War was an indicator that
the ideas of Marx had failed... "the great experiment" had failed.
Imperalism
means the practice, theory and the attitudes of dominating metropolitan centre ruling a distance territory" Ethnocentrism and the white man's burden. It's HIS burden and noble task to civilize the "savages" Civilizing mission that is important to ake. Imperialisim was not exploitative but was the expansion of civilization to replace barbarianisms or backwardness—- this is how they justifying it if you adopt a simplified and radicalized and stereotypical view of thinking of the orient as being a mystical place worth domination
Why does Waltz think wars occur?
nature of international anarchy: Wars occur because there is nothing to stop them from occuring
Global Governance and internal Justice
increasing readiness by the UN to intervene within states to promote internal justice for individuals would indicate a movement towards global governance and away from unconditional sovereignty. Still there can be no intervention within a state without the express consent of the government of that state.. exception in 2003 the United States went behind the UN's back and intervened in Iraq
The idea of the 'disaggregated state' refers to the fact that...
increasingly, government agencies tend to deal directly and somewhat independently with the agencies of other governments, and with other other transnational a
Points to note about Critical Thoery
intellectual concerns are different from most Marxists because they have not been interested in the further development of analysis of the economic based of society. They focus on questions relating to culture, bureaucracy, the social basis and nature of authoritarianism, and the structure of family, reason and rationality, as well as theories of knowledge. THE FOCUS OF CRITICAL THEORY IS SUPERSTRUCTURAL
What do we mean by anarchy?
international politics takes place in an arena that has no overarching central authority above the individual collection of sovereign states.
From the end of the second world war
international relations revolved around decolonizations. More than 60 colonies achieved independence as states and members of the UN by the mid 1960s ( with fifty in Africa alone).
Sovereignty
involved the rightful entitlement to exclusive, unqualified, and supreme rule within a delimited territory Exclusive: no ruler had the right to intervene in sovereign affairs of other nations Unqualified: in that within territories rulers assumed complete authority over their subjects Supreme: no legal or political authority above the state
Challenges to the idea of an international system
not as ingle international system of nearly 200 states but a variety of policy domains, each involving their own distinct actors. Governments have special role in linking different domains..... While transnational actors and international organizations are generally more specialist and involved in a limited range of policy questions... They specialize like Greenpeace concerning itself with the environment In both domestic and global politics, civil society is the source of change.
Direct Violence:
physically attacking people... brute force and weapons technology to man handle
Island originally conceived as creating a single unifying social identity for all muslims that overrode other kinds of social identity such as tribe, race or state
umma
Wars
undermine development-- As the Human Development Report says: " Conflict undermines nutrition and public health, destroys education systems, devastates livelihoods and retards prospects for economic growth".... " exacerbated disease and malnutrition kill far more people than missiles, bombs and bullets"
New woRLD oRDER
was coming into being in which the Usa would hold an especially dominant position. Hubert Vedrine in 1998 called it a "hyperpower" Unipolar
Israel
was a virtual taboo violated by Egyption Anwar Sadat's trip to Jerusalem in 1977 and separate peace treaty in 1979... Arab states did not respond through military action but they evicted Egypt from the Arab League and then Sadat was assassinated. The arab national identity has shaped Arab national interest and behaviour deemed legitimate and illegitimate.
The ICC
was established on 1 Jul 2002 with headquarters in The Hague, Netherlands although its proceedings can take place anywhere. It is a permanent institution with the "power to exercise its jurisdiction over persons for the most serious crimes of international concern"... These crimes include genocide, CAH, war crimes, and crimes of aggression.... It is a court of last resort.... It is a complementary to national criminal jurisdictions. This means that it can only exercise its jurisdiction when national courts are unwilling or unable to investigate or prosecute such crimes...
Covert operations
was how the american government tended to deal with things especially in the 20th century. Covert operations= Regan administration. The dark-side of liberal democracy is covert operations.
Identit ylandscae
we have to operate within it
What do realists think about terrorism?
the political violence used by terrorist groups is illegitimate on the basis that states alone have a monopoly on the legitimate use of physical force.
Responsibility to Protect
the principle of non-interference suggested how state sovereignty is conditional on how states treat their populations.... When states are unable or unwilling to protect citizens, then the international community inherits that responsibility. This started in response to tragedies like in RwandaP
Broadening
the scope of security studies implies moving beyond a limited emphasis on military issues and focusing gone environmental, economic, and social issues (etc.) as meaningful "security" issues in and of themselves.
Karl Popper
the search for timeless laws in human sciences will be elusive because of the ability of humans to accumulate knowledge of their activities, to reflect on their practices and acquire new knowledge and to change their practices as a consequence.
Debates about security have traditionally focused on the role of ________ as the primary actor in international relations. anarchy; the state; structures; institutions
the state
World-systems theorists think that
the three zones of the world economy are linked together in an exploitative relationship in which wealth is drained away from the periphery to the core. As a consequence, the relative positions of the zones become evermore deeply entrenched: the rich get richer and the poor get poorer.
Pluralism
says that all types of actors can affect political outcomes
Dipesh Chakrabarty
says that people once subordinated to Western knowledge can gain the power to turn the game around and begin Provincializing Europe. An example form international relations could be the emergence of a powerful OPEC, most members of which are former colonies that gained control of oil production in the countries and now sell it to petrochemical-dependent West on their own terms.
Page 388
shows the defintion of different natiosn so go check it out. It's hard to define a nation
Parsimony
simplicity and elegancy in a theory that captures everything it needs in a theory. It is just as complicated as it needs to be with no extraneous information.
Geopolitics
politics, especially international relations, as influenced by geographical factors.
in the 1980s
post colonial thinkers started talking about people rather than jUST states
Functional cooperation
refers to limited arrangements that are agreed between states in order to work together in particular areas, for example in transport or energy.
Rimland See page 238
refers to those geographical areas on the periphery of continents and major oceans, control of which is said to confer major strategic advantage.
The economic base
relationship between the economic base and the economic superstructure. The economic base— this base is the material basis of society. Underneath it are physical things. It involves the technological means of production and how people's bodies are organized. where do people stand sit and live? what are the relations of production between people?
Liberal feminists think that
removing legal obstacles can overcome women's subordination BUT all other post-liberal approaches see deeply rooted structures of patriarchy in all societies which can not be dealt with by legal remedies alone.
Gender mainstreaming
requires organizations taht adopt it to evaluate the gendered effects of all aspects of their institutional decison-making
SO, identites are
simultaneously a product of and a justification of foreign policies...... The relationship between identity and foreign policy cannot be theorized in causal terms, but that this is a constitutive relationship For liberals, identity has a causal impact on foreign policy because it incorporates identity but hold that it might determine states' outward orientation.
Constructivism vs Poststructuralism on Lanauge
so Constructivists think that there is a distinction between social facts and brute facts but post-structuralists hold that even brute facts are socially constructed. Post-structuralists stress that discourses are not the same as ideas, and that materiality or the real world is not abandoned.
Deterritorialization
social political and economic activities are increasingly stretched across the globe, and are no longer organized solely according to territorial logic. E.g. UK's largest companies have headquarters abroad. And many domestic companies now outsource their production to China and East Asia.
Civic Nationalism
stresses common ideas, preferences, values, and priorities, often in a context of multicultural, multiethnic tolerance and stability Civic nationalism is a project pushed by people who want togetherness. They want the good of nationalism, bu don't want the exclusion and hate. They push for a pride on one's nation and more multiculturalist and more multiethnic.
Scholars disagree on the ultimate political purpose of religiously inspired suicide violence
such purposes can include A) competing with other terrorist groups for popular support in a process of "outbidding" B) self-determination C) to convince foreign occupiers to withdraw to their forces A common theme among jihadi statements is another political purpose: overthrowing apostate regimes and assuming political power
No direct link cna be made between poverty and terrorism but...
terrorists often exploit poverty and exclusion in order to tap into popular discontent-- taking advantage of fragile or undemocratic states.
Women's c heap labour is particularly predominant in
textiles and electronics Favour unmarried young women and are fired if they get pregnant or married. People also hire women because they will have a "docile" labour force, unlikely organize for better conditions.
epistemic community
these are communities that share ideas about how tot know things and what is true. They are networks of experts that share interest in knowledge production. They share ideas about cause and effect and the best practices for success and the important problems with solving. whAT'S GOOD and what's and and how we can be sure about what we think is true. Just because there isn't a consensus about stuff doesn't mean it's not a social fact.
what happens to norms?
they can experience diffusion, socialization, and internationalization and institutionalization.
'Globalism' and 'globalization' are really just two words that mean the same thing.
true
Sceptics of globalization believe that state power, nationalism, and territorial boundaries are of increased, not decreased, importance in world politics.
true
Women aren't just victims
when men go off to fight, women become the family providers and main caregivers... wE NEED to have a less militarized view of security--- not the warrior patriot but the citizen defender who is a security provider
Wehn do we see actor-recognition processes unfold?
when oppositional movements challenge existing government as in the case of Arab Spring where the question of who represents the people becomes crucial.
Political
when say this when we want to indicate that how we define something is very consequential for wider societal debates because words, power and influence in shaping people's attitudes and actions, framing and portraying a concept in a certain way is a huge tool of power. This is stressed by poststructuralist and other critical theorists of international relations and security
Colonialism
which is almost always a consequence of imperialism is the implanting of settlements on a distant territory Imperialism LEADS to colonialism. Colonialism is the goal of imperialism.
double-burden
women who work to earn money, but also have responsibility for unpaid, domestic labor
THE BASE ( how physical things are produced and how means and relations of production are set up) CREATES THE SUPERSTRUCTURE
woot!
Example of economic intergration:
from a customs union "up" in addition to removing barriers to trade between themselves the countries must not only adopt some measures of positive integrations ( i.e. harmonization of rules) but must also act with a single voice internationally. Such processes may lead to a new level of governance about the nation-states although this does not mean the creation of a new "super state"
US and USSR almost went to war in Cuba in the year
1962
Who termed the US a 'hyperpower'? Boris Yeltsin; Hubert Vedrine; Josef Joffe; Jacques Chirac
Hubert Vedrine
On average women earn ___ of men's earnings
2/3 even though they work longer hours which often come in the form of household tasks and care-giving roles
One of the major debates today centers around the exercise of US power in an age of unipolarity and US hegemony.
?
The acceptance of cosmopolitan ideals has advanced more or less in tandem with processes of globalization.
?
The categorical imperative is a core tenet of pluralist ethics.
?
UN
Better version of the league of nations
Decolonization began after World War II.
TRUE
One of the most influential proponents of the Constructivist approach, Alexander Wendt, famously argued that Realists (and others) had underestimated the degree to which the influence of____Correct Responseon global politics actually depends on beliefs and practices surrounding it. Rather than simply or automatically resulting in one logical outcome, it can have different effects because there are many ways in which actors can deal with it.
_anarchy_
Post-structuralism makes a distinction between Foreign Policy and foreign policy. a. true b. false
a. true
Glasnost means 'openness'. a. true b. false
a. true
Ancient Greek institutions that approximated international society include: amphyctionic Council; arbitration; proxenia; all of the above
all of the above
How was information about subaltern people collected?
analyzing post-colonial fictional literatures, travelogues, and diaries. These portrayed the fabric of ordinary life under colonization as well as the changes brought about by nationalist rejections of colonialism and post-colonial state efforts to build national identity.
Another one of foucault's images fo power is
biopower
National sentiments
can be fore the elite or for the masses
Gender
denotes inequality and it becomes a mechanism for the unequal distribution of social benefits and costs.
The Wretched of the Earth
details the steps by which violence becomes the only tool that can drive out those insulting messages and free the colonized to achieve self-defined identity and national consiousness. Fannon praises women for their role in nationalist struggles, but he says that men are the natural ringleaders who take action and assume positions of national powe.r
1986 Un-sponsored international conference on the relationship between disarmament and development in paris SOUGHT to
enlarge world understanding that human securiti demands mroe resources for development and fewer for arms
Unipolar
having or relating to a single pole or kind of polarity.
Foundationalists
hold that we can say whether something is true or not if we examine the facts
Enrichment
is the processes where you can separate non-fissile from fissile.... Highly enriched uranium and above 90 per cent enriched is considered weapons grade uranium
Proponents of Globalization challenge realists by saying that...
non-state actors such as transnational corporations and powerful regional institutions are growing in power.
Numbers of Colonies
number of countries in 1946: 74 Numbers of countries in 1995: 192
Boutros-Ghali
outlined a new ambitious UN agenda for peace and security in a report called an agenda for peace
The poorest countries in the world are
recent colonies
Inga Thorsson
said " the arms race and development are in a competitive relationship"
Types of Realism
Classical REALISM STRUCTURAL Neorealism Neo-conservatism
Exogenous / Endogenous
In approaches that think in terms of 'systems', exogenous means 'having a basis outside of a system'. Endogenous means 'having a basis within the system'.
Who called war 'the father of all and the king of all' a. Thucydides b. Heraclitus c. Alexander d. Mahalanobis
b. Heraclitus
Cosmopolitan ethics
-Views the human world as a single community with common rules, principles, and mutual obligations. Image we could all be one and that there were no borders dividing us. No borders and no divisions. Borders are morally insignificant. Thomas Nagel "The accident of being born in a poor rather than a rich country is an arbitrary a determinant of one's fate as the accident of being born into poor rather than a rich family in the same country" Why are people who are lucky by birth have advantages over people who aren't? You're not ENTITLED to it. Let's mitigate the effect of those arbitrary orders.
Constructivism and Realism shared assumptions
- accept that states are the key referent in the study of IR -international politics is anarchic -states have offensive capabilities -states cannot be absolutely certain of the intentions of other states -states have a fundamental wish to survive -states attempt to behave rationally
REALIST ETHICAL CONCEPTS
-Anarchy -Suvivalism -Realpolitik -Raison D'Etat -Tragedy -Dual Moral Standard
The First World War: was characterized by trench warfare and attrition.; began to end in November 1918 with allied advances; mobilised whole European societies; all of the above.
All of the abovee
Economic Explanations for terrorism
Although globalization provides access to a world market for goods and service,s the net result has also been perceived as a form of Western economic imperialism. The US and industrial states of Western Europe form the global North, or economic "core" which dominates international economic institutions such as the World Bank and sets exchange rates and determines fiscal policies. These policies can be unfavourable to the global South and that perpetuate the periphery gap. Why does political decision by the leaders of underdeveloped countries to deregulate or privatize industries be competitive globally lead to significant social and economic upheaval ( page 362)
Deconstruction
An approach developed by Jacques Derrida that looks to unsettle the dominant hierarchy between binary oppositions that shape our language - and the web of associations between them.
Relative Gains Thinking
An approach to interaction with others that emphasizes a zero-sum mentality, where comparison and competition is paramount.
Programmes and Funds
Are the new issues that have come up post 1945... They include UNDP and UNICEF
Friedman ( COMMERICAL LIBERALISM)
Argues that free trade, private property rights, and free markets will lead to a richer, more innovative, and more tolerant world..
The UN mission
Created after the WW2 and refleced the hope for a just and peaceful global community. Created for states by states. And the relationship between state sovereignty and the protection of the needs and interest of people has not been fully resolved.
The term signifying natural and eternal laws is: dharma; just war; karma; the correct order of society.
Dharma
The era of the world wars
First world war was Eurocentric but the second one was more global and state intervention was more extensive and war was more "total". Radio communication, air power, large-scale economic assistance and military coordinating have this war a transnational character. Military globalization was accompanied by economic de-globalization. Free trade and fixed exchange rates disappeared. Voluntary international migration decreased. The great depression was sucky and new technologies expanded massively and were brought under state control especially during wars. ... Rather than undermining nationalism these global processes became component of state strengthening nationalism
By far the majority of colonies that became independent states after World War II were: In South America; In Africa; In Europe; In Asia.
In Africa
The most important ontological question
Is teh state the only actor that really matter, or are non-state actors equally or more important? Are historical changes of the time and place affecting the state?
9/11 affected it in what way?
It went to more realist
Liberalism vs Poststructuralism on ethnic war
Liberal: looks for factors as to why the wars occur. Relevant facts include the number of wars, where they take place, and why the occurred. ... for instance, forms of government or economic capabilities. Poststructuralism asks what calling something an ethnic war implies for our understanding of the war and the policies that could be used to stop it. Here the facts come from texts that document different actors' use of war labels.
Which of the following schools of thought is Pogge situated within? Individualism; Communitarianism; Generalism; Liberal cosmopolitanism.
Liberal cosmopolitanism
Which branch of international relations theory allows for more cooperation between states when it comes to security? Liberal institutionalism.; Neo-realism.; Neo-classical realism; Constructivism.
Liberal institutionalism
G. John Ikenberry from Princeton says that
Liberal internationalism is at a crossroads...The liberal states that have had their hands on the tiller of world order are no longer in command of the vessel.
Communist Manifesto
Marx co-authored with Engles is where he argues that "the history of all hitherto existing societies is the history of class struggle"... The main axis of conflict is between the bourgeoisie ( the capitalists) and the proletariat ( the workers)
a
Marxism was an important ideology for revolutionary movements in which countries? a. Malaya and Vietnam b. Vietnam and Palestine c. Kenya and Ghana d. Kiribati and North Yemen
Marxist General ideas
Marxist approaches generally share a focus on class relations that sees the nation-state as a outgrowth of priorities of the capitalist elite. It is important to not only " follow the money" but also to trace the chains of production, the role of capital investment and in finance, and the pursuit of advantages in trade— not in the "national" interest but i n the interest of elites.
Why do states deicde to pursue egioanl integration and what dynamics may exaplni the evoltuion of such reigonal arrangements?
Management of independence 1) newly independet states what to settle down in their relations to a) themseles b) with former colonail power c) with rival powers This may be summarized as the process fo consolidating international identity and "actorhood"..... Management of interdependence.... refers to economic and social interaction... Whether the adoptin of state-ed integration schemes intended to increase such interaction or of measures to ensure stabliity where there is market-led integration-- but also issues of peace and security Management of internationalization-- the interrelationship between regional arrangements and the rest of the world... the debate about the implications of regionalism for multilateral processes of liberalization was termed the "blocks or stumbling blocks"....
New Marxists
Marxists that have returned to the fundamental tenets of Marxist thought and sought to reappropriate ideas that they regard as having been neglected or somehow misinterpreted by subsequent generations.
Capital (Financial)
Money used by investors and companies to pay for materials, labour, and the cost of doing business in the hopes of making a profit.
Many treaties have been signed dealing with nuclear weapons. Which key treaty, signed in 1968, sought to limit the spread of nuclear weapons?
Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
Realists
Realists succeeded over idealists because they said war would continue after WW1 and it did. Realists say that there is a ubiquity of power and competitive nature of politics among nations. There are state-centric assumptions in realism Power is crucial to the realist lexicon and has traditionally been defined narrowly in military strategic terms. The core national interest of all states is survival. The pursuit of power and the promotion of the national interest is an IRON LAW OF NECESSITY
Nicholas Wheeler and Ken Booth — critical security studies
Referent objects here are: groups of people, not states... Rather than a circumstance we find ourselves in or a state of being we find ourselves in, this definition of security views it as a process aimed at emancipatory goals. "Stable security can only be achieved by people and groups if they do not deprive others of it; this can be achieved if security is conceived as a process of emancipation"
Realism enviornment
Realism offers a manual for maximizing the interests of the state in a hostile environment.
The combination of intra-state conflict based on ethnic nationalist and the lack of international support for state sovereignty or intervention could lead to vicious ethno-nationalist force in some failed states... EG. ???
RWANDA
What war began the era of modern total war? British colonial wars in Africa; The cold war; The First World War; The Second World War
Second world war
What did the NATO treaty do?
Signed in 1949, it created the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military alliance of mostly North American and Western European countries, under the principle that an attack on one country would be considered an attack on all.
Disaggregated state
constituent agencies increasingly interact with counterparts abroad, international agents and NGOs in the management of common and global affairs
Post-colonial scholars such as Ngugi wa Thiong'o would argue that how human beings perceive themselves affects how they look at culture, politics, and economics.
TRUE
DOUBLE MOVE
THE firs tmove is to assume that we can only understand community in one way and that is the one we know from domestic politics. When we think of international community, it is built on what we know from teh state.... The second move consists of arguing that such a community is possible only within the territorial state. Harmony and justice are only possible within states and cannot be extended into the international sphere. The realist scholar says government should not incorporate ethics and justice in their foreign policies.
Problem with traditional national security appraoches
They have not been sufficiently sensitive towards conflict that arise over cultural, ethnic, and religious differences, as happened in Eastern Europe, Africa, and Central Asia in the post-cold war era.
What was the problem with IR only consisting of liberalism, realism and Marxism until the 1990s?
They were not attuned to what has been termed "people power""-- the efforts of ordinary people to end colonial rule or cold war divisions that kept East and West Berliners apart.
Not enough liberalism/ too much liberalism
Too much liberalism)Free market creates hierarchies of wealth and power Not enough liberalism) return to core values.
R2P REFORM
UN SUMMIT OUTCOME DOCUMENT (2005)—- said Narrow but deep appraoch. We need to talk about the WORST crimes against humanity as being -Genocides -War Crimes -Ethnic Cleansing -Crimes Against Humanity NARROW to those topics, but DEEP (
Moral relativity vs moral universality
UN- believes in moral universality because it believes that human rights are equal and consistent across the globe Moral Relativists-- are realists who say that each state is a supreme good.
1976— Helsinki aCCORDS
WERE Signed that saw people declare their intentions to improve relations with the soviet block. They wanted to improve human rights also.
Gendered Divsion of labour
Women's work includes childcare and housework... which means public and paid forms of work mostly for men.
John Breuilly argues nationalist sentiment can be held by elites and by the masses. In Breuilly's terms, mass nationalism has popular support amongst average people in everyday life, while elite nationalism mainly applies to the a certain subset of powerful or privileged people.
YSES
What regional organization emerged in East Asia in 1967? a. ASEAN b. the UN c. NATO d. the Shangai Cooperation Organization
a. ASEAN
Dirty bombs
could be used by terrorists after they steal it or purchase it on the black market
How was British hegemony justified?
justified in cosmopolitan and free trade terms...
Osama Bin Laden
killed in May 2011
Hegemony
leadership or dominance, especially by one country or social group over others
Elite nationalism
using civic ideas to strengthen an existing state
Effects of Nuclear Weapons Holding
—debates continue about the role of nuclear weapons play in making world politics more "stable" -Some analysts point to nuclear deterrence as a positive influence, making conventional wars harder to gift amongst great powers -Other are skeptical, and worry that militarism and bureaucracy might make "accidental" war more likely— and favour disarmament
Michel Foucault
" Power exists only when it is put into action
Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak
"Can the Subaltern Speak?" (1988) Subaltern: a discounted, underrepresented, undervalued person, group, or perspective, often silence or ignored by hegemonic power structures. Subaltern is any person or category or thing that is the underdog or that is dismissed.
Michael C. Williams
"Critical Security studies emerged out of a desire to contribute to the development of a self-consciously critical perspective within security studies" Krause and Williams said about Critical Security Studies book made by C Williams
Karl Marx:
"The mode of production of material life conditions the general process of social, political and intellectual life. It is not the consciousness of men that determines their existence, but their social existence that determines their consciousness."
Rawls (1971):
"The principles of justice are chosen behind a veil of ignorance."
Cox's big idea
"Theory is always for some one, and for some purpose" If ideas and values are a reflection of a particular set of social relations, and are transformed as those relations are themselves transformed, then this suggests that all knowledge must reflect a certain context, a certain time, and a certain space. Knowledge is not objective and timeless in the sense that some contemporary realists would like to claim.
'Globalism' and 'globalization' are really just two words that mean the same thing.
'Globalism' is described by Anthony McGrew as "a growing collective awareness or consciousness of the world as a shared social space," and this is a more particular idea than the wider, multifaceted phenomenon of globalization
A major U.S. initiative in the 1980s was nicknamed after the movie Star Wars. What was the 'Star Wars' initiative?
'Star Wars' was a nickname for the Strategic Defense Initative, a proposed system that would use space-based tools such as lasers in order to shoot down incoming ballistic missiles.
Transnational
'beyond' or 'across' state borders ( transnational corporations grow their business in their root country and then branch out to other countries... It happens when people move beyond or across borders and not being a government and not really dealing with them particularly)
Supranational
'over' or "above and beyond" states ( if we had a world government that was bigger than all countries and one thing that everyone in the world belonged to that was over and beyond the nation state that would be a supranational body)
Mikhail Gorbachev makes Reforms
( 1980s) Makes reforms... "Perestroika" and "Glasnost"... These are the 2 most common Russian words. Perestorika— to resturcutre th eUSSr politically, economically and socially. Introduce new freedoms for citizens. Perestroika was about changes at home, making the uSSR into a different sort of place . Glasnost— creating more openness in society society. The freedom to openly discuss social and political ideas. It changed what people were able to do. It forested a different political attitude and sensibility about what politics was and who it was for.
NUCLEAR NON-PROLIFERATION TREATY
( NPT) july 1968 Would allow for nuclear arms control. Deal between nuclear and non-nuclear powers that would help limit further horizontal proliferation and those countries that already have them should keep their levels where they are or reduce them. NPT: signed 1968 and recognized 5 nuclear weapons states ( united states, USSR, uK, France and China)—- also the 5 permanent members of the united nations security council Forbade non-nuclear states from seeking to gain nuclear weapons Israel, Cuba, India, and Pakistan did not sign. ( North Korea was a signatory, but withdrew in 2003).
The specialized agencies
( like WHO and International Labour) have thier own constitutions, regularly assessed budgets, executive heads, and assemblies of state representatives. The programmes and Funds are much closer to the central system in the sense that their management arrangements are subject to direct General ASSEMBLY supervision, and can be modified by Assembly resolution, and are largely funded on a voluntary basis.
Rebuttal of pro-human security people
-- BUT pro-human security people say that"human security complements state security" --- Weak states are incapable of protecting the safety and dignity of citizens so the state-centric approach does not always work. The state can also threaten the security of its own people.
POSTMODERN FEMINISM— norms, diversity, intersectionality
-Focuses on diversity and takes feminism as a conversation that doesn't have as many rules. Men can be feminists. it'S NOT just something women need to fight for, men have to be part of it too. How do we talks about transgender people? Let's not be so exclusive about how women and men are. Let's not be so quick to categorize. Not all men become fathers and not all men have a high sex drive and could be classified as asexual. Women aren't just passive mothers. Postmodern feminism include critical voices that question patriarchy and relationship of oppressions. There is no "textbook" for how we should all live by either ignoring or embracing htem... let's acknowledge the DIFFERENT exepreinces that a woman in india might have from a woman in new york being shaped by different things and let's understand the complex idea of human sexuality and how this relationship varies between people. We need to look at gender and sex and gender issues that also focus on masculinity. Men might also suffer under patriarchy just as they benefit. ( my thought: if the definition relies on it's opposite, can we really have non-stereotypical women without addressing the problem of male stereotypes?) Stop making cateogiraizatoins— let's get rid of those metanarratives Postmodern feminist would be skeptical if you say " all women..."
INDIVIDUALIST THINKING (LIBERALISM) — ( not egoism but that individual differences matter)
-Individual thinking encourages analysts to: -study the unique traits and characteristics of different actors: at both the state and sub-state level -Examine how connections and relationships matter -Balance the need for parsimony with the need for accuracy and complexity
Multilateral actions promoting human security measures are
-The establishment of several war crimes tribunals -the ICC -Antipersonnel Landmines treat...
NORMATIVITY
-Within our culture, some gender identities and performances that are considered "normal" -Social theorists prefer to describe them as "normative" ( as in "normative masculinity") -This emphasizes the fact that we shouldn't necessarily accept or reinforce what's considered "normal", though we do need to talk about it -this term can be used without the positive connotation of "normal"... it's not a good commonplace thing when we say "normative".
The WTO and Anti-Globalization SOCAIL MOVEMENT
-an international Organization that works to oversee and liberalize international trade -Carries on the work of the gENERAL aGREEMENT ON tARRIFS and Trade ( used to be called this when it was originally founded), the previous multilateral agreement governing trade liberalization. <— it's goal is to promote liberalization of trade WTO strong arms other countries to make it more liberal. It's seen as a bad force of globalization. prOTESTS in Seattle 1999—- Anti-glOBALIZATOIN activism. Protests were met with militarized police violence that lead critics to argue that many state were using military power to assert military power on global stage, but also run that militarized attention to domestic critics as well. People were protesting because of the implications of unfair trade and disenfranchising poor countries and were being unfair to developing countries in an imperialist matter.
Economic liberalism ( aka neo-liberalism)
-focuses on multiple actors: states, individuals, households, firms -prioritizes absolute economic gains {make economy stronger by doing things that allow trade and production and finance to happen freely} -aims at the goal of optimal total wealth through efficiency -advocates economy liberalization in the "general" interest
IMPORT-SUBSITUTION INDUSTRIALIZATION
-import-substituion industrialization is an economic and trade policy that aims to use domestic product to reduce foreign imports the goal is to reduce dependency and to further national economic development -It was a strategy pursued by many countries in the glOBAL souTH IN THE 190s though the 1980s an was prominent in Latin america -keep money and wealth at home -pursued by many countries in the global south and was especially prominent in latin america. A tool when countries want to fight back or not participate in the economy... mercantilist approach that has to do with produciton...
Jus in Bello
-justice "In" war -Is the war being fought the right war? -Are all the proper principles being used to make the conduct of the war just and right? -Military Necessity ( are you only attacking military building or peoples? Are they "Fair" targets? Was it necessary for the war to use each violent act?Nothing egregious or wasteful) -Proportionality ( small opponents be reacted to in a small fashion. Don't use overwhelming force to deal with minor provocation) -Non-Combatant Immunity (women/children/women/sick/captured/vcivillans are not targets) -Doctrine of Double-Effect ( DOING something bad is a side effect of doing something good... important to avoid bad outcomes from seemingly good intentions. Be vary of the consequences) -Prisoners of War ( can't be abused and tortured and mistreated)
BENEFITS OF A TRADE SURPLUS .
-more money stays in than goes out -provides capital to be invested in new ventures, new hires, new products, new buildlings, new machinery, new technology -this money can be added to the "reserves" and saved for later -High levels of international sales are good for businesses, and arguably, society: -high profits, high employment, high tax revenues -Helps to retain local ownership and control of businesses, finance, and production
Why is terrorism so weak?
-terrorist groups rarely possess the broader support of the population Terrorists groups often lack broader support for their objectives because they are radical They must provoke drastic responses
Edward Said's book Orientalism is... ...a guide for diplomats to Asia that is often held up as exhibiting exactly the sort of racist and imperialist attitudes that post-colonialist theorists criticize. ...a study of the ways in which China and East Asia have been the key focal point of imperialist adventurism for more than a millennium. ...an examination of the way in which dominant representations of the Middle East (and Islam) supported the construction of identies and dichotomies facilitating European imperialism in the region. ...a book that applies the toolkit of psychoanalysis to examine how colonial subjects internalized the oppresive structures that surrounded them -- while encouraging resistance through the celebration of cultural hybridities.
...an examination of the way in which dominant representations of the Middle East (and Islam) supported the construction of identies and dichotomies facilitating European imperialism in the region.
Marks of imperialism today
1) Powerful Western states unleash profound military technology on starkly poorer countries like Afghanistan and Iraq. 2) we adance on states that need to be controlled There are push-backs to imperialism also: Fundamentalist religious movements and local resistance to them.
Post-colonial theorizing since the 1990s
1) books like Jane Eyre-- the Jamaican Creole woman was kept in the attic by a British man who's inheritance came from marrying her 2)Theorizing about the present moment in history where IR scholarship takes places in the era of globalization Bhabha's work straddles concerns with the post-colonial and postcolonial and he addressed how colonial discourse constructed the colonized ( which we recognize as a central questions of power in post-colonialism). Bhabha argues that colonialism was never fully successful in defining and restricting the lives of colonial and post-colonial subjects. He draws more on psychoanalysis than literary theory.... Bhabha says that colonial discourse was always ambivalent about the people it colonized, portraying them alternately as passive and conquerable and irrational and untamed by modern moral codes. The colonized is stereotyped by the colonist to mask the ambivalence. This anxious repetition is accompanied by efforts to train some "natives" to aspire to European values and culture. He says that individuals often develop HYBRID IDENTITIES -- partly local and partly Western-- whereupon colonials intensify the stereotyping in the hopes of commanding people to remain where colonialism assigned them.
The same 4 sovereignty problems arise with tackling criminals as with regulating the TNCS
1) criminal financial flows can be massive, and money-laundering threatens the integrity of banking and other financial institutions. 2) criminal trade has been so extensively diversified through triangulation that no government could confidently claim that their country is not a transit route for drugs or arms. 3) As with regulatory arbitrage by TNCs, police action in one country may displace well-organized gangs to another country rather than stop their activities. 4) illicit rugs and money-laundering involve question of extraterritorial jurisdiction. However, in contrast to the regulation of TNCs, transnational police activities involve high levels of cooperation.
Critics of Human Security say
1) inadequate for policy-making---the concept is too broad to be analytically meaningful or useful as a tool of policy making. Paris argued: " existing definitions of human security tend to be extraordinarily expansive and vague, encompassing everything from physical security to psychological well-being which provides policymakers with little guidance in the prioritization of competing policy goals and academics little sense of what, exactly, is to be studied" 2) It might cause more harm than good-- speaking loudly about human security but carrying a band-aid only gives false hopes to both the victims of oppression and the international community. Human right is too moralistic compared to the traditional understanding of security and hence unattainable and unrealistic. 3) Neglects the role of the state as a provider of security-- Buzan argues that states are a "necessary condition for individual security because without the state it is not clear what other agency is to act on behalf of individuals"
wHAT ARE THE THEORETICAL FRAMEWORKS to look at new world order?
1) realist-- structure-- power and capabilties distribution... Worries that return to multipolarity will disrupt stability generated by cold war's bipolarity. 2) liberal-- regime and institutions and norms and values--- central claim: patterns of integration and interdepdence become so deeply embedded in cold war period that they had created self-sustaining momentfum. Since the complex system of bloal governance has been spawned, these regimes would survive the collapse of the "realist" conditions that had given rise to them. 3) assesses order in terms fo its acheivement of individual human emancipation...Says that stability between states doesn't tell us about people's individual quality of life. 4)directly via literature on globalization.
ECOSOC defines an acceptable NGO as having
1) should support teh aims and the work of the UN. 2) identifiable headquarters and are not membership organizations 3) cannot be profit-making body 4) cannot use or advocate violence 5) respect norm of "non-interference in the internal affairs of states"... should not restrict their activities to a particular group, nationality or country 6) an international NGO is one that is not established by intergovernmental agreement.
The UN inter0agenc committee on Women and Gender Equality illustrates important dimensions between the relationship of gender and human security---
1) violence against women and girls 2) gender inequalities in control over resources 3) gender inequalities in power and decision-making 4) women's human rights 5) women and men as actors, not victims.
Marxist theories all have in common several things
1) world should be analyzed as a totality. The division of the social world into different areas-- history philosophy, economics, polysci, sociology, international relations, etc..--- is arbitrary and unhelpful. None can be understood without knowledge of the others. The social world has to be studied as a whole . 2)Materialist conception of history. The processes of historical change are ultimately a reflection of the economic development of society. Economic development is effectively the motor of history. The central dynamic that Marx identifies is tensions between the MEANS OF PRODUCTION and RELATIONS OF PRODUCTION that together form the economic base of a given society. For example, as the means of production develop ( through technological advancements) previous relations of production become outmoded, and become fetters restricting the most effective utilization of the new productive capacity. This leads to a process of social change whereby relations of production are transformed in order to better accommodate a new configurations of means. In all, the development in the economic base act as a catalyst for the broader transformation of society as a whole.
The Six Major Organs of the United Nations
1. Security Council 2. The General Assembly 3. The Secretariat 4. Economic and Social Council 5. Trusteeship Council 6. International court of Justice
The Treaty of Westphalia was signed in: 1870; 1648.; 1945; 1989.
1648
The Rise and Fall of Japan
1868 JAPAN EMERGED FROM ISOLATION TO PURSUE INDUSTRAIL AND MILITARY MODERNIZATION In 1937, it invaded China. Japan attacks Pearl Harbour on December 7th 1941. America attacked Japanese cities: Hiroshima and Nagasaki (very controversial and interesting). These hit civilian populations and didn't seem necessary because it was obvious that Japan had already been defeated.
What year was the NATO treaty signed? 1945; 1949; 1952; 1960
1949
waves of feminism
1st Wave: Equality, Similarity, Opportunity, Rights, Participation..[ first push for women's equality after women were very marginalized in the home. Let's get them out of the private sphere and push them into the public sphere. Let's push it towards inclusion and equality and to recognize them as people and equal members of society. These struggles continue today: equal representation in parliament an din the workplace. Let's emphasize what's similar... let's play down differences and diminish them] 2nd Wave: Different, Valourization, Superiority, Separation, Anti-Oppression [ focus on the differences in a way that "fixes" the drawbacks. men and women do experience things differently and we are influenced by different things— motherhood— that the opposite sex will never experience. A woman's experience is inherently, biologically different. Let's not falsely force women to be more like men. There is something BETTER about women too? We have special outlooks or more appropriate responses. Sometimes women's experiences give them a better capacity for doing better things. Maybe women would be better peacekeepers or diplomats— not because they are just as good as men but because they have natural impulses that are different than men... Let's not prioritize men over women... let's say vice versa... a little more radical and exclusive ( 2nd part)... The internet thinks that all feminists want to live in their own society without men... The internet scoffs at feminism because it recognizes only a small component of 2nd wave of feminism and it really wants to radically separate the 2 sexes. ] 3rd Wave: Norms, Diversity, Gender Dynamics Culture, disciplining, Intersectionality [says there are differences but it's not as simple to say "all women are like this"... Let's not say the first or the second wave... Not all women want to be mothers, not all women are straight... and these distinctions change how women experience the world and also changes the way that men experience the world. Not all men experience the benefits of patriarchy in the same way. Let's focus on the role of norms and the diversity of experiences... Let's see how relationships play out and are related to culture and ways that are related to disciplining... it looks at intersectionality to see how things are shaped by other social categories.. Let's see that not all women experience things in the same way. Let's understand gender minorities... there are subsets">
1966 Tricontinental Conference held in Havana Cuba
500 delegates from independent and decolonizing states of Latin america, the Caribbean, Asia, and Africa. One of the main speakers was Che Guevara ( militant theorist and practitioner of national liberation through armed struggle)
Rwandan Gneocies (1994)— Perceived International Neglect and apathy UNDERREACH
800 000 ppl killed by former neighbours/ sexual violence there was a sense that international community should have done something. There was a multinational force in Rwanda monitoring the situation when the genocide erupted and that force was not equipped and not willing to do anything about it other than help evacuate Westerners... Not enough was done to respond to requests for back-up.
Depoliticization EG
9/11—> Bush called for War on Terror... Threat not only to American Security but to Western cIVIlization. America would go at it unilaterally, but "you are either with us or with the terrorists." It put together a coalition of the willing in order to launch punitive attacks against the Taliban regime in Afghanistan and later, by extension, against Saddam Hussien in Iraq. Soon after, American passed the Patriot Act which gave federal agencies and intelligence services sweeping powers of surveillance, wire-tapping and other forms of anti-terror measures. Bush's portrayed of Terror as an existential threat and the extreme measure of the Patriot act have been criticized in the critical security scholars tradition. Questioned: the use of un-piloted drones for targeted assassinations across borders torture prisoner abuse extraordinary rendition— where people under scrutiny are set across borders where human rights monitoring is more lax so that the can be questioned, detained, and often tortured. SEE EDWARD SNOWDEN WHO EXPOSED the shocking extend of the American security surveillance programs which are held to be illegal. After 9/11 Terrorism because an existential threat due to securitization speeches and was taken out of the public sphere and brought behind closed doors.
Thomas Hobbes
: Life in the state of nature is marked by "continual fear and danger of violent death, and the life of man [is] solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short."
Essentially Contested Concept.
: is a word or term that is loaded with positive or negative value, making its definition loaded with evaluation and judgement, and in a sense, "political".
What is "institutional power"? The relative power of organisations or groups of countries (ASEAN, the EU, BRICs etc.) ; The ability to control the agenda, to decide what gets decided, and to exclude those issues which threaten the interests of the most powerful; Bureaucratic "heft", that can hinder or help political leaders realise policy ambitions; Indirect use of international organisations and pressure groups to further a desired agenda
?
What word is contentiously used to describe the post-9/11 brand of US foreign policy? Turbo-charged capitalism; Multilateralism; Neo-liberalism; Empire
?
When did the non-aligned movement begin? 1990 in Rio de Janeiro; 1964 in London; 1965 in Bandung; 1980 in Beijing.
?
Marxism-Lennonism 2 key ideas
A ) Vanguard party B ) democratic centralism In the context of the theory of Marxist revolutionary struggle, vanguardism is a strategy whereby the most class-conscious and politically advanced sections of the proletariat or working class, described as the revolutionary vanguard, form organizations in order to draw larger sections of the working class towards revolutionary politics and serve as manifestations of proletarian political power against its class enemies. In theory, the revolutionary vanguard is not intended to be an organization separate from the working class that attempts to place itself at the center of the movement and steer it in a direction consistent with its own ideology. It is instead intended to be an organic part of the working class that comes to socialist consciousness as a result of the dialectic of class struggle. Democratic centralism the Leninist organizational system in which policy is decided centrally and is binding on all members. Members take part in policy discussions and elections at all levels but must follow decisions made at higher levels
Raison D'Etat
A French phrase meaning 'reason of the state', emphasizing the importance of statecraft and pursuing the national interest.
Liberalism
A broad tradition of social and political thought putting an emphasis on individual rights, the possibility of social progress, and responsible government.
Parsimony
A characteristic of scientific theories that demonstrate simplicity, elegance, and reliability without any extra, distracting, complicating details.
c
A civil actor from one country that has dealings with actors in other countries, or with an international organization is called a/n: a. international artificer. b. transhumance actor. c. transnational actor. d. transformative actor.
Divide and Rule
A colonial strategy involving the identification of a favoured group (often a minority group) that served in a privileged 'middle-man' role, elevated to higher levels of administration and authority than other groups.
Historical Materialism
A complex approach based on the idea that the flow of history is shaped by the relations of production and the means of production.
Intersubjectivity
A concept that helps to mediate the 'objectivity' vs. 'subjectivity' debate by suggesting that many social facts are taken to be true by social communities who share beliefs that, in effect, seem 'objectively true' in their context.
The Balance of Trade is the value of a state exports relative to its imports
A country is said to have a TRADE SURPLUS when it exports more than it imports A country is said to have a TRADE DEFICIT WHEN it exports less than it imports
UN history of non-intervention
A difficulty with carrying gout the new tasks to include human security and justice was that it went against the doctrine of non-intervention. Intervention is a deliberate incursion into a state without its consent by outside agency in order to change policies and functions and goals.
What's an example of decolonization?
A famous and very violent example of the push of independence was theAlgerian War of Independence where a push of international liberation by the Algerians encountered aggressive France suppression. They wanted to keep hold of their territory. (1954-1962). This result din a long bloody and brutal and contentious war. FRANTZ FANON's ideas emerged form this
Balance of Trade
A measure of the relative difference between the value of a country's exports and its imports
The Warsaw Pact 1955
A military alliance of eastern eUROPEN COMMUNIST STATES... bASIS FOR eASTERN AND wESTERN BLOCS Joining the USSR in the alliance were Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic (East Germany), Hungary, Poland and Romania
New World Order
A phrase describing the opportunity for a reconfiguration of international politics in the post-Cold War era, including new possibilities for problem- solving and coordination.
Glasnost
A policy in the Soviet Union under the leadership of Mikhail Gorbachev that created more 'openness' in Soviet society, including the freedom to openly discuss and debate social and political ideas.
Balance of Power
A political dynamic where states that are growing in power are 'checked' by other states that work together to oppose them and apply resistance.
Collective Security
A principle that attempts to raise international relations out from a self-help system by setting out cooperative principles and mechanisms of mutual protection.
The Cold War:
A rivalry between the USSR and THE Us A clash of competition ideologies A series of conflicts fought through proxies ( proxies are stand-ins... people that do the things for you that you can not do)
What is a problem-solving theory according to Cox?
A theory that accepts the parameters of the present order, and thus helps legitimate an unjust and deeply iniquitous system.
What was the 'gold standard'?
A way of comparing the value of different countries' currencies, by pegging the price of one major currency to the price of gold, and keeping exchange rates for other currencies the same on a day-to-day basis.
What was the aim of the New International Economic Order? To make the United Nations a more powerful body to advocate for the economic interests of countries in the Global South; To increase the purchasing power of the rich, industrialized countries; To create a hierarchy of economies; A worldwide system that would be re-structured to offer economies in the Global South fairer, hopefully preferential, terms of trade, aid, and resource allocation.
A worldwide system that would be re-structured to offer economies in the Global South fairer, hopefully preferential, terms of trade, aid, and resource allocation.
Global growth of the nuclear power industry has created additional challenges for the international security and nuclear safety... What are two particularly noteworthy challenges?
A) Fissile Material is necessary to generate nuclear energy, but controlling the production and use of fissile material is also one of the most important ways to limit the spread of nuclear weapons. The International Atomic Energy Agency is in charge of monitoring and ensuring that countries that have signed the NPT do not divert fissile material from plants to building weapons. Concern: Iran B)The systems used to produce nuclear energy are complex and so nuclear energy carries the risk of accidents that have high human and environmental consequences. The March 2011 Earthquake and Tsuanmi in Japan resulted in the meltdown of three reactors at FUKUSHIMA.
Several important implications from Gramsci's analysis
A) Marxist theory needs to take superstructural phenomena seriously because while the structure of society may ultimately be a reflection of social relations of production in the economic base, the nature of relations in the superstructure is of great relevance in determining how susceptible that society is to change and transformation. Superstructure: look at this :::::::::::::: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/63/Base-superstructure_Dialectic.png B) crucial implications for political practice. If the hegemony of the ruling class is a key element in the perpetuation of its dominance, then society can only be transformed if that hegemonic position is successfully challenged. This entails a counter-hegemonic struggle in civil society in which the prevailing hegemony is undermined, allowing an alternative historic bloc to be constructed.
Are constructivists committed to social science?
A) They reject the unity of science thesis-- that the methods of the natural sciences are appropriate for understanding the social world. Instead they argue that the object of the natural world and the social world are different because in the social world the subject knows herself through reflection. Humans reflect to inform reasons for behaviour but atoms do not. So we need to understand what necessitates a human science as being the need to understand how individuals give significance and meaning to their actions. Max Weber is a founder of this approaches
Liberalism definition
A) all citizens are juridically equal and possess certain basic rights to education, access to free press, and religious toleration. B) Legislative assembly of the state possess only the authority invested in it by the people whose basic rights it is not permitted to abuse. C) Individuals have the right to own property including productive forces. D) Liberalism contends that the most effective system of economic exchange is one that is largely market-driven and not one that is subordinate to bureaucratic regulation and control, either domestically or internationally.
Why did the break up of the USSR actually help Marxist ideas?
A) can argue in favour of Marx ideas without having to defend the actions of governments that justify their behaviour in reference to them B) An appreciation of Marx's work was possible being less encumbered by the baggage of Marxism-Leninism as a state ideology.
How is defensive realism different from liberalism?
A) conflict is only unnecessary in sOME situations B) Leaders can never be certain whether an aggressive move by another state is an expansionary action intended to challenge the existing order or simply a preventative policy aimed at protecting their security C) defensive realists challenge neoliberal view that it is relatively easy to find areas where national interest converge and become the basis for co-operaiton and institution-building. Defensive realists focus on non-compliance or cheating by states.
There are 4 major flaws with the state-centric appraoch
A) confusion over three meanings of "state" B) The lack of similarity between countries C) State systems and international systems D) The difference between State and Nation
Similarities between the neo/neos
A) do not advance prescriptions for major reform or radical transformation of the international system b) they are system maintainer theories, meaning that adherents are generally satisfied with the current international system and its actors, values, and power arrangements.
Critical theorists make 2 more points:
A) dubious as to wether the proletariat in contemporary society embodies the proletariat for emancipatory transformation in the way that Marx believed. Frankfurt school thinkers argue that the working class has been absorbed by the system and no longer represents a threat to it. This happens due to the rise of mass culture and the increasing commodification of social life elements. B)Emancipation, which is a key concern of Marx, has been given a different meaning and more unclear meaning by critical theorists. Marxists say emancipation is the process of humanity gaining more mastery over nature through the development of more sophisticated technology BUT critical theorists argue that humanity's increased domination over nature comes at too high a price... The mind-set that is required for conquering natures slips too easily into the domination of other people.
Consequences of the French Revolution
A) insistence that sovereignty was vested in e"teh nation" rather than the rulers gave a crucial impetus to the idea of "national self-determination" B) The response of the main European powers: After the defeat of Napolean, the leading states increasingly set themselves apart from the smaller ones as a kind of great powers' club/ This system was known as the CONCERT OF EUROPE and last until the WW1. Its goal was to maintain the european power. This was a mark of a more managed, hierarchical system rather than the traditional free-for all and highly decentralized system in the 18th century. This affected three of the key institutional underpinnings of the Westphalian international society: the balance of power, diplomacy, and international law The concert did bring some measure of peace and order to Europe ( treaties laid down rules over humanitarian issues like slavery and treatment of wounded people in war) BUT it also legitimized the increasing domination of Asia and Africa.
Constructivists highlight 2 important issues
A) institutional isomorphism- which observes that those organizations that share the same environment will over time resemble each other... if there was a diversity of models in the population over time the diversity yields to conformity and convergence around a single model. The world is organized around nation states and states favour democratic forms of governance and market economies and most international organizations have multilateral form.
What changed to make a focus on individual rights?
A) international environment had changed after cold war stand-off. . It means that the member states did not want to question the conditions of sovereignty of states. B) the process of decolonization had privileged statehood over justice. At first the right to statehood was unconditional, but then it was questioned by Charles Beitz. Attention to be given to the situation of individuals after independence. States were conditional entities in that their right to exist should be dependent on a criterion of performance with regard to the interests of their citizens.
How do you make a nuclear weapon?
A) obtain weapons grade fissile material B) make into a nuclear warhead that can be delivered to its intended target
The Core assumptions of Neo-liberalist institutions are
A) states are key actors but not the only significant ones. States are rational and always seek to maximize their interest in all issue-areas B) In competitive environment, states want to maximize absolute gains through cooperation. Rational behaviour allows states to see value in cooperative behaviour. States don't care about relative power. The greatest obstacle to successful cooperation is cheating/non-compliant states C) Cooperation is never without problems, but states will shift loyalty and resources to institutions if these are seen as mutually beneficial.
Poststructuralists want to look at popcutlure because
A) states take pop culture seriously B) film and shows and music are watched and listened to across the globe and popculture is spreading quickly in the globalizing world C) media technologies have changed who can put "texts" into world politics.
The Key ideas of Marxism
A) the relationship between the base and the superstructure is one of the key areas of discussion in Marxism. ( MAX WEBER WAS IMPORTANT IN DEVELOPING THIS IDEA) B) Class plays a key role in Marxist analysis. In contrast to liberal, who believe that there is an essential harmony of interest between various social groups, Marxists hold that society is systematically prone to class conflict. C) is is not possible or desirable for the analyst to remain a detached or neutral observer of the great clash between capital and labour.
Johnston says that socialization can occur through several mechanism
A)mimicking B) social influence-- when state officials aspire to status within the existing group and are sensitive to signs of approval and disapproval C)Persuasion-- when state officials are convinced by the superiority of new ways of thinking about the world.
A State often involves
A)there is a governing structure of authority where you tell people what to do and enforce it with punishment B)Bureaucracy... agencies to the government. Organization of hierarchies ... paper trail C)A centralized executive power... ONE SET of decision makers or one decision maker. HE HAS EXECUTIVE POWER. There is a central government that decides when and how to implement the laws.
a
A/n ___________ theory is a "gut feeling" a person might have about how the world works. a. intuitive b. empirical c. normative d. predictive
b
A/n ___________ theory is a set of generalizations about political and other realities that seeks to explain causal connections. a. intuitive b. empirical c. normative d. predictive
c
A/n ___________ theory is a standard of the correct moral and ethical behavior about how the world should be. a. intuitive b. empirical c. normative d. predictive
c
A/n ____________ is a group that has a common language, culture, history, and physical territory. a. government b. estate c. nation d. e-nation
b
A/n _____________ is the term given to any actor that is not a government a. international artificer b. non-state actor c. uber-state actor d. global actor
How did the experience of the countries of Asia differ from the experience of Europe after World War II? 1) While the major WWII antagonist in Europe (Germany) worked hard to reconcile with its neighbours, its Asian ally Japan did not. 2) The European states formed a military alliance that linked them together (NATO) while the Asian states did not. 3) The European states began to integrate their policies and economies through the European Union (EU) but the Asian states did not pursue similar integration. 4) None of the above. 5) All of the above. (Options 1-3)
ALL OF THE ABOVE!!!
What regional organization emerged in East Asia in 1967? ASEAN; NATO; The UN; The Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)
ASEAN
Which of the following is an example of institutions that were created at the end of WW2 (and based on the power situation of that era)? The IMF; ASEAN; The World Social Forum; The G5
ASEAN
New World Order
AT THE START of the 199os leading Western politicians hailed "new world order" as international institutions like UNSC began to operate by the charter in 1945. The British PM Tony Blair declared at the end of the 1990s that " we are all internationalists now"
Predictions for Asia
Aaron Friedberg that it was not primed for lieberal peace and that it was ripe for new rivalries. Bloody future they thought awaited. They thought there would be future disturbances...==== realist. Why did they think ASIA would have an okay future? - Great material advances achieved in the region since the late 1990s. This can be attributed to a strong entrepreneurial spirit wedded to a powerful set of cultural Asian values and also the application of a non-liberal model of development employing the strong state to drive through rapid economic development from above. The US also helped: helped to manage Japan's reentry into the international community during the post-war years, opening up its huge market to Asian exports, and providing many countries in the region with security on the cheap.
b
According to the text, many historians contend that _____________, also called the ____________, helped to cause the Second World War. a. rampant nationalism . . . scourge of nations b. Article 231 of the Versailles Treaty . . . War Guilt Clause c. unchecked sovereignty . . . Alsace-Lorraine d. militarism . . . traditional European politics
d
According to the text, the financial crisis of 2008-2010: a. was the result of too much government regulation in the United States and not enough globally. b. had very little impact outside of the home mortgage and banking problems in the United States and Britain. c. is blamed for all manner of economic problems, when its effects actually overstated. d. highlighted the interdependent relationship of people around the world.
b
According to the text, the term "global politics" a. undervalues models of decision-makers at the national level. b. is conceptually more inclusive of all kinds of actors than other terms, such as "international politics. c. is the only term that captures the moment of time that is not epiphenomenal. d. forces a person to have an overly narrow definition of politics.
d
According to the text, the writer Manuel Castells maintains that if the leaders of nation-states want to respond effectively to the four crises he discusses, they must: a. establish tighter border controls, because illegal immigration is undermining states of all kinds. b. strive to make their countries economically self-sufficient, because globalization is stealing jobs from productive countries. c. confront the cold reality that life is changing and there is nothing to be done; the era of independent nation-states is over. d. create collaborative networks with NGOs and other non-state actors, a recommendation that sounds paradoxical given the problems of the four crises.
Can actors engage in strategic social construction?
Actors attempt to change the norms and guide and constitute state identities and interests. Human rights activists try to encourage compliance with human rights norms not only by naming and shaming those who violate the norms, but also by encouraging states to identify with these norms because it is the right thing to do.
Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points Speech
Addressed to congress in Jan 1918. " a general association of nations must be formed to preserve the coming peace"--- the league of nations was to be that general association. For the league to be effective, it had to have the military power to deter aggression and, when necessary, to use a preponderance of power to enforce its will. This was the idea behind the COLLECTIVE SECURITY SYSTEM that was central to the league of Nations.
Russia 1992
Adopted the Western style privatization very quickly and experienced something close to a 1930s style depression with industrial production plummeting, living standards falling, and whole regions experiencing free fall.
Commercial Liberalism
Advocates free trade and a market or capitalist economy as the way towards peace and prosperity. Today this view is promoted by global financial institutions, most of the major trading states, and multinational corporations.
Apartheid
After 1948 under the Apartheid, south africans engaged in what many saw as the internal equivalent of imperialism, and South Africa conducted more traditional imperialist practices in its occupation of Nambia. was a system of racial segregation in South Africa enforced through legislation by the National Party (NP), the governing party from 1948 to 1994. Under apartheid, the rights, associations, and movements of the majority black inhabitants and other ethnic groups were curtailed and Afrikaner minority rule was maintained. Apartheid was developed after World War II by the Afrikaner-dominated National Party and Broederbond organizations. The ideology was also enforced in South West Africa, which was administered by South Africa under a League of Nations mandate (revoked in 1966 via United Nations Resolution 2145),[4] until it gained independence as Namibia in 1990.[5] By extension, the term is nowadays currently used for forms of systematic segregation, established by the state authority in a country, against the social and civil rights of a certain group of citizens, due to ethnic prejudices.[6]
c
After the First World War, many scholars of international politics believed the goal of their studies should be to make the world a better place. This is known as a/n: a. unrealistic position. b. realistic position. c. normative position. d. anachronistic position.
The General Assembly
All UN member states are represented in the General Assembly-- a parliament of nations-- which meets to consider the world's most pressing problems. Each member setate has one vote. A two-thirds majority in the General Assembly is required for decisions on key issues such as international peace and security, the admission of new members, and the UN budget. A simple majority is required for all other matters. However the decisions reached by the GA have only the status of recommendations. (except the GA's Fifth Committee which makes decisions on budget that are binding on members)
Mobility
Allows terrorists to move rapidly within and between borders, complicating efforts to track them. The globalization of commerce has also improved terrorist mobility. The expansion in the volume of air travel and goods that pass through ports has increased exponentially through globalization. Between states measures have been taken to ease the flow of goods in less restrictive fashion to improve efficiency and reduce costs. .... like the European Schengen Agreement in which border security measures between EU member states have been relaxed to speed up deliveries.
Capital Goods
Already-produced goods that can be used in further production, such as tools, machinery, warehouses, vehicles, etc.
What is Structural Realism?
Also a struggle for power, but not attributed to human nautre. Structural realists ascribe security competition and inter-state conflict to the lack of an overarching authority above states. Waltz defined the structure of the international system in terms of 3 elements: organizing principle, differentiation of units, and distribution of capabilities. He also recognized two different organizing principles: -Anarchy (which corresponds to the decentralized realm of international politics) -Hierarchy which is the basis of domestic order Structural realists are interested in providing a rank-ordering of states so that they can discern the number of great powers that exist at a particular point in time. The number of great powers in turn determines the overall structure of the international system. For example, during the cold war 1945-1989 there were two great powers-- US and Soviets-- that constituted the bipolar national system and since the end of the cold war, the international system has been unipolar. Power is a means for security. Waltz says that rather than being power maximizers, states should be security maximizers. Power maximization often triggers a counter-balancing coalition of states.
Mercantilism
Also called "economic nationalism", an approach to international political economy focusing decision-making that focuses on the national interest
Export-Processing Zones (EPZs)
Also known as Free-Trade Zones (FTZs), areas within a country where goods can be produced, manufactured, and processed with minimal local government oversight or intervention.
Economic Neo-Liberalism
Also referred to as economic "neo-liberalism", an approach to international political economy that emphasizes the absolute gains in efficiency that come about as a result of liberalization in finance and trade. Note: this is distinct from, though related to, neo-liberal theories of global politics.
Nationalism is perceived as a passing phase
Also, the first secular creeds of modernity-- liberalism and socailism-- assumed that global ties woudl create a cosmopolitan world whether it be based on free trade capitalism or classless communism. Narrow natioanlism had no place in a globalized world.
Realism vs Liberalism
Although Realism is regarded as the dominant theory of international relations, liberalism has a strong claim to being the historic alternative
Wallerstein's semi-periphery
Although dominated by core economic interests, the semi-periphery has its own relatively vibrant indigenously owned industrial base. Because of this hybrid nature, the semi-periphery plays important economic and political roles in the modern system. It provides a source of labour that counteracts any upward pressure on wages in the core and also provides a new home for those industries that can no longer function profitably in the core ( car assembly and textiles). It also plays a vital role in stabilizing the political structure of the world system.
Materialism
An approach to understanding social relations that emphasizes the importance of material or physical attributes such as natural resources, military power, physical strength, technological capabilities, and strategic positioning.
Which of the following options best summarizes the difference between an 'explanatory' theory and a 'constitutive' theory?
An explanatory theory suggests that the world and its phenomena are 'out there' and that our explanations are separate from it. A constitutive theory suggests that our explanations and understandings are not separate because they shape how the world 'is'.
Best defintion of the COld war
An ideological rivalry during the mid-to-late 20th century between powerful states over the competing political ideologies of capitalism and socialism, with stakes raised by the threat of nuclear war.
Perestroika
An initiative taken by the leader of the USSR, Mikhail Gorbachev, to restructure the Soviet Union politically, economically, and socially, introducing new freedoms for citizens and limited private ownership.
Views of Europe
Analysts thoughth that it would reamin a largely civilian power spreading its own valeus and acting as an example without becoming a seirous military actor. Others thought that Europe's growing weight in the world economy, its inability to act as a united organization during the break-up of Yugoslavia and the great capabilities gap that was rapidly opening up between itself and the USA, all compelled Europeans to think much more seriously about hard power. The result was the birth of the European Security and Defence policy ( ESDP) in 1998.
ANTI-GLOBALIZATION
Anti-globalization movement is a disputed term referring to the international social movement network that gained widespread media attention after protests against the World Trade Organization (WTO) in Seattle, Washington, in late November and early December 1999 Including diverse constituencies with a range of ideological orientations, the global movement is broadly critical of the policies of economic neoliberalism, or "corporate globalization," that has guided international trade and development since the closing decades of the 20th century. Varied communities organizing against the local and national consequences of neoliberal policies, especially in the global South, connect their actions with this wider effort. Movement constituents include trade unionists, environmentalists, anarchists, land rights and indigenous rights activists, organizations promoting human rights and sustainable development, opponents of privatization, and antisweatshop campaigners. These groups charge that the policies of corporate globalization have exacerbated global poverty and increased inequality Many globalization activists explicitly state their opposition to neoliberalism, a variant of market-driven capitalism promoted in the developing world through the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s by the World Bank, the IMF, and the U.S. Treasury. Neoliberal policies include privatizing public industries, opening markets to foreign investment and competition, creating fiscal austerity programs to curtail government spending, removing controls on capital flows, reducing tariffs and other trade barriers, and ending government protections for local industry. Movement participants argue that these policies have created sweatshop working conditions in the developing world, threatened unionized jobs and environmental protections in the global North, benefited the wealthy at the expense of the poor, and endangered indigenous cultures.
Chase Dunn
Argues that capitalist mode of production has a single logic in which both politico-military and exploitative economic relations play key roles. He lays more emphasis on the role of the inter-state system than Wallerstein. He places more emphasis on production in the world economy and how this influences its development and future trajectory to bridge the ideas of Wallerstein and the new Marxists.
Extreme views of nationalism
At one extreme, nationalism is seen as an expression of a pre-existing and strong sees of solidarity ( nations, ethnies, races)... Only such an existing solidarity, some argue, is it possible to create the modern bonds of nationalism. At the other extreme, nationalism is seen as something manipulated by modern political elites in order to secure power by the state. This fits in with the view that states act fairly rationally on the basis of clear interests and calculations. The first view by contrast tends to see honour and emotions as playing an important part in the internation relations and making them unstable.
Norm Emergence
At this stage certain activists and opinion leaders attempt to convince state governments to 'buy in' to new norms, with the stage ending once enough states buy in that a tipping point is reached.
Norm Cascade
At this stage, more and more states begin to embrace the norm, often because of internal pressure, but often because of external dynamics akin to peer pressure.
Norm Internalization
At this stage, norms start to settle into the everyday life of governments and domestic communities. They become taken for granted and are rarely challenged or questioned, thus forming the new status quo of thought and value.
What is the critical theory according to Cox?
Attempts to challenge the prevailing order by seeking out, analyzing, and assisting social processes that can potentially lead to emancipatory change.
Semi-peripherty
Authoritarian governments export: Mature manufactures/ Raw materials Import: Manufactures/ Raw Materials Low wages Low Welfare services
Ethnonational groups should be considered the attention of security analysis? INSTEAD OF national and international securities ----> THIS IS SOCIETAL SECURITY
Because you get integration with groups like EU and fragmentation when Yugoslavia and the Soviet Union break up
NEO-REALISM (Structural Realism)
Behaviourism, scientism and rationalism had influenced classical realism but there was another wave of change: Neorealism tried to be more testable and scientific. It died to be less 1930s religious and philosophic. It wanted to move past history. It said, let's still accept those conclusions, but let's take the arguments with the numbers in them. Let's use empirical data to support. INFLUENCED BY THE FOLLOWING THINGS: (1960s trends in social science) Positivism: the idea that theories should make testable and falsifiable hypothesis Behaviouralism: an approach that focuses on studying empirical regularities in order to make generalizations and offer predictions, often through quantitative analysis ( it works if the world operates through laws of politics that are regular and reliable). It wants to put numbers behind our beliefs. Rather than reading Aristotle and Thucydides, neo-relaists said let's quantify what's going on. Quantitative Analysis: a style of research emphasizing measurement, numerical charting, and statistics. SYSTEM-LEVEL ANALYSIS Don't look for the explanations of nation-state behaviour by focusing on the characteristics of the states themselves. -iNSTEAD, if you really want to explain international relations, you should consider the "ordering principle" that governs those relation: the condition of anarchy. The game sets the rules and people will act because those rules dominate the whole context. Structural/ neorealists are called structural realists because it's not people or types of states that make the state do what it it does. iT'S THE very structure of international politics ( defined by brute force and violence and anarchy... it's the game!) Neo-Realism is oftern called Structural Realism because it argues that international politics can be explained at the "structural" or "system" level of analysis because relations between states are fundamentally anarchic
JIHAD terrorism
Believe in global jihad view the ruelrs of "isalmic" countries such as pakistan, Saudi Arabia, or iraq as apostates who have compromised their values in the pursuit and maintenance of secular, state-based power. The only possible response is to fight against such influences through jihad. Jihad is understood by most islamic scholars and imams to mean the internal struggle for purity spiritually, although it has also been interpreted historically as a method to establish the basis for just war. For jihadists there can be no compromise with either infidels or apostates....
Communitarians say:
Belonging to a culture is important. Particularism is a special relationship of shared values in communities. The responsibilities and duties you have to neighbours are different in scale to those that you have to strangers beyond borders. Emphasize membership and connection and cultural context. Argue that justice, rights, and equality only make sense within the THICK context of particular context of histories and languages. Rather than just individuals, think about communities as things worth preserving. We shouldn't just make people into units, we should preserve culturally meaningful relationships between people. communities should be responsible for taking responsibility for their choices. tHEY choose things as a society and should see those good or bad consequences. A social structure of obligation requires localized accountable, legal government structures. Accountability is super important and that can happen at a local level but not feasible for an international level.
cold war
Between Russian and the US... The division of the world into two contending hegmonial international societies.
a
Between the First and Second World Wars the academic perspective known as Realism developed. According to this perspective: a. the world is a dangerous place and people are self-interested at best. b. the solution to the problem of international security was to create the League of Nations. c. the world was neither a good place nor a bad place; it was simply the place were humans lived. d. humans are perfectible if they are taught to be kind to one another.
9/11
Bin Laden and Al Qaeda were involved. Bin Laden's vision pointed back to the golden age of Islan rather than forward to somethign modern. He used four plans and used video to communicate with his followers. He employed teh global financial system to fund operations and his primary gaol was to drive the USA out of the Middel East. He also threatened to use weapons of mass destruction to achieve his objectives and this made him a very modern threat.
international society
Bodies which are ruled by shared, defined rules. These bodies are united by shared interests/ beliefs and agree to follow rules which align with these values. Agreements about the use of force, property rights, and human rights can all fall under the concepts discussed within international societies and how a general approach to these subjects can be constructed based on the communication between these collaborating states.
So are social structures flexible or inflexible
Both! Wendt says " sometimes social structures so constrain action that transformative strategies are impossible" Optimists point to Gorbachev's work int he 1980s which lead to the collapse of the USSR. Also, there isa sufficient "slack" in the international system to allow states to pursue policies of peaceful socail change rathen than engage in competitive struggles.
Which of the following countries are the five (5) permanent members of the U.N. Security Council, and exercise veto power over its decisions?
Britain, France, China, US, USSR ( formerly Russia)
When were the first nuclear weapons used?
By the US on Japanese Hiroshima and Nagasaki at the end of the second world war in August 1945
Communism
Central planning of the economy and society Emphasis on socially shared property and overall collective goods Elections of leaders from social elites in question elections (LET'S NOT LEAVE THINGS TO THE INVISIBLE HAND... WHEN WE LEAVE THINGS TO THE INVISIBLE HAND WE ALLOW THE ELITES TO BENEFIT) Communism argues for central planning... They should all have access to the medicines they need/ and allow children to go to school. ' Communism says we're not going to make all the flourishes, we're going to set our priorities. the GOVERNMENT SI GOIGN TO SAY "THAT'S WORTH MAKING?" Let's invest as a society and let's mobilize all of our attention and resources are all running efficiently. The government should reflect the will of the workers and everyone will win. People in the capitalist society tend to make the rich richer and the poor poorer. COMMUNISTS say that some things should not be owned individually. We shouldn't leave certain things up to individuals because they are so important. Let's not make the rich richer and the poor poorer. The PEOPEL should own some of these important means of production. Anything that's important to be produced by society should be owned collectively by the people. They claimed that decision were made by local committees that nominated the best people to represent them at higher levels.. There was a grass roots politics that wasn't democratic in the traditional way but was inclusive. People in the commit country saw west as not being democratic. You have to be wealthy to run in republic or democratic who usually went to the same universities and are extremely rich... we know that the capitalists, the industrialists, the investors who run the country. Democracy vs communism is an oversimplification of the cold war... the BEST WAY TO COMPARE THEM IS THROUGH THEIR ECONOMIC IDEOLOGIES.
Time space compression
Characteristic of globalization in a literally shrinking world. Localized events in one part of the world may influence decisions and generate reactions in distant regions.
What were the models for the Third World?
China and Cuba Cuba-- guerilla warfare had driven out the corrupt regime of Battista in the 1950s and facilitated Fidel Castro's rise to power
Where did communists still have power?
China, Vietnam Cuba.... But they did not constitute a threat to the hegemony of the global capitalist system.
Reinhold Niebuhr (Classical realism)
Christian Realism Moral MAN and Immoral Society (1932) Author of the Serenity Prater Reportedly Barrack Obama's famous political thinker. "God grant me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change, the courage to change the things i can and the the wisdom to know the different? Niebuhr syas there are some things in the world you cannot change even with institutions. niebuhr syas there are some things in the world you cannot change even with institutions. there are some ruels of the game that you are not going ot be able to adapt beucase they are built into the system and into the world using these covering loaws of poltics. he was a christian realist meansing that he borough t his christianity into his work. A mixture of theology and international relations and philosophy. He belived the perfection was something possible in heaven bu that earthly life was corrupt. Indiviudal humans can be moral, but our fallen world, our societies and governments are always going to show a brutal desire to pursue their own national interests. How can we manage it to be least damaging? human sinfulness on an aggregate makes countries do bad things.
Marxist Theories of Imperialism:
Classical Marxists including marx and Lenin argued that whiting a trandiotnal marxist lens you can understand capitalism and understanding imperialism. Imperialism is the next step form capitalism feudlaism— capitalism— imperialism capitalism inside countries got out. Getting more stuff tends to push towards colonization as a need to new markets. You want to keep expanding and growing. You need to keep finding more markets to tap into. And so because the pressure to extract the most surplus labour and value is such an important part of capitalist strucutr,e there is also a demand to find a ways to get work done in a cheaper way. Whats the cheapest way? The demand form capitalist countries is to extract rubber from Africa or rubber or coal or wood and get them from as cheaply. They pay them as little as they could to get as much money. The argument si that capitalism necessarily drives the demand both to create new markets and also showing up in far off lands and getting control and getting them to sign a paper that gives them the right to cut down the rubber trees etc... For Marists, imperialism is a natural outgrowth of capitalism. Lenin argued that it's the highest form of capitalism
What image does classical liberalism fall under?
Classical liberalism places its emphasis on second-image explanations of world politics— explanations that focus on the differences in characteristics between states Liberals often emphasize the benefits of democratization, economic liberalization, and liberal attitudes for international pace and cooperation.
Classical Realism overall
Classical realism emerged as a response to the perceived failings of the interwar "idealism" and advocated an approach that emphases the omnipresent danger of community breakdown. Classical realists explained danger with reference to human nature and the nature of states. It emphasized the consequent need to pursue the accumulation of power to ensure survival.
How do things diffuse?
Coercion-- colonialism imposes idea. It figured centrally in the spread of capitalism. Strategic competition-- heated rivals are likely to adopt similar weapons system to try to stay even on teh military battlefield. Formal and informal pressure can cause states to adopt similar ideas because doing so will bring them resources they need... states want resources and to attract these resources they will have to adopt and reform their institution to show that they are part of "the club" and utilizing "modern" techniques... they are symbols to attract resources... For example, eastern european countries seeking entry into the EU adopted various reforms not only because they believed they were superior but also because they are the price of admission. Also, during period of uncertainty, they can adopt models that are perceived as successful. For example, some countries emulate the American campaign model not necessarily because it is truly better, but because it appears modern, sophisticated, and superior. Furthermore, states adopt certain models because of their symbolic standing. Many 3rd world governments acquire expensive weapons systems that have very little military value because they convey to others that they are sophisticates and are part of the "club". ... Eg. Iran and nuclear weapons. Finally, professional associations adn expert communities also diffuse organizational models. Most associations have established techniques, codes of conduct, and methodologies for determining how to confront challenges in their area of expertise. Once standards are established , they become the INDUSTRY STANDARD AND THE ACCEPTED WAY OF ADDRESSING PROBLEMS IN an area. Professional associations and expert networks communicate these standards to others, making them agents of diffusion.
Columbus New World 1492
Columbus Reaches the nEW wORLD—- there were existing inhabitants of the new world conquest of the new world when the europeans moved into the new world they found pre-existing peoples and in many cases started to slaughter them. this reminds us of the importance of imperialism and colonialism.
Khrushchev's policy towards the West was a mixture of seeking coexistence and sometimes pursuing: nuclear arms superiority; economic reforms; hegemony; confrontation.
Confrontaation
poststructuralism vs constructivism
Constructivists: adopt concept of causality as structural pressure, Post-structuralists hold that causality is inappropriate because structures are constituted through human action. Structures cannot therefore be independent variables. Where constructivists discuss power as including knowledge and identities, poststructuralism looks more closely at how actors get to be actors in the first place
COOPERATION VS INTEGRATION
Cooperation refers to limited agreements between countries on particular issues and areas, where countries discuss plans and policies with each other, but where different issue areas don't really intersect. Integration refers to process through which countries remove obstacles between themselves, and create common rules, often leading to some measure of supranational governance.
APPRAOCHES TO INTERNATIOANL ETHICS
Cosmopolitan Ethics -Views the human world as a single community with common or universal rules, principles, and mutual obligations Realist ethics: -Views the world as a collection of distinct and separate communities struggling for survival in a non-moral anarchic realm of realpolitik Pluralist Ethics: -Views the world as a collection of distinct and separate communities sharing minimal moral standards that protect diversity and autonomy.
Where does realism fail?
Couldn't explain the peaceful end of the cold war. Critics say that realism was unable to provide a persuasive account of new developments such as a regional integration, humanitarian intervention, the emergency of a security community in Western EUROPE, AND THE GROWING IMPORTANCE OF NON-STATE ACTORS And realists cannot explain the incidence of intra-state wars in the south.
ROBERT COX
Cox is saying if Marxist theory is for the disenfranchised then who is realist theory for and who does it benefit? Are the theories we study are they really serving someone's interest? Who's voices are being heard and whose are being excluded. Cox TALKS ABOUT Problem Solving theory vs critical Theory Probelm-sovling theory " take the world as it find it, with the periling social and power relationships and the institutions into which they are organized the given framework for action"—- let's give u tipsa bout how to DEAL WITH THE WAY THINGS ARE. Liberal theory and neoliberal and classical liberalism and neo realism are all examples of the problem solving theory. Here is the game and how it works, now go and help manage this REALITYt. Critical— they stand apart form the rippling order roof the world and ask how that order came about... So he said, how did we get this nation state thing? Where did these NGOs come from and how did they go so much power? who is getting exluded? What are these theories doing and how did this structure come about? They ask DEEP QUESTIONS that done't just explain how things are but why and who benefits.
Does Democratic Peace Theory Work?
Debate: Is Democra.c Peace Theory Accurate? Yes Zones of Peace: In areas of the world where democracies reign, war has become unthinkable. Public Opinion: Citizens exercise in;luence on the decisions of the government. Con5lict Resolution: Democracies also tend to have democratic values, therefore favouring non-violent problem-solving approaches de;ined by negotiation, discussion, and deliberation. Cultural Bonds: Because of shared values and commitments, democracies tend to view each others as friends rather than rivals. NO Democracies Still Fight Wars: It seems they simply save their aggression for non-democratic regimes Subversion: Many supposedly liberal states have no problem initiating covert operations and sabotaging states, often keeping them from democracy. States are States: The domestic constitutional makeup of a state does not alter the universal pressures of the anarchic system, fear, aggression, competition, and militarism. Wealth Factor: It's not democracy that makes a difference, it's wealth.
Idealism
Demands that we take seriously the role of ideas in world politics. The world is defined by material and ideation forces. But these ideas are not akin to beliefs or psychological states that reside inside our heads. Instead, these ideas are social. Our mental maps are shaped by collectively held ideas such as knowledge, symbols, language, and rules. idealism does NOT reject material reality but instead observes that the meaning and construction of that material reality is dependent on ideas and interpretation.
Consequentialist Ethics VS Deontological Ethics:
Deontological Ethics: -focuses on actions that are "good" and "bad" in themselves E.g. Ten commandments — just because God says not to do it. Don't really provide reasons. Doesn't necessarily stem from religious edicts, but tries to somehow unearth principles that we can stand firm on and say "this is RIGHT" with a capital "R" Consequentialist Ethics -Focuses on actions that are "good" and "bad" insofar as they lead towards some valued "ends". -are they helpful or harmful? Metaphor domino: wrong to do something because it brings bad or good consequences. It might make sense to do bad things because it will lead to something good.
How can theories contribute to emancipatory goals?
Developing a theoretical understanding of world orders that grasps the sources of stability and the dynamics of transformation. Cox draws on Gramsci's notion of hegemony and argues that hegemony is important to maintain stability and continuity. Every hegemonic power through history has created a world order to suit their interests and generate broad consent for their order even among those who are disadvantaged by it. E.g THE US is a Hegemon that has promoted "free trade"... They say it benefits everyone so it's common sense to accept it but the reality is that free trade benefits the hegemon a lot but does not help peripheral states. Free trade could even be a hindrance to the development of developing states. The degree to which a state can successfully produce and reproduce its hegemony is an indication of the extent of its power. The success of the USA in gaining worldwide acceptance for neo-liberalism suggests just how dominant the current hegemon has become. Cox follows Marx's view that capitalism is an inherently unstable system, driven by inescapable contradictions. There is an inevitable economic crisis imminent that will act as the emergence of counter-hegemonic movement.
Disciplinarity Michel Foucault
Disciplinarity describes the power relationship between posit end negative behaviour through which normal behaviour is encouraged within those truth regimes... Faoucalt's writing was about the history of sexuality. You can see how many times certain sexual behaviour for men and women were discipline dina had reinforced or lectures or physical tasks people had to do. A lady has to have a certain posture... Microwaves that the instructor had to make a lady walk a certain way. This is stern and discipline. It says don't deviate from racial, sexual or other societal norms. We are familiar with these norms from childhood. This sort of stuff matters on a microlevel and on the aggregate level. It is about micro acts of power and what is normal and right and appropriate and worthwhile. He argued that i deosnt' jus shape people's actions in public but it also reinforces peopels' ideas of themselves and who they are and it affects them in their private life.. In prisons, epopels' bodies were manipulated in certain ways ( focalt says) It constitutes the identity of the people involved but also the people in the audience. Disciplinary power works in a way that limits what people are going to do and also who they support and who they are and what is acceptable in society. Both the observer and the subject learn from this disciplinary action about the world. Or even like internet comments today and get a sense of what's right and wrong and what's worthy of being mocked and compliment online based on what we read online. We see our identities as people and are produced through the power relations and ideas of what truth is an what is right in a socially complex way.
Europe
Eastern eUROPE ACHIEVED OEN OF THE MOST IMPORTANT INTERNATIONAL RIGHT: THE RIGHT OF SELF-DETERMINATION. Open borders and new democratic institutions now in place.
Components of globalization
Economic/military/legal/ecological/cultural/ social... see page 21
THE END OF THE COLD WAR:
Emergence of a "new world order"
How Do States Work Towards a Trade Surplus?
Encourage Exports Give tax breaks and subsidies to companies to be competitive Reduce relevant regulations to make business easier Send leaders and business elites on high-proAile trade missions Manipulate or remove foreign governments to make them open up their markets Discourage Imports Apply tariffs and duties, i.e. taxes on imported goods Create non-tariff barriers to trade that beneAit domestic producers, such as: -heightened standards -administrative fees - laws or regulations Foster a national culture of buying domestic
HOW DO STATES WORK TOWARDS A TRADE SURPLUS??
Encourage Exports: -give tax breaks and subsidies to companies to be competitive -reduce relevant regulations to make business easier -Send leaders and business elites on high-profile trade missions -Manipulate or remove foreign governments to make them open up their markets ( you need new markets to keep things growing... sometimes you need to invade a new market) Imperalism is the highest form of capitalism, we need to force new markets to buy our stuff Discourage Imports: -apply tarries and duties ie. taxes on imported goods { liberals don't want these... they want free trage... so an example of a tariff is like $5 more for movies that aren't canadian so your'e encouraging the purchase of canadian movies} -create non-tariff barriers to trade that benefit domestic producers, such as: -heightened standards -administrative fees -laws or regulations Foster a national culture of buying domestic
Which of the following factors is not considered an 'engine' of globalization? Economics; Environment; Technics (technology); Politics
Environment
Similarities with Constructivism
Establish in the 1980s Influenced by social and philosophical theory
True or False: It is common to view integration as a set of processes that can take on many levels of intensity, ranging from:
Establishing a 'Free Trade Area' Creating a 'Customs Union' Setting up a 'Common Market' Joining in an 'Economic and Monetary Union'
Realists are guided by:
Ethic of responsibility : the careful weighing of consequences; the realization that individual immoral acts may have to be performed for the greater good.
Asia vs Europe
Europe formed new liberal security community in which nationalism and ancient hatred were less pronounced over time. Asia remained a complex tapestry of warring and suspicious states whose hatred ran deep and where nationalism played a central part in defining identity. The end of the cold war--- Europe concluded with free elections, resolution of territorial issues and a move to the free market. Asia- concluded with powerful communist parties remaining in power in at least 3 countries ( North Korea, Vietnam, and China), several territorial disputes remaining unresolved, and Korea remaining divided. North korea and China wanted to hang on to their communist control and impose tighter control after seeing the seemingly stable USSR crumble.
Justin roSENBERG
Exemplifies the new marxist approach. He critiques the realist international relations theory. He says they cannot provide a historical, timeless account of international relations/ He says that the international relations between the Greek and italian city-states -- the resemblance between these two eras-- is a gigantic optical illusion. He says that the character of the international system in each period was completely different. He also says that realist attempt to portray international systems as autonomous is wrong because of the Greek and Italian examples.... HIS ALTERNATIVE: IS that international relations are sensitive to the changing character of world politics. If we want to understand the way that international relations operate in any particular era, our starting point must be an examination of the mode of production, and in particular the relations of production. Marxists would make an explanation rooter in classical social theory about globalization to show that an examination of underlying social relations have led to the capitalist system becoming dominant through the globe.
Nuclear weapons and nuclear reactors (for power) require the management of the same nuclear chain reaction.
FALLLSEE
Historical evidence demonstrates that the evolution of international society can only be witnessed in Western history.
FALSE International society hasn't just existed in modern western civilzation. Other times and places where an 'international society' was present, marked by regular interaction based on shared values, rules and norms include: the early Islamic world; ancient Greece; ancient India; ancient China; ancient Rome; and arguably medieval Europe.
True or False: A 'hybrid' international governmental organization is one that merges advocacy with profit-making, thus pleasing both activists and investors.
FALSE BC The phrase 'hybrid international organization' actually refers to organizations that accepts both members who are NGOs or INGOs and also members who are governments or government agencies. (This is noteworthy because usually a clear distinction is maintained between the work of international non-governmental organization and governments.)
'Global governance' means the formation of a one-world government.
FALSE because Global governance refers to complex forms of authority, decision-making, and policy development without any overarching centralized, formalized 'government' understood in the traditional way. Global governance is usually understood to be undertaken by existing nation-states, not by an emerging world state.
Once the Cold War ended, the United States found itself without a major military rival, and was much more free and willing to send in troops to solve crises around the world.
FALSE. America no longer had a superpower rival, it was not always free or willing to exercise its power in world affairs. So the New World order was that the Us was becoming a hyperpower and was having unipolarity. Having won the cold war, not only were american people DEEPLY RELUCTANT TO INTERVENE ABORAD, bu there was also no pressing reason for the US to get sucked into abroad conflicts either.
What world events undermine Liberalism
Financial crisis, unrest in the middle east and north africa....
Debates over human security fall into 2 categories:
First) Believers and sceptics of the concept disagree over whether human security is a new or necessary notion and what are the costs and benefits of adopting it as an intellectual tool or a policy framework. SECOND) debates over the scope of the concept, mainly among the believers themselves
Group of 77
Formed in the U.N. to encourage Third World solidarity in raising or responding to issues.
Genealogy
Foucault's concepts... it is defined as a history of the present. It asks 2 questions: What political practices have formed the present and which alternative understanding And discourses have been marginalized and often forgotten?
The statement "the king is emperor in his own kingdom' came from: Italy; England; France; Germany.
France
Anglo-French Rivalry 1750-1815
France and Britain deployed land and sea forces against eachother -- either directly or through proxies in Europe, India and North America. Both states wanted to control global trading in mass commodities that were superimposed upon older networks of luxury trade. The dominant form of nationalism was state-strengthening, civic and elite. In France and Britain there were demands for the removal of privilege and to make government accountable to the nation. This civic nation was based on the interests of an expanding middle class. The conflict hit France harder and started a revolution which produced a declaration that state sovereignty was derived form the nation.
Capitalism
Free market shaping of the economy and society Emphasis on private property, investment, and individual rights Elections of leaders from social elites in questionable elections. The ability to invest is an inherent right.. Everyone should be able to do this so we have creativity and discovery and innovation. People can live out their wishes and desire.. a RISING TIDE LIFTS ALL SHIPS! Being able to own your clothes and house but able to own construction tools and factories is important to your identity. Free enterprise allows risk-taking and allows dynamic risk-taking and reward.
What kind of Europe would it be?
French wanted== Europe should now develop its own specific European security arrangements, independent of the US-- Gaullist dream Others-- believed it should remain closely tied to the USA. Established members of NATO alliance wanted this. Other-- deeper union that would fulfill the role of building a united states of Europe that would play a major independent role in international politics. Others said it is important to have Europe composed of different nation-states that recognized national difference and did not try to undermine the principle of sovereignty.
How does diffusion travel?
From the West to the third world... imperalist? Is the new international society bounded by norms being constructed in the image of the west?
Company vs State interets
Government and company policy both want to increase employment and promote economic growth. Conflicts arise over the regulation of markets to avoid the risks of MARKET FAILURES or externalization of social and environment costs of production. Domestic deregulation and globalization of economic activity mean that regulation is now occurring at the global level rather than within individual countries.....
Regionalization
Growing interdependence between geographically contiguous state like the European Union
Robert W Cox
Has done the most to introduce Gramsci's work to the study of world politics. He developed a Gramscian approach that involves both a critique of prevailing theories of international relations and international political economy, and the development of alternative framework for the analysis of world politics.
The Long TELEGRAM: February 1946... By ambassador George Kennan
He said that the government of the soviet union and the distorted view of the world so it is unlikely that peaceful coexistence would be possible. The telegram came to washinton " our first step must be to apprehend and recognize for what it is, the nature of the movement with which we are dealing. We must study it with the same courage, detachment, objectivity, and same determination not to be emotionally provoked or unseated by it, with which doctor studies unruly and unreasonable individual"... He said look at the facts: russia is a threat. it SEES itself as a threat. The USSR perceived itself at perpetual war with
Why is Marxist thought still useful?
He said that the stock market crashes of 1987, the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s, and the credit crunch of 2008-2009 all demonstrate that global capitalism continues to be rocked by massive convulsions. On Marx's account, such convulsions and their human consequences are inherent and inescapable part of the system of capitalism.
Frantz fannon
He was born on martinique which is a carribean island that was a french connlony and he served during the french resistance during ww2. then he became a phsyhcologist and his first book analyzed the phystoclogical impact of racism and colonialism on black communites. He used his professional skill to understand what colonialism does to a person. How does it feel to be ruled form outside? What does it do to their mind and self-perctions? His final book followed a similar train of thought— he wanted to conceptualize the prospects for decolonizing and not only imperial outposts and cities but also how to decolonize individuals. The idea that the human psyche could be colonized and decolonized was a huge part of his argument. Colonized people put on "Masks" to fit with the colonizer and put on other makes to fit in with other colonized peoples. They have to alter who they are a little bit every time to survive in their society. For our purposes it is important or remember fannons' contribution to the contribution about violence. "ONLY VIOLENCE PAYS, THERE IS NO COMPROMISE AND NO COMING TO TERMS. Colonization and decolonization is only a question of relative strength". FIghting back against oppressive and racist and sexist and exploitative regimes, violence is what will work because discussion and egangement fall on deaf ears and are ignored.
From which writer is the following line taken: "A society of states...exists when a group of states...form a society in the sense that they conceive themselves to be bound by a common set of rules in their relations with one another, and share in the working of common institutions."? Grotius; Hedley Bull; Machiavelli
Hedley Bull
What term best describes the dominance of a particular state in relation to all other states in the international system? Empire; Hegemon; Sovereign; Suzerain State
Hegemon
Classical liberalisms
Highlighting democracy and good governance!
Hobbes vs Rousseau (Classical realism)
Hobbes said that the reason people get together of states is that they get together because they want to trust the devil they now at home rather than the scary world outside them. Outside of the state, is the state of nature where people would live if they weren't in community sand this scares them life in the state of nature wasn't idyllic, instead it was marked by continual fear and danger of violent death... He's saying we need an inside to keep away form the outside. a. An emphasis on power and domination b. Conflict is inevitable because of egoism, human drive,s and other dimensions of human nature c. Exploration of how questions of morality apply to the international realm d. Adopts a state-centric of statist approach to international relations, focusing on the nation-state e. Emphasis on "statesmanship" or wise leadership by foreign- policy and heads of sate.
aSK WHO is the subject/object/who is accoutable/ responsible
Humanitarianism is too often undermined by ethical impulses where people are treated as objects to be saved and to treated as subjects who can participate or empowered enough, reasonable enough, or respected enough to make decision or hold other accountable. Powerful NGOs can do good things but DON'T HAVE TO. not held accountable... Non-obligation to outsiders.... Our institutions are built on this non-obglication and means that we pay attention to military and physical security because it is very visceral and we feel guilty but we don't respond to human or economic security—- to development or economic policy even though people ask for help.... we don't worry bout the things we don't see.
In your judgment, was the decision by the Bush Administration to go to war against Iraq a good decision? Why or why not?
I don't think it was a good decision because the intervention failed to deliver stable democracy to Iraq. In fact, it only exacerbated existing issues of unrest and violence. Furthermore, the war against Iraq did not inspire others in the region to consider political reform. Essentially, the war did not meet any of the goals it initially set out for itself and only disturbed the Middle East further, causing Iran to seize more influence. During the runup to the invasion a group of 33 international relations scholars took out a full-page ad in the New York Times suggesting, among other things, that invading Iraq would distract the United States from its fight against al-Qaeda and further destabilize the Middle East. Former British Prime Minister Tony Blair was advised prior to the invasion, "that the greatest terrorist threat to Western interests came from al-Qaeda and related groups, and that this threat would be heightened by military action against Iraq."[30] The International Institute for Strategic Studies agreed, saying in late 2003 that the war had swollen the ranks of al-Qaida and galvanised its will by increasing radical passions among Muslims critics have assailed the U.S. and its allies for not devoting enough troops to the mission, not adequately planning for post-invasion Iraq, and for permitting and perpetrating widespread human rights abuses. As the war has progressed, critics have also railed against the high human and financial costs.
The IMF and Conditionality
IMF cirtized for conditionality policies. IMF is trying to prevent people from being in chronic trade deficits but the IMF can also take action to solve problems. When they use these strategies, they do so in a way that is seen as forceful and imperialistic. IMF Conditionality -The IMF and World Bank have a large supply of financial capital from member states -When state experience periods of difficulty, the IMF offers loans to address these issues. -These loans come with "strings attached": conditionality's that stipulate that the loan will only be released if the state meets certain criteria.. Here are the cirteria: -approved economic policies -acceptable budget strategy -changes to the economic structure Conditionalities are the strings attached.
What is the IMF?
IMF- iNTERNATIONAL MONETARY FUND could is international because the board of directors of doctors without borders but America and Britain do as governments. It may impose it's will on weaker countries ( meaning that it could be supranational). They attempt to unilateral policies/ agreements for all nations. They impose some rules that brings people under the same paradigm. Greece was bound to the IMF because they needed the bailout so the IMF was controlling them.
The Great Debate
Idealism vs Realism Realists: victorious. Taught foreign policy officials to focus on interests rather than on ideology, to seek peace through strength and to recognize that great powers can coexist even if they have antithetical values and beliefs. Realism offers a manual for maximizing the interests of the state in a hostile environment.
Constructivists often emphasize the importance of 'ideational' power. Which of the following best describes ideational power?
Ideational power is the power that draws on ideas and on concepts such as legitimacy, reputation, honour, and legality.
Nationalism can be framed as ideology, politics and or sentiments
Ideology-- when you Nationalism shaped people's identity-- sentiments Nationalism was taken up by movements seeking to form nation-states-- nationalism as politics
Regulatory Arbitrage
If a company objects to one government's policy, it may threaten to limit or close down its local production and increase production in another country. The governemtn that imposes the least demanding health, safety, welfare, or environmental standards will offer competitive advantages to less socially responsible companies. There is also a strong global trend towards the reduction of corporation taxes. It becomes difficult for any government to set high standards and maintain taxes.
Intervention now
If national authorities are manifestly failing to protect their populations from genocide, war crimes, ethnic cleansing and crimes against humanity, and if peaceful means are inadequate, the international community could take collective action through the UN security Council. This document echoes recommendations from R2P
Jacques Derrida says "There is no outside-text" .
If we have a world data tis structured by metaphors and representation and framings, that we can't easily step outside of that and say " here is the real truth"... What is the objective position? Is there one? Or are we always operating within a narrative. We area always in asocial web of metaphors and you can't step outside of that. The way we learn about how to use words and language is metaphorical. If we look at human development, we can't "step outside" the narrative... instead, let's acknowledge our position and understand our own limitations in how we can understand things and understand that others can see things different and that all these positions have some true ideas but ultimately they are all incomplete. Derrida talks about binaries. He says that so many binaries oppositions help us understand the world. Derrida aruges that BINARY OPPOSITIOn are pairs of co incepts or values that are usually held to compare and contrast to each other— and which rely on each other for meaning. Opposites help us understand eachother. He wants to look into binary oppositions that are always ranked.. They always have one that is seen as the positive one and another that is seen as the negative one. One has better qualities. IN our cultures, it depends on having these categories and then having a metanarrative that tell us which one is better to be and then we organize our international relations and domestic politics as dictated by these ideas. Different cultures have different approaches. Decnostruction tries to throw a wrench into the machine and says flip the script... Let's say that the bad things are actually good! What is the good in what we see as naturally bad? Why do we conform? Why do we want to like other people? Let's find what's valuable in what is naturally rejected. Let's unsettle hierarchies.
Cosmopolitan Ethics Categorical IMperative
Immanuel Kant The Categorical Imperative— act only on the principles that lend themselves to the principles that you think everyone else should share. "Act only that maxim though which you can at the same time will that it shall become a universal law" Act like you want other people to act. Don't be a hypocrite! ONe of at the four bearers of cosmopolitanism. He emphasized ht universal human community. This goes back to deontological insights. He belived that we can perceive moral truth and we wanted to get people to view each other as participants in a global community "Act in such a way that you always treat humanity, never simply as a means but always as an end"—- don't use people... don't use people to get something. Treat the person as the greater good.—- Deontological. DOn't use them to do something else that is better than them because they are the best— that would be consequential.
Lenin wrote and publish in 1917
Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism. Lenin accepted much of marx's basic thesis, but argued taht the character of capitalism was changing. Capitalism had entered a new stage-- highest and final stage-- with the development of monopoly capitalism. Monopoly capitalism: a two-tier structure had developed in world economy, with a dominant core exploiting a less-developed periphery. There was no longer a harmony of interests between all workers with the development of the core and periphery. The bourgeoisie in the core countries could use profits derived from exploiting the periphery to improve the lot of their OWN proletariat. Capitalists of the core could pacify their own working calls through the further exploitation of the periphery.
The russian revolution of 1917
In 1917, two revolutions swept through Russia, ending centuries of imperial rule and setting in motion political and social changes that would lead to the formation of the Soviet Union. In March, growing civil unrest, coupled with chronic food shortages, erupted into open revolt, forcing the abdication of Nicholas II (1868-1918), the last Russian czar. Just months later, the newly installed provisional government was itself overthrown by the more radical Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin (1870-1924).
The after-math of colonialism?
In Canada and Australia strong ties to the "Mother" country are celebrated rather than rejected. Some countries were not colonized by the West: japan colonized Korea. Postcolonial prespectives consider within-country conflicts and indigenous groups over land and rights, and lingering colonial situations that do not entirely make sense within a post-colonial tradtion, such as brititish north ireland and hong kong where ocntemorary livelihoods, cityscapes and lifestyles are rooted in and yet surpass the era of british oversight
Periphery
In dependency theory and world-systems analysis, a region of the world which serves as a source of cheap labour and natural resources for the global core, and which remains 'underdeveloped' because of domination.
Neo-Liberalsim
In the academic world, it refers to neo-liberal institutionalism..... In the policy world: neo-liberalism means a neo-liberal foreign policy that promotes free trade or open markets and Western Democratic values and institutions. Most leading Western states are calling for the enlargement of community of democratic and capitalist nation-states. In reality, neo-liberal foreign policies tend not to be as wedded to the ideals of democratic peace, free trade, and open borders. National interests take precedence over morality and universal ideals, and much to the dismay of traditional realists, economic interests are given priority over geopolitical ones.
a
In the case of the First World War "total war" meant: a. the people and resources of entire societies were mobilized for the common purpose. b. the effects of the war toppled democratic governments in France, Russia, and Austria-Hungary, replacing them with dictatorial systems. c. the sum of campaigns around the world added to a globalized conflagration of violence. d. after the war the victors placed the blame for the conflict on only one state.
What did human security evolve from??
In the cold war, traditionally, security meant the protection of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of states from external military threats. ... This was the concept of national security In the 1970s and 1980s, academic literature on security responded to the Middle East oil crisis and began to think of security in non-military terms even though the state reminded the object of interest... Concept of human security says that the reference object should be the human and not the state.
C) International systems and state systems
Inconsistencies in that the state-centric approach does not allow you to consider the states necessarily as a collective... By exaggerating the coherence of states and downplaying the coherence of global politics, both transnational relations and intergovernmental relations are underestimated.
America in Iraq in 2003
Initially supported by the American public, the war that many hoped would be done in weeks actually turned into a long and brutal encounter. The Us intervention was not delivering stable democracy to Iraq nor inspiring others in the region to undertake serious political reform. The war only disturbed the whole of the Middle East while making it possible for Iran to grain even greater influence. It also managed to provide islamists with a rallying point which they exploited. The war against terror announced with gusto by Bush back in 2002 was now turning into a war against the West.
Pax Britannica 1815 to 1914
Instead of combining coercive and economic power in traditional empire-state from, Britian proclaimed their separation. It abolished tariffs, ceased monopolizing overseas trade and shaping, and tied major currencies to the price of gold .... thIS WAS LINKED TO INDUSTRAILIZATION ACCOMPANIED BY TRANSFORMATION IN COMMUNICATION AND TRANSPORTATION AND ENABLED HUGE INCREASES IN LONG-DISTANCE MIGRATION. Britian attributed its success to Christianity, parliamentary institutions, and free trade. In Europe, the Americas, and Asia, wars in the 1960s were won by modernizing and nationalizing states that then turned their attention outwards and challenged British hegemony. cLOSE links between technology and power led to state intervention; the beliefs that power depended on control of overseas resources fuelled the rise of imperialist conflict
What has changed from labelling post-colonial to postcolonial? Do we still do this?
Instead of identifying people by their territorial place they once occupied in a colonially imagined hierarchy, the physical movement of peoples and information across the globe means that no group is confined to one location or ruled over as during the colonial era.
How is globalization different from internationalization?
Internationalization involves interdependence between discrete, bounded national states BUT globalization is the dissolving of boundaries that separate the world into its many constituent states or national economic and political spaces. It is a structural change to organization social and economic activities to a transnational or global scale. Internationalization and regionalization are spatially delimited processes. "Internationalization refers to growing interdependence between states, presuming that they remain discrete national units with clearly demarcated borders. BUT globalization refers to a process in which the distinction between domestic and external breaks down. Time and space collapse. REGIONALIZATION: is like the European Union! The intensification of patterns of interconnectedness and integration among states that have common borders or are geographically proximate.
French revolution— another shift
Introduced Popular Sovereignty and Natural Rights Popular Sovereignty: represented the idea that it's the people as a mass who are the inheritors of a state sovereignty and not a king. An authority is passed up from below and not down from god. The people are sovereign and the people give the the lords power... not fate or bloodlines or gods... Leaders should serve the people if the people are the root of sovereignty. Kings are disposable and certainly not godly. Natural rights: the idea was that human being should have certain rights and freedoms and permissions. Right not to be killed, to practice religion, water, marriage... these rights don't come from living by a powerful lord, but that these rights belong to every human being and can derived by thinking about the world and contemplating the true nature of god and humanity and biology. If one really thought about it, reason and enlightenment would allow us to recognize that humans should undeniably have rights.
Wendt's constructivism:
Is often seen as an attempt to build a consturctivist grand theory of IR that includes the relationship between thoughts and ideas and feedback loops between countries. It shares a state-centric approach, but it makes it even more complicated that allows more detail and ignores parsimony and interests and identities and how they are adjusted. What is the process of interaction? This interaction can change how they view themselves or what they think is worthwile. The big difference is that interest and identifies as something that is just given in other theories ( they assume they are part of the world) but wendt says let's ask why states want what they want. We shouldn't assume a national interest, let's explain it and how it differs. Let's also explain how they involve though interactions and how they change. Wendt says that loop is messy and complicated.
STRATEGIC STUDIES
Is the academic field that focuses on war, and war fighting. Focuses on state concerns like military power, strategic thinking, resource economics, intelligence and diplomacy. -Srategic studies was especially prominent was especially prominent during the cold war when Soveits and American were concerned with calculating missile accuracy, military strength, and strategic maneuvers. But as the cold war ended, criticisms about the helpfulness, utility, and influence of security studies began to gather force.
Female social constructivism
It builds on social constructivism.... Feminist constructivists study the processes whereby ideas about gender influence global politics as well as the ways that global politics shape ideas about gender. Elizabeth prugel is a feminist constructivist. She uses feminist constructivism to analyse the treatment of home-based work in international law. Most home based workers are women and the debate about regulating this type of employment is an important one for feminists. Low wages and poor working conditions are often justified on the ground that home-based work is not real work since it takes place in the private reproductive sphere of the household.
What was the tricontinental conference known for?
It created a journal called Tricontinental which was one of the first outlets for works by thinkers who were influential in Third World Politics and became the backbone of early post-colonial thinking-- people like Frantz Fanon.
Paris Peace Conference (1919)
It resulted in the treaty of Versailles and also created what is known as the Mandate System. It gives particular world powers control over certain revision of the world. It's like a trust fund type colonialism. We're going to give you this areas because we think you can handle it. Not of your own colonial interests, but because we think you can offer it stability... It echoed colonialism, but it aspired to be different in nature. It affected much of the middle east especially because of the collapse of the ottoman empire.
Financial crisis of 2008
It threatened the collapse of large financial institutions, which was prevented by the bailout of banks by national governments, but stock markets still dropped worldwide. The financial crisis was triggered by a complex interplay of policies that encouraged home ownership, providing easier access to loans for (lending) borrowers, overvaluation of bundled subprime mortgages based on the theory that housing prices would continue to escalate, questionable trading practices on behalf of both buyers and sellers, compensation structures that prioritize short-term deal flow over long-term value creation, and a lack of adequate capital holdings from banks and insurance companies to back the financial commitments they were making.
Intertexutality
Julia Kristeva developed this and argues that we can understand the social world as comprising texts. This is because texts form an "intertext"-- that is, they are connected to texts that came before them. It points to the ways that text points to past texts but that no text is a complete reproduction of an earlier one.
Democratic peace theory is based on ________ logic. Fukuyama's; idealist; Kantian; Foucault's
Kantian
Contradictions of Capitalism
Keeping innovation and growth going requires that we have smarter and more enlightened producers and customers to help you produce better and newer technology and help you become better critical thinkers BUT if we send to many people in university then we can start questioning class and profits and ideas. They can start to question their employers and education in general creates people who are critical thinkers and who are more likely to question relations. Capitalism is complimentary to democracy because democracy helps to protect democratic rights. tHere are things that are complementary towards democracy but democracy really caters to the richest in our societyy and to the havees. And so the more that we talk about democracy, we talk about how is it democratic if we only really have 2 powers whose fathers were in politics and powerful and were all educated in the same universitites. Marxist says that democracy isn't when you have 3 parities representing elite interests. it'S NOT really a deep democracy. The rules of vapiralism both strengthen itself on a daily basis and make this really rigid structure but as it grows it plants the seeds of it's own destruction by educating workers and srpeading wealth and giving technology to new markets where potentially revolutions can happen. People aren't just going to fed up and challenge the system from the outside, but marx says that the workers who themselves are capitalists can say that the yon't value this free enterprise thing while rich fat cats invest in our factory and then take as much as they can from us and we should take it if we want. a radical future stems from the very benefits and forces that capitalism creates. educaiotn the workforce and making people value certain thing sad giving people enough tehconogly to give them certain technology and the un said lets give people weapons technology and that would in some day result in some sort of conflict that marx was predicting. there could be internal contradictions between protecting privacy and leave while also giving people weapons
Liberalism vs Conservatism
Liberalism: tolerance, freedom, constitutionalism Conservatism: order, authority and is wiling to sacrifice the liberty of individuals for the stability of the community
Embryonic global security in the post-cold war era iNSTEAD of national and international securities
Like "societal security" theorists, they point to the fragmentation of the nation-state but argue that more attentions should be given NOT to society at the national level, but to global society. They see globalization as the "big idea" and realize that this can lead to threats like terrorism and that only a global community can deal with this adequately.
Which of the following statements about the Iraq War (2003-2011) is true? 1) Saddam Hussein had plans to attack America. 2) The Iraqi government aided and abbetted the 9/11 terrorists. 3) The government of Iraq was developing and hiding weapons of mass destruction in 2003. 4) The Iraqi government had close ties to the terrorist group Al-Qaeda. 5) None of the above. 6) All of the above. (Options 1-3)
NONE OF THE ABOVE!!!!!
Gender means
NOT the biological sex of individuals BUT FOR FEMINISTS it means ... a set of socially and culturally constructed characteristics that vary across time and place.
Benedict Anderson argues that the nation is an 'imagined community' that is both 'limited' and 'sovereign'.
National membership doesn't matter since it is all in people's heads and has very little practical impact.
3 diff types of natlism
Nationalism as ideology: when nationalism is considered a world view (where ideology can be civic nationalism or ethnic nationalism) Nationalism as sentiments: when it shapes people's identity ( where it can be of the elite or the masses) Nationalism as politics: when it is taken up by movements who want to form nation-states ( where it can be state-subverting or state-strengthening).
In your own words, what meant by the three conceptualizations of nationalism: 'nationalism as ideology', 'nationalism as politics' and 'nationalism as sentiments'?
Nationalism as ideology: when nationalism is considered a world view (where ideology can be civic nationalism or ethnic nationalism) Nationalism as sentiments: when it shapes people's identity ( where it can be of the elite or the masses) Nationalism as politics: when it is taken up by movements who want to form nation-states ( where it can be state-subverting or state-strengthening).
what does author of this chapter john Breuilly think?
Nationalism is a political idea and practice that mirrors the emergence of the new order of sovereign territorial states, and that alters its character as that order goes through different historical phases. Where there are shared values, nationalism will exploit these as expression of national identity. Nationalism is derivative in the sense that there is a constant imitation of the basic claims about the existence of nations and their right to have their own states. However nationalism takes distinctive customs, histories, values and ways of life to justify these basic claims so it always looks very different in one place compared to another..... Nationalism mirrors as much as it shapes the global movement towards a world order of nation-states.
Nationalism vs counternationalism
Nationalists think of themselves as historic nations, insisting that non-historic nationalities assimilate into "High-cutlure" nations.. This prompted counter-nationalism which stressed folk culture, popular religion and spoken language.... OMG SEE PAGE 391 this is burtal
Neo-Liberalism vs Neo-Realism
Neo-Liberalism shares with neoRealism a state-centric approach placing primary focus on nation-states Neo-Liberalism differs from neoRealism by taking seriously the way in which non-state actors ( domestic groups, corporations, school movements, etc.) complicate the behaviour of states. It also differs by taking the impact of regimes and institutions much more seriously. Neoliberalism share with neorealism a rationalist approach to building theoretical models of world politics based on what rationally-acting units would do Neo-liberalism differs from neo-realism in the sense that it emphasizes absolute gains, the role of ideas and identities and the potential for cooperation—- > NOT EPIPHENOMINAL Neo-Liberalism also differs by suggesting that states can be driven by different interests, identities and ideas. Rationalist approaches to social science often attempt to build models based ons simple thought experiments that illustrate how strategic decision-making works in practice
Which of the following theories of international relations would have the most difficulty incorporating the insights of the textbook chapter on 'Transnational Actors and International Organizations' into its analysis?
Neo-Realism might have some difficulty simply because its exclusive focus on states would make it challenging to say something meaningful about the role of transnational actors and international organizations.
The European Union is regarded by many analysts as a special case that needs a new set of theoretical approaches to explain its integration. Which of the following describes the most prominent new theory about integration?
Neo-functionalism is an approach that emphasizes how integration in one area will 'spill over' and encourage integration in other sectors, and that examines how complex regulations create the need for higher levels of supranational governance.
Where do neo-realism and neo-liberalism notably differ?
Neo-liberal institutionalism recognizes that states might willingly construct norms and institutions to regulate their behaviour if doing so will enhance their long-term interests.
Neos about relative and absolute gains
Neo-liberals says that cooperation does not work when states fail to follow the ruels and "cheat" to secure national interests. Neo-realists claim that there are 2 barriers to international cooperation: cheating and the relative gains of other actors. When states fail to comply with rules that encourage cooperation, other states may abandon multilateral activity and act unilaterally.
Major different
Neo-libs focus on issues of cooperation, international political economy, and the environment. The core question is how to promote and support cooperation in an anarchic and competitive international system. Neo-relalists-- core question is how to survive in this competitive anarchic system. They focus on issues of military security and war.
Is research that draws on fiction prominent in the field of IR?
No
Is Capitalism Stable
No Capitalism contains internal contradictions that will inevitable cause a rupture in class relations and the shift to a higher form of social/economic organization. Unlike Fukayama that talked about capitalism as the highest form of achieve, but Marx and historical materialists say that something. There are internal contradictions that built into the rules of capitalism are things that are not sustainable.
How has traditional state sovereignty been challenged with these new TNCs?
No longer possible to regard each country as having its own separate economy... Two of the most fundamental attributes of sovereignty-- control over the currency and control over foreign trade--- have been diminished substantially. Governments have lost control of financial flows. Successive financial crises in the 1980s and 1990s established that governments are helpless against banks and speculators...
Periphery
Non-democratic governments Export: raw materials Import: manufactures Below subsistence wages No Welfare Servies
NGOs
Non-governmental organizations like Greenpeace
Secular vs Nonsecular terrorism
Nonsecular-- religious terroists will kill themselves and others to secure rewards in the afterlife. Differences in value structures make the deterrence of religious terrorism difficult if not impossible as secular states cannot credibly threaten materially that which the terrorists value spiritually. Secular Terrorism: has had as its goal the pursuit of power in order to correct flaws in society but retain the overarching system WHILE religious terrorists do not seek to modify but rather REPLACE the normative structure of society. It's also harder to negotiate with religious terrorists because they may be unable or unwilling to compromise on what they see as a "sacred value"
Which states are not currently signatories to the Non-Proliferation Treaty?
North Korea, India, Pakistan, and Israel
Threats to Peace
Not just by states, but also violations against individual human rights and various civil conflicts... There is an inter-connected nature to security threats.
Russia and US relationship
Not strategic partners, but Russia also did not pose a serious threat. many of russia's rich went to live in the west. Putin did not want to undermine the relationship with US, but did everything he could to make sure they did not intervene.
Which treaty in 1968 sought to limit the spread of nuclear weapons? SALT 1; Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty; ABM Treaty; START 1
Nuclear non-proliferation treaty
Types of Nuclear Strategy
Nuclear strategy: first strike: the initiativee use of nuclear weapons before any opponent has a chance to use them first second strike: the responsive use of nuclear weapons as a reaction to a launched or detonated first strike nuclear deterrence: the practice of using the threat of a second strike to deter or dissuade opponents away from considering a first strike.
Europe develops
Nye said it had significant "Soft power" assets. It had become a good economic actor by the turn of a century, with a market capacity larger even than that of the United States. It also continued to be America's favoured economic partner.
Léopold Sédar Senghor introduced which concept to post-colonialism? Négritude; The non-aligned movement; Revolution; Orientalism
Négritude
DEEPENING SECURITY: HUMAN SECURITY
One approach is through the human security paradigm— it says that individual human beings ought to be the referent object of security rather than the nation state. This approach recognizes that sometimes the biggest security threat to people is their government! Therefore, nation security and human security don't equate. It expands the conception of security beyond simply the military sphere. In addition to Deeping of the analysis of who an what ought to be secured, it also involves a broader understanding of the relevant threats and dangers.
PROXY WARS AND DOMINO THEORY
One domino could have a domino effect that makes every case/fight worth preparing for. Korean War (1950 to 1953)... Domino Theory and Proxy War... 2 sides ( North communist and south capitalists) On June 25, 1950, the Korean War began when some 75,000 soldiers from the North Korean People's Army poured across the 38th parallel, the boundary between the Soviet-backed Democratic People's Republic of Korea to the north and the pro-Western Republic of Korea to the south. This invasion was the first military action of the Cold War. By July, American troops had entered the war on South Korea's behalf. As far as American officials were concerned, it was a war against the forces of international communism itself vietnam war ( 1955-1975)—- Domino and proxy war bloody war Americans couldn't' conceive of why they were sending people to Vietnam. America didn't want anything in vietnams ( partially true), but it didn't want this domino in the row to become communist.
Whitworth (2004, pg. 3): "
One of the main reasons peacekeeping is a contradiction is because of its almost exclusive reliance on soldiers. Soldiers are not born, they are made; and part of what goes into the making of a soldier is a celebration and reinforcement of some of the most aggressive, and most insecure, elements of masculinity: those that promote violence, misogyny, and racism."
Edward Said
Orientalism is the approach to studying the Orient. How do we study the middle east? These are Western experts and know some stuff. It captures an idea of "this far off distant place" distance and language barriers and not having publishing houses is reasons why the Orient couldn't describe itself. understanding what the orient and what islam were like came through the lens of these expert thinkers. It's sort of thinking about it like an artifact culture. It's a commodification and glorification of culture. Western experts would call the orient this mystical, magical, strange, very sexualized place. Middle Eastern was represented in a way of caricatures and stereotypes. Belly dancers, sword-weilding thugs... sexy, mysterious, glamorous. These representations matter and make it desirable to go back there but it's not fully human in terms of the idea that you can't really interact with "Them" on an equal basis.
Our ideas of democracy comes from our capitalist nature.
Our particular form of democracy exists because of the economic system.
REAL POLITIK
POWER politics has meaning to the extent that states accept the idea as a basic rule of internationl politics. Power politics is an idea that affects teh way states behave but it does not describe all inter-state behaviour. States are also influenced by other ieas such as the ruel fo law and the importance of institutional cooperating and restraint.
A good example of state-centric politics and who can have a voice
Palestine is not considered a state so it has to look on the 193 members of the UN as an observer.... Non-state actors and stateless individauls have severe difficulties in gaining a voice. ... Also when Western states give help to the third world and say that these people don' tknow what they're doing becuase they need help so they should just listen and learn...
World-systems theory
Particualry associated with the work of Immanuel Wallerstien. For Wallerstein, global history had been marked b the rise and demise of a series of world systems. The modern world system emerged in Europe at around the turn of the 16th century. It subsequently expanded to encompass the entire globe. This driving force behind this seemingly relentless process of expansion and incorporation has been capitalism, defined by Wallerstein as a "system of production for sale in a market for profit and appropriation of this profit on the basis of individual or collective ownership" In the context of this system, all the institutions of the social world are continually being created and recreated. It is not only the elements within the system that change. Wallerstein added another category called the semi-periphery which displays certain features characteristics of the core and others characteristic of the periphery.
Why are some people skeptical about the significance of 'globalization' for the study of world politics?
People may be sceptical about the significance of 'globalization' for the study of world politics for the following reasons: A) geopolitics, state power, nationalism, and territorial boundaries are demonstrating increasing importance in the world today. This situation in global politics does not clearly adhere to the definition of globalization as globalization suggests the blurring of boundaries, and not their emphasis. B) Responses to the financial crisis show how central and national power are necessary for the world economy to function. As such, there is a global inequality, revealing that some countries hold more power than others and the messages communicated by some have more influence. C) There is a trend showing intensification of geopolitics and regionalization while characteristics of globalization are not apparent. D) The majority of international economic and political activity is attributed to the OECD states. Thus, the voices of these states are more prominent and influential than others, and thereby not clearly indicating globalization.
How does enivronment fit into all of this?
Population growth= greater resource consumption= competition and resource scarcity leading to clnflict Conflicts about water use Darfur illustrates the linkage between poverty, environmental degradation, and conflict. Traditional inter-communal conflict in Darfur over scarcity of resource and land deteriorated as a result of desertification and a shortage of rainfall. In the 1970s and 1980s, drought in northern parts of Darfur forced its nomadic population to migrate southwards in search of water and herding grounds, and brought them into conflict with the local tribes.
The conceptual approach taken by post-colonial theory is which of the following? Post-colonialism adopts a bottom-up approach to international relations; Post-colonialism adopts a state-centric approach to international relations; Post-colonialism adopts an approach to international relations focused on the role of institutions; Post-colonialism adopts a Western-centric approach to international relations.
Post-colonialism adopts a bottom-up approach to international relations
Poststructuralism is an analytical TOOL
Poststructuralism embraces ambiguity and is upfront about subjectivity and positionally.
POST STRUCTURALISM CAN BE UNDERSTOOD THROUGH
Poststructuralism is an approach to understanding international relations. A narrative is a story or explanation It is concerned with discourses and narratives A meta-narrative ( see definiton sheet) ^^^We hear these through metaphors and symbols and patterns that we hear again. We often call these tropes. Tropes are like metaphors.... It explains reoccurring patterns. tropes— point out patterns we always see perhaps there are tropes politics we can slot different tpeopel and actions into these categories
Poststructuralism is an approach that responds to the "postmodern" context of skepticism about absolute truths and grand theories. .
Poststructuralist in International Relations draw on insights from social theorists about discursive power and its effects They argue that to make an argument about IR is an act of power that shapes the flow of social relations— so objective, impartial social science is an illusion
a
Prior to the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, why did German military forces attack in the Balkans and North Africa? a. To support their ally, Italy b. To support their ally, Russia c. To demand their treaty rights as documented in the Congress of Vienna d. In support of their ally, Serbia
Problem-Solving Theory VS Crticial Theory
Problem-Solving Theory: According to Robert Cox, problem-solving theory "takes the world as it finds it, with the prevailing social and power relationships and the institutions into which they are organized, as the given framework for action." Critical theory: According to Robert Cox, critical theory "stands apart from the prevailing order of the world and asks how that order came about." Note: this is a different use of the term than the similarly-named school of social thought
According to Robert Cox, "Theory is always for some one, and for some purpose." He distinguishes between problem-solving theory and critical theory. What's the difference?
Problem-solving takes the world as it is and focuses on how to deal with it without challenging or changing it. Critical theory examines how the present political order came about and examines possibilities for alternatives and change. Critical theory describes the neo-Marxist philosophy of the Frankfurt School, which was developed in Germany in the 1930s. Frankfurt theorists drew on the critical methods of Karl Marx and Sigmund Freud. Critical theory maintains that ideology is the principal obstacle to human liberation.
Versailles Peace Treaty
Promised new framework fo rEuropean security and new international order. IT FAILED both of these objectives. It pissed of Germany
Third-World Debt Crisis (1980s) Where "Petro-Dollars" and questionable Loans HAPPENED
Questionable loans were given out. Let's give it to third world countries because they were newly democratizing so lets attempt to give these loans to countries who need start-up but these loans were risky and there was little realistic idea that the country would pay it back. thEY KNEW they couldn't pay it back and they kept charging them interest and so the loan turned into crippling debt. That was borrowing and lending needs to be paid attention to. Debt crisis resulted that lead countries in 3rd world countries could only pay off the interest and not even scratching a
Subaltern studies group
Ranajut Guha, Dipesh Chakrabarty, Gayarti Spivak wanted to reverse the marginal and opressive conditions of lower-class existence. They focused on that point on people who were seen as victims of history or quaint examples of local culture. The key question for these scholars: what does hisotry and contemporary life look like when it starts from subaltern points of view, from the bottom up instead of the top down?
A good example is that Anti-Genocide Regime RELATING TO NORMS
Raphael Lemkin is a norm entrepreneur— surivor of holocaust and pushed for the recognition of what at that time was an offensive crime but the term "holocaust" wasn't used. Something needs to be done to recognize that minorities within new countries are being slaughtered because of their cultural or religious or ethnic ties. let's call this something. Let's start calling it genocide. LemKin made it UP: genocide. That's what you try to do when u kill people. The Norm Cascade::: UN Genocide convention (1948) Treaties were signed but NOT ratified. The US didn't ratify it right away. Lemon then tried to get it ratified but it didn't happen. Norm Internalization: Samantha pOWER uS AMBASSADOR TO UN. A couple of minor senators in the United States noticed that they signed the convention and said " we should sign it". They became a second state of norm entrepreneurs
What was the term that was used to describe the establishment of more friendly relations between China and the USA?
Rapprochement rapprochement French: a resumption of friendly relations, esp between two countries détente the relaxing or easing of tension, esp between nations
What is nuclear posture and whatt is it's significance?
Rather than existential deterrence-- where a single nuclear warhead is enough to deter conflict-- what appears to matter is not just nuclear possession, but NUCLEAR POSTURE. As defined by Narang: A) Catalytic: used by Israel. Designed to catalyse outside assistance from third party in event of severe crisis. The state doesn't have survivable weapons and their capabilities are not transparent. This posture is relatively less successful in deterring conflict. B) Assured Retaliation: China and India. Deters nuclear attack by guaranteeing retaliation through the use of survivable weapons deployed in a transparent way. This posture has mixed effects on conflict depending on whether the attack is low or high intensity. C) Asymmetric Escalation: France and Pakistan intended to deter conventional attack by threatening an attacker with rapid escalation to a nuclear counter0attack. Nuclear weapons are deployed as a possible first use against the attacked. It is the most successful type of posture to deter conflict.
The duty of mutual aid is one element of: Rawls' Law of Peoples; universalism.; realism.; critical theory.
Rawls' Law of Peoples
When was realism and idealism mainly featured?
Realism: after the cold war.. Realists thought that the cold war brought in a more cooperative era between superpowers but realists argued that this more harmonious phase in international relations was only temporary. Idealism: League of Nations
What is the realist structure?
Realists argue that the basic structure of international politics is one of anarchy, in that each of the independent sovereign states considers itself to be its own highest authority and does not recognize a higher power. Conversely, domestic politics is often described as a hierarchical structure in which different political actors stand in various relations of super-subordination.
Race to the Bottom
Refers to how with deregulation there is a devaluation of human labour output... racing to the bottom. Measure it with real wages. Countries in global periphery don't make advanced manufactured goods and don't make cars and stuff and don't have natural resources, you have trouble selling them,— countries in neoliberal world would say we should lower environmental standards and have no minimum wage. Countries will start to eliminate all of these barriers to trade and make their countries more attractive to outside. So countries are racing to the bottom of wage protection and environmental protection. Bottom means bottom of fairness and equity and human rights are attractive to other people. Countries try to compete with each other to be more attractive to outsiders to get rid of union laws and other things that help workers and the environment but that make business easier to do.
Norms come in 2 basic varities
Regulative rules and Constitutive rules
What is typically meant by the phrase 'regulatory arbitrage'?
Regulatory arbitrage is when corporations take advantage of lower or weaker regulations in a certain country, often threatening to 'pull out' if the government makes less advantageous policies.
Variant on Marxist thought: The Dependency Theory ( core and periphery)
Relations fo dependancy -rich countries form a global core -poor countries form a global periphery ( far away, marginal, sub-altern, dismissed)
Jeremy Bentham on Human Rights
Rights is the child of law; from real law come real rights; but from imaginary laws, from "law of nature, come imaginary rights,.. Natural rights is simple nonsense: natural and imperceptible rights, rhetorical nonsense, nonsense on stilts"... It positions rights as being a lofty sounding principle standing on stilts and looking more important than it is. You have some legal rights and legal responsibilities and if it protected by rights and protected by a government then it exists. But abstract "Nature" laws not written down anywhere doesn't really exist. it DOESN'T have an ontological meaning.
CRITICAL SECURITY STUDIES: newer tradition that studies security issues
Robert cox— all theories have a perspective and they derive from a position in political and social time and space. He argues for an approach that pay attentions to the positionally of people who proved it. End of cold war had a profound effect on security studies: post-cold war era IR researchers were free to explore a broader range of security issues and from a deeper, more critical perspective.
1998
Russia experienced its own financial crisis that wiped out the saving of ordinary people
Putin
Ruthless His task was not just to impose his will on others but to restore Russian prestige after what he saw as its precipitous decline during 1990s. He thought the disintegration of the USSR had been a tragedy. He said there would be no further concessions even though it would not be possible to put back the old empire. He wanted Russia to assert itself more forcefully-- against the west who thought they could take Russia for granted. Communist economic system was not restored but it did lead to the newly privatized Russian economy being placed under much greater control of the Russian state. Turin redefined democracy and gave it a "Russian character" in which the outward form of democracy remained intact but it sinner content, in terms fo an independent parliament and equal access to a free media, was gradually hollowed out.
ASIAN FINANCIAL CRISIS ( 1990s)
SEEN as a "speculation" and "casino capitalism" bad risky investments and the tools that people were using to invest that the tools were so complicated that it wasn't even a real thing being invested. It was getting too convoluted. A lot of the speculation and guess work about where markets were going to go wasn't done very well. The more specualtion, the more impact it had when it collapsed. caPITALISM WHEN PEOPLE AREN'T investing in a small business anymore. They're not doing it in useful things, they're talking about investments that are just out to get money. You're not investing in something you believe. you JUST WANT to get in on the money. You dont' care about what company it is, you just want to get involved because of the money. investing has become detached from the human consequences. Investors make quick and risky choices.
START
START (Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty) was a bilateral treaty between the United States of America and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) on the Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Offensive Arms. The treaty was signed on 31 July 1991 and entered into force on 5 December 1994.[1] The treaty barred its signatories from deploying more than 6,000 nuclear warheads atop a total of 1,600 inter-continental ballistic missiles (ICBMs), and bombers. START negotiated the largest and most complex arms control treaty in history, and its final implementation in late 2001 resulted in the removal of about 80 percent of all strategic nuclear weapons then in existence. Proposed by United States President Ronald Reagan, it was renamed START I after negotiations began on the second START treaty. The START I treaty expired 5 December 2009. On 8 April 2010, the replacement New START treaty was signed in Prague by U.S. President Obama and Russian President Medvedev. Following ratification by the U.S. Senate and the Federal Assembly of Russia, it went into force on 26 January 2011.
According to most analysts (including our textbook), the 'centrepiece' of realism is______Correct Response. This is the idea that the state is the key actor in global politics and all other actors are of less significance. It also suggests the state reflects the existence of a worthwhile political community that deserves autonomy, sovereignty, and independence.
STATISM
the 'centrepiece' of realism is_____ This is the idea that the state is the key actor in global politics and all other actors are of less significance. It also suggests the state reflects the existence of a worthwhile political community that deserves autonomy, sovereignty, and independence.
STATISM
Should theories be???? Scientific humanistic ( cultural anthropologist, paying attention to time and context and place) normative ( suggest how things should be or aught to be) objective ( Adopt a neutral persona of scientist) complex ( Should the have vast array of theoretical tool kits) parsimonious ( elegant, or just simple enough to be accurate... just enough detail but no more.. Ockham's Razor... just enough info to get the job done but not a sentence more.. simple as possi
Scientific Humanistic ( cultural anthropologist, paying attention to time and context and place) Normative ( suggest how things should be or aught to be) Objective ( Adopt a neutral persona of scientist) Complex ( Should the have vast array of theoretical tool kits) Parsimonious ( elegant, or just simple enough to be accurate... just enough detail but no more.. Ockham's Razor... just enough info to get the job done but not a sentence more.. simple as possi
Examples of social structures
Security dilemma-- social structure composed of inter-siubjective understandings in which states are so distrustful that they make worst case assumptions and define interests in "self-help" terms.. Security community-- like NATO is a social structure composed of shared knowledge in which states trust one another to resolve disputes without war
Self-determination
Self-determination implies the right of a particular group of people to determine for themselves how and by whom they wish to be governed. In the 18th and 19th centuries, political philosophers began to assert that nations or peoples—groups possessing a shared ethnicity, history, language, and/or culture—should control their "own" government, rather than be subjected to alien or foreign rule. This principle of congruence between the "nation" and political governance became known as nationalism, although it remained only a political principle or goal, as opposed to an international legal norm
Clinton's decision 1992
Sensing that American people wanted new foreign policy, he concentrated in main economic issues, linking prosperity at home with America's ability to compete abroad.
Cold War
Signified the collapse of wartime alliance between UK, USSR, AND USA. Started in Europe but quickly spread Legacy: the atomic bomb was built and driven by gear that Nazi Germany would win the arms race.
NUCLEAR APARTHEID
Some critics argue that the existing nuclear regime is discriminatory and condescending and even racist. The NPT limits the legitimate possession of nuclear weapons to the five original nuclear states, who are also the five permanent members of the UN Security Council: USA, France, Britian, Russia, and China. Iran and India are two vocal critics of this double standard.
The timing of the wave of independence coincided with the cold war
Some new states became battlegrounds in the cold war and others posed the prospect of new allies for the superpowers if modernized quickly
By emphasizing social construction of reality, we are questioning what is frequently taken for granted....
Sovereignty did not always exist, it was a product of historical forces and human interactions and generated new distinctions regarding where political authority resided. The category of weapons of mass destruction is a modern invention.... The legal category of "refugees" is only a century old.
Communism after 1945
Stalin saw soviet expansion as providing defensive bulwark rather than a stepping stone to global domination but it was still perceived as a global threat. The US's liberal global order was set with low tarries, national sovereignty, and manage exchange rates and extensive reconstruction.... US hegemony contributed to economic and cultural globalization, in such forms as mass media and consumption. US aid, private investment, low tariffs, stable exchange rates, and cheap energy produced high growth rates and integration between developed regions of the "free world"
English School
Standards of civilization mark the members of the inner circle from the outside. Within the club you enjoy sovereign equality and non-intervention and the rules of international law. Outside the club, you are "uncivilized" and could be subjected to various means of control or domination. Ideas came from Hedley Bull. Starting point is that they accept no higher power than themselves and that they exist in a condition of international anarchy. It spurs on imperialism and colonialism.
What two terms best describe the transition to a post-Westphalian order of global politics? International relations to global politics; (State centric) geopolitics to (geocentric) global politics; Internationalization to globalization; Cold war to post-cold war
State centric) geopolitics to (geocentric) global politics
Grieco's relative and absolute gains
States are interested in increasing their power and influence ( absolute gains), and thus will cooperate with other states or actors in the system to increase their capabilities. States are also concerned with how much power and influence other states might achieve (relative gains) in any cooperative endeavour.
What are the three core elements identified with realism?
Statism, survival and self-help Statism: the term given to the idea of the state as the legitimate representative of the collective will of the people. Outside the boundaries of the state, there is anarchy. Survival: national interest... Power and survival and self-perpetuating Self-help: is the principle of action in an anarchical system. Each state actor is responsible for ensuring its own well-being and survival. It is not prudent for a state to entrust its safety and survival to another actor or international institution such as the UNITED NATIONS. If a state feels threatened, it uses military stratgy.
normative entrapment
THey sign things out of political strategy or necessity... they may not believe in it, but they're doing it to boost their image or something When states respond to these pressure they go through these steps. States might be strategic or cynical initially. But then they start to internalize them. States end up being caught in normative entrapment. They did it for strategic reasons but then are pressured to walk the walk after talking the talk.
Post-colonial studies exclusively uses novels, fiction, and interviews to develop theories.
TRUE
Post-colonial theorists often focus on 'representations' and 'depictions'.
TRUE
Post-colonialism entered the field of international relations in the 1960s.
TRUE
The EU is the only place in the world so far where integration has gone beyond a regional organization.
TRUE
The English school deals primarily with ideas of order and justice.
TRUE
The end of the Cold War took many political scientists and other experts by surprise because they had expected the rivalry to continue indefinitely.
TRUE
What are the types of nuclear weapon uses?
Tactical : smaller.... generally intended for us against targets on the battlefield and are delivered by methods like aircraft, artillery, or short-range ballistic or cruise missiles. Strategic: larger yields, delivered by means such as long-range bombers, land based intercontinental ballistic missiles or submarine launched ballistic missiles.. in the 1970s you had MIRVS--- multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles which meant that a single missile could carry multiple warheads that could strike different targets.
SOVERIGNTY NORMS
Territorial integrity and defined borders Formal Equality between States Non-intervention in the other states' internal affairs Non- accountability to outside powers ( what happens within a country stays within a country and no one outside should have the ability to challenge or question what's going on... related to non intervention but also means that they shouldn't be fought or punished based on what happens inside country and don't have to answer to others) Non-obligation for the well-beings of outsiders
Coordination
Terrorists used to conduct individual attacks from a single base BUT NOW they an use technology to coordinate attacks in different countries.... A hallmark of militant islamic groups is their ability to conduct multiple attacks in different locations such as the synchronized detonation of ten of thirteen bombs on pack commuter trains in madrid in march 2004 eg. 9/11 ATTACK facilitated by cheap and readily available prepaid phone cards to communicated between cell leaders and senior leadership Also digital videos suggest that terrorists are already conducting distance learning through a "virtual jihad academy" In which prospective terrorists study everything form conducting ambush attacks to making use IEDs to increase their effectiveness and lethality
2002 President George Bush spoke about
The Axis of Evil that threatens the Western World .... which implies a radical difference between the USA and countries ( Iraq, Iran, and North Korea) that were part of this axis.
Bretton Woods Agreement
The Bretton Woods Agreement also led to the creation of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (what is now the World Bank) and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The agreement's name comes from the New Hampshire site where the conference was held. In total, 730 delegates from all 44 allied nations attended. When the Allied Powers came together for the United Nations Monetary and Financial Conference at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire in 1944, they wanted to address the currency exchange situation and the potential to maximize the benefits of global trade. The Bretton Woods Agreement and subsequent Bretton Woods System provided a framework for setting international currency exchange rates through the early 1970s. In an effort to bring stability to an ailing international economy, exchange rates remained fixed at a rate determined by the IMF. Each country was responsible for maintaining this rate within a narrow margin. If economic circumstances warranted, a country could apply to the IMF for an adjustment of its rate.
Why is India significant in decolonization?
The British empire had the jewel or crown of the empire as being india.Independence of india ( 1947) started wave of decolonizations. India achieved independence. This started a trend of decolonization processes in many parts of the world that were both peaceful and then others that had armed resistance too. One of the leaders of the indian resistance rule was Mahatma Gandhi. "First they ignore you, then the ridicule you, then they fight you, and then you win" Humiliations and ignorance is common for colonized subjects "i object to violence because when it appears to do good, the good is only temporary; the evil it does it permanent"— Ghandi is famous for non-violence strategies Under Ghandi's leadership, inDIA pushed for and achieved independence and so too did a number of societies around the world who broke free for the ideological dan social constraints of imperialism sometimes though peaceful means and negations but other times through inconveniences or pressures or desires of the overlords..
G20 Summit
The G20 is an informal group of 19 countries and the European Union, with representatives of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.
GATT
The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was a multilateral agreement regulating international trade. According to its preamble, its purpose was the "substantial reduction of tariffs and other trade barriers and the elimination of preferences, on a reciprocal and mutually advantageous basis."
How can we exaplin the drops in battle-related deaths and a drop in armed conflict?
The Human Security Report listed several reasons for this: 1) rising economic interdependence ( which increases the cost of conflict) 2) growing democratization ( the underlying assumption here being that democracies tend to be better at peaceful resolution of conflicts 3) a growing number of international institutions that can mediate in conflicts 4) the impact of international norms against violence ( including war crimes and genocide) 5) The en impact of international norms against violence including war crimes and genocide 6) the end of colonialism 7) the end of the cold war 8) The un's role in areas such as preventive diplomacy and peacemaking activities, post-conflict peace building, the willingness of the U N security council to use military action to enforce peace agreements, the deterrent effects of war rime trials by the war crimes tribunals and the ICC, and the greater resort to reconciliation and addressing the root cause of conflict.
c
The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 established the idea of "sovereignty" in European international politics, a term that means __________. a. the system of hereditary monarch. b. the right of subjects to petition a monarch. c. the principle of the inviolability of the borders of a state and the activities within. d. the principle of the permeability of the borders of a state and the activities within.
Correct Response __2__ Before and during World War II, the Nazi leadership of Germany argued that the German people needed more 'living space' (lebensraum) and sought to re-incorporate lands and peoples in places like Poland, sometimes focusing on land that had once been considered 'German'. Correct Response __1__ Some nationalists in Quebec argue not only that the Quebecois form a 'distinct society', but they should also seek independence from Canada and form a separate nation-state and achieve self-determination. Correct Response __2__ Many Arab nationalists believe in pan-Arabism and argue that Arabic-speaking peoples should merge their countries (such as Syria, Jordan and Saudi Arabia, etc.) and form a unified, Arab community. Correct Response __2__ Turkish nationalists in Turkey argue that Kurdish nationalists are wrong to want independence, and insist that they should stay and consider themselves part of the Turkish nation. Correct Response __1__ In the early 1990s, Croatia was a part of the multi-national state Yugoslavia. Croatian nationalists began to argue that power in the country was not shared equally, and argued that Croatia should separate. 1. State-subverting nationalism. 2. State-strengthening nationalism.
The Turkey and Germany cases listed here are examples of 'state-strengthening' nationalism because they aim to reinforce or strengthen the structure of an existing nation-state. The Yugoslavia and Canada cases are examples of 'state-subverting' nationalism becuase the movements in question aim to undermine or challenge the structure of an existing nation-state.
Go over this textbook chapter
The World Bank has one central purpose: to promote economic and social progress in developing countries by helping to raise productivity so that their people may live a better and fuller life. The international community assigned to the IMF a different purpose. In establishing the IMF, the world community was reacting to the unresolved financial problems instrumental in initiating and protracting the Great Depression of the 1930s: sudden, unpredictable variations in the exchange values of national currencies and a widespread disinclination among governments to allow their national currency to be exchanged for foreign currency. Set up as a voluntary and cooperative institution, the IMF attracts t To help nations abide by the code of conduct, the IMF administers a pool of money from which members can borrow when they are in trouble. The IMF is not, however, primarily a lending institution as is the Bank. It is first and foremost an overseer of its members' monetary and exchange rate policies and a guardian of the code of conduct.
The World Bank
The World Bank is an international financial institution dedicated to reducing poverty around the world through capital investment and the facilitation of trade. Based in Washington, D.C., the World Bank is funded and managed by several member countries, with the United States providing the majority of funding and holding the highest percentage of voting power. The World Bank disburses funds to undeveloped and developing countries to foster agricultural development, literacy programs and post-war reconstruction. These funds also support a wide range of infrastructure programs that include the construction of ports, highways, water purification systems and power plants. For the poorest of the world's countries, the bank's assistance plans are based on poverty reduction strategies that are closely taidlored to that country's particular needs. To illustrate, suppose developing country XYZ has been experiencing increasing poverty. In an effort to stem the negative socioeconomic effects of this rising poverty, the national government solicits aid from the World Bank. The World Bank will likely send representative specialists to determine why country XYZ's poverty rate continues to rise. Once the primary causes of the poverty have been determined, the World Bank may subsequently allocate financial aid to fund social programs fostering employment and job-related skills development. Following the implementation of these programs, the World Bank may reexamine the socioeconomic conditions of country XYZ to determine whether or not the poverty level has been stabilized. Why it Matters: Unlike commercial or investment banks, the World Bank functions as a humanitarian source of financial aid earmarked specifically where warranted by social and economic circumstances. In this sense, the World Bank serves as a common source of financing for programs that improve the quality of life for people in developing countries.
Democracies are more pacific
The claim has found its way into the public discource of western states' foreign policy, appearing in speeches made by american presidents... less crusading voices in the liberal tradition believe that a legal and institutional framework must be established that include states with different culture and traditions. such a belief in the power of law to solve the problem of war was advocated by jeremy bentham at the end of the eightteenth century.
The league of nations after WW1 in 1919
The first comprehensive attempt to establish a formula organizational foundation for international society. While the European club had taken the form of a joint hegemony by the great powers' club, the League of Nations represented a significant departure from this in two important respect. A) the balance of power system itself had been a major cause of war but the League was based on a new principle of COLLECTIVE SECURITY rather than a balance of power where you had to keep people in check with war. B) the league was worldwide, not just european. The league failed because Italy Germany Japan and Russia all had extremist ideologies and expansionist tendencies that threatened the interest of the other power and it was only Britain and France that wanted to keep the status quo. There was a power imbalance.
UN Charter
The founding document of the United Nations, setting out its key principles and practices, and outlining the structure of its key institutions.
Categorical Imperative
The idea articulated by Immanuel Kant, that the moral principles on which people should act should be those that are 'universalizable' - that would be workable if everybody followed them -- and those that treat human beings as 'ends' rather than as 'means'. SEE TEXTBOOK Immanuel Kant (1785): "Act only on that maxim through which you can at the same time will that it shall become a universal law."
Rationalism
The idea that complex insights can be developed by analyzing what typical or model actors would do, given certain clear preferences and rules
Particularism
The idea that human care, concern, and obligation is most intense and authentic in localized contexts of community where shared values and experiences create special connections.
Intersectionality:
The idea that social categories such as "race", "class", and "gender" ( and others) should not compete for space at the centre of our analysis, but instead should be explored together because of how they interest in real people's lives.
Sovereignty
The idea that the authority of state governments ought to be respected by both insiders and outsiders, based on territorial integrity, formal equality between states, and a norm of non- intervention.
Which of the following has NOT been an issue for post-Soviet Russia? Persecution and violence against journalists and other dissidents. A war against the former Soviet Republic of Georgia. Authoritarian tendencies on the part of Russian leaders. The loss of its seat on the U.N. Security Council because treaties signed by the former U.S.S.R. did not apply to Russia any longer.
The loss of its seat on the U.N. Security Council because treaties signed by the former U.S.S.R. did not apply to Russia any longer.
summarize the most important insights of post-colonial approaches to global politics?
The most important insight is that the stories about the lives of the ordinary colonized people are essential to understand colonialist relations. This bottom-up approach uses narratives, diaries, and interviews to understand the stories of these individuals and understand how they were affected first on an individual level which has larger implications for culture and subsequently politics and economics. The identity is the first place to start in understanding the implications of colonialism. Frantz Fanon's Wretched of the Earth is an especially powerful piece that helps illustrate how the mentality of individual colonized peoples leads to mass acts of violence through oppression and built-up hatred for the colonizers. He suggests that their differences are irreconcilable and can only be addressed through violence.
Raul Prebish
The price of manufactured goods goes up more quickly than the price of raw materials. This means that in the global economy, resource-producing states in the global periphery suffer from 'declining terms of trade' -- in other words, they constantly get less and less for more and more.
Yes or no to regioanlism?
The proponents of the building blacks argue that 1) arrangement promotes internal and international dynamics that enhance the prospects of multilateralism 2) regionalism can have important demonstration effects in accustoming actors to the effects of liberalization 3) increased numbers of regional arrangements can weaken opposition to multilateral liberalization because each successive arrangement reduces the value of the margin of preference 4) regional arrangements are often more to do with strategic or political alliances than trade liberalization 5) regionalism has more positive than negative political effects The people who say no say that 1) net result of preferential agreements may be trade diversion 2) there may be "attention diversion" with participating countries losing interest in the multilateral system or simply an absorption of available negotiating resources 3) competing arrangements may lock in incompatible regulatory structures and standards 4) the creation of multiple legal frameworks and dispute settlement mechanisms may weaken discipline and efficiency 5) regionalism may contribute to internal frictions between competing blocks
Social- state system
The state system is social becuase 1) in the sense that states over the past century have performed range of social functions that distinguish them from earlier phases. They are responsible for health, welfare, economic management, and social planning as essential tasks for the state. 2) pressures for emulation tend to reinforce common patterns of behaviour and similar forms of state institutional structure. States want to adopt the "best pratice". They also face social pressure to confrom to human rights, permitting some diltuion to the states exclusive juristiction over its domestic affiars. Identtiy is huge with transition to a "new" nationlism vs primordialsim... but identity isn't "new"
b
The statement, "Country A invaded Country B to gain access to B's mineral resources," is an expression of a/n ___________ theory. a. intuitive b. empirical c. normative d. predictive
c
The statement, "That is not fair that some people are rich and others are starving. Countries should do give more food aid," is an expression of a ___________ theory. a. intuitive b. empirical c. normative d. predictive
What was another reform at the country level?
The strengthening of the Resident Coordinator, usually an employee of the UNDP. He/she became the responsible officer at the country level. Field-level officers were given enhanced authority so that the could make decisions about the redeployment of funds within a programme without referring to headquarters. ' There was also an effort made to improve information sharing. The activities of various UN organizations were brought together in single locations or UN Houses which facilitated inter-agency communication and collegiality. This new country-level approach was called an integrated programmes approach.
Reflexivity
The tendency for a theorist or social actor to be self-conscious and self- reflective about the limitations and effects of one's own ideas and claims.
d
The term "State system" means a. the sharing of principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures by subaltern political units. b. the ways states resolve violent disputes. c. the specific rules that the former members of the Holy Roman Empire created following the War of Three Emperors. d. the regular patterns of interaction between states, but without implying any shared values between them.
d
The term "state system" means: a. the sharing of principles, norms, rules, and decision-making procedures by subaltern political units. b. the ways states resolve violent disputes. c. the specific rules that the former members of the Holy Roman Empire created following the War of Three Emperors. d. the regular patterns of interaction between states, but without implying any shared values between them.
a
The term _______ had its origins in Roman law and is a/n ____________ in a political science. a. state . . . divisive b. government . . . divisive c. state . . . unifying d. government . . . unifying
d
The year 1648 represents a dividing line in European history because a. it was the year that Vasco da Gama landed at the Seven Cities of Cibolla, bringing large amounts of silver and gold into the Portuguese economy, but also wage and price inflation. b. the Sino-French war ended that year. c. the Congress of Europe phase of diplomacy began, signaling a desire to end ethno-nationalism. d. the Thirty Years War ended that year, bringing with it a new template for relations in the international system.
d
The year 1648 represents a dividing line in European history because: a. it was the year that Vasco da Gama landed at the Seven Cities of Cibolla, bringing large amounts of silver and gold into the Portuguese economy, but also wage and price inflation. b. the Sino-French war ended that year. c. the Congress of Europe phase of diplomacy began, signaling a desire to end ethno-nationalism. d. the Thirty Years' War ended that year, bringing with it a new template for relations in the international system.
Cluster One Defining Nuclear Weapons:
There are two issues A) Nuclear opacity: a policy pursued by Israel. Israel has not signed the NPT but has also never confimed that it possesses a nuclear arsenal. They are using nuclear ambiguity. B) Latent Nuclear Capacity: describes a country that possesses the infrastructure, material, and technical capabilities to quickly assemble a nuclear weapon but has never done so. Japan has been describes as suchu.
What are the implications of Cox's big idea?
There cannot be a simple separation between facts and values. All theorists bring their values to bear on their analysis. Ask: who is it for, what value does it serve? He is a big critic of neo- and traditional realism.
Social Construction of Reality ( core observation)
There is an emphasis on socially constructed nature of actors and their identities and interests. aCTORS ARE NOT BORN OUTSIDE OF AND PRIOR TO SOCIETY, AS INDIVIDUALISM CLAIMS. Instead, actors are produced and created by their cultural environment: nurture NOT nature. This pints to the importance of identity and the social construction of interests. The American identity shapes national interests.....Not all is fair in love, war, or any other social endeavour.
Governments have great difficulty in regulating international transactions.
There is no guaranteed method of preventing indirect trade form one country to another. This is known as triangulation. . Triangulation: occurs when trade between two countries is routed indirectly via a third country.
Flaws with the League of Nations
There was no clear division of responsibility between the main executive committee ( league council) and the league assembly ( which included all member states). They both could ONLY make recommendations and not binding resolutions and these recommendations had to be unanimous. There was no mechanism for coordinating military or economic actions against miscreant states, which further contributed to the League's witnesses.
Country Strategy nOTES
These were statements about needs of individual countries. They were written on the basis of discussions between the Specialized Agencies, Programmes and Funds, donors, and the host country, and described the plans of the various institutions and donors in a particular country, clearly setting out roles and priorities.
How do constructivists see power?
They add 2 important additions to this view of power A) the forces of power go beyond material. Barnett and Duval say they can be ideational.... We need to consider the issue of legitimacy as states crave legitimately. There is a direct relationship between their legitimacy and the cost of a course of action-- the greater the legitimacy, the easier time they will have convincing others to cooperate with their politics. The less legitimacy, the more costly the action. Great powers will frequently alter their politics to be viewed as legitimate. ... Especially with the whole thing of naming and shaming... States care about their reputation and they want to act in a way that is consistent with prevailing international standards. They want to follow norms. B) the Effects of power go beyond changing behaviour. Power also includes how knowledge, the fixing of meanings, and the construction of identities allocate differential rewards and capacities. So power also influences the production of identities and interests and meanings that limit the ability of actors to control their fate.
There is complementarity between the pursuit of strategic studies and the realist view of international politics.
They are both focus on: pursuit of nation state interests and on a material understanding of both conflict and security. Liberalism and neoliberalism put some faith into institutions, regimes, and agreements such as those intended to promote collective security but they also tend to focus on these same nation state interests and material concerns.
Do realists believe that universal moral principles exist?
They are sceptical and warn state leaders agains sacrificing their own self-interests to adhere to a moral order. There is a dual moral standard: one moral standard for individual citizens living inside the state and a different standard for the state in its external relations with other states.
How do Marxists explain the world?
They expose an underlying hidden truth: the familiar events of world politics-- wars, treaties, international aid operations-- all occur wthin structures that have an enormous influence on those events. These are the structures of a global capitalist system. Any attempt to understand world politics must be based on a broader understanding of the processes operating in global capitalism. He also said that capitalism is designed to ensure that the powerful and wealthy continue to prosper, at the expensive of the powerless and the poor.
For Marx, how are structure and agency related?
They form a dialectic an entwined process of interplay between the two— a thesis, an antithesis, and synthesis. The struggle needs to happen for new ideas to happen nd it drives history forward. The struggle between the social classes is what drives history forward. It drives the thesis and the antithesis. the pressure between those two can produce new change and new outcomes. Thesis and antithesis. These are stubborn structures, but actors can change or overhaul and overthrow strucutres. Marx syas what the world id like has changed in the past and will in the future and comes between an interplay of structure existing and humans pressing back against them and something new gets prodcued and that new situation that results then becomes a new thesis and then another antithesis comes up and presses against the thesis. anD SO HISTORY KEEPS UNFOLDING in this dialectic. This push and pull relationships i all about class struggle "The history of all hitherto existing societies is the history of class struggle"— marx and enles.. the history of humanity is the history of class struggle. The push from feudalism to modenr day capitalism happened with new pushes and pull between workers and producers that resulted in struggles and fights and changes and uprisings that lead to what we have today. we continue to have challenges and compromises today and we are having movement and evolution of modern capitalist society. The history of exiting societies is the history of class struggle. In the first diagram on this page, please note how Marx had changed the thesis from an idea to a group which shares a similar relationship to the methods of production. In this illustration the "thesis" is the feudal lords; who in order to maintain themselves have to "call into existence" their very opposite, the serfs and peasants. The struggle between thesis and antithesis thus becomes primarily an economic struggle, and both are destroyed in the process, and a new synthesis comes into existence. Please note that Marx ha
Which strategy have many developing states in Latin America pursued in an effort to reduce their dependency on exporting 'primary commodities' (i.e. unprocessed natural resources such as fruit, minerals or wood)?
They have tried to pursue import-substitution industrialization where the state takes a strong role in creating a protectionist environment and making economic plans in order to reduce both raw material exports and manufactured imports.
Liberal Feminism
They look for women in the institutions and practices of global politics and observe how their presence or absence affects and is affected by international policy-making. post-liberal feminists emphasize that gender inequalities continue to exist in societies that have long since achieved formal legal equality. They suggest that we must look more deeply at gender hierarchies to explain these inequalities.
What did poor people do?
They migrated and got jobs in the new countries and sent money back home. in 2012 alone they amounted to well over 4000 billion which was a crucial lifeline for those continuing to survive in developing world.
How do critical security studies and poststructuralists see realism?
They see it as a problem in International insecurity. This is because realism is a discourse of power and rule that has been dominant in international politics in the past and has encourage security competition between states. Power politics brings about war. Poststrucrualism wants to introduce cooperative norms.
Bretton wOODS CONFERENCE (1944) "THE bretton woods system" of institutions
They started thinking about institutions that would help with financial security or strife and benefit some of their own countries along the way. This was the bretton woods system. It includes things like WTO, world bank and IMF. IMF is trying to prevent people from bei
Others states are less willing to go do the war on terror The Law Enforcement Appraoch to Terrorism
They think that it could lead to more terrorism. Terrorism is a crime best dealt with through law enforcement methods. By dealing with terrorism as a police problem, sates uphold the rule of law, maintain the moral high ground, preserve democratic principles, and prevent the establishment of martial law. Military force should only be used in extreme circumstances and even then its use may have negative consequences. iT IS BEST dealth through cooperative internatioanl law enforcement and inside state borders... arresting suspects.
An example of the US's war of terrorism as enabled by globalization technologies
They used the Global Hawk, Predator, and Reaper drones to conduct surveillance and strikes against terrorist targets. The drones are flown remotely from bases thousands of miles away, their video feeds are disseminated to operation centres and user locally, regionally, and globally, and attacks are authorized, conducted, and monitored without US forces having to engage in direct combat, leading to claim of "extrajudicial" or "targeted" killing by others.
The UN held its first official conferenc eon women in Mexico City in 1975
This conference launched the UN Decade for Women (1976 to 1985) At the beggiing of the UN decade, women from the north took lead in oranzing bu women from the south ended up being vocal by the end of the decade.
Many feminists link constructing knowledge to political practice
This form of knowledge-building is called emancipatory knowledge. It means producing knowledge that can help inform practices to improve women's lives.
Second Cold War
This was with Regan who rehashed some of the old ideas about nuclear war. It was based in rhetoric. Regan made the Soviets anxious about a strike. 1983 almost an attack because soviets were freaking out that it could have been an attack from NATO because they misinterpreted a codename training exercise. Gorbachev helped end the cold war and the efforts of him and the US helped contain the nuclear weapons but not abolish them.
Feminist critical theory says
Tickner argues that women have seldom been recongized by security literature everything is written from masculine point of view... Rape of women was a tool of war in Bosnia the patriarichal structure can elgitimie violence
What is the most important goal of feminist theory?
To explain women's subordination and to seek ways to end it ( and it exists to varying degrees in all societies). But there is debate among feminists on the reasons for subordination and how to overcome it.
The best approach to dealing with terrorism according to chapter authro:
To pool our resources together in a coalition of the willing. The global North improving the capabilities of much of the global south. The end result will be the development of a Global Counter Terrorism Network of states able to detect, track, and dominate terrorist threats while non-military efforts address the root cases of terrorism.
The trusteeship system of the League of Nations was what?To give every former colonial state a trust fund in order to assist their economic development; To provide mentorship to the former colonial states and provide oversight for colonies as they moved towards independence; To sell arms to former colonies and assist their move toward independence.; To create a trust fund for every child in the developing south.
To provide mentorship to the former colonial states and provide oversight for colonies as they moved towards independence
One of the main contributions of post-colonial analysis to political science has been: To study the experience of colonialism from the point of view of the colonized peoples rather than from the point of view of the great powers; To focus on the foreign policy of the great powers during post-colonialism; To study the personal biographies of political leaders of the colonizing powers; To place greater focus on the experience of rich, industrialized nations.
To study the experience of colonialism from the point of view of the colonized peoples rather than from the point of view of the great powers
IMF
Today, the IMF promotes its objectives through surveillance and consultation with member countries rather than regulation. It still provides short-term loans to member countries having balance-of-payment problems, and countries seeking assistance must meet or exceed certain thresholds related to inflation rates, budget deficits, money supplies, and political stability. One of the IMF's single biggest functions is lending money to members in need. If a country is unable to make payments to other countries without taking "measures destructive of national or international prosperity," such as implementing trade restrictions or devaluing its currency, it may borrow money from the IMF. When the IMF lends a country money, it often requires the borrower to follow a program aimed at meeting certain quantifiable economic goals, which are described in a letter of intent from the borrowing government to the IMF's managing director. IMF loans are not provided to fund particular projects or activities, they are provided to promote a country's overall economic health. When a country borrows from the IMF, the proceeds are deposited in the country's central bank. The repayment period varies for each loan, but maturities usually extend from six months to up to ten years. The international community places considerable pressure on a borrower to repay the IMF so that those funds are available to other countries, and the IMF in turn is diligent about timely repayment in order to maintain its status as a preferred creditor. The IMF's objectives focus on macroeconomic performance and policies, while the World Bank focuses on long-term economic development and poverty-reduction issues. The IMF works actively with the World Bank, the World Trade Organization, the United Nations, and other international bodies that share an interest in international trade. Whether the IMF truly benefits the international economy is the subject of considerable debate. Much of the criticism centers on the IMF's requirements to adopt certain economic policies in order to receive IMF loans, which may encourage poor countries to neglect social concerns in order to comply.
Elements of the Washington Consensus
Trade Liberalization/ Reduced Role of the State Non-interference in the economy by governments A 'laissez-faire' or 'hands-off' approach to the economy Reduce protectionism, trade barriers, etc. Financial Liberalization Reducing restrictions on lending and borrowing Letting market forces determine where interest rates should be Privatization Selling off state enterprises, government-run services, and other national resources to private companies or investors. Increasing Foreign Investment Allowing outside investors to buy domestic companies in the country, or to expand existing companies into the country, and to do business there { This is called Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)} Deregulation Eliminating policies or rules that might get in the way of competition or hamper the entry of new Airms to the marketplace Intellectual Property Rights Protecting patents, copyrights, and other guarantees that the producers of 'intellectual property' are not cheated by counterfeits, copies, bootlegs, and piracy Fiscal Discipline Limiting government expenditures in order to pursue 'austerity', meaning making sure to avoid government budgets that require taking loans to pay for programs Tax Reform Broadening the 'tax base', the scope of what is considered taxable Reducing 'marginal tax rates', meaning how much taxes increase at higher levels of income. Spending Priorities Limiting government spending on subsidies, programs, and administration Emphasizing government spending on promising economic sectors
What are some actors in the global system?
Transnational Companies (Wal-Mart, Dole, Monsanto, Microsfot) Single-country non-governmental organizations ( World Development Movement) {IGOs} Intergovernmental organizations (UN, Nato) {INGOs} international non-governmental organizations (Amnesty International, Baptist World Alliance...) And also some networks of NGOs
Terrorism after the cold war
Transnational Marxist-Lenninist grousp discovered that their source of support diassapeared... ETA and IRA sought negotiations but still used terrorist attacks as a bargaining ploy and to remain visible domestically until eventually giving up armed struggle entirely. BUT while these terrorist groups were dwindling, we instead go to see groups like Al Qaeda who were more militant and were enabled their growth through globalization.
Regionalization can foster SECURITY COMMUNITIES
Transnational communities in which people have dependable expectation of peaceful change by promoting cooperation establishing norms of behaviour, and serving as sites of socialization and learning.
TNCs who are legally prohibited from trading directly with a certain country often simply re-route the trade through a third country first, thus getting around the restriction. Which of the following terms is typically used to describe this strategy?
Triangulation is where a TNC who is legally prohibited from trading directly with a certain country simply re-routes the trade through a third country first, thus getting around the restriction.
'Hyperglobalists' argue that globalization is bringing about the demise of the sovereign nation-state.
True
The US debate after cold war, how to manage power
US liberals said: get into pre-existing international institutions, sending out message that America is not just powerful but excersizes power wisely and well. Other thought about it more unilaterally-- who were others? A flawed UN? militarily inconsequential EU? Chinese and Russians? Why reduce America's freedom of action by listening to any of these?
Great War ( WW1)
Versailles-- victors imposed a statement of German war guilt in the final settlement. November 1918 the allied offensive finally achieved the rapid advances that helped bring an end to the fighting.
Johan Galtung
Violence is present when human beings are being influenced so that their actual somatic and mental realizations are below their potential realizations" We should expand our definition of violence beyond bodily trauma. It takes places wherever people cannot do, think or choose as they would have because of the influence of others. Violence is an essentially contested concept. Galtung distinguished between direct, cultural, an structural violence We focus on Direct violence is because it is easily visible. But there is also INVISIBLE violence that is cultural and structural. Their effects take the forms of patterns and forms of influence whose causality isn't immediately clear. But this should not spur us to limit our attention and care to direct violence as if its the only thing that matters or puts severe restrictions on people's choices, freedoms and actions.
Structural Realism
Waltz's neo-realism is different from traditional/ classical realism in a # of ways: A) Hans Morgenthau would explain international politics by looking at the actions and interactions of the states in teh system. Focuses on "unit" or "bottom-up" explanations. Neo-reslists like waltz do not deny the important of unit-level explanation, but they believe that the effects of structure must be considered. B) The view of power-- Waltz's neo-realism if found in their view of power. Power is an end in itself. States use power to gain more power and thus increase their influence and ability to secure their national interests. Traditionalists emphasize different elements of power but military power is considered the most obvious element of a state's power... Waltz would not agree that military power is as essential as a tool. Waltz sees it as the combined capabilities of the state. States are organized by their power and not by their funciton. Power gives a state a place or position in the international system and shapes the state's behaviour. Waltz agrees that the central mechanism for order in the system is balance of power. c) TO realists, anarchy is a condition of the system, and states rect to it according o their size, location, domestic politics, and leadership qualities. In contrast, neo-realistis suggest that anarchy defines the system. Further, states are functionally similar unites, meaning that they all experience the same constrains presented by anarchy and strive to maintain their position in the system. The only differences between states lie in power or capabilities.
How do people explain terrorism as based on economics
Wealth is linked to personal security and violence. With rising standards of living and greater access to educational opportunities associated with globalization, it may lead to increased individual expectation and if those expectations are unmet, individuals can turn to extreme political views against the "system" that denies them the opportunity to realize these ambitions. interestingly within militant islamic groups, most leaders and senior operatives attended graduate schools around the globes from engineering to theology and were neither poor nor downtrodden. OTHERS theorize -- like Franz Fanon-- that people use political violence to right economic wrongs. He suggested that struggle would exist until the economic and power imbalances were removed. Terrorist violence is motivated by inequality of the global economy. The attacks against the World Trade CENTER IN 1993 AND 2001 WERE NOT REACTIONS AGAINST THE POLICIES OF THE us, BUT RATHER ABNLOW AGAINST AN ICON OF GLOBAL CAPITALISM.
b
What was the term used to describe the re-establishment of more friendly relations between China and the US? a. Containment b. Rapprochement c. Détente d. "Wind of change"
Neo-Liberals vs Neo-Realists
Where they differ is about the argument that anarchy does not mean that durable patterns of cooperation are impossible: the creation of international regimes matters here as the facilitate cooperation by sharing information, reinforcing reciprocity and making defection from norms easier to punish. Most important difference: Neoliberals argued that actors would enter into cooperative agreements if the gains were evenly shared but neorealists dispute this by saying that what matters is RELATIVE GAINS. A neo-relaist state has to be sure that it has more to gain that its rival from a particular bargain or regime.
Vladimir Lenin
While Marx was mostly right about the nature of capitalism, he underestimated the ways in which imperialism and a monopolistic international structure of capitalism would allow the rich capitalists of dominant states to pacify their working class and prevent them from developing an active, revolutionary class consciousness.
What neorealists think of institutions
While neo-realists think that internatioanl institutions don't play an important role in war prevention... Institutions are seen as the product of state interests and the constraints imposed by the internatioanl system itself. It is these interests and constraints that shape the decision on whether to cooperate or compete, rather than the institutions to which states belong...
Contemporary Realist Challenges to Structural Realsim
While power is important, it is contested as the sole motivator for action by pointing out that the perceptions of state leaders, state-society relationships, and state identity play a role.
Sandra Whitworth isa feminist critical theorist
Who claims that understanding gender depends only in part on the material conditions of women and men in particular circumstances. She suggests that gender is also constituted by the meaning given to that reality-- in other words, ideas that men and women have about their relationships to one another. She examines the different ways gender has been understood over time in the International Planned Parenthood Federation and the International Labour Organization. Changes in the meaning of gender had differing effects on these institutions' population policies at various time in their history.
b
Who wrote "The strong do as they will and the weak accept what they must"? a. Hugo Grotius b. Thucydides c. Hedley Bull d. Machiavelli
Major Ideas Coming from the 14 POINTS
Wilson said that the people in question (the interest of the population concerned) should have a say in who rules. At the time this idea was novel. A general association of nations must afford mutual guarantees of politely independence and territorial integrity to small and large states alike. Self-Determination: The idea that nations ( and nationalities within states) should be free to govern themselves and decide upon their future (The challenge: who is a worthy community to get self-determination? The struggle would take up most of the 20th century...We still have many national fights for self-determination happening today) Collective Security: The idea that peace and protection (from war or attack) can be achieved through mutual cooperation, trust, and organization between states. By putting in place mechanisms that help increase the level of trust between countries.
Edward Said
Worked on orientalism. Orientalism considers the ways that the Middle East and Asia are represented in Western novels, biographies and artworks. Commonly these depict places lost in times past, inclined towards despotic rule, and prone to "odd" cultural rituals that can be both pleasurable and symptomatic of weakness. The curiosities of the orient were worth crossing deserts to SEE, but the combination of attraction and distrust kept the orientalize Middle East and Asia impossibly distant from European and Christian moralities and logics. The journey to the Orient was never based on respect for the achievement and contributions to knowledge and international relations of an area. ... "Oriental" meant marginal to the West and subordinate to the Western international relations.
Nicholas Onuf
World of Our Making 1989 ...... said that constructivism enjoyed a rise because it demonstrated that the notion of a world without norms and ideas was not only nonsensical but also that their inclusion was important for understanding the behaviour of states and non-state actors. The second idea why constructivism flourished is the end of the cold war. Neo realists/liberals couldn't explain why it didn't end with a bang. There was a revolutionary impact of ideas to transform the organization world politics and NOT materialism and individualism as the others thought.
Are meanings fixed through politics
Yes and once they are fixed they have consequences for the ability of people to determine their fates and suggest an alternative way of thinking about power.
Do nuclear methods have different affects on conflict over time?
Yes, new countries with nuclear weapons will use them more aggressively than experienced countries.
Is the state a moral force?
Yes. It is the existence of the state that creates the possibility for an ethical political community to exist domestically.
When NGOs cooperate transnationally, they may use on of four different types of structure
You can have INGOs which are established with permanent headquarters and a secretariat and a regular programme and meetings... Or we can ahve advocacy networks.. At the meetings of INGOs, Ngos may combine into a caucus. thi SIS A TEMPORARY NETOWRK FORMED SOLEY FOR THE PURPOSE OF LOBBYING ON THE AGENDA ITEMS AT THE particular MEETING. thERE ARE ALSO governance networks formed by NGOs to maintain and enhance the participation rights of NGOs in intergovernmental meetings. They differ form advocay networks and caucuses in not having common political goals, other than their common interest in being allowed to access the policy-making process 1) INGOS 2) caucuses 3) advocacy networks 4) governance networks
Nuclear Escalation:
a cycle of attacks, responses, retaliations growing in intensity and magnitude. ( if someone fired the wrong shot and alarmed the other side and the other side shot back and killed someone and the other side over reacted and moved over the border.... on and on... )
Biopolitics
a good example of biopolitics is population control where states have promoted "body-discipling" practices as abstinence before marriage and use of contraceptives.
The collapse of the USSR lead to
a new wave of nation-state formation and changes in the balance of international power. The end of the cold war permitted the emergence of state-subverting nationalism. The end of managed exchange rates and deregulation of financial markets undermined state power. The regional concentration of economic development has permitted supra-state coordination in certain regions, notably Europe. While capital, goods, and information move freely and quickly across the world, the same does not apply to labour, especially unskilled people in poor countries.
Mercantilism
a politcial economic approach that emphasizes the importance of foreign trade to military security. it foucsed on having a positive balance of trade. i tWANTED OT HAVE MORE EXPORTS THAN IMPORTS. It's easiest to extract resources from colonialized territories and set up monopolies. This divided africa. DEFINITION of 'Mercantilism' The main economic system used during the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries. The main goal was to increase a nation's wealth by imposing government regulation concerning all of the nation's commercial interests.
Protection myth
a popular assumption that male heroes fight wars to protect the vulnerable, primarily women and children. It is used as a justification for states' national security policies, particularly in times of war
Survival
a precondition for attaining all other goals whether these involve conquest or merely independence.
Henry Kissinger
a prominent american policy maker during vietnam war, was famously asked whether it was important to win the hearts and minds of the vietnam and american people " once you've got them by their balls, their hearts and minds will follow.".... You don't have to convince them if you coerce them.
Amphyctonic Council
a religious institution which provided some protection for shrines such as the Delphic Oracle and allowed greeks to engage in relgiious rituals even during itmes of war.
Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD):
a situation where the threat of nuclear retaliation is so severe as to guarantee that all parties will be utterly destroyed. MAD is so serious that all parties will think twice before launching anything because the don't want to create an escalation.. So in a sense, the more nuclear weapons we have, then we will prevent nuclear war from happening at all. This is what realists think. If the bombs had stayed small, maybe they would have been used more, but because they were so powerful that explains why you get nuclear stability.
Real Politik
a system of politics or principles based on practical rather than moral or ideological considerations.
What were the causes of the cold war?
a) deeper incompatibility between the social and economic systems of the East and West b) mutual fears concerning the other's intentions c) insecurities generated by on-going nuclear arms race
In what year did the Cuban missile crisis take place? a. 1962 b. 1961 c. 1960 d. 1968
a. 1962
What was the aim of the New International Economic Order? a. A worldwide system that would be re-structured to offer economies in the Global South fairer, hopefully preferential, terms of trade, aid, and resource allocation. b. to increase the purchasing of power of the rich, industrialized countries c. to make the UN a more powerful body to advocate for the economic interests of countries in the Global South d. to create a hierarchy of economies
a. A worldwide system that would be re-structured to offer economies in the Global South fairer, hopefully preferential, terms of trade, aid, and resource allocation.
Which author of the choices below is known for describing the paradox of American Power? a. Christopher Layne b. Bush c. Kenneth Waltz d. Samuel Huntington
a. Christopher Layne
From which writer is the following line taken: "A society of states...exists when a group of states...form a society in the sense that they conceive themselves to be bound by a common set of rules in their relations with one another, and share in the working of common institutions."? a. Hedley Bull b. Grotius c. Machiavelli
a. Hedley Bull
Who wrote of war that it will happen when 'one side thinks that the profits to be won outweigh the risks to be incurred, and the other side is ready to face danger rather than accept an immediate loss'? a. Thucydides b. Machiavelli c. Tilly d. Kissinger
a. Thucydides
Who said that injustice consists of overriding the distinct understandings that constitute a shared way of life? a. Walzer b. Miller c. Kissinger d. Beitz
a. Walzer
The condition of the international system, having no overarching central authority above the individual collection of sovereign states, is known as: a. anarchy b. international system c. sovereignty d. political community
a. anarchy
The three stages of the life cycle of norms, according to Finnemore and Sikkink are: a. norm emergence, norm cascade and norm internalization b. norm emergence, norm development and norm internationalization c. norm beginning, norm middle and norm end d. none are correct
a. norm emergence, norm cascade and norm internalization
Those liberals who place great importance on the civilizing capacity of global society are often known as: a. radical liberals b. neo-liberals c. reform liberals c. classical liberals
a. radical liberals
For offensive neo-realists, the most important thing to states is: a. relative power b. security c. absolute power d. sovereignty
a. relative power
Defensive realism proposes that states are generally more concerned with: a. security b. absolute gains c. zero-sum game d. relative gains
a. security
Which key concept of global politics describes '..the rightful entitlement to exclusive, unqualified, and supreme rule within a delimited territory'? a. sovereignty b. 'might is right' c. independence d. the disaggregated state
a. sovereignty
The trusteeship system of the League of Nations was what? a. to provide mentorship to the former colonial states and provide oversight for colonies as they moved towards independence b. to create a trust fund for every child in the developing south c. to give every former colonial state a trust fund in order to assist their economic development d. to sell arms to former colonies and assist their move towards independence
a. to provide mentorship to the former colonial states and provide oversight for colonies as they moved towards independence
"Post-Westphalian" denotes an order where national borders and sovereignty are no longer paramount. a. true b. false
a. true
'Hyperglobalists' argue that globalization is bringing about the demise of the sovereign nation-state. a. true b. false
a. true
'Societal security' theorists believe states are becoming embedded in a larger political framework than the nation-state a. true b. false
a. true
'World government' is a more fanciful idea than 'global governance' a. true b. false
a. true
As opposed to Gramscians, critical theorists have involved themselves with questions concerning international society and security. a. true b. false
a. true
Constructivism draws more attention to ideational forces such as ideas, norms, and rules. a. true b. false
a. true
Contrasted with liberalism, conservatism places a higher value on order and authority. a. true b. false
a. true
Decolonization began after World War II. a. true b. false
a. true
Estimates of total 2003-2010 Iraqi war-related deaths ranged from 100,000 to 600,000. a. true b. false
a. true
Gramsci suggests that Marxists should take superstructural conceptions seriously a. true b. false
a. true
Immanuel Kant was an early claimant that liberal states are pacific in their international relations with other liberal states. a. true b. false
a. true
Marx himself provided little in terms of a theoretical analysis of international relations. a. true b. false
a. true
Most experts assumed the cold war would continue indefinitely. a. true b. false
a. true
Neo-liberal foreign policies sometimes place national interests ahead of morality and universal ideas. a. true b. false
a. true
Neo-liberals believe that states will shift loyalty to institutions if they are seen as mutually beneficial and provide states with increasing opportunities to secure their international interests. a. true b. false
a. true
Offensive realism proposes that the structure of the international system compels states to maximize their relative power position. a. true b. false
a. true
Opponents to the RMA debate suggest that it is too technologically deterministic. a. true b. false
a. true
Post-colonial scholars such as Ngugi wa Thiong'o would argue that how human beings perceive themselves affects how they look at culture, politics, and economics. a. true b. false
a. true
Post-structuralism as a theory of international politics is based upon the four concepts of post-structuralist philosophy. a. true b. false
a. true
Post-structuralism entered the field of international politics in the 1980s. a. true b. false
a. true
Proponents of raison d'état argue that the state itself represents a moral force. a. true b. false
a. true
Sceptics of globalization believe that state power, nationalism, and territorial boundaries are of increased, not decreased, importance in world politics. a. true b. false
a. true
Social facts exist because of human agreement. a. true b. false
a. true
Some writers see the security dilemma as the essential source of conflict between states. a. true b. false
a. true
What term best describes the balance of power in the post-cold war era? a. unipolar b. semi-polar c. multipolar d. bipolar
a. unipolar
The Iraq war was characterized by: a.maneuver-oriented and information warfare, and technological superiority b. information warfare c. technological superiority d. maneuver-orientated warfare
a.maneuver-oriented and information warfare, and technological superiority
Offensive realism
accept most of Waltz's ideas and some traditional realist ideas. Mearsheimer is an offensive realist in security studies and suggest s that relative power and not absolute power is most important to states. States should pursue policies that weaken their enemies and increase thier power relative to all others.
In the absence of WMD, globalization ahs facilitated
access to weapons, resources, and the proficiency required to conduct smaller but more lethal attacks. Terrorists groups from Chenchnya to Pakistan have shared their expertise in the manufacturing of lethal bombs triggered by increasingly sophisticated globally available remote control devices.
Jacques Derrida's theory of desconstruction
adds that language is made up of dichotomies.. for instance between the developed and underdeveloped, the modern and pre-modern... the civilized and the barbaric... These dichotomies are not neutral because in each case one term is superior to the other. There is a hierarchy. Poststructuralists might question whether deconstruction is a methodology but agree that a central goal is to problematize dichotomies.
Relative Gains thinking
an approach to interaction with others that emphasizes zero-sum thinking, where comparison and competition is paramount
Collective Security
an arrangement where each state in the system accepts that the security of one is the concern of all, and agrees to join in a collective response to aggression. It can be contrasted with an alliance system of security where a number os states join together, usually as a response to a specific external threat ( also called collective defence).
Offensive Realism
another variant of structural realism. Offensive realism parts company with defensive realism over the question of how much power states want. According to Mearsheimer, the structure of the international system compels states to maximize their relative power position. The ideal position is to be the global hegemon of the international system. Hegemony is impossible so the world is condemned to a perpetual great power competition.
World orders
are created and sustained not only by great power preferences but also by changing understandings of what constitutes a legitimate international order. Until WW2, the idea of a world organized around empires was hardly illegitimate, now it is.
Third Spaces
are defined by Bhahba as empowering and disruptive processes that are neither colonial nor post-colonial-- and are not necessarily Third World. They are postcolonail dissemiNations
Regimes
are implicit or explicit principles, norms, rules and decision-making procedures around which actors' expectations converge in a given area of international relations.
Nation states
are not confronted internally by powerful state-subverting nationalist movements, and are accepted by the international community
Colonies
are not independent and not sovereign and many had to struggle violently or non-violently to cut the reign of their colonial power and gain sovereign independence. Once they did this, they faced the challenge of fulfilling the responsibilities of duly constituted states to protect national populations, oversee economic development, and provide social services such as education.
Norms
are standards of appropriate behaviour of actors with a given identity. Norms constrain behaviour and influence and regulate what states do and can shape their identities and how they define their interests.
Constitutive Theories
are still theories ( not descriptions ) because they define theoretical concepts and explain how they work together and instruct us on how to use them in analyses of the world.
Agents
are the actors who make choices and take action to have an effect on their social world ( ie.e they exercise agency), often by engaging in resistance.
Structures
are the lasting social arrangements that provide the context in which agents act, and which place limitation on the choices available to them.
'Regimes'
are: "Implicit or explicit principles, norms, rules and decision-making procedures around which actors' expectations converge in a given area of international relations."
Offensive realists like Mearsheimer
argue that the ultimate goal of all states is to achieve a hegemonic position in the international system. State always desire more power
Michael Doyle
argued that liberal states have create a "separate peace"... There are 2 elements to the Kantian legacy: restraint among liberal states and "International imprudence" in relations with non-liberal states.
Joseph Nye and Robert Keohane 1972
argued that the centrality of other actors, such as interest groups, transnational corporations, and INGOs had to be taken into consideration. Here the overriding image of international relations is one of a cobweb of diverse actors linked through multiple channels of interaction.
Mies
argued that women play a central role in the maintenence of capitalist relations. There is a sexuald ivison of labour. First, in the developed world as housewives whose labour is unpaid but vital in maintaining and reproducing the labour force second, in the developing world as a source of cheap labour. Women she argued are the "last colony"--- TRACED BACK TO LUXEMBURG'S CLAIM REGARDING THE ROEL FO THE COLONIES IN INTERNATIONAL CAPITALISM.
Fukuyama
argues that the advent of Western liberal democracy may signal the endpoint of humanity's sociocultural evolution and the final form of human government. "What we may be witnessing is not just the end of the Cold War, or the passing of a particular period of post-war history, but the end of history as such: that is, the end point of mankind's ideological evolution and the universalization of Western liberal democracy as the final form of human government."
Frost describes gloablization
as a changing world in which interconnected world system in which independent networks and flows surmount traditional boundaries and make them irrelevant. External threats have increasingly assumed transnational forms which renders traditional geopolitics largely irrelevant as it emphasizes balance of power and inter-state conflict.
Hierarchical subordination assigns each individaul to a particualr position in soceity
assigns each individaul to a particualr position in soceity... At the top were the kings, then the priests and local nobility and at the bottom were those who owned nothing and who had no rights....
Geopolitical thinking
at the heart of it is the notion of the importance of achieving world order through a balance of power which seeks to prevent regional or global hegemons from arising.
Internet-based companies like Google and Amazon
attribute their operations to offices in countries with low corporate tax rates. Several other motives might induce a company to distort transfer prices, including to avoid controls on the cross-border movements of profits or capital.
The logic of consequences
attributes action to the anticipated costs and benefits, mindful that other actors are doing just the same
A conflict which 'turns on one side's ability to force the other side to fight on their own terms' is: a. new b. asymmetrical c. postmodern d. civil
b. asymmetrical
Neo-liberals believe the greatest obstacle to cooperation among states is: a. weak institutions b. cheating (non-compliance) c. arms build-up d. cultural and linguistic misunderstandings
b. cheating (non-compliance)
In the Communist Manifesto societies is the history of: a. survival b. class struggle c. ideas d. war and peace
b. class struggle
For 'security neo-realists', the 2003 Iraq War was unnecessary because: a. America had their chance to topple Saddam Hussein in 1991 b. containment of Iraq was working effectively c. America was in danger of over-extending itself d. thousands of civilians would be killed
b. containment of Iraq was working effectively
The use of force by regular, uniformed, national military units to achieve military or political objectives is called: a. postmodern warfare b. conventional warfare c. guerilla warfare d. non-nuclear warfare
b. conventional warfare
Structural realists argue that states are more concerned about absolute rather than relative gains. a. true b. false
b. false
The 'neo-neo debate' has taken a back seat to other theoretical debates over the last 10-15 years. a. true b. false
b. false
The English school deals primarily with ideas of order and justice. a. true b. false
b. false
The START 1 Treaty of 1990 eliminated land-based and intermediate nuclear weapons. a. true b. false
b. false
The United Nations Security Council has undergone minor but notable reform in that a new class of members (permanent observers) has been introduced. a. true b. false
b. false
The bipolarity of the cold war more or less produced an unstable international system. a. true b. false
b. false
The caliphate and the papacy are examples of transnational authority. a. true b. false
b. false
The categorical imperative is a core tenet of pluralist ethics. a. true b. false
b. false
The cold war actually facilitated and advanced the transition to independence in the former colonized world. a. true b. false
b. false
The evolution of international society can only be witnessed in Western history. a. true b. false
b. false
The inter-war period of 1919-39 is often referred to as an era of liberalism. a. true b. false
b. false
The realism that emerged after the end of the Second World War was an entirely new approach with a different set of core assumptions. a. true b. false
b. false
The transition from empire was comparatively conflictual and bloody in the former British Empire. a. true b. false
b. false
'The global' according to post-structuralism, is: a. of no concern to international politics b. not a political category and cannot therefore be used to replace the state c. a political category, which can be used to replace the state d. the most important category and cannot therefore be used to replace the state
b. not a political category and cannot therefore be used to replace the state
The writings of Bentham and Kant contain the seeds of core liberal ideas, particularly that: a. wealth is the best means to bring about justice b. reason can deliver freedom and justice in international relations c. justice breeds freedom d. nations can get along
b. reason can deliver freedom and justice in international relations
What is "institutional power"? a. Bureaucratic 'heft', that can hinder or help political leaders realize policy ambitions. b. the ability to control the agenda, to decide that gets decided, and to exclude those issues which threaten the interests of the most powerful. c. the relative power of organizations or groups of countries (ASEAN, the EU) d. Indirect use of international organizations and pressure groups to further a desired agenda.
b. the ability to control the agenda, to decide that gets decided, and to exclude those issues which threaten the interests of the most powerful.
Constructivists are committed to explanatory thoery
bUT they reject the idea that explanations require the discovery of timeless laws. In fact, is is impossible to find such laws in international politics.
Why is nationalism important to globalizaiton?
because it helps shape the major power-container for managing the new global processes: the territorial sovereign state. Nationalism provided the new legitimation for such states and it complimented the development of the sovereign state ruling over the demarcated territory with the idea that the world was divided into diverse and distinct nations ... It 1) put the nation as a source of authority in place of privilege and religion 2) it provided capable of generating emotional solidarity that appealed to large-scale societies made up of diverse people who were strangers to each other.
Jeremy Bentham
believed that federal states such as the German Diet, the American Confederation, and the Swiss Leauge were able to transform their identity from one based on conflicting interests to a more peaceful federation. As Bentham famously argued, "between the interests of nations there is nowhere any real conflict"
Cobden
believed that free trade would create a more peaceful world order is a core idea of the nineteenth-century liberalism. Trade brings mutual gains to all players, irrespective of their size or the nature of their economies. But it is important to note that free trade among countries at different stages of development would lead to relation of dominance and subservience. Internationalism should be the enemy of imperialism and not its servant.
Critical studies aims to
broaden and deepen the scope of security studies.
Defeat of terrorist groups will not be achieved by military counter-terrorism
but by global political change that delegitimizes fundamentalism
We have seen so far that national security can be in tension with individual security
but feminists prefer to define security broadly::: as the diminution of all forms of violence, including physical, economic, and ecological. They suggest that we think about security from the bottom up instead of from the top down... meaning that we start with the security of individual or community rather than with that of the state or the international system. This allows us to examine critically the role of the states as adequate security providers. In certain states torn by conflict the government is preoccupied with national security and less with its citizens, especially women, experience physical security. Security-seeking behaviour is associated with certain types of masculinity. This narrows the ways sates can act to maintain peace. E.G. concilatory gestures are often seen as weak and not in the National Interest.
States reproduce state soveringty, but so do
but so do academic texts....... Ashely points out realism's DOUBEL MOVE
There is a distinction between cooperation and integration
but they are not mutually exclusive
It was founded
by fifty-one countries. Member states agreed to accept the obligations of the United Nations Charter
The theorist credited with examining the rights of indigenous peoples but also criticized for implicitly enabling sovereignty-based imperialism was: a. Grotius b. Machiavelli c. Francisco de Vitoria d. Vattel
c. Francisco de Vitoria
The main body of Critical Theory has emerged from which school of international relations? a. English School b. Italian School c. Frankfurt School d. Oxford University School
c. Frankfurt School
Is the European Union itself a member of UN Security Council or the G20? a. none b. both c. G20 d. UN SC
c. G20
What is the core value of international society? a. Political independence b. Self-determination c. Sovereign equality d. Freedom
c. Sovereign equality
The global presence in war includes: a. international organizations such as the UN b. non-governmental organizations c. media, nongovernmental organizations, and international organizations such as the UN d. media
c. media, nongovernmental organizations, and international organizations such as the UN
Which of these is not a component of jus ad bellum? a. right intention b. restoration of peace c. multilateral authority d. last resort
c. multilateral authority
The code of conduct that state leaders should follow in their foreign affairs is known as: a. self-help b. survival c. raison d'etat d. raison d'être
c. raison d'etat
What was the term used to describe the re-establishment of more friendly relations between China and the US? a. detente b. wind of change c. rapprochement d. containment
c. rapprochement
The duty of mutual aid is one element of: a. critical theory b. universalism c. rawls' law of peoples d. realism
c. rawls' law of peoples
What was the primary organ of the Idealist inter-war order? a. the UN b. the hegemonic influence of the US c. the League of Nations d. the Concert of Europe
c. the League of Nations
The 2008 financial crisis can be used to highlight: a. decreasing interconnectedness of international politics b. the irrelevance of the idea of globalization c. the idea that with globalization power increasingly is organized and exercised at a distance from those it affects d. the irrelevance of financial institutions in international politics.
c. the idea that with globalization power increasingly is organized and exercised at a distance from those it affects
What is the core observation of constructivism? a. the constraints of anarchy on the society of states b. the constitutive nature of world order c. the social construction of reality d. the shaping of ideational forces
c. the social construction of reality
The North-South Roundtable on the Economics of pEACE held in coSTA RICA IN 1990
called for a shift from an "almost exclusive concern with military security.. to a broader concern for overall security of individuals from social violence, economic distress and environmental degradation"
Natural Harmony of Interests
came under a challenge in the early part of the twentieth century. The great war killed 15 million people and brought an end to three empires and was also a contributing factor to the Russian Revolution of 1917.
Socialization
can be used to explain how states change so that they come to identify with the identities, interests, and manners of the existing members of the club and accordingly change their behaviour so that it is consistent with those of the group.
Positionally: .
captures the sense that how you see the world depends on where you stand or where you stand. it recognizes that dominate theories and narratives tend to capture an elite and exclusionary point of view ASKS: who is telling the story? EG. The elepahnt folktale
The billiard ball model is a metaphor
capturing the realist point that states should be considered discrete, identical units. Realism involves Systemic Thinking Systemic thinking encourages analysts to: -Identity the basic unit ( i.e the nation-state) -cREATE a model based on how value-maximizing units who are rational actors will behave -Think of a system in terms of its essential dynamics -Abstracts away form messy, distracting details to achieve parsimo
When women enter teh workforce they are disproportionately represented in the
caring professions: nursing, social services, primary education or in the LIGHT INDUSTRY ( performed with light machinery).... Women enter these jobs to act as the supplemental wage earners.
The Secretariat
carries out substantive and administrative work of the UN as directed by the GA, the Security COuncil, and other organs. It is lead by the secretary-general who provides overall administrative guidance. On the recommendation of other bodies, the Secretariat also carries out a number of research functions and some quasi-management functions. The role of the Secretariat remains primarily bureaucratic, and it lacks the political power and the right initiative of, for instance, the Commission of the European Union.
what questions did the cold war raise?
caused states to debate what their national interest is, and how it related to their national identity.... Constructivism provided insight into the dissolution and creation of new regional and international orders. The end of the cold war clipped the prominence of traditional security themes, neo-realism's comparative advantage, and raised the importance of transnationalism, human rights, and other subjects that played to constructivism's strengths.......
The Culture of Natioanl Security Katzenstein 1996
challenged standard neo-realist claims in a series of critical areas-- including alliance patterns, military intervention, arms racing, great power transformation-- and demonstrated how identity and norms shape state interests and must be incorporated to generate superiors explanations
According to realists, trust is often difficult between states because of the problem of ________. sovereignty; the lack of institutions; constructed identities; cheating.
cheating
In may states, the lack of democracy renders implausible any claim that these are
civic nation states
Eventually, the nation-state was reasserted and globalized BUT
civic rather than ethnic form... States were legitimized by non-national values ( democracy, communism), contained within bloc dominated by the USA, or USSR their sovereignty-- even their stateness-- often a fiction. (Page 395) Civic state-supporting nationalism dominated. Both USSR and USA recognized ethnic diversity but contained within the framework of state sovereignty and civi national identity. Sate subverting nationalism used civic language and demanded only devolution. Ethno-natiolism would reemerge when the cold war ENDED.
Walter Lipman
coined the term "cold war" and was prominent in 1950s and 1960s... "A NATION is secure to the extent to which it is not in DANGER of having to sacrifice core VALUES if it wishes to avoid WAR, and is ABLE, if challenged, to maintain them by victory in such a WAR." The referent object: the nation-state What's at stake? Values like democracy and capitalist free enterprise What's being protected Against? War is main security issue
How do critical theorists define emancipation?
conceive it as reconciliation with nature
Mahbub ul Haq
conceptualized the UNDP's Human Development Report
According to post-structuralist theory, what is 'the state'? a. the most important political actor in an anarchic world system b. a value neutral concept with an immortal essence c. a historical concept d. a political principle and a particular way of organizing identity and authority
d. a political principle and a particular way of organizing identity and authority
Ancient Greek institutions that approximated international society include: a. amphyctionic Council b. arbitration c. proxenia d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Globalization can be seen within the military sphere by: a. the growing significance of transnational military corporations b. the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction c. the growth of transnational terrorism d. all of the above
d. all of the above
September 11th was foreshadowed by: a. the bombing of the USS Cole (2000) b. the bombing of the US embassies in Africa (1998) c. the attempted destruction of the World Trade Center (1993) d. all of the above
d. all of the above
The First World War: a. was characterized by trench warfare and attrition b. began to end in Nov 1918 with allied advantages c. mobilized the whole Europe d. all of the above
d. all of the above
The central argument of the chapter is that globalization: a. reconstructs the world as a shared social space b. is uneven c. varies in its intensity and extensive between different spheres of activity d. all of the above
d. all of the above
International institutions are said to facilitate: a. reciprocity b. credible commitments c. lower transaction costs d. all of them
d. all of them
According to realists, trust is often difficult between states because of the problem of ________. a. sovereignty b. the lack of institutions c. constructed identities d. cheating
d. cheating
Khrushchev's policy towards the West was a mixture of seeking coexistence and sometimes pursuing: a. nuclear arms superiority b. economic reforms c. hegemony d. confrontation
d. confrontation
Liberals see the causes of war located in (amongst others): a. anarchy b. imperialism c. human nature d. self-determination
d. imperialism
Saturation bombing: a. was only done by the Axis powers b. is sometimes justified by the idea of 'supreme emergency' c. is an example of the debate of jus in bello ethics, especially the doctrine of double effect d. is an example of the debate of jus in bello ethics, especially the doctrine of double effect, an is sometimes justified by the idea of 'supreme emergency'.
d. is an example of the debate of jus in bello ethics, especially the doctrine of double effect, an is sometimes justified by the idea of 'supreme emergency'.
Language is central to post-structuralist theory of international relations because: a. language solely defines individuals b. post-structuralism focuses on local dialects c. language is the same as discourse d. language decides, and communicates, what individuals say while also being the medium through which all political actors must legitimate the foreign policies they adopt.
d. language decides, and communicates, what individuals say while also being the medium through which all political actors must legitimate the foreign policies they adopt.
The conceptual approach taken by post-colonial theory is which of the following? a. post-colonialism adopts a state-centric approach to international relations b. post-colonialism adopts an approach to international relations focused on the role of institutions c. post-colonialism adopts a western-centric approach to international relations d. post-colonialism adopts a bottom-up approach to international relations
d. post-colonialism adopts a bottom-up approach to international relations
Jus in bello includes debates over which of the following? a. double effect b. non-combatant immunity c. proportionality of means. d. proportionality of means, double effect, and non-combatant immunity
d. proportionality of means, double effect, and non-combatant immunity
Cultural Violence
damage that can be done by harmful symbols, speech, stories, ideas, and representations... Racist ideologies, militaristic attitudes, unflattering labels for sexual minorities, stereotypes about the disabled, jokes about the poor an other things that reinforce and support and legitimize other forms of structural and direct violence.
Waltz and structure
defined by the ordering principle of the international system, which is anarchy, and the distribution of capabilities across units, which are states. Waltz also assumes that there is no differentiation of function between different units. The structure of the international system shapes all foreign policy choices.
The Washington Consensus
describes a set of policies, priorities, and 'best practices' that the US government and international economic institutions advocate for the liberalization of free trade
Counter-proliferation
describes efforts to obstruct, slow, or roll back the programmes of states that are actively pursuing nuclear weapons, as well as to deter and defend against the actually use of nuclear weapons E.g Security Council Resolution 1540 United Nations... requires states to prohibit individuals, companies or other actors form supporting no-state actors that are seeking to acquire WMD E.g. Proliferation Security Initiative US-led focuses specifically on improving international cooperation in efforts to interdict the trafficking and transfer of WMD materials and related delivery systems. Voluntary initiative with almost 100 countries E.g. Nuclear Security Summit Washington 2010 and Seoul 2012 an effort to increase international cooperation to secure nuclear materials and prevent nuclear smuggling with the ultimate goal of preventing nuclear terrorism.
Liberal nationalism
developed in modernizing societies outside British zones of influence. industrialized war enabled liberal nationalists to form new nation-states. These states established a new model which meant that the state ruled with a bureaucratic apparatus, in conjunction with a dynamic industrial sector over demarcated territory. Armed with Nationalist ideas, it penetrated society in new ways: mass education and media, tariff protection, and subsidies. It projected its aggressive nationalism abroad in pursuit of empire. As political conflict globalized, it nationalized. Counter-nationalism rejected imperial power
Balance of power
does not objectively exist out there States debate what is the balance of power
Post liberal feminists
draw on social constructivism and poststructuralism
Economic Nationalism (aka mercantalism)<— .
driver of colonialism or also a "push back" of colonialism from on the outside -focuses on the state as the key actor in the global economy -prioritizes relative economic gains -aims at the goal of a favourable distribution of wealth -advocates control and protectionism in the national interest ( let's try to support local industries and give them subsidies and sell to outsiders but don't buy from them) Used by imperialists....But then former colonies said economic liberalism isn't helpful, so we want to be more investing in our economy and discouragingg people form buying outside because the free market isn't fair.
Antonia Gramsci
e was in prison during Mussolini's reign in itALY and he wrote a lot of stuff. In his writing, he talked about the base and the superstructue and how marx's ideas applied to the world 80 years later and how new forms of political pressure were necessitating another look at marxist thought. The most interesting idea of grimace's writing is his idea of HEGEMONY. In realist thought, hegemony is the state that has the most power and an overwhelming power in the system. They have so much more power than their rivals that they get to set up the terms and i ns intuitions of the world. The british empire was an example of Hegemony and Rome also. You can also maybe call that America but say that we're moving away form it BUt he said let's look at hegemony from a wider concept. he SAID let's not just look at it from the material but also from the cultural and ideational. For gramsci, it involved a mixture of coercion and consent. If you can get your opponents or the people in your society to agree with you and interalize what your'e telling them, that this is true hegemony and this is true power. The gramsic conception of power emphasizes those superstructure elements as playing a huge role in the maintain of existing frameworks. By buying into the ideas of Disney, Nike, Starbucks, and MTV all of these ideas ties us together as a society makes us complacent and gives us something familiar. It helps keep us complacent with where we are. And it also help people form other place around the world feel like they're not so upset about having American ideas imposed on them. it's based on military ( cocercion) and convinicng ideas ( consent)... We love america TV... we like the things they offer so the physical power and ideational and cultural power helps consolidate hegemony and makes it last. Hegemony isn't just about having a dominating power help people. You get people to internalize certain things about you.
berlin Blockade ( 1948 to 1949) ALLIES VS SOVIETS
ecause germany divided between the east and west... THEY split berlin in half so you had easy and western control . West Berlin was in the middle of east Germany... Berlin Blockage wa sone of the first crisis of the cold war. The soviet union block the allies railway and roads under ally control. They wanted to force them to start taking things from eastern berlin to seize control of western berlin to take control ofit. So the Marshall Plan happening before the Blockade was done by the US and they wanted to give money to Western Europe ( bail them out) and the Western part of Berlin that they controlled to make those societies bounce back more quickly and make communism seem unattractive as opposed to capitalism and democracy. The BERLIN blockade occured becuase Stalin was threatened by what he considered the Marshall plan to be doing was spreading the American influence. BERLIN IS IN EAST GERMANY but EAST GERMANY IS UNDER SOVIET CONTROL but the allies get half of that city under their control ... So stalin BLOCKADES that part of Berlin to make trade nearly impossible by cutting off roads and peopel start to lose electricity and go hungry. Truman didn't want to give in to Stalin so he allowed for the Berlin air lift ( he had to in accordance with the policy of containment). So the Berlin airlift is an episode of containment to save west berlin from communsit influence .
Neo-realism
emphasizes third-image analyses, explaining IR based on the anarchic structure of international system.
Neo-Liberalism
emphasizes third-image analyses, explaining IR based on the institutional makeup of the international system and its regimes. What rules and agreements have been made to constrict and restrict international affairs?
Democratic PEACE thesis
empirical evidence supports it... but it is important to bear in mind the limitations of the argument. a) For the theory to be compelling, believers in the thesis need to provide an explanation as to why war has become unthinkable between liberal states. Kant had argued that if the decision to use force were taken by the people, rather than by the prince, then the frequency of conflicts would be drastically reduced but this argument implies that there would be a lower frequency of conflicts between liberal and non-liberal states and this has proven to be contrary to historical evidence.
Europe falls again
euro crisis of 2008..... Rising debt, increasing unemployment, and declining competitiveness in many countries EU lended to stability.
Global South
everyone was moving somewhere else.. Nobody talked any longer of building socialism or overthrowing imperialism. But the west still had a lot of power and this caused resentment because the West had a lot of c ontrol over the international system. Tensions with the west because they control things like, for instance, who gets to develop nuclear weapons... The claim right for themselves which they then deny to others.
IR is shaped by
extraordinary events like war that can actually affects things on a larger scale like the state, state system, power, markets and international organizations.... it doesn't focus on the daily life of people because it doesn't imagine ways in which daily aspects of life can shape or be shaped by international relations
WTF IS
feminist emancipatory knowledge?
Female poststructuralism
focus on meaning as it is codified in language... They claim that we understand reality through our use of language. They are particularly concerned with the relationship between knowledge and power--- those who construct meaning and create knowledge gain a great deal of power by doing so. Men are seen as knowers in the public sphere and that women are not knowers Charlotte Hooper says we cannot understand international relations unless we understand the implications of the fact that it is conducted mostly by men. Men shape politics and politics shapes men
Feminist Marxists
focus on the role of women in the worplace and as the providers of domestic labour necessary for the reproduction of capitalsim.
CONSTRUCTIVISM .
focuses on the ways in which many of the actors, "facts" and processes in global politics are not objectively given but are contingent upon social relations... The Wendtian type of Constructivism proposes a complex "high theory" of IR that trades parsimony for detail Constructivism focuses on the ways in which interests and identities can change as a result of school interactions between states within the international system. .
Barry Buzan argues
for a view of security that includes political, economic, societal, and environmental, as well as military aspects, and that is also defined in broader international terms. His work raises the following questions: Can national and international security considerations be compatible? Can states, given the nature of the international system, be capable of thinking in cooperative terms?
Explain how nuclear technology is dual use
for both reactors or weapons
NATO ENLARGEMENT great example NATO was signed in 1949 and it was a military alliance between western countries Why did it expand? More European countries started joining:
for neorealists— the US is the hegemony and if they are expanding nato, it's because they have a strategic reason for their agenda for neoliberals— we'll it's more compacted because nato provides an institution that provides stability between members states and reinforces diplomatic relationships and trade relationships and it helps bring people on board and into this community... let's look at the 2 level game ... we need to consider local politics o the US had a lot of pressures to expand from within. They identified with their home country and it wants nato to embrace those other parts of the world Constructivists says —- expansion si about spreading and wanting an liberal democratic identity. When nato was a military alliance at the height of the cold war... once communism fell and there was no more communist military threat, why did nato need to exist? beach seethed made promises to the former communist countries because they say themselves as promise keepers and they wanted to have integrity. They talk about integrity and promises and security in border zones around the world on the fringes of the nato reliance were these countries and we want to push the borders of the disorganized world away form our core, we want to become more stable and have a larger zone of security. Also, they want to have a dialogue processes that kept expanding nato kept changing interests. They talked about themselves as an alliance and it was taking on an existence as it's own...
International resgimes
formulate policy for an industry whether it is governmental or intergovernmental will encourage the strengthening of the global links among NGOs concerned with its activities. It's an implicit or explicit set of norms and rules around which actor's expectations converge.
Anti-colonialism usually focused on
gaining international legitimacy rather than violently achieving liberation . This, along with continued economic dependence, helps explained postcolonial problems like military coups, corruption and ethnic politics: national solidarity had not been forged in the struggle for independence. THESE problems generated new forms of nationalism, some demanding separation , others reforms to create "real" independence . The bipolar world order and sacrosanct principle of state sovereignty prevented state collapse turning into new states. The system in the cold war preferred dysfunctional states.
Security Council
given the main responsibility for maintaining international peace and security. Five permanent members: USA, Britain, France, Russia, China The decisions made by the Security Council are binding, and must be passed by a majority of nine out of the fifteen members, including each of the five permanent members. The permanent countries have veto power ( recognition of power politics)
Liberalism is a theory that focuses on:
good government within states and good governance between them.
Al Qaeda or "The Base"
got recognition because of its attacks in New York and Washington on 11 September 2001. it is a global terrorist group that threatens Western civilization an values, a sub0state financial and resource provider to like-minded terrorist groups, and a purveyor of an extremist set of beliefs that justified political violence to fulfil militant Islamic myths. Al Qaeda is more of a global movement that markets and exploits its own form of militant Islam in a loose network of "franchised" cells and groups... We can explain Al Qaeda's power by looking at : culture, economics, and religion
Intra-firm trade
governments cannot have clear expectations of the effects of their financial and fiscal policies on TNCs. It involves international trade rom one branch of a transnational company to an affiliate of the same company in a different country
The debate ( neo-neo) between neo-liberals and neo-realists
has dominated International Relations scholarship in the USA since the mid 1980s
Feminist critical theory
has it roots in gramscian marxism... it explores both the ideational and material manifestations of gendered identities and gendered power in global politics.
post-colonial shcolar Gayatri Sppivak
has raised the question of whether the subaltern can even speak to the social science interviews from the west. Is it possible for the Western researched ( from another class than subaltern) to hear the subaltern without putting her words and experiences into familiar Western frameworks? Even well-intentioned researchers can reinforce neo-colonial patterns of domination, exploitation, and social erasure for the very groups they seek to free from these conditions. They might lump together economically dispossessed people into a subaltern category as if social differentiation would not characterize subalterns as much as other economic groups.
Frankfurt Theorists
have been particularly innovative in terms of their analysis of the ROLE of the media and what they have famously termed the "culture industry"
The climate change negotiations in Copenhagen in 2009 has been presented as an example of the changing institutional context. How? The financial crisis weakened Europe's bargaining position; The BASIC countries acted in concert to push a common agenda; China successfully used soft power to push its agenda; Anti-globalisation organisations were made formal partners in the negotiation structure.
he BASIC countries acted in concert to push a common agenda
Gramsci's answer to where things went wrong
he used the concept of hegemony He develops Machiavelli's view of power as a centaur: a mixture of coercion and consent. In understanding how the prevailing order was maintained, Marxists had concentrated almost exclusively on the coercive practices and capabilities of the state. It was simply coercion or the fear of coercion that kept the exploited and alienated majority in society form rising up and overthrowing the system that was the cause of their suffering. Gramsci recognized that this characterization was true in less developed societies like pre-revolutionary Russia, but it was not the case in the developed countries of the West where the system was maintained through consent.
Post-colonial scholarship
helped stop make colonized people invisible or disregarded or appearing just as exotic guerillas, terrorists, mass victims, or those who need to be rescued or killed.
Poststructuralism is focused on
high politics ( themes high on the foreign policy agenda like war, security, and the military) and it maintains a concern with states' constructions of threats and enemies. They are critical of the way that most states conduct their foreign policies and are critical of how most IR theories tell us to study what states do.
1987 Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development
highlighted the linkage between environmental degradation and conflict: " The real sources of insecurity encompass unsustainable development, and its effects can become intertwined with traditional forms of conflict in a manner that can extend and deepen the latter"
PATHS-- alternative paths
history is path-dependent, but there are contingencies and hisotircal accidents, the conjunction of material and ideational force,s and human interntion that can force history to change course. The events of 11 Setepmber 2001 and the response of the Bush administration transformed the direction of WORLD POLITICS.
Hans Morgenthau (Classical realism)
hose laws are true no matter where eye re or when ou are. Power is power and strong will defeat the weak. The weak acan only hope to make arguments against the strong but they own't listen unless it's in their best interest to do so. there are objective laws helped realism to build a project of interantlision realizations to giver out what those laws are.
Mode of production
how the stuff gets made. Who puts your shirt together? Who builds the university? Who cooks your food? Who raises the children? Who has control of the production? The mode of production is what shapes all of those other processes. Who doe the work and who reaps the rewards? How do the essentials get made and delivered? Who carries the burden of making that stuff and delivering it to peopl
Postmodernism
hsitorical period that is less trusting of these approaches. It carries over into philosphy. It is doubt about the existence or accessibility of universal truths or facts. It questions things like human rights— what does it mean to HAVE a human right?? How do we know we have human rights. Postmodern thinkers said: let's challenge those norms? how do we know? We keep criticizing and breaking down structures. We don't buy into your scientific methods Poststructuralism offers no "grand theory" of international relations, but offers theoretical tools for examining the relationship between ideas and power.
Huntington
identified 7-8 active culture clusters or civilizations in the world, and noted that many of these were hostile to the West. He said that clashes between civilizations rather than state would cause the greatest problems in IR.
Life Cycle perspective finnemore and Sikkink
identify how normative structures evolve over time. What counts as playing the game of love or war can vary over time which means that we should be concerned with their origins and evolution and their corresponding effects. Furthermore, rules are not static, ur rather are revised through practice, reflection, and arguments by actors regarding how they should e applied to new situations.
Balance of Power
if the survival of a state is threatened by a hegemonic state or coalition of stronger states, they should join forces, establish formal alliance and seek to preserve their ow independence by checking the power of the other side. Try to maintain an equilibrium of power where no one state is more powerful. The cold war was a competition between the East and the West as institutionalized by the Warsaw Pact and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization ( NATO).
Groups can gain transnational support for political violence
if they have widespread support, when political channel have been closed to them, when the target government is oppressive, and when violence is limited to "military targets'
Marxists feminsits— work, consumerism, markets
if you gender toys then you can make more gendered toys and you can sell twice as many toys if we can sell the public on the fact that boys and girls need different toys. Capitalism has a vested interested in reinforcing capitalism.
Barry Buzan
immpies that the international system is only on example of the type of context that security discussion can be found. Emphasis discussion to understand that security exists in terms of how we talks about it. Being secure requires being able to maintain an independent identity. "In the case of security, the discussion is about the pursuit of freedom from threat. When this discussion is in the context of the international system, security is about the ability of states and societies to maintain their independent identity and their functional integrity"
Walker says that state sovereignty
implies that the division of an inside and outside.... There is order, trust, loyalty and progress inside but in the outside there is conflict, suspicion, self-help, and anarchy... Walker uses the principle of deconstruction to show that the nation-international distinction is not simply an objective account of how the real world works. The two sides of the dichotomy reinforce eachother...We know the international only by what it is not ( national)....
Germany was reunited as a whole
in 1990. The fall of the berlin wall is often seen as a pivotal movement in the cold war. it isa symbol of the end of the cold war. The soviet union had declined and was on its way out. Just as the berilin wall had been taken as physical symbol of europe, it's destruction by the german people was seen as the important turning point in 1989.
IEDs
in Iraq and Afghanistan insurgent and terrorist groups have built inprovised explosive devices... they vary in lethality and complexity (page 368)
Treaties
in ancient time were accompanied by ceremonies and rituals and generally contained clauses invoking divine sanctions upon treaty-breakers. They were often negotiated by diplomatic envoys who did not enjoy the equivalent of diplomatic immunity characteristic of modern international society.
Kant believes that
in order to gain perpetual peace you have to transform individual consciousness, republican constitutionalism, and a federal contract between states to abolish war( rather than to regulate it)
Hybrid international organizations
in which governments work with NGOs. Among the most important hybrids are the International Red Cross and the World Conservation Union... These are economic bodies combining companies and governments... To be regarded as a hybrid, the organization must admit as full members BOTH NGOs, parties, or companies AAANDDD governments or governmental agencies. Both types of member must have full rights of participation in policymaking. including the right to vote on the final decisions. When the principle of formal equality of NGOs and governments is acknowledged by both sides in this manner, the assumption that government can dominate must be abandoned.
The Decade of Terrorism 1980 to 1990
included incidents such as suicide bombings ( Lebanon 1983), and hijackings (TWA Flight 847 in 1985).... During this decade 3 disturbing trends emerged: 1. Fewer attacks ( that were more deadly and indiscriminate 2. The increasing sophistication of attacks 3. a greater willingness to perform suicide attacks
United Nations Charter
international treaty that sets out basic principles of international relations. According to the Charter, the UN has 4 purposes: A) to maintain international peace and security B) to develop friendly relations among nations C) to cooperate in solving international problems and in promoting respect for human rights d) to be a centre for harmonzing the actions of nations
Flexible labour force
involves less benefits and job secutiy .... in all parts of the world, cost-savings has included hiring home-based workers who are easily hired and fired. This leads to increased economic vulnerabilit yin times of economic crisis such as the one that started in 2008. These workers are paid lower wages than factory workers... Women do this work beuase it accomodates for their family responsibilities.
Classical Peace-keeping
involves the establishment of a UN force, under UN command, to be placed between the parties to a dispute after a ceasefire. It only uses its weapons in self-defence and is established with the consent of the host state and does not include forces from the major powers.
Ethnic Nationalism
is a commitment to a gorup fo common descent. Nations precedes state, as in ethno-national states formed in modern Europe.
Civic Nationalism
is a commitment to a state and its values... State membership determines nationality as in the multi-ethnic immigrant society of the USA.
A meta-narrative
is a master explanation that helps to organize other insights and observation within a framework underpinned by a untied set of confidently-asserted, fundamental truth-claims. You can shape or frame the way people think about things using certain rhetoric in your narratives. Narratives matter educes you can use them to be influential. How do narratives evolve? How do they evolve as history evolves? Tropes, metaphors, and reprsentations shape how we understand the world— poststructuralism cares about these things meta-narratives help us understand ALL of the other narratives. They help us organize our other insights and observations. They help us pin new experiences to things that we are already comfortable with. Post modernists tend to be sceptical of those "always" and totalizing claims. The word "totalizng" comes up a lot. They don't like generalizations. "since the dawn of time" statements. These a priori truths are things that postmodernists question. They are skeptical and ask: is it really a priori?
THE COBWEB MODEL
is a metaphor capturing the liberal point that states have multiple inter-connections at various levels
Infidel (literally "unfaithful") ..
is a pejorative term used in certain religions for those who do not believe the central tenets of one's own religion, are members of another religion, or are not religious
World-travelling
is a post-colonial methodology associated with feminist scholars of Latin American background Lugones, Alarcon, Anazaldua and Sylvester.... The world-traveller strives to achieve a space of mutual understanding using the tool of empathy. Empathy is the ability to enter into the spirit of a different experience and find in it an echo of some part of oneself. World travellers might never physically travel away from home but they an learn to travel knowingly within their own repertory of identities and experiences. ' Subalterns are better at this because they have to use it to operate in the context where knowing the colonizer is crucial for making a living and existing.... A post-colonial interview will be less practised because he/she does not have to hone this skill to get through the day.
Constructivism
is a social theory and not a substantive theory of international politics.... iT'S USELESS because it doesn't offer predictions about enduring regularities or tendencies of world politics. Constructivism has a theory and it has a traditional set of things it is concerned with and a bunch of important processes that lays them out in a state-centric way. It's still a theory of IR. WHEREAS Poststructuralism is an approach to understanding international relations.
Rational choice ( best compared to constructivism)
is a social theory that offers a framework for understanding how actors operate with fixed preferences that they attempt to maximize under a s set of constraints... It makes no claims about the content of those preferences; they could be wealth or religious salvation. It also does not assume anything about the content of the constraints; they could be guns or ideas. It offers no claims about the actual patterns of world politics.
Terrorism
is a weapon of the weak conducted by a minority who promotes an extremist ideology and often fails to create political change -involves the use of violence -often indiscriminately targets non-combatants
Saturation bombing:is an example of the debate of jus in bello ethics, especially the doctrine of double effect; was only done by the Axis powers.; is sometimes justified by the idea of 'supreme emergency'; is an example of the debate of jus in bello ethics, especially the doctrine of double effect, and is sometimes justified by the idea of 'supreme emergency'.
is an example of the debate of jus in bello ethics, especially the doctrine of double effect, and is sometimes justified by the idea of 'supreme emergency'.
Capitalism
is an exploitative form of class relations where the capitalist bourgeoisie unfairly exploit working-class proletariat and extract surplus value from their labour.
Primordialism
is an idea that nations are timeless and naturally occurring human communities. it's not jus ta spectrum of people. Primordialism says that there are different types of people and borders help emphasize that. Primordialism is outdated but still happens. Social constructivism would argue that instead of nations being real things, they are the product of our ideas rather than actual things. So they aren't Ancient. Nations can be imagined communities that take a lot of work to keep going.
The relationship between globalization and terrorism
is best understood as the next step in the evolution of political violence since terrorism became a transnataionl phenomenon in the 1960s. The technologies associated with globalization have been used to improve the effectiveness and reach of terrorist groups.
Social Theory
is broadly concerned with how to conceptualize the relationship between agents and structures; for instance, how should we think about the relationships between states and the structure of international relations?
Language
is connected signs in the poststructuralist way of thought.
Liberale Institutionalism
is considered by many scholars to present the most convincing challenge to realist thinking. SUGGESTS THAT THE WAY TOWARDS PEACE IS TO HAVE INDEPENDENT STATES POOL THEIR RESOURCES AND EVEN SURRENDER SOME OF THEIR SOVEREIGNTY TO CREATE INTEGRATED COMMUNITIES TO PROMOTE ECONOMIC GRWOTH OR RESPOND TO REGIONAL PROBLEMS Like the EU that began as a regional community for encouraging multilateral cooperation.
Patriotism
is having strong feelings of support or pride for one's political state
Extraterritoriality
is inherent to the structure of TNCs... E.g you have a subsidiary in the UK and a parent company in the US. They can each exercise control over these bodies because it would be exercising government's sovereignty over internal affairs... But what happens when US government's decisions over the global operations of the TNC? There is a clash of sovereignty.... Does the subsidiary obey the UK government or the orders of the US?
Habermas's understanding of emancipation
is more concerned with communication than with our relationship with the natural world his central point: the route to emancipation lies through radical democracy-- through a system in which the widest possible participation is encouraged not only in word ( like in western democracies) but also in deed, by actively identifying barriers to participation ( social, economic, or cultural) and overcoming them. Hambermas said that participation is not to be confined within the borders of a sovereign state. right sand obligations extend beyond state frontiers.
Imaginative literature
is necessary to humanize the colonized peoples. They are no different form us and we can identify key human elements. Also interviews with people helps too. So when they talk to women in post-colonial areas who are constantly at risk of rape and they hear people's sad stories
Regionalization
is often used to refer to the growth of scoietal integration within a region and the oftne undirected processes of socail and economic interaction generated interconnectedness and "self-awareness" in a region.
Identity
is relational and performative. Judith Butler talks about performativity and says that identities have no objective existence but that they depend on discursive practices.... identities are only real if we reproduce them. They have no existence independently of the foreign policies that produce them, so we cannot say that identities cause foreign policy. To take the example of the EU and Turkey, there is no objective European identity that causes a decision on Turkish membership. Rather it is through debates over Turkey's membership application that European identity is being defined. But this does not mean that foreign policies cause identity because foreign policies are at the same time made with reference to understanding of identity that are to some extent in place. The discussion about turkey came from historically powerful construction of europe as white, Christian, civilized an modern.
Reason of State ( raison d'etat)
is the fundamental principle of international conduct... " it tells the statesman what he must do to preserve the health and strength of the state"... The state must pursue power and its the duty of the states person to calculate rationally the most appropriate steps that should be taken so as to perpetuate the life of the state in a hostile and threatening environment.
COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE
is the idea form classical economics that suggests that each person, firm, or state should specialize in that sector of the economy which they are more efficient and effective at. There are problems with it— what people are good at now reflects bad power relationships or cheap labour or colonial relationships.. Supporters of neoliberal economic policies argue that the laws of comparative advantage will help to ensure efficiency and economic development in the long run.
The good and bad of globalization
it brings new security challenges and reliefs.. We have interconnectedness that allows us to discuss ecological issues and issues posed by WMD and "cooperation between states is now necessary mroe than ever".... We can facilitate dialouge at the elite level betwen states providing significant gains for global security. ... BUT, it is associated with fragmentation, rapid social change, increased economic inequality, terrorism, threat to cyber securit,y and chalelnges to cultural and relgious identites that contribute to conflict within and between states. Globalizaton also facilitated the profliferaton of weapons technologies including those associate dwith weapons of mass destruction which remain a major potentail source of international securit.y ... in some ways this both promotes unilateralism and mutlilateralism. .. globalizaiton can also destabilize traditioanl identites and complicate relationships betwen states.
Gaddis
it contained as much conflict as it generated... he termed it a "long peace" by organizing the world into two separate blocs, keeping Germany divided and nationalism in Europe under right control.
Structure vs Agency—- wENDT talks about STRUCTURATION
it happens when structures are the result of a process... they are not non-social. Agents make decision and those choices BECOME structures which then influence people's decisions... it's a loop. structure and agency are in a loop . They have a relationship of MUTUAL CAUSATION.
Security is a contested concept but there is a general consensus that...
it implies freedom from threats to core values ( for both individuals and groups) BUT the major disagreement lies in whether the main focus of inquiry should be on INDIVIDUAL, NATIONAL, INTERNATIONAL, OR GLOBAL SECURITY
Westaphalia brought changes to heirarchical subordination in the following ways
it linked people more closely to states and after the French Revolution each citizen had the same status. There was no longer anything inherently superior or inferior about a person
What is the most important contribution of pluralism (pluralism is a condition or system in which two or more states, groups, principles, sources of authority, etc., coexist.)?
it's elaboration of interdependence Due to the expansion of capitalism and the emergency of a global culture, pluralists recognized a growing interconnectedness in which " changes in one part of the system have direct and indirect consequences for the rest of the system".
How do poststructuralists view the inside-outside dichotomy?
it's unstable... all dichotomies are unstable... The negotiations between the EU and Greece over how to handle the latter's debt crisis show how state sovereignty is challenged by the conditions Greece has to accept. State sovereignty is also reproduced in that the EU cannot force the Greek government to a solution in the way it could if Greece was a county within a state. The debate amongst greek politicians on how far one can go before one's sovereignty disappears also show the continued importance of the inside-outside dichotomy.
How has nationalism adapted?
less focused on the classical demand for " one state, one ethno-nation"... instead it combine sub0state and transnational connections, for example in the ways the European Union is seen to promote regional autonomy within and across individual states Nationalist politics is frequently represented as ethnic politics, but now demanding cultural recognition and affirmative action rather than political independence. Arguably, the nation-state is ceasing to be the central power-container of earlier phases of global politics. This can produce one kind of state-strengthening nationalism designed to resist the weakening of the nation-state... LIKE radical right nationalism concerned with control of immigration and opposed to the European union. The Erosion of nation0state power can promote a shift to transnational or global political actors other than states such as diaspora organizations.
Structural Violence
less obvious... indirect... damage caused by social structures, practices, policies, economic system. It results in inequality, unjust distribution of power, unaccountability and psychological damage.
Nationalism is
like a chameleon that can adapt to changes in the global political order, matching its claims to the changing ways in which states interact. It mirrors with it arguments that the world is divided into distinct nations with particular territories, the formation of a world divided into sovereign states with sharply demarcated territories
Marxist and socialist feminists
look for explanations of women's subordination in the labour market whcih does not offer rewards for women who assume u npaid work in the household...
International court of Justice
main judicial organ of the UN. Consisting of judges elected jointly by the general assembly and security council. 15 judges. it decides disputes between countries. Participation by states in a proceeding is voluntary but if a state agrees to participate, it is obligated to comply with the coURT'S DECISION. The court also provides advisory opinions to other Un organs and specialized Agencies on request.
Positivist episotemoloy
mainstream theories adopt the positivist epistemology... They strive to find the causal relations that "rule" world politics, working with dependent and independent variables. For example, the democratic peace theory implies a research agenda where the impact of the state type on foreign policy behaviour can be tested BUT poststructrualists would embrace a post-positivist epistemology as they argue that the social world is so far removed from the hard sciences where casual epistemologies originate that we cannot understand world politics through causal cause-effect relationships.
Neo-liberalism and Ne0-Realism are committed to
materialism and individualism Individualism is the idea that actors have fixed interests and that the structure constrains their behaviour Materialism is the view that the structure that constrains behaviour is defined by distribution of power, technology, and geography.
Cooperation in foreign and security policy
means that governments systematically inform and consult each other, try to adopt common positions in international organizations and may even implement joint actions elsewhere.
Walker says to look at the transition from the medieval to the modern state
medieval: there were so-called overlapping authorities. This means that religious and political authorities-- the pope and the emperors were interwoven and there was no single institution that could make sovereign decisions. ....The medieval world worked by the principle of hierarchical subordiation
The united states made no provision for...
minority rights! Minority rights were seen as threatenign state sovereignty and encouraging ethno-natioanlism. Nation-states were highly unequal and mostly located in one or other superpower bloc, but the political order was presented as one of equal sovereign nation sates
Cold War security
nationalized militarized this has been criticized for being ethnocentric and narrow
Did the liberation movement work?
new elites eager to help the poor and the dispossessed very quickly foundered. Many of the new rulers fast discovered the lure of power and frequently succumbed to a debilitating corruption. Quite a few were ten overthrown by various rivals-- only too keen to share in the spoils of office-- rendering many countries in the Third world highly unstable and constantly vulnerable to military coups.
Arguments against Existential deterrence:
new nuclear powers ( countries) might not have good checks on nuclear safety and this will increase the risk of accidents countries that acquire nuclear weapons now may have weaker civilian control so military routines ( which are more aggressive and offensive and less risk-averse) are going to dominate national decision-making and escalate conflict to the nuclear level.
CLASSICAL REALISM:
oldest type.. realism used in 1940s after the war Thucydides—- The History of the Peloponnesian Wars "The standard of justice depends on the equality of power to compel that in fact the strong do what they have the power to do and the weak accepts that they have to accept" This is when the city state of Athens attacked the city state of Melos. He described Athens with his navy's armies of coming to Melos and demands that the citizens surrender their city and pay tribute or face destruction of the city. Melons didn't try appeasement, it said that athens were wrong. It appealed to their sense of decency. They said they should be neutral between Athens and Sparta and said that they should be neutral to a peaceful city like them. Athenians dismissed their claims to peace. Melons didn't have equality so the justice ideas did not apply. "It's a dog eat dog world and there are big and small dogs and you can guess who calls the shots". Classical realists think this captures something essential not only about Greece but also about the world always.
Neoclassical Realism
places domestic politics as an intervening variable between the distribution of power and foreign policy behaviour. Leader perceptions play hugely into this because there is no objective account of the distribution of power; rather, it matter how the state leaders derive an understanding of power distribution. States different in their interests and their ability to extract resources from the societies that the rule. Neoclassical realists argue that states possess different capacities to translate the various elements of national power into state power. Thus, contrast to Waltz, all states cannot be treated at "Like units"
DEPENDENCY THEORY ASSERTS:
poor nations are not behind or catching up or an absence of certain knowhow or understands but comes from the idea that certain resources are dominated or diverted. Domination and diversions of resources are part of a trend. It is different than being undeveloped... Dependency hearts point out that poor nations and poor people didn't sing up to join the global economy but were coercively integrated as a producers of raw materials or who owned oil patches Cheap labour is kept cheap by under relationships. Cheap labour is kept cheap by power structures on purpose to preserve those sorts of dynamics. it's not something that's wrong with the countries, it's how we set up the system and how strong countries exert their influence.
Liberal Perspective
power politics itself is the product of ideas and IDEAS CAN CHANGE. Therefore even if the world has been inhospitable to liberalism, this does not mean that it cannot be re-made in its own image.
When states and institutions manage to establish themselves as having hte knowledge to fovern a particular issue, this is called
power....
Formal regional integration refers to
processes by which state go beyond the removal of obstacles to interaction between their countries and create a regional space subject to some distinct common rules
Report of Palme Commission of 1982
proposed the doctrine of "Common security".... " In the Third World countries, as in all countries, security requires economic progress as well as freedom from military fear"...
The league failed to
provide a new world order and were seen as serving instruments of France and Britain's interests. Although it did much in pioneering concepts of international law and administration...
A new message brought by the UN:
pursuing justice for individuals, or ensuring human security, was an aspect of the NATIONAL INTEREST.
The subset of liberals who place great importance on the 'civilizing capacity' of global society are often called:
radical liberals. .... Also : A political theory founded on the natural goodness of humans and the autonomy of the individual and favoring civil and political liberties, government by law with the consent of the governed, and protection from arbitrary authority.
Neo-Realism
refers to Kenneth Waltz's Theory of International Politics (1979).. It emphasizes the importance of the STRUCTURE of the INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM and its role as the primary determinant of STATE behaviour. Recently in the area of security studies, some scholars have used the terms OFFENSIVE and DEFENSIVE REALISM when discussing neo-realism.
Economic cooperation
refers to agreements that foresee some degree of commercial preferentialism but with no harmonization of domestic rules nor any obligation for common action in international affairs.
Regulative rules
regulate already existing activities-- rules for the road determine how to drive; the World Trade Organization's rules regulate trade.
It is difficult for governments regulate the commercial activities of companies within their country, because companies may choose to engage in _____
regulatory arbitrage
Second World Wa
reordering of world politics, left Germany and japan under Allied control, most of Europe and Asia in tatters, former colonies in a state of political turmoil, and two states --- USA and USSR--- in position of enormous strength.
The Munich Pact (1938)
s tensions rose one attempt to alleviate the pressures coming form nazi germany was a deal struck between western powers and nazi germany. This deal gave nazi germany the territories it claimed as be ing it's own. It gave it the territories the germans were trying to get back under their fold. Parts of what was the Checoslovakia and had german speaking people would be given to Germany in exchange for promised peace .Checosologiakia was not invited to these discussions and was " gifted" to Germany. The League was giving parcels of other countries' land without ever discussing other countries ( or refusing to protect those countries).
British foreign secretary Douglas Hurd on Liberal institutionalism
said that institutions play a crucial role in enhancing security.... He said that the West developed " a set of international institutions which have proved their worth for one set of problems" He said that the great challenge of teh post-cold war era was to adapt these institutions to deal with the new circumstances that prevailed.
Classical liberals .
say that identities and interest of particular contours do matter beaches the case different pressure from below in the two level game. Those counter sand their differences just started doff being that way and they're not affected by the process ofinteration relations. The identities are there... The way iR is doesn't affect it's identity. OUTSIDE pressures don't form the identites. identities don't change as a result of relations with other states. the inside can affect the outside but the outside can't affect the inside.
Blouet
says geopolitical policies seek to establish national or imperial control over space and the resources, route ways, industrial capacity and population the territory contains. And in contrast globalization is the opening of national space for the free flow of goods, capital and ideas. he says globalizations removes obstructions to movement and creates conditions inw hcih international trade in goods and services can expand.
Shapiro
says hat the politics of representation is absolutely crucial/ How we represent the other affects the representation of our selves and this representation is decisive for which foreign policies we choose. For example, debates within the EU over whether Turkey should be accepted as a new member centre of whether Turkey is a European country and whether it is possible to be European and Muslim at the same time. Foreign policy are not protecting an identity that is already given and in place, but discourses through which identities are (re)produced.
Security Studies
security studies shcolars suggest a more nuanced version of realism that reflects their interests in understanding the nature of the security threats presented by international system and the strategy options that states must pursue to survive an prosper in the system. OFFENSIVE AND DEFENSIVE REALISM-- more policy-relevant than Waltz And Greico's versions of neo-realism.
Until recently, the main area of interest for both academics and statesmen regarding security tended to be in ________. anarchy; military capabilities; sovereignty; self-help doctrine
self-help doctrine
In terms of the elements of the contemporary world order we need to think about
social state system Identity and the Nation state Identtiy is huge with transition to a "new" nationlism vs primordialsim... but identity isn't "new" Polarity and the collectivization of security UN had a moment of being unipolar and now back into multipolarity Organization of production and exchange Run by the world's most prominent trading groups or triads (North America, Europe, East Asia) ... also monitored by IMF, WTO, and World Bank Multilateral management and governance Are the new governing institutions actually helpful or are they not culturally useful and representative because they are formed by the Western ideas of liberalization? Regionalism Not against globalization, not the opposite. The fact taht anumber of regiosn feel the need to develop regional institutions is itself a minifestation of glbalization. The liberal Rights Order Emphasis on human rights... Human rights important theme in extending liberal order Also, liberal rights: However it is paradoxically under pressure this new post-cold war era because it is promoting universalism which is evoking forms of religious and cultural resistance
Social structures in constructivist thinking
social structures include material things but these only aquire meaning thorugh the SHARED KNOWLEDGE. Huge idea: shared knowledge....
According to 'social constructivists', the fundamental structures of international politics are ________ rather than ________. economic, political; material, social; social, political; social, material
social, material
The growing integration in regions like Europe that is undermining the classical political order based on nation state, leaving nations exposed within larger political frameworks, has led to the concept of __________. multilateralism; zone of democratic peace; societal security; increased surveillance of the public
societal security
Institutions
spread information quickly because they have reporting mechanisms. By being a part of that institution it gives you access to information and makes it easier to deal with others. Institutions build trust because there are certain rules and norms that there are worthwhile means that sometimes there are sanctions that punish countries that don't do the right thing. it IMPOSES consequences. Those enforcement mechanisms are helpful. Institutions can counteract domestic pressures. We see this a lot in the US. domestic groups will push the government but a lot of the times what they are suggesting is against the law or treaty obligations. Institutions impose order from the top down. They get generated by teamwork and exist as an umbrella that covers international affords and people agree to follow the rules that they have collaboratively built.
In Europe after WW2 the emphasis was on
stabilizing nation-states wiht a supranational framework. Ethnic homogenization rendered nationalism redundant and made civic nationalism easily acceptable. This ideology could accomodate US doctrines of free markets and national sovereignty.
If regional goals are complex and long term
states may set up "commitment institution" to increase the prospects of effective compliance over time.... States thus accept some pooling of sovereignty (renouncing autonomous actions and vetoes), delegation of powers to supranational bodies, and or of "legalization".
Republican liberalism
states that democratic states are more inclined to respect the rights of their citizens and less likely to go to war with democratic neighbours. In current scholarship this is presented as DEMOCRATIC PEACE THEORY.
Graham Allison
states that the consequences of globalization mean that the concerns in one country can be threatening to other countries too ( pandemics, drug trafficking)... So they cannot be addressed unilaterally. Successful responses require the creation of regional and global regimes that promote cooperation among states and coordination of policy responses to these new security threats.
Defensive realsim
suggest that our assumptions about relations with other states depend on whether they are friends or enemies. When dealing with friends such as the EU, the assumptions governing US leaders are more akin to those promoted by neo-liberals... Robert Jervis and Jack SyNDER CLAIM THAT MOST LEADERS understand that the costs of war clearly outweigh the benefits. The use of military force for conquest and expansion is a security strategy thatbmost leaders reject in this age of complex interdependence and globalization. DEFENSIVE REALISTS ARE OFTEN CONFUSED WITH NEOLIBERALS.. Although defensive realists have some sympathy for the neo-liberal argument that war can be avoided by creating security institutions ( alliances) that diminish the security dilemma and provide mutual security for participating states, they do not see institutions as the most effective way to prevent all wars. Most believe that conflict is unaviodable in some situations. ^^^^^^^^ First, aggressive and expansionary sates do exist and challenge the world order and second, simply in pursuit of their national interest, some states make conflict with others unavoidable. Defensive realists are more optimistic than offensive realists.
s described in the textbook, the UN's ECOSOC set out six principles for what makes a strong NGO. An NGO should:
support a goal aligned with the UN's aims and purposes; be representative; be a non-profit; avoid advocating or using violence; respect the norm of non-interference; not be the result of an inter-governmental agreemen
Another element of constructivism is how knowledge
symbols, concepts and categories shape how individuals construct and interpret their world. Reality does not exist out there waiting to be discovered, instead, historically produced and culturally bound knowledge enables individuals to construct and give meaning to reality. ..... In other words, existing categories helps us to understand, define, and make sense of the world.
Bhaba
talks about DISSEMI-NATIONS that occur when people with hybrid identities and cultures become diasporic, travelling physically from South to North to live, thereby undercutting an idea closely associated with international relations that nations are coherent, fixed, and territorial locations of identity and power.
Huntington suggests ( culture)
that a major fault-line exists between the liberal Western civilization and an islamic one "humiliated and resentful of the West's military presence in the Persian Gulf, the West's overwhelming military dominance, and... unable to shape their own identity" Critics of Huntington say that he ascribes a degree of homogeneity within the islamic world that simply doe snot exist. Theologically and socially, the Islamic "civilization" contains a number of deep fault-lines that impede the cooperation required to challenge the West. Like the bloody violence between sunni and Shi'a in Iraq. Muslims also distinguish between each other... the non-believers are the infidels ( of different religion) while the apostates ( who do not share their interpretation of the Koran)
wHAT IS A modern issue?
the end of history! the apparent homogenization of world politics-- the tendency of states to organize thier domestic and international lives in similar ways and the growing acceptance of certain international norms for defining the good life and how to get there.
Constructivist Theory
the fundamental structure of IR are social rather than strictly material... Changes in teh nature fo scoail interaction between states can bring a fundamental shift towards greater international security.
Geneaology —
the genealogy of ideas... what is the genealogy or norms or categories or concepts... it is an approach that he called " a history of the present'... looking at our present as something that is contingent and it is not a slow march of progress that we would always have a world that is this way. He says the world could be a different way and the only reason that world is the way it is today is because of the history of exploitations and exclusions. There is no FATE. the history of the present would help to go back and understand dhow different ways of thinking or being or acting have over time become suppressed or margilialized or ridiculous. It focuses on how much of the social world that is treated as fact is in actuality contingent. Our taken for granted ways of doing things have been the result of power relations and pressures and exclusions.
Alistair Iain Johnston
the intimate relations between state within international institutions and organizations is important! As illustrated when he considers the possibility that chINA CHANGED ITS SECURITY POLICIES because of the socialization processes contained in multilateral forums. (( PAGE 164)
The 2008 financial crisis can be used to highlight: the decreasing interconnectedness of international politics ; the irrelevance of the idea of globalization; the idea that with globalization power increasingly is organised and exercised at a distance from those it affects; the irrelevance of financial institutions in international politics.
the irrelevance of the idea of globalization
Asia and it's dependence on China
the key to Asia's current prosperity and future stability rests on what happens to its new economic powerhouse, China. China is getting more aggressive as it rises to new powers but they are essentially trying to partner with the US more than to challenge it. There may be a "1914" moment as there is an arms race and increasing military stand-offs but China needs to be careful. As it gains power and the power balance changes, tensions increase also.
Transnational Actors vs Countires
the largest transnational actors are considerably larger than many of the countries. In 2011, the fifty largest TNCs by global sales each had annual revenues greater than the GDP of 113 members of the United Nations. Using people as the measure, many NGOs, particularly trade unions, churches and campaigning groups in the fields of human rights, women's rights, and the environment, have memberships measured in the millions whereas 39 of the 193 countries in the UN had populations of less than one million...
What did Franz Fanon say?
the power of colonial discourses to colonize the MINDS of all involved... the vehicle of subordination is not the force of the gun but the force of language-- words, racial epithets and daily insults thrown at the people
Alterity
the radical difference that you experience both when you encounter someone different form you. Difference when you encounter someone new that makes you unsettled. It's psychologically impactful.
Cuban Missile crisis ( October 1962)
the soviet munition moved a series of missiles to cuba. They did this in response to american missiles in turkey. Moving missiles close to your opponent was a beneficial thing because the didn't travel as far as they do today. Putting missiles in turkey frustrated the soviets, and similarly the USSR tried to retaliate by putting nuclear weapons in Cuba near American cities.
Global Politics
the traditional distinction between domestic and international affairs is no longer very meaningful
According to Falk
the traditional geopolitics was dominated by the US and continued despite of the collapse of colonialism. Old geopolitics remains embedded in colonial thinking. But a New Geopolitics is emerging which rests less on the importance of military power and more on the importance of soft power. These important trends, enhanced by the processes of globalization, are exemplified by the emergence of the BRIC countires and NGOs. " Winless withdrawal between us and Iraw and afghainstan are evidence that superiority in hard military power is no longer able to reach desired political outcomes in violent conflicts.
Alarcon
the western world traveller must " learn to become unintrusive, unimportant, patient to the point of tears, while at the same time open to learning any possible lessons"
The election of Barack Obama in 2008 occurred during: a time of heightened prosperity for the USA; a technological revolution; a time of peace in the Middle East; the worst financial crisis faced by the USA since the 1930s.
the worst financial crisis faced by the USA since the 1930s.
Traditional Foreign Policy
they are designed to deferend the state ( security policies), help it financially ( economic policies), or make it do good in the world ( development policies)... poststructuralists hold by contrast that there is no stable object-- the state-- form which foreign policies are drawn, but that foreign policies rely on and produce particular understandings of the state. foreign policies constitute the identity of the self through the construction of threats, dangers, and challenges-- that is, its other(s)
Poststructuralism vs Realism
they disagree with realism in that we should see the state as a self-help actor or as a unit that stays the same through history. Instead, we should see the state as a particular way of understanding political community-- that is, who we can trust and who we feel we have something in common with. If the international system is anarchic it is because states and other actors reproduce this system, and not because it simply permanently exists.
What does keohane say about instituions?
they provide information, reduce transaction costs, make commitments more credible, establish focal point for coordination and in general facilitate the operation of reciptrocity
Crash of Black Hawk Helicopter Crash 1993—
things took a turn for the worse.. 18 americans died and their bodies were desecrated and publicly displayed by Somalia forces.. CNN broadcasted the gory things that Somalis did with American bodies. So American troops pulled out. Was it worthwhile to spend american lives to help somalians? Why should we sacrifice our troops?
Neo-REALISTS
think that the distribution of capabilities is the most important factors. Shifts between distributions of power due to big conflict and often result in hegemonic wars. Realists argue that hegemonic war is a cleansing fire through which new regimes are built. States want to survive and these use violence
Debate between globalization and geopolitics and debates about whether we are reerting to traditional power dynamics or new geopolitics....
this involves discussing soft power and traditional military power
Gramsci used the term historic bloc
to describe the mutually reinforcing and reciprocal relationships between the socio-economic relations ( base) and political and cultural practices ( superstructure) that together underpin a given order.
Why do smaller powers want nuclear weapons
to offset the tremendous American advantages.
Max Weber says that scholars should employ verstehen
to recreate how people understand and interpret the world To do so, scholars need to exhibit empathy, to locate the practice within the collectivity so that one knows how this practice or activity counts and to unify these individual experiences into objective, time-bound explanations
The evolution of international society can only be witnessed in Western history.
true
true 'World government' is a more fanciful idea than 'global governance'.
true
The cold war labelling and preservation of a particular set of states as civic nation-states was
undermined and this enabled the rapid emergence of new state-subverting nationalisms. 1) ethno-nationalism in the former Soviet Union and Yugoslavia... To counter this, the international community and the new Russian government rapidly conceded new state formations-- thus turning state-subverting into state-strengthening nationalism. These new states were recongized as ciic, territorial entites based on the federated republis of the former states. Unlike earlier African and Asain decolonizaiton, these republics were based on ethnic identities.That led to conflict over ethnic minorities within the new states...... This lead to violent ethnic cleansing in the former Yugoslavia. 2) There have been reactions against this resurgence of ethno-natioalism. One important change since the cold war is the increased resort to external intervention into state affairs, involving the UN, regional political military organizations like NATO, individual states, and NGOS. The justifications for these intervention are universalist-- human rights and the protections of democracy-- RATHER than the protection of minorities. That in turn, conditions the development of nationalism. Noting that the international community disapproves of ethno-nationalism, whether practised by the state against minorities or by minorities to subvert the state, nationalism presents itself instead as a movement for human rights, including cultural recognition, and asks for constitutional changes such as devolution rather than independent statehood.
Andrew Linklater
used the key principles in Habermas's work to argue that emancipation in the realm of international relations should be understood in terms of expansion of the moral boundaries of a political community. Emancipation is a process in which the borders of the sovereign state lose their ethical and moral significance. Borders represents the furthest extend of our sense of duty and obligation but critical theorists say that it is important to move towards a situation in which citizens share the same duties and obligations towards non-citizens as the do towards their fellow citizens. This would involve a wholesale transformation of the present institutions of governance. Linklater identifies the EU as representing a progressive or emancipatory tendency in contemporary world politics. Frankfurt school is PESSIMIST but Linklater is optimist.
Warsaw Pact
was a collective defense treaty among eight communist states of Central and Eastern Europe in existence during the Cold War. The Warsaw Pact was the military complement to the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CoMEcon), the regional economic organization for the communist States of Central and Eastern Europe. The Warsaw Pact was in part a Soviet military reaction to the integration of West Germany[2] into NATO in 1955 per the Paris Pacts of 1954,[3][4][5] but was primarily motivated by Soviet desires to maintain control over military forces in Central and Eastern Europe
modernity
was a confidence that scientific progress scold unravel nature's mysteries and help people discover the underlying truths and facts and laws. <—- liberalism and realism agree with is approach. They like science.
Starting in 1971
was a new period of the cold war called Detente. Helsinki was a defining moment in Detente. Detainee is improved and relaxed tensions between two rivals. This happened in the early 70s. By reaching out in productive ways, some goals towards peace and nuclear disarmament could be accomplished. Detente can also be a category of trees of improving relations between any 2 rivals.
The Gender Development Programme in 1995
was a notable step in helping to formualt epoliceis to improve women's well-being. Another important move towards gender equality was the adoption by the UN and other international intergovernmental organization of a policy called gender mainstreaming.
David Mitrany
was a pioneer integration theorist and argued that transnational cooperation was required in order to resolve common problems. His core concept was "ramification", meaning the likelihood that cooperation in one sector would lead governments to extend the range of collaboration across other sectors. As states become more embedded in an integration process, the "cost" of withdrawing from cooperative ventures increases.
Post colonailism
was an academic field heavily influenced by research trends in India where a group of historians were developing social histories that they referred to as subaltern studies. This focus was not on the former colonial power or local leaders, they started studying the history and culture of people at the lowest levels of Indian society: the subalterns.
Cardinal Richelieu
was an important figure in 30 years war. He was an advocate of the principle of the raisin d'etat. What this meant was that the state's goals or am attains or national interest should be the thing that leaders focus on. They should try to think of it clear mindedly. Richelieu famously used this concept when he lead France to intervene on the protestant side of the 30 year war. France was a catholic country but it intervened to take the protestant side in the war. Cardinal Richelieu was a catholic cardinal so why would he do that? He did it because it seemed to be the most smart and o consistent application of the national interest. His chief foreign policy objective was to check the power of the Austro-Spanish Habsburg dynasty, and to ensure French dominance in the Thirty Years' War that engulfed Europe. Although he was a cardinal, he did not hesitate to make alliances with Protestant rulers in attempting to achieve his goals.
ESDP
was followed by a series of other moves that culminated with the publication of the European Security Strategy ( ESS) in 2003. Viewing security in broadly globalist terms, where open borders and distributing events in faraway places-- especially poor ones-- were bound to spew up their consequences on Europe's shores, Europe, it was argue, was compelled by the logic of interdependence to engage far more seriously with international affairs.
UN peace-building commission
was inaugurated in 2006 and its goal is to assist in post-conflict recovery and reconstruction, including institution-building and sustainable development, in countries emerging from conflict . The UN has also been centre stage in promoting the idea of humanitarian intervention--- a central policy element of human security.
Postmodern or "new" terrorism
was motivated by promises of rewards in the afterlife, some terrorists are driven by religions reason to kill as many non-believers and unfaithful as possible. Although suicide tactics have been observed in Lebanon as early as 1983 militant Islam had previously been viewed as a state-sponsored regional phenomenon The official definition is groups and individuals with millennial and apocalyptic ideologies with system-level goals. Most value destruction for its own sake, unlike more terrorists in the past who had specific goals usually tied to a territory /
The domino Theory
was the concern that if one state is a certain region became communist, its neighbours would follow.
RADICAL/ESSENTAILIST FEMINISM—- difference, valourization, anti-patriarchy
we need to argue against patriarchy and the structures to have eliminated and oppressed women's voices. Even if feminists win their day in court, that won't necessarily create on the ground equality and practice. Nor, for example, would it be beneficial for women to join a patriarchal police force. Sure you won the case to get you promoted, but you're getting involved in a structure that's not compatible with you. Maybe the militarized police force favours men and not women. How can we reshape the game to fit women instead of just letting women play the game? There is a missing set of voices!
Immanuel Kant and Jeremy Bentham
were two of the leading liberals of the Enlightenment... They were reacting to what Kant described as the " lawless state of savagery" at a time where domestic politics was at the cusp of a new age of rights, citizenship, and constitutionalism.
Many of the ideas explained in the textbook chapter on Marxist approaches deal in different ways with Marx's ideas of 'base' and 'superstructure'? What do the terms 'base' and 'superstructure' refer to?
when discussing the base, one is discussing the means of production like tools, raw materials, and factories. It also describes relations of production using terminology like bourgeoisie and proletariat. The superstructure refers to ideology-- things not related to production. It can pertain to, for example, law, media, and art.
colonialism
which is almost always a consequence of imperialism, is the implanting of settlements on distant territory
The modern world system begins
with the cold war which was as by-product in turn of the greatest war ever known in history.
Discourses of Danger
work within dichotomies ..... So in the issue with the Bosnia in 1990s where the bosian muslims threatened the bosnian serbs... this challenged the international community to undertake a humanitarian intervention and poststructuralists show that this was legitimized in a discourse that split the oTHER INTO Into innocent civilizations and Balkan government..... Western responsibility was only extended to the civilians. The way suddam hussien was depicted brought up issues of oreintalism... David Campbell— " what function have difference, danger, and others splayed in constituting the identity of the United States as a major actor in international politics?" He wasn't just interested in the stories that the Us was telling about iraq ( And how it affects american's perceptiosn of iraq), but he was also asking how the stories being told about iraq better help Americans understand what Americans are? How does it shape their own identity The idea is drawing on the work of foucault an drawing on other things and Others like Suddham hussien,,Americans tend to view them as a mirror image of ourselves. American view iraq in a way that is already coloured in a way that THOSE people are different and we are different. We establish an us vs them division in which we enforce negatives qualities on them. It makes us feel better about US because we are more moral. This is our excusse... we are the "good guys".... Campbell focus on the way that things in the world become narrativized in strategic ways. Challenges are represented as dangers, located in an external and anarchic environment that threaten an internal society and demand action. Evil vs good... Abuse vs human right's champion justify action that we normally aren't comfortable with but we are acting in the name of "good so it's okay....
True or False: Breuilly argues that part of what helped the idea of the 'nation-state' to become prominent was the dismantling of multi-national states who had been defeated in war.
yes
