Combined US History - not including Populism or trade unions

What is the Dunning school

portrayed Reconstruction as a corrupt outrage perpetrated on the prostrate South by a vicious and vindictive cable of Northern Republican Radical

What did Charles and Mary Beard say about the war as a reflection of the states economies

reflected 'inherent antagonism' between Northern industrialists and Southern Planters.

What was Lincoln's 10% plan (5)

Proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction; replace majority rule with 'loyal rule' in the South; didn't consult congress; Pardon all but the highest-ranking military and civilian Confederate officers; When 10% of the voting population had taken the oath of loyalty and established a government, it would be recognised

Why was there agrarian discontent

Production increases and therefore the prices for staples fall ( Wheat 1866 $1.45 a bushel 1894 $0.49; Corn 1866 $0.75 a bushel 1894 $0.25; Cotton 1866 $0.31 a bail 1894 $0.06)

What percentage of Southerners and Northerners were employed in agriculture

80% in the South and 40% in the North

What % of blacks are in the South at the start of the 20th century

90%

What was the Kansas Nebraska act 1854

A bill that mandated "popular sovereignty"-allowing settlers of a territory to decide whether slavery would be allowed within a new state's borders

What was the 14th amendment and when was it ratified

1868; Provides a constitutional guarantee of the rights and security of freed people

When did Johnson finish his term

1869

When does Grant become President of the US

1869

What was the 15th amendment and when did it pass

1870; gave black men the right to vote

When was John Brown's raid

1959

What was the original view on why segregation developed

In response to the failure of Reconstruction; the weakness and poverty of black communities and the pervasiveness of white racism

Why did white labourers fear the slave power conspiracy - Dred Scott - according to Foner

May spread to the North undermining their wages

What was the effect of the opposition to the Fugitive Slave law

Meant few were returned. Underground railroad at its peak and by 1860 only 330 slaves had been returned

What did Herman Melville call John Brown

"The meteor of war"

What did Lincoln call Beecher Stowe

"the little lady who made this great war."

What did James Ford Rhodes say about the role of slavery

'If the Negro had not been brought to America, the civil war could not have occurred"

What two ideas justified the Wade-Davis bill

'State suicided' theory - Sumner (States committed suicide when they succeeded and therefore the government can shape them in a new way; Conquered Provinces - Thaddeus Stevens (One can impose laws over a conquered province)

Why does the revisionist Holt say about the erosion of the 2nd party system

'The civil war is the story of the successful efforts of Democratic politicians in the North to keep the sectional conflict at the center of the political debate"

How many family members were given government positions under Grant

40

What percentage of US exports were from the South

60%

How many states had left the Union when Lincoln was inaugurated

7

What was the Mississippi Vagrant act

1865; Any black man found with no business or assembling will be fined. As they have no money to pay the fine they will have to work --> ties them to the plantation

What could interest rates be as high as under the sharecropping system

70%

What was the Louisiana Farm Labour Act

1865; all difficulties arising between employer and employee will be settled by the employer; bad work and disobedience can cause a fine; gives employer complete control

When was the tenure of office act passed and what was it

1867; prohibited the President from removing members of the cabinet confrimed by senatorial approval

What were the 5 things agreed by the compromise of 1850

1) California admitted as a free state. 2) Utah and New Mexico slavery to be decided by popular sovereignty. 3) Settling a Texas-New Mexico boundary dispute in favour of Mexico. 4) Ending the slave trade in DC. 5) Tightening the fugitive slave law.

What was Johnson's reconstruction plan (3)

10%+ almost. Offered amnesty upon a simple oath to all except Confederate civil and military officers and those with property worth $20,000 (they could get special pardons; in the new constitution they must accept minimum conditions repudiating slavery, secession and state debts; provision governors to oversee elections in Southern states

How many special pardon's did Johnson issue

13500

What % of cotton revenue went into the hands of British and Northerners

15-20%

When was the fugitive slave act passed

1850

What was the cause of the Dred Scott Case (1857

A slave from Missouri who had lived with his owner in a free state before returning to the slave state of Missouri. Scott argued that time spent in a free state entitled him to emancipation.

What was the Amnesty Act and who did it appease

Allowed all but a few 100 ex-confederates to hold office but there were private amnesty acts for those - the liberal republicans

What was Williamson's view on segregation

As early as 1870's the races had begun to live in two separate societies. Partly due to pressure from whites and partly due to blacks developing their own independent culture - therefroe the laws of 1890's just codified an established system

What were the black codes

Attempts to try and control black people as close to slavery as possible

What was Stanton's response to his dismissal

Barricaded himself in his office

What is sharecropping

Black families would rent small plots of land, or shares, to work themselves; in return, they would give a portion of their crop to the landowner at the end of the year.

How did South Carolina justify its succession

Claimed that states were sovereign entities which could leave as they had joined - central was the issue of trust with respect to fugitive slave law; Slavery is mentioned 18 times in document stating why they left the Union

Who founded the Freedmen's bureau

Congress in 1865

Why did South Carolina secede

Convinced that Republican government would undermine slavery by appointing anti-slavery judges, postmasters, military officers and officials

What was the effect of increased indebtedness on farmers

Could no longer afford to maintain land; 1800 1/4 of farmers were tenants; by 1900 1/3 were tenants

What was the result politically of the Kansas-Nebraska act

Created a big sectional divide as Democratic Northern senators defected - South was pro as it allowed more opportunity for the expansion of slavery

What were the two main compromise proposals

Crittenden compromise; Virginia proposed a peace convention in DC the same day the Confederate government was set up

When was the 13th amendment ratified

December 1865

When was Lincoln's proclamation of amnesty and reconstruction

December 8th 1863

What was Taney's ruling (3)

Dred Scott is not free; Congress has no right to ban slavery in from the territories (undermines popular sovereignty); Scott - as a black slave - has no right to sue in a federal court (not a citizen)

What were the factors that caused the civil war (4)

Election of Lincoln (Angers south due to the anti-slavery message; triggers succession but does not cause); Disputes over territories (Kansas-Nebraska - galvanises anti-slavery movement; creates the Republican party); States rights (farse - real motive shown over Dred Scott case); Economic divide (Lincoln pro-tariffs and improvements - Jackson all over again; Northerners worried the spread of slavery may result in lower wages); Ideological differences (Uncle Tom's cabin; John Brown (caused the reorganisation of Southern militias); Fugitive slave act);

What is the argument of the ethnoculturalists

Ethnoculturalists argue that the political parties were the most effective instrument for containing and mediating sectional differences. Their collapse helped lead to the war - part of their collapse originated from the Kansas-Nebraska act.

What did the North see the case as

Evidence of the slave power conspiracy - increases the party sectionalism

What was the Crittenden compromise and why did it fail

Extend the Missouri compromise line to the Pacific; Sacrificed the guiding Republican principle of stopping Western expansion of slavery

When was Johnson impeached

February 1869

Who did Johnson remove from his cabinet and when

February 1869 Johnson tried to remove Stanton from his office for a second time

What two bills does congress pass over presidential veto

Freedmen's Bureau bill (1866); Civil rights act (1966)

What was the Force Act

Gave the President the power to use federal troops to prevent the denial of voter rights

What was the result of 1872 elections

Grant won 56% of the vote and carried all northern states and most of the 16 Southern states

Who wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin

Harriet Beecher Stowe

What were the dates of reconstruction and why did it end

Hayes compromise; 1865 to 1877

Who was the first black senator and for which state and when

Hiram Revels Mississippi in 1870

What were the big questions at the start of reconstruction (4)

How to bring the South back into the Union; How to rebuild the South; How to protect the newly emancipated freedmen; What branch of government should control the process

What caused the price of stable goods to fall in the 1870s

Increase production from abroad (Argentina, Canada and Russia); Increased mechanisation

What was Special Field Order Number 15

Issued by Sherman granting every black family 40 acres and a mule; Blacks saw this as proof that they may get some land of their own - Johnson cancelled this plan

Why was the Kansas-Nebraska act important

It overturned the agreement of the Missouri compromise

What was Franklin's revisionist view of Reconstruction

It was a genuine attempt to solve the problem of race in the south by providing protection to freedmen. For all their faults the Reconstruction governments had been a bold experiment in interracial politics

What were some redemption organisations

Ku Klux Klan; Knights of the White Camelia

What happened to the Wade-Davis bill

Lincoln pocket vetoed it

Who challenged Franklin's revisionist view

Litwack

What was the Slaughterhouse case of 1873

Louisiana state legislator granted a monopoly to one slaughterhouse firm and closed down all the others in the interest of public safety; Those who had been closed down brought a suit against the government claiming it had violated the 14th amendment which guaranteed no state could 'abridge the privileges or immunities' of a US citizen; Court said that basic civil rights were controlled by the state. Came close to nullifying the intent of the 14th amendment

Did the compromise show a sincere resolving of issues?

No - political skill of clay and no guiding principles for the future (whichever side had less states at that point would make sure to get next one)

Why was Lincoln able to win in 1860 without running in 10 states

North had more electoral college votes

Why was reconstruction coming to an end before 1877 (4)

On average the bi-racial governments lasted only 4.5 years; Death and retirement removed congresses more outspoken advocates of civil rights (Thaddeus Stevens in 1868); Corruption in Grant era helped the Democrats win control of the house in 1874; Economic depression of 1873 - funding for state institutions was reduced (black funding hit hardest)

How many African Americans served as legislators in reconstruction governments

Over 600

What effect did Johnson's reconstruction plan have

Pardoned aristocratic land owners and so bought them back into power

What was the result of his impeachment

Passed through the house but fell one vote of the 2/3 majority required in the senate

What were Carpetbaggers

People from the North who came either to work on behalf of the freedmen or to exploit the South - normally followers of the Republican party

What was the freedmen's bureau

Provides education, homes and helps blacks with job contracts

What was Litwack's view

Reconstruction allowed former slaves to build a certain independence for themselves within Southern society. Strengthened their churches, reunited families

What was W.E.B du Bois view on reconstruction

Reconstruction had been an effort on the part of the masses, black and white, to create a more democratic society and the misdeeds of reconstruction societies have been greatly exaggerated

What was in the Wade-Davis Bill of 1864

Required 50% of the 1860 voters to an 'iron clad' oath of allegiance; Required a state constitutional convention before the election of state officials; Enacted specific safeguards of freemen's liberties

What are two examples of fraud under Grant

Schuyler Colfax was linked to Credit Mobilier, a fraudulent construction company created by the directors of Pacific union railroad to skim off profits; Secretary of War Belknap had taken bribes to sell Indian trading post in Oklahoma

What is the significance of John Brown's raid on Harper's ferry (3)

Sectional division (hero in the North, a villain in the South); Shows frustration with pacifist abolitionism; Militarisation in the South (militias to prevent further insurrections); Failure increase press coverage through trial

How did Uncle Tom's cabin affect the civil war

Set record sales and changed Northern perceptions of Blacks - increased popular support for the abolitionist movement consequently meant someone like Lincoln could get political office

Why did Stephen Douglas want to bring Nebraska under civil control

So that a transcontinental railroad would pass through his Illinois constituency

Who were redeemers

Sought to overthrow the Radical Republican coalition of Freedmen, Scalawags and carpetbaggers

What were Scalawags

Southerners who supported Reconstruction and the Republican party

What was bleeding Kansas

Supporters of both sides flooded the territories to vote in elections on slavery. Arguments over the legitimacy of the votes caused a war in the territories that Pierce was unable to overcome by sending in troops

Where was Johnson from and when did he take over as President

Tennessee; 1865 after the death of Lincoln

What caused the compromise of 1850

The debate as to whether slavery was to be allowed in the territories won in the Mexican-American war of 1846-48. Key is that it would shift the balance between free and slave states in the Senate

What did both sides campaign on in 1852

The finality of the 1850 compromise

What was the opposition to Grant called and what there their main issues

The liberal republicans - gold standard; civil service reforms; claimed corrupt Republican government were kept in power because the most capable politicians were ex-confederates

What is the irony of South Carolina's succession

They sealed the fate of slavery - had been no serious attempt to get an abolition amendment through Congress as it would need a ⅔ majority to amend the constitution and therefore would never pass (may have feared entrance of new states would undermine this)

Why does Wilson say Northerners fought

To preserve the Union and a system of free labour

What did Cell argue about segregation

Urbanisation was the principal factor and it was the desire of Southern whites to establish control over blacks that caused segregation.

What was Woodward's view on segregation

Wanted to convince public that racial institutions that they considered part of a long, unbroken tradition were, in fact, the product of a particular set of historical circumstances - for the 2 decades after Reconstruction racial relations remained fluid (same railroad cars and restaurants)

What were the 3 phases of reconsruction

Wartime, Presidential. Radical/Congressional

What did Rabinowitz say about segregation

Without it, urban blacks would have had no schools at all. the alternative to segregation was exclusion. Urbanisation key factor for segregation

Why did a lot of historians snub du Bois view

due to his Marxist ideology

What was the effect of planters being able to hold onto their land

from this that they derived their wealth and power; by 1877 white supremacist democrats had control over all former Confederate states

Why was sharecropping bad (2)

resulted in sharecroppers owing more to the landowner (for the use of tools and other supplies, for example) than they were able to repay; forced by poverty or violence to sign unfair and exploitative sharecropping or labour contracts that left them little hope of improving their situation.

Why does J.G.Randall say the war was not inevitable - revisionist view

slavery was a benign institution which had began 'crumbling in the presence of the nineteenth century tendencies"