Combo with NOBCChE Science Bowl: EARTH SCIENCE Set 1 and 16 others
By words or numbers, identify all of the following 4 choices that MUST be true for 2 objects in thermal equilibrium: 1) they both must radiate no energy in any direction 2) they must be at the same temperature 3) they both must have the same thermal expansion coefficients 4) they must have the same internal energy
2
For every carbon dioxide molecule fixed in the Calvin-Benson cycle, how many NADPH molecules are utilized?
2
How many Viking spacecraft have landed on Mars?
2
How many embryonic seed leaves does a bean seedling have?
2
In the electrolysis of water, if the production of each molecule of oxygen requires 4 units of electricity, each hydrogen molecule will require how many units of electricity?
2
What is the potential difference in volts between two points, located 2 meters apart, in a constant electric field of 1 volt per meter?
2
What is the degree of unsaturation for a ring chain of the molecule C9H16, assuming it contains only sigma bonds?
2 (Solution: (2n + 2 - m)/2; = (2 × 9 + 2 - 16) / 2; = 2)
If you have 1 milliliter of a 75% ethanol stock solution, how much water, in milliliters, must be added to the 1 milliliter stock solution to obtain a 25% ethanol solution?
2 (Solution: 75%/25% = 3df; 1 part stock + 2 parts water = 3df)
Calculate the density, in grams per liter, of diatomic helium gas at 100K and at a pressure of 2 atmospheres.
2 (Solution: n/V = P/RT; = 2atm/(0.08L.atm/m.K)(100K); = .25m/L; (.25m/L)(8g/m)=2gHe2/L))
Consider an organ pipe open at both ends. For a standing wave in the pipe, what is the wavelength of the fundamental tone, in terms of the pipe's length?
2 (ACCEPT: 2 PIPE LENGTHS)
What is the overall reaction order for the following rate law: rate = k[NH4+][NO2-] (read as: k times the concentration of NH4+ times the concentration of NO2-)
2 (ACCEPT: 2nd ORDER) (Solution: exponents 1 + 1 = 2)
On a blueprint, if three-quarters of an inch represents 1 foot, then 2 inches will represent what distance, in feet, expressed as the most reduced compound fraction?
2 2/3 (ACCEPT: 2.66)
In angiosperm seed development, what fuses with the second sperm nucleus to form the endosperm?
2 POLAR NUCLEI (ACCEPT: 2 OR BOTH POLAR NUCLEI or POLAR NUCLEI) (DO NOT ACCEPT: POLAR NUCLEUS)
By what factor will the gravitational attraction between two masses be multiplied, if the distance between their centers of mass remains the same, but the mass of one doubles?
2 TIMES (ACCEPT: 2 or DOUBLES)
Find the prime factorization of 240:
2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 5 (ACCEPT: 24 × 3 × 5)
Simplify the following, giving your answer in proper scientific notation: (6.0 × 10^12)(2.0 × 10^10)^2
2.4 × 10^33
Multiply the following 4 numbers and give your answer in scientific notation: 30,000 × 3,000 × 30 × 0.1
2.7 × 108
Multiply the following 4 numbers and give your answer in scientific notation: 30,000 × 3,000 × 30 × 0.1
2.7 × 10^8
Find the inverse of the 2-by-2 matrix whose rows are 3, 5 and 7, -2. Give your answer in rows.
2/41, 5/41, 7/41, 3/41
What is the angular velocity, in radians per second, of a wheel with a radius of 250 centimeters and a surface velocity of 50 meters per second?
20 (Solution: Τ = v/r = 50m/s/2.5m = 20 rad/s)
If a 250 acre farm were leased for wind evelopment with income of $50 per acre per year, how much income would be produced each year?
$12,500
What are the coordinates of the vertex in the graph of the following equation: y = 4x^2 + 8x - 5
(-1, -9) (Solution: x = -b/2a = -8/2(4) = -1; y = 4(-1)^2 +8(-1) - 5 = -9)
Find the center of the circle given by the following equation: x^2 + y^2 + 4x + 16y + 3 = 0
(-2, -8)
If a point has polar coordinates (3, π), what are the rectangular coordinates?
(-3, 0) (Solution: x = 3 cos π = -3 and y = 3 sin π = 0)
Giving your answer as an ordered pair, find the solution of the system of the following 2 equations: x = 2/3y - 2 and x = y - 3:
(0, 3)
The point (3, 2) is reflected across the graph of y = 6 and the resulting point is then reflected across the graph of y = x. What are the coordinates of the final point?
(10, 3) (Solution: the 1st reflection (3,10); 2nd reflection interchanges the x and y coordinates)
What are the coordinates of the hole in the graph of the function, g(x) = (2x^2-8) / (x-2)
(2, 8) (Solution: simplifies to 2(x + 2); graph looks like a line except at the indicated hole)
Giving your answer in simplest radical form, rationalize the denominator of the following expression: (-3sqrt2)/(sqrt3 - sqrt5)
(3 sqrt6 + 3 sqrt10)/ 2 ( ACCEPT: 3/2 (sqrt6 + sqrt10)
Factor the following expression completely: 81x^2 + 180xy + 100y^2
(9x + 10y)^2
According to standard chemical nomenclature, what is the formula for ammonium sulfate?
(NH4)2SO4
Calculate the following indefinite integral: I = ∫(x +1)2 dx
(x + 1)^3/3 + C
Factor the following expression as completely as possible: x^4 - 16
(x - 2)(x + 2)(x^2 + 4)
Factor the following expression completely over the integers: x^4 - 16
(x - 2)(x + 2)(x^2 + 4)
Add the following rational expressions and give your answer in fully factored form: (x/(x+2)) + (4x/(x-6))
(x(5x+2))/((x-6)(x+2))
Calculate ΔGº (read as: delta G naught), giving your answer in kilojoules, for a reaction in which ΔHº = +180 kilojoules and ΔSº = +100 joules per kelvin at 300 kelvin and 1 atmosphere pressure:
+150 (ACCEPT: 150) (SO NOT ACCEPT: -150) (Solution: ΔGº = ΔHº-TΔSº = 180kJ - [300K(0.10 kJ/K)] = 150 kJ)
What is the oxidation number of the sulfur atom in H2SO4?
+6 (ACCEPT: 6) (Solution: 2(+1) + S + 4(-2) = 0; S = +6)
What is the oxidation number of manganese in potassium permanganate?
+7
Simplify the following rational expression by combining like terms, assuming x is not equal to 4: (x^2 -16) / (4x - x^2)
- (x-4)/x (ACCEPT: (x+4)/(-x) or (-(x-4))/x)
What is the oxidation state of Hydrogen in LiAlH4?
-1
Find the solution set of the following inequality: x2 - x - 2 ≤ 0
-1 ≤ x ≤ 2
For the function f(x) =1/x, what is f'(5) (read as: f prime of 5)?
-1/25 (Solution: f ' (5) = -1/5^2 = -1/25)
What is the determinant of a 2-by-2 square matrix whose rows are 4, 2 and -3, -4?
-10 (Solution: D = ad - bc = 4(-4) - (-3)(2) = -10)
In the following reaction, H2 + Cl2 → 2HCl, assume the bond dissociation of H2 is 430 kilojoules per mole, of Cl2 is 240 kilojoules per mole, and of HCl is 400 kilojoules per mole. What is the standard enthalpy change, or ΔH°, (read as: delta H degree) for the reaction, in kilojoules?
-130 (Solution: ΔH° = (DH-H + DCl-Cl) - (2DHCl); = (430 + 240) - 800; = -130kJ)
A merchant wants to mix 2 types of sugar that sell for $0.40 per gram and $0.60 per gram, respectively. If he wants a mixture of 5 grams that sells for $0.58 per gram, how many grams of each should he mix?
0.5 GRAMS OF $0.40 PLUS 4.5 GRAMS OF $0.60
Consider an astronaut on the Moon and g is exactly 1/6th of g on Earth. If he threw an object vertically upwards with an initial velocity of 1.6 meters per second, how many meters up would it be after 1 second, rounding your answer to the first decimal place?
0.8
If the temperature of a star increases from 10
000K to 30,000K, by what factor will the rate of energy radiated per second increase?,81
Solve the following equation for x over the integers: x^2 = 3x
0; 3
What is the van 't Hoff factor for glucose?
1
How many human ova are produced by a full round of meiosis from a single primary oocyte?
1 (Solution: mammals produce 1 ovum and 3 polar bodies per primary oocyte)
Given the points, (0, 0) and (-4/5, 3/5), find the distance between them.
1 (ACCEPT: square root of 1 ) (Solution: r^2 = (x1 - 0)^2 + (y1 - 0)^2; = (-4/5)^2 + (3/5)^2; = 1)
Use the Binomial Theorem to expand and simplify the following equation: (1 - 2x)^3
1 - 6x + 12x^2 - 8x^3
Solve the following equation for all real values of x: (x + 3)2 = 16
1 AND -7
In the algebra of real-valued functions, give the name or number of all of the following 3 choices that the implied domain usually excludes: 1) numbers causing division by zero 2) numbers causing imaginary numbers in the range 3) numbers causing irrational numbers in the range
1 AND 2
Consider a hypothetical reaction, A + B C + D. At zero time, the concentration of A = 1 molar, after 30 seconds A = 0.5 molar, and after 50 seconds A = 0.3 molar. Calculate the average rate of disappearance of A over the time interval 30 seconds to 50 seconds, in molarity per second:
1 × 10-2 (ACCEPT: 0.01) (Solution: ave rate = -ΔA/Δt = (0.3 - 0.5M)/(50 - 30s) = 0.010 M/s)
For the following 3 processes, predict whether the change in enthalpy, or ΔSº (read as: delta S naught), is positive or negative, respectively: 1) decomposition of ammonium nitrate 2) sublimation of dry ice 3) condensation of gaseous iodine to liquid iodine
1) +; 2) +; 3) -
By name or number, which of the following four types of mixtures are generally considered homogeneous? 1) alloy, 2) suspension, 3) emulsion, 4) colloid
1) ALLOY
Name the LARGEST atom or ion in EACH of the following 3 pairs: 1) an iron 3 plus ion or an iron 2 plus ion 2) an oxygen atom or an oxygen 2 minus ion 3) a gallium 3 plus ion or a gallium atom
1) IRON 2 PLUS ION; 2) OXYGEN 2 MINUS ION; 3) GALLIUM ATOM
If the universal set is represented by the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and set A is represented by the numbers 1, 2, 3; set B by the numbers 3, 4, 5, 6; and set C by the numbers 2, 3, 4, then what set is represented by the union of sets A and B?
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
To the first decimal place, how many astronomical units is the average radius of the Earth's orbit around the Sun?
1.0
A sample of gas occupies a volume of 300 cubic centimeters at a pressure of 2 atmospheres. Calculate what the pressure would have to be, in atmospheres to the first decimal place, in order for the gas to have a volume of 500 cubic centimeters at constant temperature:
1.2 (Solution: P2 = P1V1/V2 = (2 atm)(300 cm3)/500 cm3 = 1.2 atm)
In astronomical units to the first decimal place, what is the Chandrasekhar Limit?
1.4
Consider the following equilibrium reaction, PCl5(gas) ↔ PCl3(gas) + Cl2(gas). If a 2 mole sample of PCl5 dissociates to give 0.2 moles of Cl2 at equilibrium, find the molar amounts, to the 1st decimal place, of PCl5 at equilibrium:
1.8 (Solution: 2 - 0.2 = 1.8)
In one cycle of alternating current, 180º is given to the point at what fractional amount of the way through the cycle?
1/2
Calculate the following indefinite integral: I = ∫cos(2x + 2)dx (read as: the integral of the cosine of the sum of 2x + 2, dx)
1/2sin(2x + 2) + C
What is the slope of a line that passes through the points (5, 3) and (-1, 1)?
1/3
Simplify the following fractional radicand to an expression that has the lowest whole number radicand: square root of 2/3
1/3 square root of 6
Simplify the ratio of the following factorial: 4!/6! (read as: 4 factorial divided by 6 factorial)
1/30 (ACCEPT: 0.033)
Cards numbered 1 through 10 lie on a table. If two cards are picked at random, without replacement, what is the probability, as a fraction in lowest terms, that the two cards will have values within one of each other?
1/5 (Solution: 9/(10 nCr 2) = 9/45 = 1/5)
If the temperature of a 4L tank of gas changes from 200K to 500K, at constant pressure what is the new volume of gas, in liters?
10 (Solution: V1/T1 = V2/T2; 4L/200K = V2/500K; = 10L)
What is the standard distance a star would need to be placed for it to appear as bright as its absolute magnitude?
10 PARSECS (ACCEPT: 26 LIGHT YEARS)
According to the Pogson scale for brightness, by what multiple does the brightness of 2 stars differ that have apparent magnitudes of +3 and +8?
100
What is the ideal mechanical advantage of a wheel and axle, if the diameter of the wheel is 500 centimeters and the radius of the axle is 2.5 centimeters?
100 (Solution: mechanical advantage, radius of wheel/radius of axle = 250 cm/2.5 cm = 100)
Compute the estimated temperature, in Kelvin, of a stellar body's surface that emits light with a spectrum that peaks at 145 nanometers.
20,000 (Solution: Wein's Law T = 2.9 × 10^-3 m.k/λ 2.9 × 10^-3 m.k / 145 × 10^-9m = .02×10^6=20,000K)
Compute the estimated temperature, in Kelvin, of a stellar body's surface that emits light with a spectrum that peaks at 145 nanometers:
20,000 (Solution: Wein's Law T = 2.9 × 10^-3 m.k/λ 2.9 × 10^-3 m.k / 145 × 10^-9m = .02×10^6=20,000K)
Order the following 3 choices from the EARLIEST stage to the LATEST stage of ovarian follicle development, and identify which of the structures is typically the LARGEST: secondary follicle; corpus luteum; corpus albicans
SECONDARY FOLLICLE; CORPUS LUTEUM; CORPUS ALBICANS; LARGEST = CORPUS LUTEUM
Fossil are most commonly found in what general type of rock?
SEDIMENTARY
In what specific part of the testes does spermatogenesis occur in mammals?
SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
What is the most accurate term astronomers use for the time it takes for a planet to orbit the Sun relative to the stars?
SIDEREAL PERIOD
How many sigma and pi bonds, respectively, are there in a molecule with the following formula: [read slowly] CH3CHCHCH2CH3
SIGMA 14; PI = 1
Thin layer chromatography most commonly employs what substance as the matrix for the chromatographic separation?
SILICA (ACCEPT: SILICA GEL)
A widely used dental amalgam is formed by reacting metallic mercury with an alloy consisting primarily of which 2 metals?
SILVER AND TIN
Order the following metals in terms of their electrical conductivities from the highest to the lowest: gold; silver; copper; aluminum
SILVER; COPPER; GOLD; ALUMINUM
What celestial phenomenon most directly causes a comet's tail to point away from the Sun?
THE SOLAR WIND
What is the most common term for the imaginary band on either side of the ecliptic where the path of the Sun, Moon, and planets are generally found?
THE ZODIAC
What is the MOST common term for the type of energy that is most directly related to t
THERMAL
What is the most common name for the temperature-slope or depth interval over which temperature changes with depth in a lake?
THERMOCLINE
When a girl wearing roller blades throws a ball in front of her, she slides backwards. Her movement is an illustration of which of Newton's Laws of Motion?
THIRD
What human gland, which is mostly lymphoid tissue, is critical to the normal development of cell mediated immunity and, if removed after young adulthood, seems to have no ill effects on the immune system?
THYMUS
What human gland or organ produces tri-iodothyronine (read as: TRY- I-OH-doh-THY-row-neen)?
THYROID
Name all of the following 4 hormones that are formed primarily from the amino acid tyrosine: glucagon; thyroxine; epinephrine; erythropoietin (read as: EE-rith-roe-POE-ih-tin)
THYROXINE; EPINEPHRINE
What is the term for a tidally generated wave that propagates up a relatively shallow and sloping estuary or river in a solitary wave form, the leading edge of which presents an abrupt rise in level?
TIDAL BORE (ACCEPT: BORE)
What do the abbreviations TC and TD stand for that are seen on some laboratory pipettes?
TO CONTAIN AND TO DELIVER
What was the most sensitive device Coulomb used to measure the electric forces between pith balls?
TORSION BALANCE
For an object to travel in a circle, it must experience acceleration in what direction?
TOWARDS THE CIRCLE'S CENTER
Name all of the following 4 diseases that are caused by protists: botulism; rabies; typhoid fever; toxoplasmosis
TOXOPLASMOSIS
Order the following 4 processes from the one to typically occur the EARLIEST to the one to occur the LATEST in the production of collagen: (read slowly) spliceosome (read as: SPLY-see-oh-zome); transcription; translation; golgi modification
TRANSCRIPTION; SPLICEOSOME; TRANSLATION; GOLGI MODIFICATION
Name all of the following 4 choices that would typically be considered to supply electromotive force: transformers; generators; batteries; conductors
TRANSFORMERS; GENERATORS; BATTERIES (ACCEPT: ALL BUT CONDUCTORS)
What specific type of microscopy passes a beam of electrons through an ultra-thin specimen that is usually stained with an electron opaque substance, producing an image which can be captured by a charged coupled device?
TRANSMISSION ELECTRON MICROSCOPY (ACCEPT: TEM) (DO NOT ACCEPT: SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY OR SEM)
If it were to be renamed today based on what constellation the sun is in on December 22nd, what would the new name be for the Tropic of Capricorn?
TROPIC OF SAGITTARIUS (ACCEPT: SAGITTARIUS)
What is the specific type of protein from which spindle fibers are composed?
TUBULIN (ACCEPT: ALPHA AND/OR BETA TUBULIN)
What major biome occurs only in the Northern Hemisphere and is composed of both Low Arctic and High Arctic areas?
TUNDRA
The constellation in which Aldebaran can be found
Taurus
Choosing from upper left, upper right, lower left, and lower right, where on the HR diagram would a blue Supergiant be found?
UPPER LEFT
What is the name for a plastic or ceramic funnel that has a flat stage on which a filter paper can be placed that is intended for use under suction with a thick-walled side-arm flask designed to withstand the changes in pressure that occur when the flask is connected to a suction pump?
BÜCHNER FUNNEL (ACCEPT: BÜCHNER)
Imagine a sandstone that fizzes when exposed to hydrochloric acid. Name the mineral that cements the sand grains together.
CALCIUM CARBONATE (ACCEPT: CALCITE OR CaCO3)
Many large volcanoes are marked near their summit by a large, basin-shaped volcanic depression, more or less circular in form and steep-walled, which is called?
CALDERA
What is the primary calcium-binding protein in eukaryotic cells, that is about 148 amino acids long, and has a wide variety of functions often through kinases and phosphatases (read as: foss-fah-TAY-sis)?
CALMODULIN
In what part of photosynthesis, named after its discoverers, is NADPH used to produce 3-carbon sugar phosphate molecules?
CALVIN CYCLE (ACCEPT: CALVIN-BENSON CYCLE or CALVIN-BENSON-BASSHAM CYCLE)
What is the name for the constellation with the brightest star?
CANIS MAJOR (ACCEPT: THE BIG DOG)
In what constellation is the brightest-appearing star in the night sky?
CANIS MAJOR (Solution: Alpha Canis Majoris, also called Sirius, is in Canis Major and is the brightest star in the sky)
Simplify the following rational expression: (5y - 3x^2) / (9y^2 + 5x)
CANNOT BE FURTHER SIMPLIFIED (ACCEPT: (5y - 3x^2) / (9y^2 + 5x) or THE SAME)
What is the MOST common name for the electrical device often made of two parallel conducting plates separated by a paper insulator all rolled into a cylinder to function in storing electrical energy?
CAPACITOR
When a one solar mass star becomes a red giant for the first time, its energy comes mainly from the fusion of helium forming into what final element?
CARBON
What gas makes up most of the atmosphere of Mars?
CARBON DIOXIDE (ACCEPT: CO2)
What 3 elements are most prominent in the carbon fusion cycle?
CARBON; NITROGEN; OXYGEN
If one end of a single polypeptide chain has an amino group exposed, what functional group is typically exposed at the opposite end?
CARBOXYL
Which scientist and scholar is well known for such terms as "transcendental function", "archetypes" and "collective unconscious"?
CARL JUNG (ACCEPT: JUNG)
What is the general name for a substance that facilitates a chemical reaction by providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy while remaining unaltered?
CATALYST
In electrochemical cells, what is the most common term for the electrode that acts as the negative electrode?
CATHODE
In the electrolysis of a copper chloride solution, what forms at the cathode and anode, respectively?
CATHODE = COPPER (ACCEPT: Cu); ANODE = CHLORINE (ACCEPT: CHLORINE GAS or Cl2)
Recent studies of Troglodytes indicate they are some of the most sensitive endangered life forms. In what specific environment do Troglodytes typically live?
CAVES
What is the MOST common term for the inwardly directed force exerted on an object to keep the object moving in a circle?
CENTRIPETAL (ACCEPT: CENTRIPETAL FORCE)
What specific class of stars was discovered by Henrietta Leavitt to have special properties that allowed it to be used in measuring long astronomical distances?
CEPHEID VARIABLES
Members of the "Key Project", while working with the Hubble space telescope, are using observation primarily of what specific type of celestial object to calculate the Hubble constant?
CEPHEIDS (ACCEPT: CEPHEID VARIABLES)
Which 2 of the following 5 minor planets have the largest diameters: Eros, Juno, Ceres, Amor, Apollo
CERES AND JUNO
Which element has the lowest ionization energy of all stable neutral atoms?
CESIUM (ACCEPT: CS)
Which of the gas laws specifically states that the volume of a fixed amount of gas at a constant pressure varies directly with its absolute temperature?
CHARLES' LAW
Which two of the following five celestial bodies are not moons of Jupiter: Io, Charon, Titan, Ganymede, Callisto?
CHARON AND TITAN
What are generally considered the most common and most primitive type of meteorites?
CHONDRITES
What is the term for the part of the secant contained between the points of intersection on a curve?
CHORD
Give the systematic chemical name for the following ionic compound: Cr2(SeO4)3
CHROMIUM(III) SELENATE
Identify the type of conic section represented by the equation, x^2 + y^2 + 10y + 16 = 0:
CIRCLE (Solution: x^ + (y + 5)^2 = 9)
What is the name of the instrument invented by Charles Wilson and used in the early 1900's in many experiments to show the tracks of charged particles passing through a chamber?
CLOUD CHAMBER (ACCEPT: WILSON CLOUD CHAMBER)
From what protein is gelatin, which is used as a food additive, most commonly derived?
COLLAGEN
Which one of the basic 3 plant cell types has irregularly thickened cell walls, retains its cytoplasm, and functions in structural support?
COLLENCHYMA
From what specific celestial body do meteor showers originate?
COMET(S)
What term BEST describes 2 angles with 90º as the sum of their measurements?
COMPLEMENTARY
In triboelectric charging, when one object loses electrons, the object that accepts the charges acquires the same number of charges that the other object has lost. What law most directly governs this equal exchange?
CONSERVATION OF CHARGE
What is the common name for the 88 sections into which the International Astronomical Society has divided the sky?
CONSTELLATIONS
Order the following 4 ecosystems from the highest percentage of the Earth's surface to the lowest: tropical rainforest; continental shelf; tundra; estuary
CONTINENTAL SHELF; TROPICAL RAINFOREST; TUNDRA; ESTUARY
Who is the author of the book titled "On the Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres" which rejected the Earth-centric universe?
COPERNICUS
Based on compositional boundaries, name the three different layers that make up the structure of the solid portion of the planet Earth?
CORE, MANTLE, CRUST (accept in any order)
What causes low-pressure weather systems, such as tropical cyclones, to spin counter-clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere?
CORIOLIS EFFECT (ACCEPT: CORIOLIS FORCE, ROTATION OF THE EARTH)
What parameter, usually signified by a lower case r, describes the direction and strength of a straight-line relationship between two quantifiable variables?
CORRELATION (ACCEPT: PEARSON'S CORRELATION or CORRELATION COEFFICIENT or PEARSON'S R, or THE PEARSON PRODUCT MOMENT CORRELATION)
Find the cotangent and cosecant, respectively, of a 90º angle:
COTAN = 0; COSECANT = 1
What is the SI unit of electric charge?
COULOMB
What general type of bonding is found in molecules in which electrons are shared by nuclei?
COVALENT
Name the 3 cloud families based on their shape.
CUMULUS, STRATUS, CIRRUS (in any order)
Name all of the following 4 plants that produce seeds: cycads; ferns; mosses; conifers
CYCADS; CONIFERS
What is the most common name for the first membrane-associated molecule discovered to function in a wide variety of cells in what is commonly referred to as a second messenger?
CYCLIC AMP (ACCEPT: cAMP)
Of the following 5 alkanes, which one has the LEAST combined strain energy from angle strain and torsional strain: [read slowly] cyclopropane; cyclobutane; cyclopentane; cyclohexane; cyclo-octane
CYCLOHEXANE
Methods that cause hair to have curls usually rely on manipulating disulfide bonds in what amino acid?
CYSTINE
What is the MOST common term for the division of a somatic cell into 2 nucleated cells following of mitosis?
CYTOKINESIS
What are the names for the pyrimidine bases found in DNA?
CYTOSINE; THYMINE
The standard heat of formation of calcium oxide is -635.5 kilojoules per mole. What is the complete, balanced equation for the formation of calcium oxide, including the energy value?
Ca(s) + ½ O2(g)→CaO(S) + 635.5 kJ (read as: Ca solid plus one half O2 gas yields CaO solid plus 635.5 kilojoules) ALSO ACCEPT: 2Ca(s) + O(2)(g) → 2CaO(s) + 1271 kJ (NOTE: STUDENTS MUST INDICATE SOLID AND GAS)
Gas that is the main component of the atmosphere of Mars
Carbon Dioxide
Mars has a thin atmosphere composed mainly of what gas
Carbon Dioxide
A pulsating variable star whose brightness varies in a very regular time period of about 1-50 days
Cepheid
(1) simple, small, steep sided (2) explosive eruptions (3) found in California
Characteristics of Cinder Cone Volcanoes
(1) tall, steep, side vents (2) explosive eruptions (3) found in Japan
Characteristics of Composite Volcanoes
high silica/ low water content/ low temperatures/ high viscosity
Characteristics of Explosive eruptions
1. accordion-like motion (up and down) 2. fastest moving waves 3. travel through solids and liquids 4. cause least amount of damage
Characteristics of P waves
low silica/ high water content/ high temperatures/ low viscosity
Characteristics of Quiet eruptions
1. snakelike motion (back and forth) 2. moderate speed 3. travel through solids 4. cause moderate amount of damage
Characteristics of S waves
(1) underwater mountain (volcano) that doesn't reach the surface (2) found in Hawaii
Characteristics of Seamount Volcanoes
(1) broad/ flat, gently sloping cone (2) quiet eruptions (3) found in Hawaii
Characteristics of Shield Volcanoes
The thinnest layer of the Sun's atmosphere
Corona
Name all of the following 4 plants that have their seeds typically dispersed by wind: dandelion; milkweed; maize; lupine
DANDELION; MILKWEED
Longitude is to right ascension as latitude is to:
DECLINATION
What term is given to a body of sediments deposited where a stream flows into a body of standing water and its velocity and transporting power are suddenly reduced?
DELTA (ACCEPT: DELTA PLAIN)
What is the name for the apparatus commonly found in chemistry labs that is designed to store materials in dry air that consists of a glass bowl, an air-tight lid, and a place where a drying agent, such as silica gel, is placed:
DESSICATOR
What general term describes a substance whose electrons are all spin-paired and that are weakly repelled by magnetic fields?
DIAMAGNETIC
What is the longest chord of a circle also known as?
DIAMETER OF THE CIRCLE (ACCEPT: DIAMETER)
What is the MOST common term for the behavior of light where it appears to bend around small obstacles or the spreading out of waves as light passes through pinholes or slits?
DIFFRACTION
Order the following 4 monosaccharides from the smallest to the largest: erythrose, glucose, dihydroxyacetone, xylose
DIHYDROXYACETONE, ERYTHROSE, XYLOSE, GLUCOSE
What is the term that describes the separation of visible light into its component colors by a prism?
DISPERSION
Which 2 of the following 4 factors most directly determine the apparent visual magnitude of a star: distance from Earth; intrinsic brightness; color; age
DISTANCE FROM EARTH; INTRINSIC BRIGHTNESS
From what specific biological molecule are Barbara McClintock's transposons (read as: trans-POE-zons) made?
DNA
What enzyme in E. coli functions as the primary proof-reading molecule during replication?
DNA POLYMERASE (ACCEPT: DNA POLYMERASE 3)
What is the most common name of the protein that synthesizes DNA?
DNA POLYMERASE (ACCEPT: POLYMERASE)
What is the general term for the process of making different types of semiconductors by adding slight amounts of impurities into the silicon matrix?
DOPING
If a car is accelerating along a road, what force due to the air does the frictional force have to oppose?
DRAG
What general chemical term best describes a metal that can be drawn out into thin wire or threads without breaking?
DUCTILE
What section of the small intestine is the first to receive gastric contents?
DUODENUM
In "best altitude conditions" what month in the northern hemisphere is the best time to observe the full moon
December
The celestial coordinate analogous to latitude
Declination
Magma closer to core heats up, expands, and rises (less dense). Magma closer to crust cools and sinks (denser).
Describe the movement of rock in a convection current?
According to Aristotle, the portion of the Cosmos lower than the moon is made of what four elements?
EARTH, WATER, AIR, FIRE (Accept in any order)
What is the general term for the process in which a crystalline hydrated solid loses water of crystallization to the air, whereby a powdery deposit is gradually formed?
EFFLORESCENCE
What is the process by which electricity is used to split water into hydrogen and oxygen?
ELECTROLYSIS
Which of the 4 basic forces of the universe is most directly related to the ability of various metals to be hammered and formed into various shapes?
ELECTROMAGNETIC (FORCE)
What lepton was the first to be discovered?
ELECTRON
What particle of an atom is most directly responsible for the emission of light when an atom is excited by electromagnetic radiation?
ELECTRON
Name all the leptons that are produced during beta minus decay?
ELECTRONS AND ANTINEUTRINOS (ACCEPT: ELECTRON ANTINEUTRINO FOR NEUTRINO)
The two points where the ecliptic intersects the celestial equator are known as what?
EQUINOXES
Name all of the following 3 molecules that are considered saturated hydrocarbons: ethylene; ethane; cyclohexane
ETHANE; CYCLOHEXANE
What is the primary product produced when ethyl alcohol is heated to 170°C in the presence of 95% sulfuric acid?
ETHYLENE
What are the 2 alkenes (read as: al-KEENS) with the shortest carbon chains and lowest molecular weights?
ETHYLENE; PROPYLENE (ACCEPT: ETHENE; PROPENE)
What contemporary of Autolycus wrote a set of thirteen books titled "Elements", which remains among the most studied works in human thought and was a culmination of classical geometry?
EUCLID
Who was the first person known to have proved that the number of primes is infinite, calling them "numbers measured by no number but a unit alone"?
EUCLID
What is the term that describes the increase in primary production of an aquatic ecosystem following enrichment with chemical nutrients?
EUTROPHICATION (read as: yuh-trōe-fi-KAY-shohn)
Name all of the following 4 processes where latent heat is absorbed: evaporation; condensation; water melts; water freezes
EVAPORATION; WATER MELTS
Movement of Earth's lithosphere that occurs when rocks in the lithosphere suddenly shift, releasing stored energy
Earthquake
Common name for the phenomenon which is the result of sunlight reflecting off the Earth and faintly illuminating the darkened portion of the moon
Earthshine
What is the genus name of the most thoroughly studied bacterium?
Escherichia
Arrange the following 3 choices in order of increasing bond energies: O2; N2; F2
F2; O2; N2
What is the SI unit of capacitance equal to one coulomb per volt?
FARAD
What constant is given as the amount of electric charge per mole of electrons?
FARADAY CONSTANT (ACCEPT: FARADAY)
What is the most common name for the Law or principal dictating that the amount of a substance that is released or deposited from an electrode is directly proportional to the amount of electric current passing through the circuit?
FARADAY'S FIRST LAW OF ELECTROLYSIS (ACCEPT: FARADAY'S FIRST LAW or FARADAY'S LAW OF ELECTROLYSIS)
What are the SI units for permittivity?
FARADS PER METER
What are the frequencies of the first and second overtones, respectively, for a string vibrating at a fundamental frequency of 440 hertz?
FIRST = 880; SECOND = 1320
What is the most electronegative element?
FLUORINE
What element is a corrosive, greenish-yellow gas, is widely used in the manufacturing of polymers such as Teflon, and is the 13th most abundant element in the Earth's crust?
FLUORINE (ACCEPT: F)
What is the term for the distance, usually given in millimeters, between the optical center of a lens and the point at which rays of light from objects at infinity are brought to focus?
FOCAL LENGTH
Although in many respects difficult to define, what term is MOST often described as a push or a pull that can cause an object to accelerate?
FORCE
bend in layers of rock
Fold
Device that first proved that Earth rotates on its axis
Foucault Pendulum
From the FIRST to the LAST, what are the stages into which interphase is most commonly divided?
G-1; S; G-2 (ACCEPT: GAP ONE, DNA SYNTHESIS, GAP 2)
The local group is generally referred to as a collection of what celestial objects?
GALAXIES
Yersinia, Drosophila and Homo are all what taxonomical category?
GENUS (ACCEPT: GENERA)
In meteorology, what is the name for the horizontal wind velocity for which the Coriolis acceleration exactly balances the horizontal pressure force?
GEOSTROPHIC WIND
Name all of the following 5 plants that are dicots: wheat; geranium; garlic; bamboo; rose
GERANIUM; ROSE
From what monosaccharide is cellulose primarily composed?
GLUCOSE (ACCEPT: Β-D-GLUCOPYRANOSYL or D-GLUCOSE)
Using electrophoresis at a pH of 6.0, which two of the following 5 amino acids would move the least remaining at the origin? arginine, glutamic acid, glycine, alanine, lysine?
GLYCINE, ALANINE
What is the name of the simple astronomical instrument consisting of a vertical stick placed in a sunny spot to cast a shadow?
GNOMON
What is the name for the most malleable and ductile metal which can be dissolved in aqua regia but is unaffected by air and most other reagents?
GOLD
Arrange the following 4 metals in order of increasing reactivity in dilute HCl: zinc; aluminum; gold; calcium
GOLD; ZINC; ALUMINUM; CALCIUM
Which Law states that the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass?
GRAHAMS' LAW
Short Answer Name all of the following 4 choices that are characteristic of E. coli: gram negative; an enteric organism; non-motile; bacillus
GRAM NEGATIVE; AN ENTERIC ORGANISM; BACILLUS (ACCEPT: ALL BUT NON-MOTILE)
The formation of what is referred to as "metallic hydrogen" on some of the our solar system's planets is driven by what basic force?
GRAVITY
What basic force is responsible for forming the liquid-metallic hydrogen layer on the planet Jupiter?
GRAVITY
What basic force of the universe is most responsible for holding the planets of our solar system in their orbits?
GRAVITY
A white-colored object illuminated by a green light will appear as what color to the human eye?
GREEN
What is the most common color for the calyx (read as: KAL-IX) of angiosperms?
GREEN
What specific cells and how many of them border each stomal pore?
GUARD CELLS; 2
The Magellan clouds are actually this type of celestial body
Galaxies
The first black American astronaut in space
Guion Bluford
What class of immunoglobulins is most directly responsible for hay fever and common allergies in humans?
IGE (ACCEPT: E or IMMUNOGLOBULIN E)
Mirages, such as the silvery glimmer you sometimes see on a distant hot highway, are caused by heating of the air near the ground. What relevant property of the heated air is changed?
INDEX OF REFRACTION (ACCEPT: DENSITY OF THE AIR)
What is the BEST term for the tendency of any mass at rest to remain at rest?
INERTIA
What is the most common term used to describe the velocity of an object at any one discrete moment along its path?
INSTANTANEOUS VELOCITY
What is the most common name for the pattern of light and dark lines produced when coherent light is passed through two horizontal slits in a thin opaque sheet, causing superposition of waves projected on a wall?
INTERFERENCE PATTERN (ACCEPT: INTERFERENCE)
What is the specific name for a common tangent that intersects the segment joining the centers of 2 circles?
INTERNAL COMMON TANGENT (ACCEPT: INTERNAL or INTERNAL TANGENT)
What element makes up the innermost core of a type II (read as: type 2) supernova just before core collapse?
IRON
Give the chemical name for the compound formed when pure iron and pure sulfur are mixed together and heated:
IRON SULFIDE (ACCEPT: IRON(II) SULFIDE or FERROUS SULFIDE)
Short Answer Give the chemical name for the compound formed when pure iron and pure sulfur are mixed together and heated:
IRON SULFIDE (ACCEPT: IRON(II) SULFIDE or FERROUS SULFIDE)
According to general solubility rules, name all of the following 5 substances that are NOT soluble in water: lithium iodide; sodium chloride; iron(II) hydroxide; sodium nitrate; barium sulfate
IRON(II) HYDROXIDE; BARIUM SULFATE
What are the three metals that generally comprise ferromagnetic materials?
IRON, COBALT AND NICKEL
How does the center of mass of an object change when going from a 1 g to a 0 g environment?
IT DOES NOT CHANGE
What is the effect of plate tectonics on the width of the Atlantic Ocean?
IT IS BECOMING LARGER (ACCEPT: BECOMING WIDER)
What specific class of antibodies is most commonly responsible for degranulation of basophils or mast cells?
IgE (ACCEPT: IMMUNOLGLOBULIN E)
What is the most plentiful class of immunoglobulins in human plasma?
IgG (ACCEPT: G or IMMUNOGLOBULIN G)
Formed when magma or lava cools and hardens
Igneous rock
During what month is the average surface temperature of the Earth typically the highest?
JULY
Adastea, Amalthea and Callisto are moons of what planet?
JUPITER
What 2 planets of our solar system are most alike in elemental makeup to the solar nebula?
JUPITER; SATURN
Day of the year on which the summer solstice usually occurs
June 21
The largest circular storm in our solar system is on the surface of which planet?
Jupiter
Which planet has the highest escape velocity
Jupiter
Find the mass percent composition, rounded to the nearest whole number, for each atom in KClO3. Assume the atomic masses of potassium = 39, chlorine = 35, and oxygen = 16
K = 32%; Cl = 29%; O = 39% (Solution: K = 39g/122g × 100% = 32%; Cl = 35/122 × 100% = 29%; O = 48/122 × 100% = 39%)
According to standard chemical nomenclature and indicating the proper charge, what is the formula for potassium perchlorate?
KClO4
What is the common astronomical name for areas where gravitational attraction of two or more celestial bodies prevents objects in that area from maintaining an orbit, such as the spacings of semi-major axes of orbits of asteroids in the asteroid belt?
KIRKWOOD GAPS
The presence of which organism allows for the low level of trophic complexity observed in coastal Antarctic waters?
KRILL [ACCEPT: EUPHAUSIIDS (read as: yuh-FOH-zee-ids)]
In 1931, who disproved that axioms of arithmetic were consistent and could sufficiently prove or disprove any mathematical conjecture?
KURT GÖDEL (ACCEPT: GÖDEL)
What are the median, mean and mode of the following set of numbers: 2, 3, 3, 8, 8, 8, 10, 14?
MEDIAN = 8; MEAN = 7; MODE = 8
As seen from the Earth, what planet has the smallest maximum eastern elongation?
MERCURY
What terrestrial planet has the most elliptical orbit?
MERCURY
What is the layer typically found between 2 plant cell walls of adjoining plant cells which is composed of pectin?
MIDDLE LAMELLA
In what specific part of a eukaryotic cell will pyruvate be converted into acetyl Co-enzyme A?
MITOCHONDRION (ACCEPT: MITOCHONDRIA)
What scale is based on the amount of vibration felt by people during low-magnitude earthquakes and the extent of building damage during high magnitude earthquakes?
MODIFIED MERCALLI SCALE (ACCEPT: MERCALLI)
Launched by NASA in December of 1999 as part of the EOS Terra payload, what is the name of the instrument which provides high radiometric sensitivity that can study atmospheric, land, and ocean imaging in a single instrument that can also be custom tailored to the individual needs of the user?
MODIS (ACCEPT: MODERATE-RESOLUTION IMAGING SPECTRORADIOMETER)
The seismic discontinuity that marks the base of the crust of the Earth is known as the what?
MOHO (ACCEPT: M-DISCONTINUITY OR MOHOROIVICIC DISCONTINUITY)
Name all of the following 3 concentration units that are temperature-dependent: molal (read as: moe-LAHL); molarity; normality
MOLARITY; NORMALITY
What cell in the peripheral blood is the immediate precursor of the macrophage?
MONOCYTE
What object in the night sky can reach a maximum apparent magnitude of negative 12.6?
MOON (ACCEPT: FULL MOON)
What is the main respiratory pigment of skeletal muscle cells?
MYOGLOBIN
One of the largest volcanos in our solar system is named Olympus Mons and is on
Mars
1. does NOT use seismogram 2. rates earthquakes based on damage to structures
Mercalli scale
The smallest planet in our solar system
Mercury
Order the following 4 ionic solids in terms of their lattice energies, going from the highest to the lowest: LiF; MgI2; KF; NaF
MgI2; LiF; NaF; KF
underwater mountain chain
Mid-ocean ridge
1. uses seismogram 2. measures earthquakes in terms of energy released
Moment Magnitude scale
During beta minus decay, what nucleon type is reduced by one?
NEUTRON
What kind of celestial bodies have cores that consist primarily of neutral particles in a superfluid state and are thought to have evolved from stars with masses more than about 1.4 times the Chandrasekhar limit?
NEUTRON STARS (DO NOT ACCEPT: PULSAR)
How many neutrons and how many protons are present in a single oxygen-15 nucleus, respectively?
NEUTRONS = 7; PROTONS = 8
Name all of the following 4 cells that are leukocytes: neutrophil; basophil; melanocyte; macrophage
NEUTROPHIL; BASOPHIL
What specific law of motion most directly implies that every action has an equal and opposite reaction?
NEWTON'S THIRD LAW (ACCEPT: THIRD LAW)
Name all of the following 3 choices that are chemoautotrophs: Nitrosomonas (read as: nitro-so-MOAN-us) Paramecium; Volvox
NITROSOMONAS
What is the chemical formula for the conjugate base of HNO2?
NO2-
A 2s orbital has 2 regions of maximum probability where electrons can be found separated by a spherical surface of 0 probability that is called what?
NODE (ACCEPT: NODAL SURFACE)
What is the proper name of the star that is most commonly noted to have coordinates closest to the north celestial pole?
NORTH STAR (ACCEPT: POLARIS or ALPHA URSA MINORIS)
What is the most common name for the histone octamer used in the coiling and packing of DNA and regulation of gene expression?
NUCLEOSOMES
Name all of the following 4 organelles that are bounded by a double membrane: nucleus; mitochondrion; lysosome; chloroplast
NUCLEUS; MITOCHONDRION; CHLOROPLAST (ACCEPT: ALL BUT LYSOSOME)
What is the most common statistical term for the assumption, when comparing sample means, that there is no significant difference between the two samples?
NULL HYPOTHESIS
Using proper chemical nomenclature, finish balancing the following chemical reaction. Make sure to indicate the state of each substance, such as solid, liquid, aqueous, or gas: 3NaOH(aqueous) + H3PO4(aqueous) --> what?
Na3PO4(aqueous) + 3H2O(liquid) (products in any order)
Name for the celestial body of interstellar gas and dust where stars are sometimes born
Nebula
During the period between 1979 and 1998 the farthest planet from the sun
Neptune
A solar eclipse can only occur at this phase of the moon
New Moon
Triton Neptune's moon has an ocean made of
Nitrogen
Using the most common temperature-based spectral classification system, a star with an apparent color of blue and a surface temperature of 55,000 kelvin would have what spectral letter classification?
O
Name all of the following 4 species that contain an odd number of electrons: O21-; O22-; SO2; CO
O2 ^1-
What is the rule that states that main-group elements tend to undergo reactions that leave them with 8 outer-shell electrons?
OCTET RULE
If you cut a Mobius Strip in half down the center of the strip, how many pieces do you end up with?
ONE
In general, metals are relatively hard except for what group of metals in the Periodic Table?
ONE (ACCEPT: GROUP 1A or ALKALI METALS)
Put the following parts of an ecosystem in order from smallest to largest: biome, community, population, ecosystem, organism, species.
ORGANISM, SPECIES, POPULATION, COMMUNITY, ECOSYSTEM, BIOME
What cell type is MOST directly responsible for secreting the bone matrix in developing humans?
OSTEOBLASTS (DO NOT ACCEPT: OSTEOCYTE)
What specific human bone cell is antagonist
OSTEOCLASTS
Name the elements in the following reaction that have been oxidized and reduced, respectively: Zn(solid) + CuSO4(aqueous) ZnSO4(aqueous) + Cu(solid)
OXIDIZED = Zn (ACCEPT: ZINC); REDUCED = Cu (ACCEPT: COPPER)
During photorespiration, the plant enzyme RuBisCO (read as: rue-BIS-ko) will bind what molecular substance rather than carbon dioxide?
OXYGEN (ACCEPT: O2)
longitudinal waves similar to sound waves
P waves
Which body wave can travel at the greatest velocity of all the seismic waves?
P-WAVES (ACCEPT: PRIMARY WAVE OR COMPRESSION/EXPANSION WAVES)
What protein, that takes its name from its apparent molecular weight, can arrest cells in the G1-S checkpoint, initiate apoptosis (read as: aye-pop-TOE-sis) and, when deactivated, is implicated in a wide variety of cancers?
P53
In the geological time scale, the Devonian Period belongs to which Era?
PALEOZOIC
Normal hydrogen at room temperature contains what two forms of hydrogen, as defined by the spins of their electrons and nuclei?
PARA AND ORTHO
From what basic plant cell type are the majority of cells in a corm (read as: KORM) composed?
PARENCHYMA
What term describes the ability of a microscope to remain very nearly in focus when switching from one objective lens to anothe?
PARFOCAL (ACCEPT: PARFOCALITY)
What is the name for the straight-chain alkane containing 5 carbons?
PENTANE
Name all of the following 4 substances that would typically be considered exocrine products: insulin; pepsin; hemoglobin; epinephrine
PEPSIN
Order the following 4 acids from the strongest to the weakest: nitric acid; perchloric acid; hydrochloric acid; acetic acid
PERCHLORIC ACID; HYDROCHLORIC ACID; NITRIC ACID; ACETIC ACID
An element with an electron configuration of 2-8-8-2 is found in what Period and main Group number on the Periodic Chart?
PERIOD 4 AND GROUP 2 (ACCEPT: PERIOD 4 AND GROUP 2A)
In North America, what is typically the most spectacular meteor shower in the month of August?
PERSEIDS
Using standard chemical nomenclature, what is the chemical formula for phosphine?
PH3
What is the biological term most often used for the act of a cell engulfing a particle by extending its pseudopodia (read as: SU-doe-POH-dee-ah) around the particle?
PHAGOCYTOSIS
What is the most common term used in genetics to describe the observable physical characteristics of an organism caused by the expression of a gene or set of genes?
PHENOTYPE
Sieve cells and sieve tube members are types of what specific conductive plant cell type?
PHLOEM
What is the general biological term for organisms that synthesize organic molecules from inorganic molecules using light as an energy source?
PHOTOAUTOTROPHS (ACCEPT: PHOTOTROPHS)
Through what two particles is most of the energy released by a star like our Sun?
PHOTONS AND NEUTRINOS
Name all of the following 3 processes that do NOT occur in E. coli: glycolysis; photosynthesis; glycogenolysis (read as: GLYKO-jen-oh-LY-sis)
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
What specific biological process is believed to have produced most of the diatomic oxygen in the Earth's atmosphere?
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
What metabolic process occurs frequently in the top 100 meters of the world's oceans and is nearly absent at greater depths?
PHOTOSYNTHESIS (read as: fōe-tōe-SIN-teh-sis)
Order the following 5 taxonomic group with the MOST members to the one with the FEWEST members: genus; order; phylum; class; family
PHYLUM; CLASS; ORDER; FAMILY; GENUS
Using the traditional system of classification, when organisms belong to the same class, name all of the following 4 taxonomic categories to which they must also belong: order; family; phylum; kingdom
PHYLUM; KINGDOM
Name all of the following 4 cells that typically possess mitochondria: erythrocytes; plasma cells; lymphocytes; neurons
PLASMA CELLS; LYMPHOCYTES; NEURONS (ACCEPT: ALL BUT ERYTHROCYTES)
If the electronegativity difference in the bonding atoms is intermediate in strength, what general type of bond is typically formed?
POLAR COVALENT (DO NOT ACCEPT: COVALENT)
What is the general term for a bond in which the shared bonding electrons are attracted somewhat more strongly by one atom than the other?
POLAR COVALENT BOND
The stars Merak and Dubhe in the bowl of the big dipper are most commonly used to locate what star?
POLARIS (ACCEPT: POLE STAR; NORTH STAR; ALPHA URSA MINORIS)
What is the most common name for the micro-gametophyte in flowering plants?
POLLEN (ACCEPT: POLLEN GRAINS)
In an electrolytic cell, what is the sign of the charge associated with the anode?
POSITIVE (ACCEPT: PLUS)
The fertilizer potash provides plants with what element necessary for healthy growth and which is also the seventh most abundant element on Earth?
POTASSIUM (ACCEPT: K)
What astronomical instrument, used to determine the position of celestial bodies, uses light in parallel rays falling on a mercury surface, which then pass through a prism and into a telescope?
PRISMATIC ASTROLABE (ACCEPT: ASTROLABE OR IMPERSONAL ASTROLABE)
During what phase of meiosis-one do homologous chromosomes exchange genetic information?
PROPHASE-ONE (ACCEPT: PROPHASE)
an ancient supercontinent formed about 300 million years ago which later gave rise to today's continents
Pangaea
Term most commonly used to refer to the actual motion that stars have in relation to each other and over many years will lead to changes in the shapes of constellations
Proper Motion
In algebra, what is a second degree polynomial equation most commonly called?
QUADRATIC (ACCEPT: QUADRATIC EQUATION)
Name all of the following 4 sub-atomic particles that are never found in isolation: electrons; protons; quarks; positrons
QUARKS
What type of fog frequently forms in valleys when the wind is light and the ground cools until the dew point is reached?
RADIATION FOG (ACCEPT: RADIATION or RADIATIONAL) (Solution: brought about by radiational cooling)
What term describes momentum transfer from a photon to a physical object ?
RADIATION PRESSURE (ACCEPT: LIGHT PRESSURE)
Which of the following are transmitted by electromagnetic waves: 1) radio, 2) television, 3) Rayleigh, or 4) P-waves?
RADIO, TELEVISION (ACCEPT: 1, 2)
Radon is primarily produced naturally on Earth most directly from the decay of what element?
RADIUM
According to one of the most common color triangles, if blue and green are primary colors, what is the third primary color?
RED
What color of flame does lithium produce in a flame test?
RED
Name all of the following 4 choices that are typically considered human autoimmune dysfunctions: Rheumatoid arthritis; Lupus; shingles; Down's syndrome
RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS; LUPUS
Of the 3 basic types of magma on Earth, which one generally has the LOWEST eruptive temperature?
RHYOLITIC (ACCEPT: RHYOLITE) (Solution: basaltic ~ 1000º - 1200ºC, andesitic ~ 800º - 1000ºC, rhyolitic ~ 650º - 800ºC)
From what vitamin is the electron carrier FAD (read as: F, A, D) derived?
RIBOFLAVIN (ACCEPT: VITAMIN B2)
What is the common name for the units in DNA to which phosphates are covalently linked?
RIBOSE SUGARS (ACCEPT: PENTOSE SUGARS or SUGARS or DEOXYRIBOSE SUGARS)
In what chamber of the human heart is the sinoatrial (read as: sine-oh-AYE-tree-al) node located?
RIGHT ATRIUM
How many arc-seconds wide, rounded to the nearest whole number, would Galileo have been able to resolve with his telescope, if one assumes that its 1.7 inch diameter lens was free of optical aberrations?
3 (Solution: For radiation to which our eyes are most sensitive, then = 0.25 (0.55 μm)/0.04318 m; = 3.2)
What is the smaller of two integers whose sum is 19 and whose product is 48?
3 (Solution: 16 + 3 = 19; 16 × 3 = 48)
The price of a postage stamp changes from 33 cents to 34 cents. What is the percent increase in price?
3 (ACCEPT: 3.03)
By words or numbers, name all of the following 4 choices that are TRUE for an object moving at a constant speed: 1) it must have a constant velocity 2) it must be constantly moving in the same direction 3) it can be accelerating 4) it must have a constant weight
3) IT CAN BE ACCELERATING
How many joules are in a single watt-hour?
3,600 (Solution: (1 joule per second)(60 sec)(60 minutes) = 3600 J)
What is the most common name for the terminus of a tRNA molecule to which amino acids are attached?
3-PRIME TERMINUS (ACCEPT: CCA 3-PIME END or 3-PRIME END or 3-PRIME)
What is the bond order for each oxygen-oxygen bond in the ozone or O3 molecule?
3/2 (ACCEPT: 1.5)
It takes 20 minutes for Janis to prepare lunch. When Kristen helps, it only takes 12 minutes. How many minutes would it take Kristen to prepare the same lunch if she worked alone?
30 (Solution: 12/20 + 12/x = 1, x = 30 min)
Under constant temperatures, a sample of gas at a pressure of 120 kilopascals is allowed to expand from 2 liters to 8 liters. Calculate the new pressure, in kilopascals:
30 (Solution: P1V1 = P2V2; (120 kPa)(2L) = (P2)(8L); = 30 kPa)
Convert 5π/3 radians into degrees.
300°
The doldrums are to 0° latitude, as the horse latitudes are to what?
30° (ACCEPT: 30° NORTH OR SOUTH LATITUDE)
In order, what are the prime numbers between 30 and 50?
31, 37, 41, 43, 47
Find the numerical value of the geometric mean of the following 4 values: 2^1; 2^3; 2^8; 2^8
32 (DO NOT ACCEPT: 25) (Solution: 1 + 3 + 8 + 8 = 20/4 = 5; 25 = 32)
To the nearest cubic inch, find the volume of a sphere whose diameter is 4 inches.
33 (ACCEPT: 32 - 34) (Solution: V = 4/3 πr3; = 4/3 (3.14)(8); = 33.49)
Given that the speed of sound at 0ºC at sea level in dry air is 331 meters per second, what is the speed of sound through dry air at sea level, giving your answer in proper SI units rounded to the nearest whole number, if the temperature of the air is 12°C?
338 METERS PER SECOND (must give units) (Solution: 0.6 × 12 + 331 = 338.2 m/s)
Evaluate the following expression when a = 1/3, b = 4, c = -1, and d = -5: 2[3a - (b + c) - 4d]
36
From what chamber of the human heart does blood carried by the left pulmonary artery leave?
RIGHT VENTRICLE
What is the form of frost in which a thick coating of ice crystals builds upon leaves, twigs and fences as is often seen at the tops of snow-covered mountain peaks?
RIME ICE (ACCEPT: RIME OR HOAR FROST)
What specific molecule binds immediately upstream of the structural genes in the lac (read as: LACK) operon and functions to transcribe these genes?
RNA POLYMERASE
What is the name of the universal constant that relates atomic spectra of elements to that of hydrogen?
RYDBERG CONSTANT (ACCEPT: RYDBERG)
1. uses seismogram 2. measures earthquake by the size of the waves
Richter scale
transverse waves
S waves
What is the common biological name for the product of human sublingual glands?
SALIVA
A chemical reaction in which esters are hydrolyzed under basic conditions to give an alcohol and a salt of the acid is generally known as what type of reaction?
SAPONIFICATION
As of the summer of 2001, what planet was shown to have the most known moons orbiting it in our solar system?
SATURN
Cassini's division is associated with what planet?
SATURN
Identical wind turbines are put in four locations: sea level, 5,000 feet, 10,000 feet, and 14,000 feet. Assuming the same wind speed, which turbine will produce the most energy?
SEA LEVEL
Choosing from primary through quaternary, what level of protein structure is conferred by a beta pleated sheet?
SECONDARY
Giving your answer in meters squared, find the total surface area of a right prism whose base is a right triangle with legs of length 3 meters and 4 meters and whose altitude is 2 meters:
36 (Solution: 3:4:5; Pbase = 3+4+5 = 12m; A = ½bh = 6 m^2; TA = LA + 2B = (12)(2) + 2(6) = 36 m^2)
How many joules of energy are used by an electrical appliance operating on 8 amps of current flowing through a 20-ohm resistance circuit for 5 minutes?
384,000 (Solution: E = I^2 R × T = (8A)^2 × 20 ohms × 300 s = 384,000 joules)
Arrange the following 4 radicals in order of increasing value: 6sqrt12; 6sqrt63; 3sqrt2; 4sqrt8
3sqrt2; 6sqrt12; 4sqrt8; 6sqrt63
Convert 135° into radians.
3π/4
How many quantum numbers are required to completely describe a specific electron in a multi-electron atom?
4
What is the remainder of (148 + 10) / 7 ?
4
Solve the following equation for all real values of X: (1/8)x^2 - (1/4)x - 1 = 0
4 OR -2
Solve the following equation for x: 2^7 x 2^(x^2-2) = 2^21
4 OR -4 (ACCEPT: x=±4) (Solution: 7 + x^2 - 2 = 21; x = 4 and -4)
Consider a satellite that is a uniform sphere rotating about its axis. What is its moment of inertia, giving your answer in scientific notation and in kilogram meters squared, if it has a mass of 10,000 kilograms and a diameter of 200 meters?
4 × 10^7 (Solution: I = (2/5)(10,000 Kg)(100m)2 = 40,000,000 kg.m2)
Rounded to the first decimal place, how many kilowatt-hours of energy are used if 10 amps flows for one day though a circuit with a resistance of 2 ohms?
4.8 (Solution: E = Wt = (10A)^2 × 2 ohms × 24 hr = 4.8 kilowatt-hours)
What is the formula for the volume of a sphere?
4/3 πr^3 (read as: four third pi radius cubed)
A recipe calls for flour, sugar and butter to be mixed in a ratio of 7 to 5 to 2, respectively. Assuming there is enough sugar and butter to use all the flour and 20 pounds of flour is available, how many pounds of the mixture can be made?
40
If the intensity of a sound is 10,000 times as loud as another sound, by how many decibels do the two sounds differ?
40
Consider a planet where g equals 5.0 meters per second squared. Ignoring friction, if an object started from rest, how far would it fall vertically off a cliff in 4.0 seconds, giving your answer in standard SI units?
40 METERS (must give units) (Solution: d = ½ × at^2 = ½ × 5× 4^2 = 40 meters)
Calculate the percent relative humidity for air at 70°F containing 10 millibars of water vapor if the saturation vapor pressure is 25.0 millibars at that temperature.
40% (Solution: RH = 10/25 × 100% = 40)
If 200 coulombs pass through a wire in 0.5 seconds, what is the average current, in amps, passing through the wire?
400
For someone standing at 43° north latitude, how many degrees above the horizon will the north celestial pole be?
43
Calculate the enthalpy of vaporization, in kilojoules, of water at 25ºC and 1 atmosphere. Assume the standard enthalpy of formation of liquid water is -286 kilojoules and the standard enthalpy of formation of water gas is -242 kilojoules:
44 (Solution: ΔH°reaction = ΣnpΔHf°(products) - ΣnrΔHf°(reactants) = [-242 - (-286) = +44.0 kJ)
How many sidereal minutes are in 7.5 sidereal hours?
450
The number 22.5 is 5 percent of what number?
450
A jar of 100 marbles contains only 2 colors of marbles, red and blue. If there are 13 red marbles for every 12 blue marbles, how many blue marbles are in the jar?
48 (Solution: 12/25 = B/100, B = 48)
In order of increasing energy, number and designate all the subshells in the 4th electron shell:
4s, 4p, 4d, 4f (ACCEPT: s, p, d, f)
In terms of π, what is the area of a sector in a circle whose central angle is 40° bounded by two radii of 6?
4π (Solution: A = n/360 × πr^2; = 40/360 × 36π = 4π)
How many significant figures are in the number 3.8400 × 10^4? (read as: three point eight four zero zero times ten to the fourth power)
5
What is the total resistance, in ohms, of two resistors in parallel when both are 10 ohm resistors?
5
There are 10 people on a bus who, when ranked from youngest to oldest, all differ from those on the bus closest in age to them by the same number of years. If the youngest is 6 and the oldest is 51, what is the common difference in their age?
5 (Solution: 6-11-16-21-26-31-36-41-46-51)
How many milliliters of a 0.250 molar H2SO4 solution will react with 10 milliliters of a 0.250 molar NaOH solution
5 (Solution: NH2SO4 = (2eq/mol)(0.250 mol/L) = 0.5 eq/L; NNaOH = 0.250 eq/L; (NH2SO4)(VH2SO4) = (NnaOH)(VNaOH); (0.5 meq/ml)(x) = (0.25 meq/ml)(10 ml) = 5 ml)
If a planet had an orbital period of 11.2 years, what is the length of its orbital semi-major axis, in astronomical units rounded to the nearest whole number?
5 (Solution: d^3 = p^2; d^3 = (11.2)^2; d^3 = 125.4; d = 5)
Giving your answer in inches and in simplest radical form, if the hypotenuse of a 45-45-90º triangle is 10 inches, find the length of the other sides:
5 sqrt 2 (ACCEPT: BOTH 5sqrt 2)
How many yards are in 1 rod?
5.5
Giving your answer as a proper fraction, what is the cube root of 125/343?
5/7
Debbie pushes a 10-kilogram box of books with a horizontal force of 500 newtons. What is the acceleration of the box, giving your answer in standard SI units, if friction is neglected?
50 METERS PER SECOND SQUARED (ACCEPT: 50 METERS PER SECOND PER SECOND) (Solution: A = F/M; A = 500/10; A = 50m/sec2)
How many turns of wire should a solenoid have if you wish the magnetic field inside the solenoid to be 5 times as great as that of a solenoid with 100 turns of wire, if both have the same length and current?
500
Assuming that the Hubble constant = 40 km/sec/megaparsec, how far away, in megaparsecs, is a galaxy whose red shift is 20,000 km/sec?
500 MEGAPARSECS (Solution: d = v/H0; = 20,000/40 = 500)
What is the magnification of a telescope with an objective lens that has a focal length of 250 centimeters and an eyepiece with a focal length of 0.50 centimeters?
500X (ACCEPT: 500 or 500 TIMES) (Solution: M = Fo ÷ Fe = 250/0.50 = 500)
How many degrees above the horizon will the north celestial pole be for someone standing at latitude 53° North?
53
If pure water is at its boiling point at standard pressure, how many additional calories of heat are needed to convert 1 gram of water from the liquid to the vapor state?
540
To the nearest gram, convert 20 ounces into grams:
567 (ACCEPT: 566 - 568) (Solution: 20 × 28.35 = 567)
A circle has a diameter of 20 and a minor arc whose interior angle is 90°. In terms of π, what is the arc length?
5π (Solution: arc length = (90°/360°)(2πr); = ¼ (20)π; = 5π)
If the area of a right triangle ABC is 6 and leg BC is one-third the length of leg AB, what is the length of AB?
6 (Solution: A = ½ bh; 6 = ½ (x)(3x); = 2; 3 × 2 = 6)
In a triangle ABC, angle A = 55° and angle B = 70°. If line segment AB = 3x - 2 and line segment BC = x + 10, what is the value of x?
6 (Solution: Isosceles, thus: AB = BC; 3x - 2 = x + 10; x = 6)
Under constant temperature conditions, a sample of gas has a volume of 8 liters at a pressure of 1.5 atmospheres. If a 2 liter container is used to hold the gas, calculate the new pressure, in atmospheres.
6 (Solution: P1V1 = P2V2; (1.5atm)(8L) = (P2)(2L); = 6atm)
If the speed of sound in a certain medium is 360 meters per second, what is the wavelength, in meters, of a sound-wave that has a frequency of 60 hertz?
6 (Solution: wavelength = speed/f; = 360/60 = 6 meters)
What is the oxidation number of chromium in the chromate ion, or CrO42-?
6 (ACCEPT: +6) (DO NOT ACCEPT: -6)
Find 2 mean proportionals between the numbers 3 and 24:
6 AND 12 (Solution: 3r^3 = 24, r = 2)
Order the following 4 stars from the HOTTEST to the COOLEST: K-3; K-2; B-7; M-10
B-7; K-2; K-3; M-10
What ardent behaviorist and author of "Walden Two" believed that human behavior is strongly influenced by what he referred to as operant reinforcement?
B.F. SKINNER (ACCEPT: SKINNER)
Intestinal absorption of what vitamin is most directly dependent on intrinsic factor?
B12
What is the scientific term given to the shape of the E. coli bacterium?
BACILLUS (ACCEPT: ROD or BACILLI or BACILLIFORM)
Of the 3 basic types of magma on Earth, which one generally has the LOWEST gas content?
BASALTIC (ACCEPT: BASALT) (Solution: 3 basic types: basaltic = low; andesitic = intermediate; rhyolitic = high)
Order the following three types of magma based on their typical percentage of dissolved gas, starting with the lowest: andesitic, basaltic, rhyolitic
BASALTIC, ANDESITIC, RHYOLITIC
What is the most common term for the form of protection when a non-poisonous frog has the same appearance as a poisonous frog?
BATESIAN MIMICRY (ACCEPT: MIMICRY or WARNING MIMICRY) (DO NOT ACCEPT: MULLERIAN MIMICRY)
Consider triangle ABC, where the measure of angle A = 20º, B =117º, and C = 43º. Arrange the 3 sides in order of increasing length:
BC; AB; AC (Solution: the longer side is opposite the greater angle)
What disease was first discovered in the mid-19th century in the Far East and later correlated to a vitamin deficiency caused by the introduction of polished rice as a food staple?
BERI-BERI
From the lowest to the highest atomic number, give the full names of any 4 alkaline earth metals.
BERYLLIUM; MAGNESIUM; CALCIUM; STRONTIUM; BARIUM; RADIUM
First proposed by Georges Lemaitre, what is the name, most likely coined by Fred Hoyle, for the theory that the universe originated at a finite time many eons ago from an extremely compressed hot state?
BIG BANG
What is the most well-known asterism in Ursa Major?
BIG DIPPER
What color are the chromophores NOT absorbing in a blue shirt?
BLUE
Identify the scientist who proposed the existence of energy levels for the electrons in an atom.
BOHR
The change in enthalpy, ΔH, (read as: delta H), is to a calorimeter as the change in internal energy, ΔE, (read as: delta E), is to what?
BOMB CALORIMETER
In any order, give the full names of any 4 metalloids.
BORON; SILICON; GERMANIUM; ARSENIC; ANTIMONY; TELLURIUM; ASTATINE
What is the electric charge and mass of the carrier particle for the electromagnetic force?
BOTH ARE ZERO
What was the electrolyte used in the first voltaic piles built by Volta?
BRINE (ACCEPT: SALT WATER)
Which of the halogens is a liquid at room temperature?
BROMINE
At less than 8% solar mass, what is the common term for a potential star that does not gather enough mass to initiate core nuclear fusion and become a main sequence star?
BROWN DWARF
Which of the following is a long, narrow, steep-sided arm of the sea, usually formed by entrance of the sea into a deep glacial trough: W) fjord (pronounced: fee-ord) X) moraine Y) delta Z) alluvial fan
W) FJORD
Which of the following organisms eventually sediments onto the ocean seafloor as a calcareous ooze: W) foraminifera X) radiolarians Y) diatoms Z) fish scales
W) FORAMINIFERA
The molal (read as: moe-lahl) is a concentration unit that is most appropriately used in experimental designs that determine: W) freezing point depression X) osmotic pressure Y) density Z) vapor pressure lowering
W) FREEZING POINT DEPRESSION
Which of the following is a diprotic acid: W) H2C2O4 X) H3PO4 Y) HCl Z) HNO2
W) H2C2O4 (Solution: oxalic acid with 2 acidic H atoms)
Groundwater that is rich in calcium and magnesium bicarbonates is termed: W) hard water X) soft water Y) well water Z) recharge water
W) HARD WATER
Which of the following is considered a weak acid: W) HCO2H X) HClO4 Y) HNO3 Z) HBr
W) HCO2H
For a series of chemical reactions, Hess's law provides a method for the summation of which property? W) Heat of formation X) Entropy Y) Equilibrium constant Z) Reaction rate
W) HEAT OF FORMATION
Astronomers will often refer to certain stars as low metal content stars. In this sense astronomers consider metals as any element: W) heavier than helium X) heavier than carbon Y) heavier than copper Z) heavier than iron
W) HEAVIER THAN HELIUM
Which of the following is the most common term for an area of primitive cells in plants where active cell division occurs: W) meristem X) ground tissue Y) primary cells Z) germinal tissue
W) MERISTEM
Where is the youngest ocean floor found? W) Mid-ocean ridges X) Subduction zones Y) Top of Himalayas Z) The abyssal plains
W) MID-OCEAN RIDGES
A first quarter Moon will cross the meridian at what time of the day or night: W) midnight X) sunrise Y) sunset Z) noon
W) MIDNIGHT
Which of the following is NOT true: W) Mount Everest is a volcanic mountain X) shield volcanoes have surface slopes of only a few degrees Y) the depression on the top of a typical composite volcano is known as a crater Z) Mount Kilimanjaro is a stratovolcano
W) MOUNT EVEREST IS A VOLCANIC MOUNTAIN
Portions of the Ogallala aquifer are located under: W) Nebraska X) the San Jaoquin valley Y) Arizona Z) Florida
W) NEBRASKA
Which of the following compounds contains a coordinate covalent bond: W) NH4+ X) N2H4 Y) N2 Z) NH3
W) NH4+
Which of the following does NOT have the electron configuration of argon: W) O2- X) Cl- Y) S2- Z) K+
W) O2- (Solution: O2- has configuration of neon)
Which of the following atmospheric gases is created naturally by the action of sunlight on molecular oxygen: W) ozone X) carbon monoxide Y) nitrous oxide Z) methane
W) OZONE
The leaf of the Sugar Maple tree is considered to be: W) palmately lobed X) palmately compound Y) pinnately lobed Z) pinnately compound
W) PALMATELY LOBED
If a star has a surface temperature of 3,000 degrees kelvin, a core temperature of 100 million Kelvin, and a luminosity of 2,000-times our Sun, choosing from upper right, upper left, lower left, and lower right, where on an H-R diagram would it most likely be found?
UPPER RIGHT (Solution: this describes a red giant)
Name all of the following 4 isotopes that release energy if they undergo fission: helium-4; hydrogen-2; uranium-235; iron-56
URANIUM-235
Although you might expect this planet to be visible to the unaided eye because of its maximum apparent magnitude value of about +5.8, what planet is unlikely to be seen by most stargazers since it requires nearly ideal viewing conditions?
URANUS
Which one of the Gas Giant planets emits the LEAST amount of energy?
URANUS
Which planet is 14.5 times the Earth's mass, has a rotational rate of 17.2 hours, and a year length of 84 Earth years?
URANUS
In what constellation is the star Polaris found?
URSA MINOR (DO NOT ACCEPT: LITTLE DIPPER)
What are the five countries that currently produce the greatest amount of nuclear electric energy?
USA, FRANCE, JAPAN, GERMANY AND RUSSIA (Accept in any order)
What is the anticodon on a tRNA for AAA (read as: A, A, A)?
UUU
Which two of the following 5 amino acids contain nonpolar R groups? valine, lysine, arginine, alanine, histidine
VALINE, ALANINE
What planet is known to be most like Earth in size and density?
VENUS
What is the name for the test that can be used to visually determine whether or not a relation defined by a graph represents a function?
VERTICAL LINE TEST (ACCEPT: VERTICAL LINE)
What is the name for a lunar ditch where molten lava once flowed?
VOLCANIC RILLE
A transformer is often used in electric circuits to alter what quantity?
VOLTAGE (ACCEPT: ELECTRIC POTENTIAL, POTENTIAL, POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE, ELECTRIC POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE)
Doughnut shaped zones of atomic particles consists of electrons and protons captured by the Earth's magnetic field from the solar winds
Van Allen Belts
Planet in our solar system with the most circular orbit
Venus
The only planet in the solar system has a day which lasts longer than its year
Venus
The only two moonless planets
Venus and Mercury
The only two planets to rotate from East to West
Venus and Uranus
What is NOT a superior planet
Venus or Mercury
Which of the following is the expression that defines the hyperbolic sine function: W) (e^x − e^−x)/2 X) (e^x + e−x^)/2 Y) 2/(e^x + e^-x) Z) 2/( e^x − e^−x
W) (e^x − e^−x)/2
Which of the following best approximates the relative humidity in the stratosphere: W) 1% X) 10% Y) 35% Z) 50%
W) 1%
Which of the following substances is water soluble: W) ethanol X) dichloro-methane Y) chloroform Z) benzene
W) ETHANOL
The principle constituent of most granites is: W) feldspar X) muscovite Y) calcite Z) dolomite
W) FELDSPAR
Which of the following would BEST describe the quaternary structure of collagen: W) fibrous X) globular Y) planar Z) transport
W) FIBROUS
In 1905, on the basis of apparent irregularities in the orbital motion of Neptune that later proved to be incorrect, who predicted the existence of a ninth planet with an orbit beyond Neptune: W) Percival Lowell X) Charles Dillon Perrine Y) George Ellery Hale Z) Johannes Franz Hartman
W) PERCIVAL LOWELL
Which of the following is never considered evidence of a chemical change? W) Phase change X) Color change Y) Formation of a precipitate Z) Formation of a gas
W) PHASE CHANGE
Which of the following elements is found in Period 3 and main Group 5A: W) phosphorous X) silicon Y) nitrogen Z) arsenic
W) PHOSPHOROUS
Which of the following results will identify an unknown substance as a mixture instead of a compound? W) It cannot be separated by distillation X) It is homogeneous Y) It has a constant melting point Z) Centrifuging can separate the components
Z) CENTRIFUGING CAN SEPARATE THE COMPONENTS
The Hawaiian Islands originated from magma: W) intruding along the boundary between two lithospheric plates X) formed within an island arc Y) injected along a mid-ocean fracture zone Z) coming from a hotspot within the mantle
Z) COMING FROM A HOTSPOT WITHIN THE MANTLE
Mount Vesuvius in Italy is a typical: W) mud volcano X) caldera Y) cinder cone Z) composite volcano
Z) COMPOSITE VOLCANO
Mount Vesuvius in Italy is a typical: W) mud volcano X) caldera Y) cinder cone Z) composite volcano
Z) COMPOSITE VOLCANO
Which of the following is NOT an endothermic process: W) sublimation X) melting Y) vaporization Z) condensation
Z) CONDENSATION
When referring to disease, endemic refers to: W) the habitual presence of disease within a geographic population X) the occurrence of a group of illnesses clearly in excess of normal expectancy Y) a worldwide epidemic Z) diseases which often exhibit a seasonal pattern
W) THE HABITUAL PRESENCE OF DISEASE WITHIN A GEOGRAPHIC POPULATION
Before a light marble and a heavy marble experience a head-on elastic collision, the heavy marble has a much higher speed than the light marble. During the collision, which marble experiences greater acceleration? W) The light marble X) The heavy marble Y) Both experience the same acceleration Z) In an elastic collision, neither marble accelerates
W) THE LIGHT MARBLE
Which of the following BEST describes an air mass that originates in northern Mexico, moves into the Great Plains and stagnates, resulting in severe drought: W) continental tropical X) continental polar Y) maritime tropical Z) maritime polar
W) continental tropical
Which of the following is the target tissue of the hormone leptin where it binds with LepRB (read as: L, E, P, R, B) receptors: W) hypothalamus X) pancreas Y) adipose tissue Z) kidney
W) hypothalamus
In which of the following locations would there typically be more Population Two stars than Population One stars: W) in globular clusters X) in spiral arms of galaxies Y) in planetary nebula Z) in regions actively forming stars
W) in globular clusters
Rock inside the earth melts forming liquid magma. Magma rises through the crust erupting at the surface. Magma rises because it is less dense than the surrounding rock.
Why do volcanoes erupt?
It couldn't explain the mechanism of how the continents moved.
Why wasn't the theory of Continental Drift accepted at the time?
According to the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation, the pH equals the pKa (read as: p, k, a) when the ratio of the conjugate base and weak acid equals: W) 0 X) 1 Y) 2 Z) 7
X) 1
One knot is approximately equal to how many kilometers per hour? W) 0.6 X) 1.9 Y) 1.65 Z) 1.0
X) 1.9
If the circuit breaker in a 110-volt circuit is listed at 30 amperes, how many 100 watt light bulbs could you have on that circuit, which includes a TV with 250 watts, a hair dryer of 1500 watts and a computer of 150 watts? W) 10 X) 14 Y) 18 Z) 20
X) 14
Neglecting any amplification effects that might be produced by shoreline irregularities, what is the tallest wave-height that can reasonably be created by an earthquake-generated tsunami: W) 3 meters X) 15 meters Y) 75 meters Z) 150 meters
X) 15 METERS
Many of the driest locales on Earth are situated between which of the following latitudes: W) 0º to 15º X) 15º to 30º Y) 30º to 45º Z) 45º to 60º
X) 15º to 30º
For a population of 100 individuals with a normal distribution, how many individuals will be found to fall greater than 1 standard deviation above the mean: W) 12 X) 16 Y) 32 Z) 68
X) 16
In which of the following wavelengths does DNA absorb the best: W) 3,900 angstroms X) 260 nanometers Y) 340 nanometers Z) 540 nanometers
X) 260 nanometers
Which of the following is closest to the pKa of an acid whose Ka = 5.0 × 10-4: W) 2.3 X) 3.3 Y) 4.0 Z) 5.0
X) 3.3 (Solution: pKa = -log10Ka = 3.3)
Hydrogen gas effuses through a pinhole opening from one compartment to another about how many times as fast as nitrogen gas: W) 2.4-times X) 3.7-times Y) 5.3-times Z) 8.2-times
X) 3.7-TIMES
The molar heat of vaporization for water at its boiling point and in kilojoules per mole is: W) 6.01 X) 40.7 Y) 540 Z) 2,260
X) 40.7
If you were using a 50-millimeter camera lens and changed the lens aperture from 8.0 to 5.6, about how much LESS light would the lens be allowing to pass through it: W) 60% less X) 50% less Y) 35% less Z) 22% less
X) 50% LESS (Solution: 5.6/8.0 = 0.70; (0.70)^2 = 0.49 ~ 50%)
Most terrestrial plants grow best in soil with a pH range of: W) 4.5 to 5.5 X) 6.0 to 7.0 Y) 7.0 to 8.0 Z) 7.5 to 8.5
X) 6.0 to 7.0
Which of the following is closest to the diameter of a plasmodesmata (read as: PLAS-mo-dez-MAH-tah): W) 2 angstroms X) 60 nanometers Y) 80 microns Z) 180 microns
X) 60 nanometers (Solution: this is the only logical size considering the average plant cell size and the size of transported molecules)
About how many years ago is it thought that the dominant ice-age cycle changed from 40,000 year periods to 100,000 year intervals with very large fluctuation: W) 200,000 - 400,000 X) 600,000 - 800,000 Y) 2 million - 2.5 million Z) 4 million - 4.5 million
X) 600,000 - 800,000
A typical 6-ounce brewed cup of tea contains about how many milligrams of caffeine: W) 30 X) 70 Y) 110 X) 150
X) 70
Approximately what percentage of the Earth's surface is covered by ocean? W) 50% X) 70% Y) 90% Z) 99%
X) 70%
In geologic mapping, the angular difference between dip and strike is: W) 45° X) 90° Y) 180° Z) 360°
X) 90°
During positron emission, which of the following most likely occurs: W) a proton changes to an electron X) a proton changes to a neutron Y) a neutron changes to an electron Z) a neutron changes to a proton
X) A PROTON CHANGES TO A NEUTRON
Which of the following types of magma would LEAST likely be involved in a nonexplosive volcanic eruption: W) basaltic magma X) a relatively viscous magma Y) a relatively low silica content magma Z) a relatively high-temperature magma
X) A RELATIVELY VISCOUS MAGMA
Reaction with a copper compound is a qualitative test for which functional group: W) alcohol X) aldehyde Y) ketone Z) carboxylic acid
X) ALDEHYDE
Group 1 cations and group 7 anions combine to form: W) metal alloys X) alkali halides Y) alkaloids Z) organometallic compounds
X) ALKALI HALIDES
Group 1 cations and group 7 anions combine to form: W) metal alloys X) alkali halides Y) alkaloids Z) organometallic compounds
X) ALKALI HALIDES
The largest worldwide use for hydrogen gas is in the production of: W) methanol X) ammonia Y) water Z) hydrogen fluoride
X) AMMONIA
A fermentation reaction and a saponification reaction are similar in that they both can produce: W) a soap X) an ester Y) an alcohol Z) an acid
X) AN ESTER
In computer graphics, the electronic process of eliminating or reducing jaggies in an image is called: W) pixelation X) anti-aliasing Y) digitizing Z) radial filling
X) ANTI-ALIASING
Which of the following is a common ion? W) Na2+ X) Al3+ Y) B2+ Z) Kr2+
X) Al3+
In the soil profile, which horizon is know as the zone of accumulation: W) A-horizon X) B-horizon Y) O-horizon Z) E-horizon
X) B-HORIZON
A compressional tectonic environment can result in all of the following, except: W) Folded mountains X) Basin and range Y) Volcanoes Z) Reverse faults
X) BASIN AND RANGE
Which of the following are intrusive masses of igneous rock that extend downward to unknown depths and do not show signs of a definite floor: W) laccolith X) batholith Y) sill Z) volcanic neck
X) BATHOLITH
Which of the following compounds is insoluble in water? W) Barium acetate X) Beryllium acetate Y) Lead acetate Z) Silver acetate
X) BERYLLIUM ACETATE
Which of the following is NOT true about the Sun? W) It vibrates in multiple modes like a bell that is repeatedly struck X) Gas near the Sun's higher latitudes rotate more quickly than gas near its equator Y) It contains about 99% of the mass in the solar system Z) It is magnetic
X) GAS NEAR THE SUN'S HIGHER LATITUDES ROTATE MORE QUICKLY THAN GAS NEAR ITS EQUATOR
Which of the following is best classified as a plutonic intrusive rock: W) obsidian X) granite Y) basalt Z) pumice
X) GRANITE
When bonded together, which of the following pairs has the highest average bond dissociation energy: W) H and Br X) H and F Y) C and Br Z) N and Cl
X) H AND F (Solution: H-F = 570; H-Br = 366; C-Br = 270; N-Cl = 200)
Which of the following molecules exhibits a dipole moment: W) CH4 X) H2S Y) CO2 Z) SO3
X) H2S
Which of the following molecules would have the most peptide bonds: W) glycogen X) hemoglobin Y) lecithin Z) DNA
X) HEMOGLOBIN
Which of the following is a gas that is tested for by ignition in air on contact with a lighted splint to produce a high-pitched "popping" sound: W) oxygen X) hydrogen Y) helium Z) nitrogen monoxide
X) HYDROGEN
Which of the following BEST describes the Balmer series: W) a series of quantum numbers indicating certain energy levels X) hydrogen atom spectral line emission Y) a sequence of elements that are produced chronologically in supernovae Z) the energy spectrum of the early universe
X) HYDROGEN ATOM SPECTRAL LINE EMISSION
Ocean sediments that form from the precipitation of dissolved organic chemicals in seawater are classified as: W) terrigenous X) hydrogenous Y) biogenous Z) siliceous
X) HYDROGENOUS
Which of the following has the highest specific heat value: W) wood X) ice water Y) sand Z) gold
X) ICE WATER (Solution: wood = 0.42 Cal/g°C; ice water = 0.5; sand = 0.19; gold = 0.031)
Which of the following is TRUE of a sound wave traveling in dry air at STP at a constant velocity: W) if frequency increases, wavelength increases X) if frequency increases, wavelength decreases Y) if frequency decreases, wavelength decreases Z) if frequency increases, wavelength stays the same
X) IF FREQUENCY INCREASES, WAVELENGTH DECREASES
When the distance travelled and displacement are equal and nonzero for a given object in motion, the object must have travelled: W) Back and forth X) In a straight line without changing direction Y) In a circle Z) In an ellipse
X) IN A STRAIGHT LINE WITHOUT CHANGING DIRECTION
A child is holding a string with a yo-yo dangling at the bottom of it. As the child yanks the string up, the tension in the string will: W) Decrease X) Increase Y) Stay the same Z) Become negative
X) INCREASE
Recent evidence shows which to be the best advice for a person suffering from recurrent kidney stones: W) decrease their intake of calcium-rich foods X) increase their intake of calcium-rich foods Y) increase their intake of oxalate-rich foods Z) decrease their intake of magnesium-rich foods
X) INCREASE THEIR INTAKE OF CALCIUM-RICH FOODS (Solution: the Ca is thought to bind with oxalates in the intestine, keeping it from entering the bloodstream)
Ocean tides of diminished range are called: W) spring tides X) neap tides Y) diurnal tides Z) semi-diurnal tides
X) NEAP TIDES
In the general Circulation of the atmosphere, what is the name given to the middle latitude cell marked by sinking motion near 30° and rising motion near 60° latitude: W) Polar cell X) Ferrel cell Y) Hadley cell Z) Rossby cell
X) FERREL CELL
A Buchner (read as: BYOU-kh-ner) funnel is a piece of laboratory glassware often used in chemistry labs for which of the following procedures: W) combustion X) filtration Y) centrifugation Z) distillation
X) FILTRATION
Trellis drainage patterns are most likely to form on: W) coastal plains X) folded terrains Y) glacial outwash Z) permafrost
X) FOLDED TERRAINS
Which of the following is a space observatory, launched in 2004 through the combined effort of Italy, the United Kingdom, and the United States, for the detection and study of gamma-ray bursts: W) SOHO X) SWIFT Y) MOC Z) international GRB
X) SWIFT
Which of the following trigonometric relationships is TRUE: W) sine θ × cotangent θ = 1 (read θ as theta) X) tangent θ × cotangent θ = 1 Y) secant θ - cosine θ = 1 Z) sine θ + cosecant θ = 1
X) TANGENT θ × COTANGENT θ = 1
In a double reciprocal plot of Michaelis-Menton kinetics, what is the effect of a competitive inhibitor: W) change in the vertical axis intercept X) change in the slope only Y) change in the horizontal axis intercept only Z) change in both vertical and horizontal axes intercepts
X) change in the slope only
Which of the following is the common name for the following compound: benzene with a methyl group on carbon #1 and a chlorine atom on carbon #2: W) chlorotoluene (Pronounced: KLOR-o-tol-you-een) X) o-chlorotoluene Y) p-chlorotoluene Z) m-chlorotoluene
X) o-CHLOROTOLUENE
The salts and ions derived from the chemical weathering of rocks are carried by a stream are part of its: W) bed load X) suspended load Y) dissolved load Z) salt load
Y) DISSOLVED LOAD
The reaction CuCl2 + Na2S CuS + 2NaCl2, is an example of what class of chemical reaction: W) synthesis X) single replacement Y) double replacement Z) decomposition
Y) DOUBLE REPLACEMENT
Which of the following best describes glacial till: W) well sorted and stratified X) well sorted and poorly stratified Y) poorly stratified and poorly sorted Z) stratified and poorly sorted
Y) POORLY STRATIFIED AND POORLY SORTED
Which trophic level has the most energy? W) Consumers X) Decomposers Y) Producers Z) Scavengers
Y) PRODUCERS
Destruction due to an earthquake does NOT vary because of: W) Rock type X) Amount of human infrastructure Y) Proximity to a volcano Z) Distance from the epicenter
Y) PROXIMITY TO A VOLCANO
Which of the following tectonic environments would lead to the formation of the most felsic, silica-rich magma? W) Subduction associated with the Andes Mountains X) East African Rift Valley Y) Volcanic island arc of Japan Z) Hot spot underneath Yellowstone
Z) HOT SPOT UNDERNEATH YELLOWSTONE
Which of the following molecules is most likely to have a zero dipole moment based on its molecular shape: W) PF3 X) H2O Y) PCl3 Z) BeF2
Z) BeF2
Which of the following is considered a nonpolar molecule: W) H2S X) NH3 Y) NO2 Z) BeH2
Z) BeH2
Which of the following has an electron configuration of 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 (read as: 1 s 2, 2 s 2, 2 p 6, 3 s 2, 3 p 6)? W) Sodium ion X) Chlorine Y) Neon Z) Calcium ion
Z) CALCIUM ION
The source of energy that drives a tsunami wave onto a shore originated: W) From the gravitational attraction between the Earth and the Moon X) Along the ocean floor Y) From tidal waves Z) In Earth's interior
Z) IN EARTH'S INTERIOR
An increase in which of the following conditions would NOT lead to an increase in pressure of a gas in a piston: W) increased temperature X) increased number of gas molecules Y) increased average kinetic energy of gas particles Z) increased volume
Z) INCREASED VOLUME
Which of the following will NOT help crystallize magma? W) Cooling the liquid X) Increasing pressure Y) Removing water to raise the melting point Z) Increasing temperature
Z) INCREASING TEMPERATURE
A common type of distortion in CRT monitors in which horizontal and vertical lines bend inwards towards the center of the display is called: W) spiral distortion X) barrel distortion Y) trapezoid distortion Z) pincushion distortion
Z) PINCUSHION DISTORTION
From which of the following is the cell wall of plants mostly composed: W) protein X) lipid monolayer Y) lipid bilayer Z) polysaccharide
Z) POLYSACCHARIDE
Which of the following 1.0 molar solutions will have the largest change in boiling point from that of pure water? W) Sodium bromide X) Magnesium iodide Y) Sucrose Z) Potassium phosphate
Z) POTASSIUM PHOSPHATE
Electric appliances and tools are grounded to: W) complete the electrical circuit X) balance the voltage in both lines Y) prevent the overloading of circuits Z) prevent surface static charge buildup
Z) PREVENT SURFACE STATIC CHARGE BUILDUP
With which of the following does human interstitial fluid differ in concentration the most when compared with plasma: W) sodium ions X) potassium ions Y) magnesium ions Z) proteins
Z) PROTEINS
Which of the following is classified as a silicate mineral: W) gypsum X) malachite Y) halite Z) quartz
Z) QUARTZ
What term best describes the type of reaction that converts uranium in the soil to radon? W) Acid-base X) Fusion Y) Electromagnetic radiation Z) Radioactive decay
Z) RADIOACTIVE DECAY
The angular distance of a star east of the Prime Meridian is most commonly referred to as the star's: W) deviation X) gnomon angle Y) zenith point Z) right ascension
Z) RIGHT ASCENSION
What shape do interstellar dust particles have since the light emitted by stars is dimmed and partially polarized: W) sphere X) cube Y) disk Z) rodlike
Z) RODLIKE
Which of the following is the device in a galvanic cell that completes the electric circuit by connecting the two sides of the cell with an inert electrolyte: W) electrolytic reservoir X) cathode Y) conducting wire Z) salt bridge
Z) SALT BRIDGE
Which of the following are clastic in origin: W) chalk X) coal Y) gypsum Z) sandstone
Z) SANDSTONE
Modified tropical grasslands characterized by alternating wet and dry seasons that produce areas typical of grasslands are called: W) tall grass prairies X) short grass prairies Y) chaparrals Z) savannas
Z) SAVANNAS
Which of the following is the most abundant mineral group found in the Earth's crust? W) Carbonates X) Oxides Y) Sulfides Z) Silicates
Z) SILICATES
Separation of proteins by centrifugation in a sucrose density gradient is based on: W) size and shape only X) size only Y) density only Z) size, shape, and density
Z) SIZE, SHAPE, AND DENSITY
Of the following, which is the strongest base: W) potassium hydroxide X) barium hydroxide Y) calcium hydroxide Z) sodium hydroxide
Z) SODIUM HYDROXIDE
Which of the following is the MOST reliable measure of the remaining percentage of stored energy in a lead acid battery: W) pH of the electrolyte X) voltage remaining in the battery as measured on a voltmeter Y) amount of oxygen gas released Z) specific gravity of the electrolyte
Z) SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF THE ELECTROLYTE
Which of the following is closest to the range for the Balmer series: W) microwave X) infrared through UV Y) UV to soft x-ray Z) visible light to UV
Z) VISIBLE LIGHT TO UV
Which of the following best describes the luster of quartz: W) dull X) silky Y) metallic Z) vitreous
Z) VITREOUS
Which of the following types of plutons is a cylindrical conduit of igneous rock below a volcanic vent: W) laccolith X) dike Y) volcanic stock Z) volcanic pipe
Z) VOLCANIC PIPE
A high-energy river environment will most likely create which of the following deposits: W) Laminar silt beds X) Course-grained, angular cross bedding Y) Poorly sorted beds with no structure Z) Well rounded gravels
Z) WELL ROUNDED GRAVELS
Which of the following is NOT true about the Earth's troposphere: W) within the layer, temperature decreases with altitude X) it is terminated by the tropopause Y) it contains the jet stream Z) within the layer, temperature increases with altitude
Z) WITHIN THE LAYER, TEMPERATURE INCREASES WITH ALTITUDE
meteor belt
inbetween mars and jupiter's orbits, home to most of our solar system's ______s
an igneous rock that forms underground from hardened magma
intrusive rock
The apparent speed of the Sun along the ecliptic
is constant
magma that has reached the earth's surface
lava
layer of relatively cool, rigid rock that includes the uppermost part of the mantle as well as Earth's crust
lithosphere
lower portion of Earth's mantle
mesosphere
forms from a previous rock that is changed by heat or pressure
metamorphic rock
The Kappa Cygnids and the Northern Delta Aquarids are names for what phenomena?
meteor showers
A meteor that reaches the surface of the Earth
meteorite
What is NOT true about meteorites
on rare occasions, acid-etched iron meteorites display a pattern called the Widmanstatten pattern
About how many light years across is the Milky Way?
one hundred thousand
spiral
one of the four shapes of galaxies - disk shaped
barred-spiral
one of the four shapes of galaxies - elongated nucleus
elliptical
one of the four shapes of galaxies - most common
irregular
one of the four shapes of galaxies - rarest type of galaxy
According to Kepler's Third Law
plotting the squares of the periods of the planet against the cubes of the semi- major axes of their orbits will result in what sort of graph,a straight line
solid collection of minerals or mineral materials
rock
What is the electron capacity in each of the 4 sublevels s, p, d, and f, respectively?
s = 2; p = 6; d = 10; f = 14
titan
saturn's largest moon
process by which new oceanic crust is created at mid-ocean ridges as older crust moves away
sea-floor spreading
fragments of older rock and fossils, or living things, and minerals
sediment
forms when fragments of rock are compacted and cemented together
sedimentary rock
device that can detect and record seismic waves
seismograph
The two observables in a binary star system that must be measured to make the total mass determination
separation of the two stars and the stars period of revolution
wide, flat volcano
shield volcano
structure formed when magma hardens in a crack parallel to existing rock layers
sill
Simplify the following equation: square root of (9x + 9) −square root of ( 4x + 4)
square root of x +1 (ACCEPT: square root of 1+ x )
27,000,000 degrees
temperature of the core of the sun
sagittarius
the archer (zodiac)
radiative zone
the area between the sun's core and the convective zone
convective zone
the area where convection cells (aka supergranules) are located
quasar
the brilliant center of a distant galaxy
tarus
the bull (zodiac)
In the Australian winter night sky
the constellation Orion can be seen,in the northern sky
cancer
the crab (zodiac)
mercury
the craters on this planet were named after famous creative people
neptune
the farthest official planet from the sun in our solar system
ptolemy
the father of astronomy
What is the Vostok 1?
the first manned spacecraft
pisces
the fishes (zodiac)
waxing
the process of earth's moon going from a new moon to a full moon
waning
the process of the earth's moon going from a full moon to a new moon
aries
the ram (zodiac)
libra
the scales (zodiac
scorpius
the scorpion (zodiac)
capricornus
the sea-goat (zodiac)
earth
the third planet from our sun
virgo
the virgin (zodiac)
photosphere
the visible surface of the sun
aquarius
the water-carrier (zodiac)
mercury
this is a rocky planet with almost no atmosphere, a silicate mantle, and an iron core.
triton
this is the largest of neptune's moons and has the lowest temperature in the solar system
jupiter
this planet has a core twice the size of earth
neptune
this planet has the 'great dark spot' and experiences no seasons
venus
this planet's atmosphere is made up of almost entirely carbon dioxide and has a surface almost entirely concealed by clouds
boundary in which tectonic plates slide past each other
transform boundary
Scientific names for the two regions of a sunspot
umbra and penumbra
cordelia
uranus's moon
an opening on the surface through which magma escapes
vent
mountain that forms when magma reaches the surface
volcanic neck
mountain that forms when magma reaches the surface
volcano
At a location half-way from the Equator to the North Pole
what correctly describes the stars apparent motion,they rise and set at an angle to the horizon
Solve the following inequality: 3 - 6x > 15.
x < -2
Solving for x, find the roots of the following equation: x^2 - 2x - 2 = 0
x = 1 ± square root of 3 (ACCEPT: x = 1 + square root of 3 AND x = 1 - square root of 3 )
MATH Short Answer Assuming that x ≠ 0, solve the following equation for x: 3/2x + 7/3x + 8/4x = 20
x = 7/24 (ACCEPT: x = 70/240 OR 3.43)
Simplify the following expression: x^(1/2)x^(2/5)
x^(9/10) (ACCEPT: ^10sq rt x^9)
Given f(x) = x^2 + 2x + 3, express f(x + 1) in standard polynomial form:
x^2 + 4x + 6
Giving your answer in standard form, give the equation of the circle with center at (0, 0) and diameter of 6:
x^2 + y^2 = 9
Use the Binomial Theorem to expand and simplify the following equation: (x - 1)^4
x^4 - 4x^3 + 6x^2 - 4x +1
Solve the following equation for y: y +(3y-9)/5= 4 - (5y-12)/3
y = 3
What is the equation of a line that has a slope of 4 and a y-intercept of 5?
y = 4x + 5
Giving your answer in standard form, what is the last term in the binomial expansion of the following: (x + y)6
y6
Giving your answer in standard form, what is the last term in the binomial expansion of the following: (x + y)^6
y^6
Order the following 4 countries from the lowest to the highest in energy consumption per capita in 1999: Russia, China, Japan, Germany
CHINA, GERMANY, JAPAN, RUSSIA TOSS-UP
What is the common name for the 27-carbon lipid whose synthesis is in part regulated by HMG CoA (read as: H, M, G, koh, A) reductase and is the basic starting point for estrogen synthesis?
CHOLESTEROL
Continents were once joined together in a super-continent called Pangaea and have since drifted apart.
Continental Drift
What is the least number of colors for any map on a sphere so that regions with common boundaries are distinguished by different colors?
4 (Solution: 4 color map theorem)
Solve the following equation for x: -2|3 + (x/2)| = -10 (read as: negative 2 times the absolute value of 3 plus, open parenthesis, x divided by 2, close parenthesis, close absolute value, equals negative 10)
4 AND -16
Author of book titled "Concerning the Revolutions of Celestial Spheres" that marks the birth of modern astronomy
Copernicus
Find the area, in centimeters squared and in simplest radical form, of a regular or equilateral triangle whose circumcircle has a radius of 8 centimeters:
48 sqrt3 (Solution: apothem = 4; perimeter = (8 sqrt3)(3); A = ½(4)(24 sqrt3) = 48 sqrt3 cm^2)
Divide the following and give your answer in scientific notation: (8E7)/(4E4)^(1/2)
4E5
What is the pH of a solution with a pOH of 6.8 at 25ºC?
7.2
The land counterpart of a delta, what is the term for a fanshaped assemblage of sediments built where a stream moves from a steep gradient to a flatter gradient and suddenly loses transporting power?
ALLUVIAL FAN
Uranium-238 and plutonium-239, primarily decay by what mode?
ALPHA (ACCEPT: ALPHA EMISSION or ALPHA DECAY)
What are the two forms of electrical current?
ALTERNATING AND DIRECT CURRENT (ACCEPT: AC AND DC)
What are the common names for the 2 functional groups that combine to form a peptide bond?
AMINO; CARBOXYL (ACCEPT: AMINE AND CARBOXYLIC ACID)
A monosaccharide unit containing a ketone functional group is to a ketose as a monosaccharide unit containing a glucose is to what?
AN ALDOSE
Name all of the following 3 lavas from which stratovolcanoes are typically composed: andesite; rhyolite; basalt
ANDESITE; RHYOLITE
Of the 3 basic types of magma on Earth, which one generally has a chemical composition intermediate in iron, magnesium, and calcium?
ANDESITIC (ACCEPT: ANDESITE) (Solution: 3 basic types: basaltic, andesitic, rhyolitic)
What is the MOST common anatomical synonym for ventral, when locating a part of the human body in relation to another part?
ANTERIOR
What is the name of the element with the symbol Sb?
ANTIMONY
What is the brightest star in the Northern sky?
ARCTURUS (ACCEPT: ALPHA BOÔTES)
What is another name for minor planets, starlike bodies, or planetoids, the vast majority of which have orbits roughly midway between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars?
ASTEROIDS
What is the name of the layer lying between the base of the Earth's lithosphere and a depth of about 2900 kilometers, where rock exists in a hot, weak, plasticlike form?
ASTHENOSPHERE
In the periodic table, what name is given to the number representing the total of a given element's protons and neutrons?
ATOMIC MASS
What is the most common term for the method Louis Pasteur used to create the first rabies vaccine?
ATTENUATION
What German mathematician in 1865 cut a long rectangular strip of paper, gave the paper a half-twist, and pasted the ends together, to show that a sheet can have only one side?
AUGUSTUS MOBIUS (ACCEPT: MOBIUS)
What plant hormone is primarily responsible for apical dominance in angiosperms?
AUXIN (ACCEPT: INDOLE-ACETIC ACID or IAA)
The formula Vn= k, at constant T and P, is a representation of what gas law?
AVOGADRO'S LAW
Which acid-base theory states that any molecule or ion that can produce a proton is an acid, and any that can take up a proton is a base?
BRØNSTED-LOWRY THEORY (ACCEPT: BRØNSTED)
A solution of barium hydroxide is neutralized with a phosphoric acid solution. Identify the molecular forms of the two products that are produced in this reaction.
Ba3(PO4)2 AND H2O
Celestial bodies at the center of quasars and which are the main reason for their large energy emissions
Black Holes
In the Doppler effect the correct term for the change in the color of light when an object that is emitting light is moving toward the observer
Blue-Shift
Sam Langley invented this instrument which allows astronomers to measure the energy output of the Sun and other stars
Bolometer
What is the most common name for the conformation that the ring structure of cyclohexane adopts to reach a strain-free value?
CHAIR
Mercury or other liquid barometers work by balancing the force exerted by the atmosphere with what?
FORCE EXERTED BY THE LIQUID
The Stefan-Boltzman Law states that the energy emitted from a black body varies with what power of the temperature?
FOURTH
If a car is accelerating along a road, the force acting on the car that causes it to move forward is the reaction force from the car pushing on the ground. What is this reaction force due to?
FRICTION BETWEEN THE TIRE AND THE GROUND (ACCEPT: FRICTION)
In what phase does the planet Venus appear during superior conjunction?
FULL
a break in a mass of rock along which movement occurs
Fault
study of the planet Earth's composition and structure
Geology
From what amino acid is the vasodilator histamine primarily synthesized?
HISTIDINE
The graph of the polar equation, r = 5 - 5 cosine θ, is a cardioid. In which two quadrants is most of the area of this cardioid?
II AND III (ACCEPT: 2 AND 3 or SECOND AND THIRD)
Which of the Galilean moons orbiting Jupiter is the most geologically active object in the entire solar system, commonly referred to as the "pizza moon," and has the longest diameter of 3,630 kilometers?
IO
If the electronegativity difference in the bonding atoms is large, what general type of bond is formed?
IONIC
What is the systematic name for the compound FeCO3?
IRON(II) CARBONATE (read as: iron 2 carbonate) (DO NOT ACCEPT: FERROUS CARBONATE OR IRON CARBONATE)
Which genus of bacteria has been found to be the most successful at restoring the intestinal flora and relieving the symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome?
LACTOBACILLUS
What Greek letter is used to symbolize wavelength?
LAMBDA
What specific type of semiconductor is produced by doping silicon with arsenic?
N-TYPE
What reduced coenzyme donates its electrons to complex-one in the electron transport system?
NADH
What planet is the most distant gas giant from the sun?
NEPTUNE
Beadle and Tatum primarily used what organism to show that mutations in a single gene caused disruptions in metabolic pathways because of the lack of a single enzyme?
NEUROSPORA (ACCEPT: BREAD MOLD or NEUROSPORA CRASSA)
What are probably the only particles emitted by stellar cores without being influenced appreciably by the outermost layers of the stars, and are detected by an instrument in the Homestake gold mine?
NEUTRINOS
Time it takes energy generated in the core of the sun and be radiated
One million years
Constellation that cannot be seen in the summer sky of the northern hemisphere
Orion
Of the following 5 planets, name all that can be in opposition to the Sun: Venus, Saturn, Mercury, Mars, Jupiter
SATURN, MARS, AND JUPITER (Accept in any order) (Solution: Only superior planets can be in opposition)
What is a quantity that has only a magnitude most commonly called?
SCALAR
Which one of basic plant cell types has a primary and secondary cell wall that is dead when mature?
SCLERENCHYMA
Theory that the earth is made up of rigid slabs of rock (the lithosphere) that move
Plate Tectonics
Celestial body found after astronomers had searched for an orbital disturbance of the planet Uranus
Pluto
The "planet" that has a moon almost as big as the planet itself
Pluto
What is the heavenly body Charon?
Plutos moon
In the chemical reaction that expands a typical car air bag, when sodium azide is broken down, what main toxic product is released in the first reaction?
SODIUM (ACCEPT: SODIUM HYDROXIDE)
Order the following 4 objects found in the human body from the SMALLEST to the LARGEST: mitochondrion; ribosome; erythrocyte; average monocyte
RIBOSOME; MITOCHONDRION; ERYTHROCYTE; AVERAGE MONOCYTE
What is the most common astronomical term for the angle analogous to geographical longitude?
RIGHT ASCENSION (ACCEPT: ASCENSION)
What is the specific intermediate informational molecule for human retrotransposons (read as: rhet-tro-trans-POE-zons):
RNA (ACCEPT: RIBONUCLEIC ACID or mRNA or MESSENGER RNA)
What letter designates the lowest energy subshell in any shell?
S
The nominal galactic center lies on the galactic plane in the direction of what constellation?
SAGITTARIUS (ACCEPT: THE ARCHER)
What is the scientific term for the ratio between the density of a given substance to that of water when both are at the same temperature?
SPECIFIC GRAVITY (ACCEPT: RELATIVE DENSITY)
In photosynthesis II (read as: two), what is light energy most notably used to initially accomplish?
SPLITTING OF WATER
In statistics, what is the square root of the variance most commonly known as?
STANDARD DEVIATION
The branch of geology that deals with the study of the origin, composition, distribution, and ordering of layered sedimentary rocks is called what?
STRATIGRAPHY
As a comet approaches the Sun, most of its icy substances are released during what phase change process?
SUBLIMATION
Acid rain, a major environmental problem, results primarily from the production of what aqueous acid?
SULFURIC ACID (ACCEPT: H2SO4)
A circle with a dot in the center is most commonly the astronomer's symbol for what?
SUN
Phytoplankton, like other single celled organisms, are limited in how large they can grow. What geometric relationship describes this limitation?
SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME RATIO
What kind of map shows soils, alluvium, and glacial deposits, distinguished on the basis of particle size, texture, and composition?
SURFICIAL
What is the name for the common ocean waves that are not driven by the wind but sustained by the energy they obtained by the sea?
SWELL(S)
What are the 2 basic categories of lymphocyte cells?
T AND B (ACCEPT: B AND T CELLS)
Heating ethylene in the presence of water vapor at 300°C and under high pressure, is a common industrial method of producing billions of pounds of what substance?
ETHANOL (ACCEPT: ETHYL ALCOHOL)
According to Aristotle, the celestial bodies are made of what fifth element?
ETHER
When air in a closed system is heated, what does it do?
EXPANDS (ACCEPT: RISES)
location on Earth's surface directly above the focus
Epicenter
Of the following choices, what is the primary direct use of geothermal energy? W) Aquaculture X) Space heating Y) Gold mining Z) Dehydration of vegetable and fruit products
X) SPACE HEATING
Which of the following is the expression that defines the hyperbolic sine function: W) (e^x − e^−x)/2 X) (e^x + e−x^)/2 Y) 2/(e^x + e^-x) Z) 2/( e^x − e^−x)
W) (e^x − e^−x)/2
Which of the following relationships is true? W) 1 food calorie is equal to 4.18 kilojoules X) 1 joule is equal to 1 food calorie Y) 1 joule is equal to 4.18 food calories Z) 1 food calorie is equal to 4.18 joules
W) 1 FOOD CALORIE IS EQUAL TO 4.18 KILOJOULES
Which of the following is a rational number: W) 1+ square root of 4 X) 2+ square root of 5 Y) square root of 6 Z) π
W) 1+ square root of 4
Which is the approximate percentage of energy transfer from one trophic level to the next? W) 10% X) 50% Y) 75% Z) 100%
W) 10%
At which of the following pH levels will human pepsin be most active: W) 2 X) 4 Y) 6 Z) 8
W) 2
A ketone is a class of compounds that contains a carbonyl group bonded to: W) 2 carbon atoms X) 2 hydrogen atoms Y) 2 nitrogen atoms Z) 1 hydrogen and 1 carbon atom
W) 2 CARBON ATOMS
Which of the following substances is water soluble: W) ethanol X) dichloro-methane Y) chloroform Z) benzene
W) ETHANOL
The principle constituent of most granites is: W) feldspar X) muscovite Y) calcite Z) dolomite
W) FELDSPAR
An animal that primarily eats fruit is called a: W) frugivore X) herbivore Y) omnivore Z) detritivore
W) FRUGIVORE
Carbon monoxide, or CO, will be adsorbed (read as: ADD-sorbed) onto the surface of which of the following metals the MOST strongly: W) iron X) nickel Y) cobalt Z) gold
W) IRON
The concentration of a solution expressed in the number of gram-equivalent weights of solute per liter of solution is called: W) normality X) molality Y) equivalent weight Z) molarity
W) NORMALITY
Which soil horizon is likely to have the most organic material? W) O X) A Y) C Z) B
W) O
Edge of the Pacific Plate where most of the world's volcanoes are found
What is the "Ring of Fire?"
Oceanic crust
Which is denser-continental crust or oceanic crust?
Which of the following is the most common location of young blue and white stars in a spiral galaxy: W) halo X) spiral arms Y) nucleus Z) throughout the entire galaxy
X) SPIRAL ARMS
Which of the following atomic features is the most important in controlling the reactivity of an atom: W) core electrons X) valence-shell electrons Y) protons Z) neutrons
X) VALENCE-SHELL ELECTRONS
A molecule that has a trigonal bipyramidal molecular geometry will have how many charge clouds around its central atom: W) 4 X) 5 Y) 6 Z) 8
X) 5
Which of the following produces the largest share of electric power generation in the U.S.? W) Natural gas X) Coal Y) Nuclear power Z) Hydropower
X) COAL
Which of the following is an element that is very important to human life, is contained in vitamin B-12, belongs to a group of transition metals, and has magnetic properties like iron: W) selenium X) cobalt Y) zinc Z) manganese
X) COBALT
Which of the following is the causative agent for chicken pox: W) Bordetella pertussis X) Varicella-zoster Y) Variolla-zoster Z) Vermicelli pertussis
X) VARICELLA-ZOSTER
If you need to measure 100 milliliters in an Erlenmeyer flask that has a stated volume of 100 ml but has no calibration lines, typically the stated volume will approximately fill to: W) the top rim of the flask X) where the neck attaches to the flask Y) 1 centimeter below the where the neck attaches to the flask Z) there is no safe way to approximate 100 ml in such a flask
X) WHERE THE NECK ATTACHES TO THE FLASK
Which of the following is a substance that is very reactive with the oxygen in air and must be stored under water or some other substance to keep it from becoming incendiary: W) fullerene X) white phosphorous Y) calcium fluoride Z) calcium oxide
X) WHITE PHOSPHOROUS
A trigonal planar arrangement of electronic orbitals around an atom in a molecule most generally implies what type of hybridization: W) sp X) sp2 Y) sp3 Z) sp3d
X) SP2
In a normal distribution, a mean of a sample population, plus or minus 1 standard deviation, includes what percentage of the sample: W) 16% X) 32% Y) 68% Z) 95%
Y) 68%
What is the product of the following 2 values: (1) the greatest common divisor of 7 and 14; and (2) the least common multiple of 7 and 14: W) 21 X) 49 Y) 98 Z) 196
Y) 98 (Solution: the product will be the same as the product of the two numbers, 7 and 14)
Which of the following is considered a chiral object: W) a coffee cup X) a tennis ball Y) a corkscrew Z) a banana
Y) A CORKSCREW
One-fifth of 0.04% is equal to: W) 8 × 10-2 X) 8 × 10-3 Y) 8 × 10-4 Z) 8 × 10-5
Z) 8 × 10-5 (Solution: (0.2)(0.0004) = 0.00008)
Unleaded gasoline pumped at a filling station comes from crude oil. About what percentage of the oil's original energy content is present in gasoline when it is pumped into the vehicle at the station? W) 13% X) 36% Y) 50% Z) 86%
Z) 86%
What percentage of the earth's total volcanic activity occurs under the ocean? W) 30% X) 45% Y) 65% Z) 90%
Z) 90%
L-alanine and D-alanine are BEST classified as what type of isomers: W) cis X) trans Y) structural Z) optical
Z) OPTICAL
Petroleum comes from: W) Accumulated carbon rich plant materials X) Dinosaur remains Y) Meteorite rocks that impacted the Earth millions of years ago found deep underground Z) Organic sediment transformed over time by bacteria, pressure, and temperature
Z) ORGANIC SEDIMENT TRANSFORMED OVER TIME BY BACTERIA, PRESSURE, AND TEMPERATURE
Which of the following radioactive isotopes emits alpha particles: W) hydrogen-3 X) cobalt-60 Y) carbon-14 Z) radium-226
Z) RADIUM-226
Until the Large Hadron Collider came on-line at CERN, what accelerator was generally believed to be the only one energetic enough to produce top quarks?
TEVATRON (ACCEPT: FERMILAB ACCELERATOR)
The force between two electrically charged objects can be changed by altering what two quantities?
THE AMOUNT OF CHARGE AND THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THE OBJECTS
Which moon is the only other body in our solar system besides the Earth that has an atmosphere of mostly nitrogen
Titan
Moon of Neptune that orbits in a retrograde direction
Triton
Polystyrene is produced by which of the following reactions: W) free radical vinyl polymerization from the monomer styrene X) metalocene catalysis polymerization Y) graft copolymerization Z) butadiene polymerization
W) FREE RADICAL VINYL POLYMERIZATION FROM THE MONOMER STYRENE
The planet Jupiter has a mass that is greater than all the combined masses of all the other planets
all the other planets put together
The time between two successive meridian transits of the Sun as observed from a stationary spot on the Earth's surface is called
an apparent solar day
The greatest distance of a planet from the sun
aphelion
structure formed when magma hardens in a crack that cuts across rock layers
dike
comet
dirty snowball
boundary in which tectonic plates move away from each other
divergent boundary
meteor
dust particles and rock fragments burning in our atmosphere
The path in the sky that the sun appears to traverse over the course of a year
ecliptic
melted rock and gas below the earth's surface
magma
a pocket where magma collects
magma chamber
thick layer of hot but solid rock beneath Earth's crust
mantle
supergranule
massive convection cells that are under the surface of the sun
Substance responsible for Neptune's blue-green color
methane gas
corona
outer layer of the sun
The part of the Sun that we can see without any instruments
photosphere
vertical channel
pipe
Name all of the following 3 sub-atomic particles that interact with all 4 of the fundamental forces: electron; quarks; neutrino
quarks
Astronomers usually detect the electromagnetic emissions of a single neutron star in this single form
radio waves
pulsar
rapidly rotating neutron star
Reason the Schmidt telescope was specially built
sky camera
The Andromeda Galaxy is this type of galaxy
spiral
Most common type of meterorite to fall to Earth in recorded history
stony
force that squeezes rocks together, stretches or pulls them apart, or pushes them in different directions
stress
process by which oceanic crust sinks into the mantle
subduction
When the earth is farthest from the sun it is this season in the Northern Hemisphere
summer
The 29 ½ days it takes the Moon to complete an orbit around the Earth is called a
synodic month
The Hertzsprung-Russel Diagram of stars DIRECTLY compares these TWO of the properties of stars
temperature and luminosity
venus
the hottest planet in our solar system
leo
the lion (zodiac)
mercury
the planet closest to our sun
gemini
the twins (zodiac)
mars
this planet has a lot of iron oxide, causing its vibrant color
earth
this planet has an atmosphere made of 3/4 nitrogen and 1/4 hydrogen as well as a small bit of other elements.
a long deep depression where old oceanic crusts sinks into the mantle
trench
When rain freezes into pellets while falling to the ground during a winter storm, the most accurate forecast would have predicted: W) hail X) snow Y) freezing rain Z) sleet
Z) SLEET
What is the smallest integer that satisfies the following inequality: x/2 + x/3 > 5
7
The sine of θ (read as: theta) is positive if the angle terminates in what two Quadrants of the Cartesian coordinate system?
I AND II (ACCEPT: 1 AND 2)
In Freudian theory, libidinal drives reside in what division of the personality?
ID
What is the general name for a hypothetical gas that obeys Boyles's law at all temperatures and pressures?
IDEAL GAS (ACCEPT: IDEAL)
Which of the gas laws describes how the volume of a gas is affected by changes in pressure, temperature, and amount?
IDEAL GAS LAW
Which of the terrestrial planets has the lowest albedo?
MERCURY
What are the proper names of the 5 celestial bodies called wanderers by Greek astronomers because they had unusual paths in the sky throughout the year?
MERCURY; VENUS; MARS; JUPITER; SATURN (in any order)
In order and starting with the highest, name the 3 boundaries that separate the 4 thermal layers in the Earth's atmosphere.
MESOPAUSE, STRATOPAUSE, TROPOPAUSE
In what layer of Earth's atmosphere do most meteors experience the most heating?
MESOSPHERE
What is the MOST common organic molecule in the atmosphere of the planet Uranus?
METHANE (ACCEPT: CH4)
What chemical term is given to the formations that occur in water when a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail organize into spheres that orient the tails within the sphere?
MICELLE
The precise measurements of Wilson and Penzias of cosmic background radiation was in what region of the electromagnetic spectrum?
MICROWAVE (ACCEPT: 7.35 CM)
The hydrogen envelope that surrounds the comet's nucleus derives its hydrogen most directly from
breakdown of water by ultraviolet light
Convert to both radians and degrees the angle that equals one-half of 3π/4 radians.
3π/8 AND 67.5°
If $10,000 is placed in a savings account that pays 5% interest compounded annually, what is the total amount of money in the account at the end of 2 years, to the nearest dollar?
$11,025 (Solution: A = P[1 + (r/n)]nt; = $10,000[1 + (0.05/1)](1x2) = $11,025)
After a 20% increase, the new price of a tennis racket is $180.00. What was the original price of the racket?
$150.00
The biggest known asteroid
Ceres
What planet of our solar system has the most nitrogen-rich atmosphere?
EARTH
location beneath Earth's surface where an earthquake begins
Focus
Cells that become quiescent enter G-zero from what stage of the cell cycle?
G-1
Heliocentric means around what?
the Sun
How many half- moons in a lunar cycle
two
Of the following 5 functions identify all that are NOT differentiable for all real numbers: | x | (read as: absolute value of x); cosine(x); tangent(x); e^x; the greatest integer function
| x |; TAN(x); THE GREATEST INTEGER FUNCTION
What is the spin of the muon, in quantum units?
½ (Solution: muons are fermions which have a spin of ½)
Name all of the following 4 factors that are reasons why biomes are not considered homogeneous biotic communities: local topography; soil characteristics; temperature; water
ALL
What is the third most common gas naturally found in the Earth's clean, dry atmosphere?
ARGON
Homo sapiens evolved during which geological era of the Geological Time Scale?
CENOZOIC
What is the general name for the myriad of suspended particles or aerosols in the Earth's atmosphere that allow rain droplets to undergo coalescence?
CONDENSATION NUCLEI
Identify each of the following 3 rocks, respectively, as igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary: marble; pumice; conglomerate
MARBLE = METAMORPHIC; PUMICE = IGNEOUS; CONGLOMERATE = SEDIMENTARY
Giving your answer as morning, afternoon, evening, or night, when does most radiational cooling occur for any location in the U.S.?
NIGHT
What is the oldest Eon on the Geological Time Scale within which the first organisms appeared between 550 million and 3.4 billion years ago?
PRECAMBRIAN
On a weather map, what type of frontal boundary is represented by alternating blue and red lines with blue triangles pointing toward the warmer air and red semicircles pointing toward the colder air?
STATIONARY (ACCEPT: STATIONARY FRONTAL BOUNDARY or STATIONARY FRONT)
Name all of the following 4 layers of the atmosphere where temperature typically increases as altitude increases: troposphere; stratosphere; mesosphere; thermosphere
STRATOSPHERE; THERMOSPHERE
The aurora occur high in what layer of Earth's atmosphere?
THERMOSPHERE
Cirrus clouds are typically found at elevations of: W) 20,000 feet and above X) 10,000 to 20,000 feet Y) 5,000 to 10,000 feet Z) 2,000 to 5,000 feet
W) 20,000 FEET AND ABOVE
A lightning bolt is seen and its accompanying thunder is heard 15 seconds later. This means the storm is most likely how many miles away: W) 3 X) 6 Y) 9 Z) 15
W) 3
According to the Continental Drift Theory, Australia remained attached to Antarctica until the 2 entities drifted apart about how many million years ago: W) 80 X) 120 Y) 250 Z) 350
W) 80
Which of the following minerals occurs in small amounts in many igneous rocks, is black and shiny, often occurs in small hexagonal blocks, and is soft with good cleavage: W) biotite X) olivine Y) plagioclase Z) quartz
W) BIOTITE
Which of the following was a time when glaciation was minimal on Earth: W) Cretaceous Period X) Quaternary Period Y) Holocene Epoch Z) Pleistocene Epoch
W) CRETACEOUS PERIOD
Trilobites are index fossils that lived: W) in warm, ocean waters X) during the Achaean geological time Y) in desert environments Z) in lakes, rivers and streams
W) IN WARM, OCEAN WATERS
Which of the following BEST explains why Mono Lake in California is hypersaline: W) it has no outlet and a high evaporation rate X) it is subject to extreme saltwater intrusion emanating from a vast system of underground aquifers Y) it is underlain by massive salt domes formed 250 million years ago Z) it has been subjected to periodic eruptions of volcanic ash
W) IT HAS NO OUTLET AND A HIGH EVAPORATION RATE
Which of the following is commonly accepted as the engine that most directly drives plate tectonic motion: W) mantle convection X) volcanic off-gassing Y) a molten iron core Z) gravitational pull of the Moon and Sun
W) MANTLE CONVECTION
Continental margins facing the edges of diverging tectonic plates are called: W) passive margins X) Pacific-type margins Y) transform fault margins Z) active margins
W) PASSIVE MARGINS
Which of the following both have very similar chemical compositions but exhibit different colors: W) ruby and sapphire X) opal and pearl Y) diamond and quartz Z) amber and citrine
W) RUBY AND SAPPHIRE
Which of the following is LEAST accurate regarding earthquakes: W) scientists agree that mega-quakes of magnitude 10 are very likely in the near future X) the world's greatest earthquake zone is the circum-Pacific seismic belt Y) Alaska has the greatest number of earthquakes in the U.S. Z) deep earthquakes are much less likely to be followed by aftershocks than shallow earthquakes
W) SCIENTISTS AGREE THAT MEGA-QUAKES OF MAGNITUDE 10 ARE LIKELY IN THE NEAR FUTURE
When spreading centers reach above the ocean's surface, they typically form which of the following types of volcanoes: W) shield X) composite Y) stratovolcano Z) cinder cone
W) SHIELD
When geologists find pillow basalts in ancient rock sequences, which of the following BEST explains their presence: W) the area was once underwater X) volcanic bombs and lapilli landed on snow or ice and quickly cooled Y) they hardened in mid-air, sometimes forming a tear-drop shape Z) nearby volcanoes erupted enormous quantities of ash
W) THE AREA WAS ONCE UNDERWATER
Which of the following happens to the shells of snails and limpets as seawater becomes increasingly acidic: W) they begin to dissolve X) they become thicker Y) they develop much later in the organism's life Z) they become darker
W) THEY BEGIN TO DISSOLVE
Which of the following are thought to form the mantle of the Earth: W) ultramafic rocks X) felsic rocks Y) silicic rocks Z) mafic rocks
W) ULTRAMAFIC ROCKS
In the oceans, waves and surf currents are generated by: W) wind X) El-Nino Y) salinity and temperature gradients Z) the Intertropical Convergence Zone
W) WIND
Aeolian sandstones are produced primarily by sand grain motion as a result of: W) river currents X) ocean currents Y) glacial transports Z) winds
W) WINDS
Tree growth is often very stunted and gnarly at the tree line of high mountains in North America. Known as Krummholz formations, this is primarily caused by: W) winds X) subsidence Y) lowered atmospheric pressure Z) low sunlight levels
W) WINDS
A rising parcel of air reaches the lifting condensation level at 2,000 meters at a dew point temperature of 15ºC. At 3,000 meters, the temperature of this parcel of air will on average be: W) 15ºC X) 10ºC Y) 6ºC Z) 3ºC
X) 10ºC (Solution: wet-adiabatic lapse rate ~ 5ºC/1000 meters)
Which of the following is best classified as a plutonic intrusive rock: W) obsidian X) granite Y) basalt Z) pumice
X) GRANITE
Which of the following is the single most important factor that generally sets a northern limit to tree growth, such as in the areas of transition between taiga and tundra in Alaska: W) high-winter winds X) lack of summer warmth Y) lack of spring moisture Z) lack of soil nutrients
X) LACK OF SUMMER WARMTH
Which of the following are likely to form in the crater of a stratovolcano following a catastrophic eruption, such as what happened several times in Mount Saint Helens: W) cinder cones X) lava domes Y) flood basalts Z) spatter cones
X) LAVA DOMES
Meteorologists think of wind as circulation patterns which are divided into 4 "scales of motion". A land-breeze circulation is grouped into which of the following categories: W) mesoscale X) microscale Y) medium scale Z) synoptic
X) MICROSCALE
In which of the following lakes in North America would you typically find a thriving community of halophiles and alkaliphiles: W) Lake Michigan X) Mono Lake, California Y) Great Slave Lake, Canada Z) Lake Powell, Utah/Arizona
X) MONO LAKE, CALIFORNIA
Which of the following is NOT a common mineral in igneous rock but rather an accessory that typically occurs in small amounts: W) quartz X) muscovite Y) plagioclase Z) orthoclase
X) MUSCOVITE
Which of the following is NOT generally characteristic of a passive continental margin: W) relatively wide continental shelf X) oceanic trench Y) terrigenous sediment Z) continental rise
X) OCEANIC TRENCH
The Earth's greenhouse effect is primarily caused by which of the following: W) incoming solar ultraviolet light is absorbed by the ozone layer X) outgoing infrared solar radiation is trapped by the lower atmosphere Y) incoming infrared solar radiation is trapped by the magnetic field Z) outgoing X-rays are absorbed by the troposphere and reflected to the Earth's surface
X) OUTGOING INFRARED SOLAR RADIATION IS TRAPPED BY THE LOWER ATMOSPHERE
Which of the following is a foliated metamorphic rock composed of very fine-grained mica: W) marble X) phyllite Y) quartzite Z) schist
X) PHYLLITE (Solution: marble = non-foliated; quartzite = non-foliated; schist = well-developed foliation)
The overall charge at the top and bottom, respectively, of a towering cumulonimbus cloud during a thunderstorm is: W) positive, positive X) positive, negative Y) negative, positive Z) negative, negative
X) POSITIVE, NEGATIVE
Which of the following BEST determines the maximum height of open ocean waves and is the point where breaking white caps form in a fully developed sea: W) the cohesive forces in water molecules are overcome and the waves break apart X) the waves are losing as much energy as breaking white caps as they are receiving from the wind Y) the trough moves a little bit faster than the crest and the wave becomes unstable Z) the waves have reached a maximum period
X) THE WAVES ARE LOSING AS MUCH ENERGY AS BREAKING WHITE CAPS AS THEY ARE RECEIVING FROM THE WIND
Which of the following is best used to date the age of the Earth to about 4.5 billion years old: W) uranium-235 X) uranium-238 Y) potassium-40 Z) carbon-14
X) URANIUM-238
Which of the following soil additives would be most efficient at increasing the acidity of a slightly alkaline soil: W) ground chalk X) aluminum sulfate Y) calcium sulfate Z) calcium carbonate
X) aluminum sulfate
According to the discontinuous side of Bowen's reaction series, which of the following is likely to first crystallize as basaltic magma cools: W) quartz X) olivine Y) pyroxene Z) hornblende
X) olivine
When sampling for organic matter in seawater, any organic matter retained by a 0.2 micrometer pore filter is classified as: W) dissolved organic carbon X) particulate organic carbon Y) detrital organic carbon Z) live or dead marine algae
X) particulate organic carbon
Which of the following BEST describes a small lake in an arctic environment that is likely to be surrounded by a ring of so-called drunken trees leaning toward the lake: W) paternoster lake X) thermokarst Y) tarn Z) fen
X) thermokarst
Which of the following is generally NOT true of the alpine versus arctic tundra biomes: W) alpine tundra does not contain permafrost whereas arctic tundra does contain permafrost X) alpine tundra is warmer and has a longer growing season than arctic tundra Y) alpine tundra has a lower species diversity than arctic tundra Z) alpine tundra has less severe winters than arctic tundra
Y) ALPINE TUNDRA HAS A LOWER SPECIES DIVERSITY THAN ARCTIC TUNDRA
Which of the following is NOT true of an El Nino: W) when an El Nino is present, fish are less abundant off the west coast of South America X) El Ninos typically come along every 4 to 5 years Y) during a peak El Nino, strong high pressure will be present in the eastern Pacific with lower pressure to the west Z) El Nino affects global weather patterns
Y) DURING A PEAK EL NINO, STRONG HIGH PRESSURE WILL BE PRESENT IN THE EASTERN PACIFIC WITH LOWER PRESSURE TO THE WEST (Solution: during peak strong high pressure is in the western Pacific with lower pressure to the east, setting up an easterly wind flow)
Although the crystal habit of quartz is widely variable, its most common habit is: W) orthorhombic X) cubic Y) hexagonal Z) triclinic
Y) HEXAGONAL
In which of the following regions of the world's oceans are you most likely to find the greatest uniformity in density changes with increasing depth: W) equator X) tropics Y) high latitudes Z) desert latitudes
Y) HIGH LATITUDES (Solution: at high polar latitudes, change is nearly constant)
Which of the following is NOT true of breccia rock: W) it is sedimentary X) its color is variable Y) its texture consists of rounded pebbles, cobbles and boulders Z) fragments may be any type of igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary rocks
Y) ITS TEXTURE CONSISTS OF ROUNDED PEBBLES, COBBLES AND BOULDERS (Solution: constituent clasts are angular)
Which of the following rocks is MOST porous: W) marble X) granite Y) limestone Z) slate
Y) LIMESTONE
Which of the following is the most common type of ocean tide throughout the world and is the type found along the U.S. Pacific coast: W) diurnal X) semidiurnal Y) mixed Z) zonal
Y) MIXED
Panning is a simple mining technique that is used for extracting gold deposited in: W) banded gold formations X) evaporite deposits Y) placer deposits Z) lode deposits
Y) PLACER DEPOSITS
Which of the following terms best describes the albedo of a planet: W) electromagnetic energy X) density Y) reflectivity Z) absorption
Y) REFLECTIVITY
Andesitic magmas typically erupt above: W) hot spots X) divergent plate boundaries Y) subduction zones Z) fissure eruptions
Y) SUBDUCTION ZONES
Which of the following is a ubiquitous trace mineral found in many igneous, metamorphic and clastic sedimentary rocks, and has been used to date Earth's oldest rocks at 4-plus billion years: W) titanite X) tremolite Y) zircon Z) beryl
Y) ZIRCON
Which of the following is a problem that affects most plants growing in very acidic soil: W) iron deficiency X) accumulation of excess salt in their foliage Y) aluminum toxicity to their roots Z) excess calcium and magnesium ion uptake
Y) aluminum toxicity to their roots
Which of the following is a coarse-grained igneous rock primarily containing plagioclase feldspar, amphibole and biotite: W) gabbro X) basalt Y) diorite Z) granite
Y) diorite
Which of the following is TRUE regarding the Hadley cell: W) it creates an area of high pressure along the equator X) it is an open ocean circulation at 30º north and south latitudes Y) it originates at the equator with strong solar heating Z) it is the only air circulation that is not affected by the Coriolis effect
Y) it originates at the equator with strong solar heating
During a Nor'easter, areas far to the east of the storm center will feel which of the following storm-generated winds: W) northeasterly X) southeasterly Y) southwesterly Z) northwesterly
Y) southwesterly
If the air temperature is 0ºF and the wind speed is 10 miles per hour, which of the following is closest to the wind chill, in degrees Fahrenheit: W) 10 X) 0 Y) -10 Z) -20
Z) -20
During the past 500,000 years, there have been how many periods of major glaciation on Earth: W) 2 X) 3 Y) 4 Z) 5
Z) 5
Which of the following is LEAST accurate about minerals: W) calcite has a hardness of 3 on most of its surfaces but a hardness of 4 along the crystal face perpendicular to its long axis X) the Moh's scale measures the absolute hardness of minerals Y) a mineral's chemical composition largely determines its crystal shape and cleavage pattern Z) a mineral's color is the same as its streak
Z) A MINERAL'S COLOR IS THE SAME AS ITS STREAK
Which of the following is a tree that is very well-adapted to surviving above shallow permafrost: W) cottonwood X) white pine Y) aspen Z) black spruce
Z) BLACK SPRUCE
Which of the following is a fine-grained silica-rich sedimentary rock that is made primarily of microcrystalline quartz: W) shale X) potash Y) dolostone Z) chert
Z) CHERT
Which of the following is a medium or coarse-grained rock that consists primarily of plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene and is essentially the plutonic equivalent of basalt: W) diorite X) rhyolite Y) andesite Z) gabbro
Z) GABBRO
If the intent is to neutralize soil acidity, the mixing of which of the following materials in the soil would be the LEAST effective: W) ground limestone X) ground oyster shells Y) pure CaCO3 Z) gypsum
Z) GYPSUM (Solution: gypsum is CaCO4)
Halos and rings around the Moon in the night sky are most often caused by which of the following: W) nucleation particles in the stratosphere X) small water droplets in nimbostratus clouds Y) temperature inversions Z) ice crystals in cirrus clouds
Z) ICE CRYSTALS IN CIRRUS CLOUDS
Placodonts, which lived during the Triassic Period, were a group of: W) meat-eating land reptiles X) flying reptiles Y) small, lightweight, plant-eating reptiles Z) marine reptiles
Z) MARINE REPTILES
Which of the following cloud types is classified as a low cloud: W) altostratus X) cirrostratus Y) cumulonimbus Z) nimbostratus
Z) NIMBOSTRATUS
Although scientists are unable to obtain samples by drilling, they believe the predominant mineral in the mantle is: W) iron pyrite X) potassium feldspar Y) quartz Z) olivine
Z) OLIVINE
Which of the following is NOT true regarding seismic waves through the Earth: W) P-waves travel through the mantle X) S-waves travel through the mantle Y) P-waves travel through the outer core Z) S-waves travel through the outer core
Z) S-WAVES TRAVEL THROUGH THE OUTER CORE (Solution: S-waves cannot travel through liquids and the outer core is liquid)
Which of the following is a sedimentary rock: W) slate X) marble Y) basalt Z) sandstone
Z) SANDSTONE
Which of the following types of volcanic eruptions is distinguished primarily by its eruption of basaltic and andesitic magma from its vent, producing incandescent bombs that fall near the vent, eventually building a small cone of tephra: W) Plinian X) Hawaiin Y) Pelean Z) Strombolian
Z) STROMBOLIAN
Which of the following is NOT true of what occurs during an equinox: W) equal length of day and night except at the poles X) the Earth is not tilted with respect to the ecliptic Y) the Sun is directly overhead at the equator Z) the Moon is directly overhead at the poles
Z) THE MOON IS DIRECTLY OVERHEAD AT THE POLES
Which of the following is NOT true of basalt and gabbro: W) they formed from magma at the same temperature X) they are derived from basaltic magma Y) they formed from magma with the same silica content Z) they are both intrusive igneous rocks
Z) THEY ARE BOTH INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCKS (Solution: basalt = extrusive; gabbro = intrusive)
Which of the following is igneous and pyroclastic in nature, and is of variable composition: W) pumice X) obsidian Y) gabbro Z) tuff
Z) TUFF
Scoria is most typically described as having which of the following textures: W) phaneritic X) fragmental Y) porphyritic Z) vesicular
Z) VESICULAR
Because of Earth's rotation and shape, ocean currents are intensified along which of the following borders of all oceans: W) northern X) southern Y) eastern Z) western
Z) WESTERN
Which of the following is both fluorescent and radioactive: W) calcite X) halite Y) talc Z) zircon
Z) ZIRCON
A meromictic lake has layers of water that typically: W) intermix once a year X) intermix each spring and autumn Y) intrtmix only when the winds are favorable Z) do not intermix
Z) do not intermix
Melting/Cooling and Solidfying
What processes in the rock cycle form igneous rocks?
Heat and Pressure
What processes in the rock cycle form metamorphic rocks?
Weathering/Deposition of Sediments/Cementation
What processes in the rock cycle form sedimentary rocks?
lava plateaus
What type of non-volcanic igneous features are extrusive?
sills, dikes, batholiths, volcanic necks or plugs
What type of non-volcanic igneous features are intrusive?
subduction and mountain building
What types of geological events occur at convergent plate boundaries?
Seafloor spreading and rifting
What types of geological events occur at divergent plate boundaries?
along plate boundaries
Where do most earthquakes occur?
Mid-Atlantic Ridge
Where does seafloor spreading occur?
ocean trenches
Where does subduction occur?
Himalayas
Where in the world does mountain building occur at a convergent plate boundary?
Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, East African Rift
Where in the world does rifting occur?
San Andreas fault
Where in the world is a transform fault boundary located?
Edge of the Pacific Ocean stretching from Alaska to Japan to Indonesia
Where is the "Ring of Fire?"
Continental crust
Which is older-continental crust or oceanic crust?
Continental crust
Which is thicker-continental crust or oceanic crust?
the core
Which layer of the earth is the hottest, under the most pressure, and the most dense-the crust, the mantle, or the core?
Aesthenosphere
Which layer of the mantle has convection currents?
Lithosphere
Which part of the mantle is rigid rock?
Aesthenosphere
Which parts of the mantle have soft moving currents of rock?
Hot spot volcanoes have liquid lava that has low viscosity,high water, and low silicates.
Why are eruptions quiet at hot spot volcanoes?
Earthquakes occur because stress forces have exceeded the strength of a rock.
Why do earthquakes happen?
Plate movement is caused by convection currents of magma in the aesthenosphere.
Why do plates move?
boundary in which tectonic plates collide
convergent boundary
dense sphere at Earth's center made mostly of iron and nickel
core
Find the derivative of the following function: f(x) = sin (ln x) (read as: f of x equals the sine of the natural log of x).
cos(ln x) / x
A major component of the interstellar media consists of charged particles which have speeds close to that of light that are called
cosmic rays
The moon feature that is named Copernicus
crater
bowl-shaped pit
crater
rocky, outer layer of earth
crust
sun spots
dark spots on the sun caused by disturbances of the sun's magnetic field
Maria on the moon are
darker and smoother parts of the moon's surface
supernova
death of a large star
The Orion Nebula is a good example of this kind of nebula
emission nebula
The term for the amount of energy released from each square meter of an object's surface each second
energy flux
an igneous rock that forms at Earth's surface
extrusive rock
The name given to very bright meteors or bolides
fireballs
Giving your answer in the order of the 1st row followed by the 2nd row and in lowest common fraction form, find the inverse of the following 2-by-2 matrix: 3 -1 -2 2 reas as: the 1st row contain the numbers 3 and -1 and the 2nd row contain the numbers -2 and 2)
first row: 1/2 1/4 second row: 1/2 3/4 (read as: ½, ¼, ½, ¾ ) (must be in order)
What Sally K. Ride is known for
first woman in space
Telescope that weighs about 11 tons
has a primary mirror 7.9 feet in diameter, and orbits about 380 miles above the earth,Hubble
Light from distant galaxies comes mostly from what
high mass stars
region of active magma under a plate
hot spot
2.5 billion years
how long ago did life appear on earth?
14 billion years
how long ago was the big bang?
Rounded off to the nearest trillion
how many miles in a light year?,six
Simplify i^17 (read as: i to the 17th power):
i (Solution: i^17 = i^1 = i)
All of Saturn's moons are composed predominantly of this substance
ice
What is the smaller of two integers whose sum is 19 and whose product is 48?
3 (Solution: 16 + 3 = 19; 16 × 3 = 48)
The unlucky Apollo lunar landing that was canceled after an oxygen tank exploded
Apollo 13
The Persied's Meteor Showers are viewed in the State of Maine during what month?
August
The Sagittarius Arm is part of what galaxy?
THE MILKY WAY
Give the electronic configuration for sulfur, located in Period 3 and Group 16 of the Periodic Table:
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 (ACCEPT: [Ne] 3s2 3p4)
The f subshell is associated with what L quantum number?
3
What is the bond order between the 2 carbon atoms in acetylene?
3
What is the pH of a solution at 25°C that has a hydrogen ion concentration of 0.001?
3
The reaction of 2 chemical substances to make a product that has astandard enthalpy of reaction, or ΔH°, (read as: delta H naught) of -200 kilojoules. If the reaction is carried out at a constant pressure of 40 atmospheres and the volume change is -2.00 liters, what is the total energy change, ΔE, (read as: delta E) in kilojoules, of the system?
-191.92 (ACCEPT: -191 to -192 KILOJOULES) (Solution: ΔE = ΔH - PΔV; PΔV = (40 atm)(-2L)(101J/L.atm) = -8.08kJ; ΔE = (-200) - (-8.08); = -191.92 kJ)
Find the solution set of the following equation: 2/(2x - 3) = 2/(4x + 1)
-2
Solve the following inequality for x: |3 - 2x| ≤ 7 (read as: the absolute value of, 3 minus 2x, close absolute value, is less than or equal to 7)
-2 ≤ x ≤ 5 (ACCEPT: 5 ≥ x ≥ -2)
Find the following number: When the number, one-half of the number, and one-quarter of the number are added, and then 8 is subtracted, the result is 2 less than twice the number.
-24 (Solution: n + 1/2n + 1/4n - 8 = 2n -2)
Find sin 2θ (read as: sine 2 theta) given that tan θ (read as: tangent theta) equals minus three-fourths and θ is in the second quadrant:
-24/25 (Solution: sin θ = 3/5; cos θ = -4/5; sin 2θ = 2 sin θ cos θ; = 2(3/5)(-4/5) = -24/25)
Rounded to the nearest decimal place, convert 13 Kelvin into degrees Centigrade:
-260
Providing your answer to the nearest degree, what is absolute zero in degrees Celsius?
-273 DEGREES CELSIUS (ACCEPT: 273 DEGREES CELSIUS BELOW ZERO)
Find the solution set of the following equation: x2 + 6x + 6 = 0
-3 ± square root of 3
Giving your answer as a fraction reduced to lowest terms, solve the following equation for x: (2/3)x - (1/4) = (10/6)x + (1/2)
-3/4
What is the sine of the angle θ (pronounced: theta) whose terminal side passes through the points (4, -3)?
-3/5 (ACCEPT: -0.6) (Solution: first find r = (4^2 + 3^2)^1/2 = 5; sin θ = y/r; = -3/5)
A 10-kilogram hay bale is raised to 5 meters above a barn floor and is then lowered to 4 meters below the floor. Relative to its starting position on the floor, what is the final gravitational potential energy of the bale, in joules, if g is rounded to the first decimal place?
-392 (must give negative value) (ACCEPT: 392 JOULES LESS) (Solution: E = mgΔh = 10kg × 9.8 × (-4) = -392 joules)
What is the typical reported initial threshold value, in millivolts, of a human peripheral nerve axon?
-45 (ACCEPT: -50 TO -40)
Find the solution set of the following inequality: x2 + 4x < 5
-5 < x < 1
What is the slope of a line perpendicular to the line given by the graph of the equation, -5x = -6y + 4
-6/5
Name 2 consecutive ODD integers where 5 times the second number minus 6 times the first number equals -55.
-65 AND -67 (must be in order) (Solution: 5(n+2) - 6n = -55; 5n +10 - 6n = -55; -n = -65; n = 65; but the ans. must be negative)
Subtract the following 2 polynomials: (-4x^3y + 2x^3y^2 + 2x^2y^3 + 2y) - (4x^3y - 7x^3y^2 + x^2y^3 - y)
-8x^3y + 9x^3y^2 + x^2y^3 + 3y
If a particle moves from a position of x = 5 meters out to x = 200 meters and back again to x = 5 meters, what is its displacement in meters?
0
What is the acceleration of a falling body in meters per second squared after it reaches terminal velocity?
0
What is the oxidation state of Hydrogen in H2?
0
If a wave has a frequency of 500 hertz, what is its period, in seconds?
0.002 (ACCEPT: 2 × 10^-3) (Solution: period = 1/f )
Consider the reaction, N2(gas) + 3H2(gas) 2NH3(gas). If the concentration of ammonia increases from 0.3 molar to 0.9 molar in a 10-minute period, find the average rate of reaction over this time interval. Give your answer to the 2nd decimal place in moles per liter minute:
0.03 (Solution: rate = Δ[NH3]/2Δt = 0.6M/2(10min) = 0.03 mole/L-min)
In a titration experiment, it takes 20.0 milliliters of a 0.05 molar barium hydroxide, Ba(OH)2, solution to neutralize 40 milliliters of a nitric acid, or HNO3, solution to the equivalence point. Calculate the molarity of HNO3, rounded to the second decimal place:
0.05 (Solution: 0.05 mol Ba(OH)2/L × 0.02L = 0.001 mol Ba(OH)2 × 2 = 0.002 mol; 0.002 mol ÷ 0.04L = 0.05M)
If a 5.0 × 105 liter swimming pool at 25°C contains 35 grams of chloride ions, what is the concentration of chloride ions in parts per million?
0.07 (Solution: 35,000 mg Cl- / 500,000 L = 0.07 ppm)
Calculate the one-atmosphere boiling point elevation, in degrees Celsius to the 2nd decimal place, for a solution made by dissolving 1 gram of solute in 0.1 kilograms of water. Assume the formula weight of the solute is 300 and the boiling point depression constant is 2.0ºC per molal..
0.07 (ACCEPT: 0.06) (Solution: moles solute = 1g/300g/mol = 0.003m; m = 0.0033 moles solute /0.1kg = 0.033m; ΔTb = Kb(m) = (2.0ºC/m)(0.033m) = 0.066ºC)
Giving your answer in decimal form, what would the "Z" value be if a distant celestial object were shifted towards longer wavelengths by 40% of the original wavelength?
0.4
Providing your answer as a decimal to the nearest tenth, if you start with 3 grams of Carbon-14, how many grams of isotope will remain after 3 half lives?
0.4
What is the molarity of a sodium hydroxide solution made by dissolving 4 grams NaOH in 250 milliliters of water?
0.4 (Solution: 4.0 g (1 mole / 40 g) = 0.1; 0.1 moles/0.250 L = 0.4 M or moles/L)
Assuming that the natural log of 5 = 1.6, find, to the first decimal place, the natural log of 5^(1/3):
0.5 (Solution: (1/3)(ln 5) = 1.6/3 = 0.53)
Giving your answer in kilometers per hour per second, what is the average acceleration of a truck traveling on a straight road from 10 kilometers per hour to 50 kilometers per hour in 1 minute and 20 seconds:
0.5 (Solution: 40/80 = 0.5 km/hr/sec)
1.0 gram of an unknown organic molecule is dissolved in 50.0 grams of benzene. Determine the molecular mass of the unknown if this solution freezes at 4.5ºC. Assume the freezing point constant of benzene is 5.0ºC per molal, and the freezing point of benzene is 5.5ºC. Give your answer to the nearest whole number in grams per mole.
100 (Solution: ΔTf = 5.5º - 4.5º = 1.0ºC; m = ΔTf/ Kf = 1.0º/5.0º = 0.2m or 0.2mol/kg; (1.0g unkn/0.05 kg benz)(1kg benz/0.2 mol unkn) = 100 g/mol)
Give the respective SI multipliers for the following prefixes: exa; peta; and giga.
10^18; 10^15; 10^9
Express 600º in radians as a reduced fraction in terms of π:
10π/3
The sunspot cycle is this many years
11 years
If a supernova with an apparent magnitude of -2.0 was observed for the first time in the year 2,000 at 35.00 kiloparsecs from Earth, how many years before observation, rounded to the nearest whole number, did the supernova most likely occur?
114 (Solution: 3.26 × 35.00 = 114.1)
A sample of oxygen gas is collected over water at 14ºC. Knowing that the vapor pressure of water at 14ºC is 1.6 kilopascals, and that the pressure of the resultant mixture is 120 kilopascals, find the pressure, to the first decimal place, exerted by the dry oxygen alone:
118.4 (Solution: Pdry = Pt - Pwv = 120 kPa - 1.6 kPa = 118.4 kPa)
Giving your answer in centimeters, what is the length of a side of a square whose diagonal measures 12 sqrt 2 centimeters?
12
Giving your answer in centimeters, what is the length of a side of a square whose diagonal measures 122 centimeters?
12
If the shortest leg of a 30-60-90 right triangle is 6 inches, what is the measure, in inches, of the other 2 sides?
12 AND 6 sqrt 3
What would be the total capacitance in microfarads and total voltage of 3 four-microfarad capacitors in parallel and two 1.5 volt batteries in series in a circuit?
12 MICROFARADS AND 3 VOLTS
Factor the following expression completely: 12x^2 + 24x - 36
12(x + 3)(x - 1) (ACCEPT: 12(x - 1)(x + 3))
Rounded to the first decimal place, how many synodic months are in an accurate calendar year if a tropical year is 365.2 days?
12.4 (Solution: 365.2/29.5 = 12.4)
How many kilojoules of thermal energy, rounded to the first decimal place, must be lost from a 250-gram block of Teflon with a specific heat of 1 kilojoule per kilogram kelvin, to lower the block's temperature from 125º C to 75º C?
12.5 (ACCEPT: -12.5) (Solution: (1000 J/kg.K)(0.25 Kg)(-50K) = -12,500 joules = -12.5 kJ)
Through how many degrees does the Earth rotate in 8 hours?
120 (Solution: 15º per hour = 8 × 15º = 120º)
What is the area, in square feet, of a triangle whose perpendicular height is 20 feet with a base of 12 feet?
120 (Solution: A = ½ bh = ½ (12)(20) = 120 ft2)
If y varies directly as x and z, and y = 12 when x = 4 and z = 5, find y when x = 10 and z = 20:
120 (Solution: y= kxz; 12 = k(4)(5); k = 3/5; y = 3/5(10)(20) = 120)
A mixture of gases with an average molecular weight of 30grams per mole is contained in a 480 liter tank. What is the mass of the gases, in grams, if the temperature of the gas is 300K and the pressure is 2 atmospheres:
1200 (ACCEPT: 1.2 × 10^3 g) (Solution: n = PV/RT; = (2atm)(480L)/0.08L.atm/K.mol)(300K); = 40m; 40m×30g/m=1200g)
Simplify the following expression by combining like terms: 12.03A - 4.03B - 0.03(A - 40)
12A - 4.03B + 1.2
Simplify the following without the use of negative exponents: (-24x^3y^5)/(10y^6z^2)
12x^3/5yz^2
What is the angle formed, in degrees, between the hour and minute hand of an analog clock at 10:30 AM?
135
What is the pH of a 1 molar NaOH solution at 25ºC?
14
An emergency floodlight draws 1 ampere from its battery pack. How many coulombs will flow through the light in 4 hours?
14,400
Find the mass of 1 mole of cuprous oxide, or Cu2O. Assume the atomic mass of copper is 64 and oxygen is 16.
144
What is the maximum number of 100-watt light bulbs that can run on a 110-volt residential circuit protected by a 15-amp fuse without blowing the fuse?
16 (Solution: 100W/110 = 0.9 amps; 15 amp fuse/0.9 amp = 16.7 or 16 bulbs)
Find the sum of all interior angles, in degrees, in a regular polygon having 100 sides:
17,640 (Solution: (100 - 2)(180) = 17,640º)
How many grams of sodium chloride is in 2,000 milliliters of 0.9% NaCl solution?
18 (Solution: 0.9g/100 mL × 2000 mL = 18.0 g)
How old is Michelle if 4 years ago she was one-half the age she will be 10 years from now?
18 (Solution: x - 4 = ½(x + 10))
Convert the angle, 18º18'36" (read as: 18 degrees, 18 minutes, 36 seconds) to degrees, to the second decimal place:
18.31 (Solution: 18 + 18/60 + 36/3600 = 18.31)
What is the resistance, giving your answer in standard SI units, of an electric device operating on a 9-volt battery that requires 0.05 amps to run?
180 OHMS (Solution: R = V/I = 9/0.05 = 180 ohms)
The average of -40, 36, 5, 0, 10 and x is 5. What is the value of x?
19
Convert an atmospheric pressure of 0.25 atmospheres into mm Hg:
190
The year that Neil Armstrong made his historic walk on the Moon
1969
If a new Moon occurs on May 5th at 8:20 AM eastern daylight time, on what day will the full Moon occur that month?
19th
Give by name or number all of the following 4 choices that would be considered units of electrical power: 1) ampere volt; 2) joules per second; 3) watts; 4) coulombs
1; 2; 3
The monthly revenue, in dollars, for sales of widgets is given by the equation R(q) = 8.5q - 0.02q^2, where q is the number of widgets made per month. The cost for creating the widgets is given by the equation, C(q) = 200 + 0.5q dollars. A maximum of 400 widgets can be made in 1 month. How many widgets should be made each month to maximize the profit, as given by the revenue minus the cost?
200
You need to prepare 500 milliliters of a 0.100 molar NaOH solution from a 0.250 molar solution. What volume, in milliliters, of the 0.250 molar solution must be diluted to 500 milliliters?
200 (Solution: M1V1 = M2V2; (0.250M)(x) = (0.100M)(500ml), x = 200 ml)
Rounded to the nearest hundred joules, how much work is done in pulling a sled across a pond for 3 meters with 100 newtons of force, with a rope that makes a 45º angle with the pond?
200 (Solution: w = F × d × cos angle = 100N × 3 m × 0.7071 = 212.13)
If the surface of a star is 15,000 kelvin, at what wavelength, in nanometers rounded to the nearest whole number, does it emit its maximum energy?
200 (Solution: λ max = 3 × 10^6/15,000 K = 200 nm)
A typical galaxy such as our Milky Way galaxy contains how many billion stars
200 billion
Calculate the heat energy, in Joules, released when 10 grams of a substance, which has the same specific heat as liquid water, cools from 100°C to 50°C:
2090 (ACCEPT: + or - 2000 to 2100 J) (Solution: heat released = (mass)(ΔT)(4.18 J/gm°C); = (10g)(50°C)(4.18J/g°C) = 2090 J)
Knowing that the chemical name for gypsum is calcium sulfate dihydrate, gypsum is what percent water by weight? Assume the atomic masses of calcium = 40; sulfur = 32 and oxygen = 16.
21 (Solution: CaSO4•2H2O)
Multiply the following complex numbers, giving your answer in standard a + bi form: (6 + 3i)(4 + i)
21 + 18i
Giving your answer to the first decimal place and in liters, one mole of gas at 1.00 atmosphere pressure and a temperature of 273.15 kelvin occupies what volume?
22.4
How many grams of KCl, with a molar mass of 75, are needed to make 1 liter of a 3 molar solution?
225 (Solution: 1 L × (3.0 mol/L)(75 g/mol) = 225 g)
How many grams of KCl, with a molar mass of 75, are needed to make 1 liter of a 3 molar solution?
225 (Solution: 1 L × (3.0 mol/L)(75 g/mol) = 225 g)
At the Sun's distance of 8 kiloparsecs from the Galactic center, how many years would it take for material here to complete one rotational circuit?
225 MILLION
What is the degree measure of the angle formed by 2 secants intersecting outside a circle if the measures of the intercepted arcs are 80º and 34º?
23 (Solution: ½(80º - 34º) = 23º)
Rounding g to the first decimal place, how many newtons are required to keep a 120-kilogram sled moving at a constant velocity across a pond if there is a frictional coefficient of 0.20 between the sled and the pond's surface? Round your answer to the nearest whole number.
235 (Solution: 0.2 × 120 kg × 9.8m/s2 = 235.2 N)
Pure gold is how many karats?
24
What is the perimeter of a right triangle whose leg lengths are 6 and 8 and whose hypotenuse is 10?
24 (Solution: perimeter = 6+8+10=24)
Find the area, in square centimeters, of a rhombus with a diagonal of 6 centimeters and a side of 5 centimeters:
24 (Solution: A = ½ d1d2 = ½ (6)(8) = 24 cm2, (3:4:5 triangle))
What is the osmotic pressure, in atmospheres, of a 1.0 molar solution of sodium chloride in water at 300K?
24.6 (ACCEPT: 24 TO 25 ATM) (Solution: П = MRT; = (1M)(0.08L.atm/K.mol)(300K); = 24.6atm)
In the US Senate, Senator Bill received four-sixths of the votes, Senator George received two- tenths of the votes, and Senator Mary received the remaining votes. If 48 votes were cast for Senator Mary, how many votes did Senator Bill receive?
240
A sodium chloride solution in water has a weight percent of 6%. What mass of solution, in grams, contains 1.5 grams of sodium chloride?
25 (Solution: mass = 1.5gNaCl × 100g soln / 6gNaCl; = 25g solution)
What is the wavelength, in meters, of a wave moving at 500 meters per second if its frequency is 20 Hertz?
25 (Solution: λ = wave speed/f; 500/20 = 25 m)
Factor the following expression completely: 100x^2 - 25y^2
25(2x + y)(2x - y)
Find the sum of the first 10 terms of the arithmetic sequence whose first three terms are 7, 11, and 15:
250
An object is launched straight up from the ground with an initial velocity of 176 feet per second. What is the height of the object above the ground, in feet, 2 seconds into the flight?
288 (Solution: P(t) = -16t^2 + 176t; P(2) = -16(4) + 352 = 288 ft)
Find the following product, giving your answer in standard form: (4x^3 + x)(7x^3 + 4x^2)
28x^6 + 16x^5 + 7x^4 + 4x^3 (ACCEPT: x^3(28x^3 + 16x^2 + 7x + 4))
Using proper chemical nomenclature, finish balancing the following equation: Fe2O3 + 3CO yields what, assuming the iron is totally reduced:
2Fe + 3CO2
In the electrolysis of water, if a very small amount of sodium sulfate is added to the water, give the equation for the half reaction that occurs at the ANODE. Make sure to indicate proper charges and the state of each substance, such as solid, liquid, aqueous, or gas:
2H2O(liquid) --> O2(gas) + 4H+(aqueous) + 4e-
Which law of thermodynamics could be stated as: energy tends to distribute itself among the greatest number of particles possible?
2ND (ACCEPT: LAW OF ENTROPY)
In what quadrant does θ (read as: theta) terminate if sine θ is positive and secant θ is negative?
2nd (ACCEPT: 2)
Find the prime factorization of 1050.
2×3×5×5×7 (ACCEPT: 2×3×52×7)
The Lewis dot structure for the N+2 ion would show how many dots?
3
A 4.0 gram sample of calcium chloride contains 6.0 × 1022 cations. Giving your answer in scientific notation to the nearest whole number, determine the number of anions in 2 grams of CaCl2. Assume the atomic mass of calcium is 40 and chloride is 35.
6 × 1022 (Solution: (2g CaCl2)(6.0 × 1022 Ca2+/4g CaCl2)(2 Cl-/1 Ca2+) = 6.0 × 1022 Cl-)
A 4.0 gram sample of calcium chloride contains 6.0 × 1022 cations. Giving your answer in scientific notation to the nearest whole number, determine the number of anions in 2 grams of CaCl2. Assume the atomic mass of calcium is 40 and chloride is 35.
6 × 10^22 (Solution: (2g CaCl2)(6.0 × 10^22 Ca2+/4g CaCl2)(2 Cl-/1 Ca^2+) = 6.0 × 10^22 Cl-)
Assuming the universal gravitational constant is 6.67 × 10^-11 newton-meters squared per kilogram squared, what is the gravitational attraction, in newtons, between two, 10-kilogram perfectly uniform spheres separated by a center-to-center distance of 10 meters?
6.67 × 10^-11 (Solution: F = [(6.67 × 10^-11)(10)(10)]/10^2 = 6.67 × 10^-11 NEWTONS)
If a woman's mass on Earth is 60 kg, what is her mass, in kilograms, on a planet where the gravity is six times less?
60 (ACCEPT: THE SAME)
What is the 13th term in the following arithmetic progression: 2, 7, 12...
62 (Solution: a subscript n = 2 + (13 - 1)5)
What is the efficiency, in percent, of a Carnot cycle operating between 1140°F and 140°F?
62.5%
If y varies directly as x, and y = 42 when x = 30, find y if x = 45.
63
What is the derivative of the following expression with respect to thevariable x: 4x^3/2 − 5x^1/2 (Read as: 4x to the 3/2 power minus 5x to the ½ power)
6x^1/2 - 2.5x^-1/2 (ACCEPT: 6x^0.5 - 2.5x^ -0.5)
In a circle with diameter AB, if the radius is 6 centimeters, find the length in centimeters, giving your answer in terms of π, of the arc AB:
6π (Solution: AB = ½(2πr) = 6π cm)
In a strong acid-base titration, what is the pH of the solution when the equivalence point is reached?
7
To the nearest whole number, how many grams of Na2SO4, whose formula weight is 142, are needed to prepare a 500 milliliter 0.100 molar solution?
7 (Solution: (0.5L)(0.1 mol/L) = 0.05 mol (142 g/mol) = 7.1 g)
If the area of a regular pentagon is 280 square centimeters, what is the length, in centimeters, of each side if the apothem is 16 centimeters?
7 (Solution: A = ½ ap; 280 = ½ (16)(p); p = 35/5 = 7 cm)
Giving your answer in millimeters squared, find the lateral surface area of a right pentagonal prism whose altitude is 12 millimeters and base has sides of length 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 millimeters, respectively:
720 (Solution: LA = (P)(h) = (8+10+12+14+16)(12) = 720 mm^2)
What is the sum of the interior angles of a 6-sided polygon?
720°
A flagpole casts a 100-foot long shadow. If a 6-foot tall person standing at the base of the pole casts an 8-foot shadow, how many feet tall is the flagpole?
75 (Solution: (100 × 6)/8 = 75 ft)
Using g rounded to the first decimal place, how much does an 80-kilogram person weigh on Earth, giving your answer in proper SI units?
784 NEWTONS (must give units)
An arc of length 2π is cut off by a central angle of π/4 radians. What is the radius of the circle?
8 (Solution: r = S/α; = 2π / (π/4); = 8)
How many solutions are there for the equation, cosine 4x = 1/2, for the interval 0 ≤ x < 2π?
8 (Solution: 4 cycles, 2 solutions per cycle)
Consider the following equilibrium reaction, PCl5(gas) ↔ PCl3(gas) + Cl2(gas). If a 1-liter flask contains 0.02 moles of PCl3 and 0.02 moles of Cl2 at equilibrium, how many moles of PCl5 are in the flask. Assume the equilibrium constant is 5 × 10-2.
8 × 10-3 (ACCEPT: 0.008) (Solution: Kc = [PCl3][Cl2]/[PCl5] = (0.02)(0.02)/(0.05) = 0.008 moles)
If the average of 5 numbers is 16, what is the sum of the 5 numbers?
80
If the surface temperature of a star increased from 6,000 kelvin to 18,000 kelvin, how many times as much energy would it radiate?
81
If a star were to be 9 times farther away than it originally was, how many times fainter would it appear to be if all other things remain constant?
81 TIMES (Solution: inverse square law...9^2 = 81)
The Mercurian year is equal to this many days
88
Using proper chemical nomenclature, finish balancing the following combustion reaction for the gaseous products of carbon dioxide and water: 2C4H10(gas) + 13O2(gas) --> what?
8CO2 + 10H2O (products in any order)
Tripling the distance to a star will typically reduce its apparent brightness by about how many times?
9
What is the atomic number for the ground state element with the following electron configuration: 1s22s22p5 (read as: 1, s, 2; 2, s, 2; 2, p, 5)
9
If a satellite moving in a circular orbit is raised to another circular orbit 3-times as far from the Earth's center and where the kinetic energy of the satellite is 3-times less, by what factor does the centripetal force on the satellite decrease?
9 (Solution: F = mv^2/R, numerator times 1/3, denominator times 3; or use Newton's law of universal gravitation, F proportional to 1/R^2)
One Jupiter day is equal to what
9 hours 50 minutes
What is the area of an equilateral triangle whose side is 6?
9 square root of 3 (ACCEPT: 15 - 16)
Express the number 9587.3 in proper scientific notation with the correct amount of significant figures:
9.5873 × 10^3
How many degrees above the celestial equator is the north celestial pole?
90
In the southern hemisphere, Ekman transport generated by trade winds over the equatorial Pacific Ocean is how many degrees to the left of the prevailing winds?
90
Assume A and B are the subsets of the universal set that contains 100 elements. If the number of elements in set A is 75, and the number of elements in set B is 25, and the number of elements in the intersection set of A and B equals 10, then how many elements are in the union set of A and B?
90 (Solution: n(A U B) = n(A) + n(B) - n (A ∩ B); = 75 + 25 - 10 = 90)
A circle has a diameter of 32 meters. Find the degree measure of the central angle of a sector of the circle if its arc length measures 8π meters:
90 (Solution: arc/circumference = nº/360º; n = 90º or (8π/2π16)(360º) = 90º)
What is the declination of the north celestial pole?
90 (ACCEPT: +90)
How many degrees of arc are in 6 hours of right ascension?
90 DEGREES
Name the 2 different bond angles present in a molecule with octahedral geometry, such as in SF6:
90; 180
When a superior planet is at quadrature in reference to the Earth what is its elongation in degrees?
90o
What percent of a normally distributed sample lies within 2 standard deviations of the mean?
95%
If a germ cell of a genus of grass has 48 chromosomes at metaphase-two, how many chromosomes will a germ cell of this grass have in anaphase-two?
96
Giving your answers in terms of π and in inches squared, find the total surface area of a closed right circular cone whose altitude is 8 inches and radius is 6 inches:
96π (Solution: l62 = 862 + 6^2, l = 10 in; LSA = πrl = π(6)(10) = 60π; SA = LA + B = 60π + π(6)^2 = 96π in^2)
Giving your answer in terms of π and in inches, what is the arc-length of a semi-circle whose diameter is 18 inches?
9π (Solution: C = πd; ½(18π) = 9π)
Give the resulting vector for the cross product of vector <0,0,1> with vector <1,0,0>:
<0,-1,0>
The curve defined by the equation, Ax^2 + Bx + Cy^2 + Dy + E =0, can be an ellipse if which of the constants are positive?
A AND C
Short Answer In reference to glacial ice, the process by which ice below the snow line is lost by evaporation and melting is called what?
ABLATION
The total amount of energy of a star's surface radiated into space each second is most commonly referred to as what?
ABSOLUTE LUMINOSITY (ACCEPT: LUMINOSITY, INTRINSIC BRIGHTNESS, OR ABSOLUTE BRIGHTNESS)
Name all of the following 3 transport systems that directly require energy to operate: active transport; facilitated diffusion; sodium potassium pump
ACTIVE TRANSPORT; SODIUM POTASSIUM PUMP (ACCEPT: ALL BUT FACILITATED DIFFUSION)
Most corticosteroids are synthesized in what specific part of the human body?
ADRENAL CORTEX (ACCEPT: ADRENAL GLANDS)
Hydrocarbons that contain a carbon-carbon double bond are generally know as what?
ALKENES (ACCEPT: OLEFINS)
By words or number, name all of the following 3 statements that are TRUE for the function, f(x) = -3x2 - 2x - 2 = 0: 1) there are no real zeros 2) the graph is a parabola opening downward 3) the graph has no x-intercepts
ALL
By words or numbers, name all of the following 3 functions that meiosis accomplishes: 1) reducing the copies of alleles in the ovum and sperm 2) reducing the numbers of chromosomes in the ovum and sperm 3) increasing genetic diversity through chromosomal exchange events
ALL
Name all of the following 3 groups of organisms that generate ATP by chemiosmosis (read as: chem-ee-oz-MOE-sis): Cyanobacteria; plant cells; animal cells
ALL
Name all of the following 4 organisms in which transposons (read as: trans-POE-zons) are found: humans; maize; fruit fly; bacteria
ALL
What native tree, prized for its wood, which looked like oak, and valued also for its fruit, is now almost extinct in the wild in the US?
AMERICAN CHESTNUT (DO NOT ACCEPT CHESTNUT)
What do we call the ability of a single molecule to act both as a base and an acid?
AMPHOTERISM
What property of a sound wave is most commonly associated with loudness?
AMPLITUDE
What property of a wave is generally said to increase during constructive interference?
AMPLITUDE
What is the proper name for the closest spiral galaxy to the Milky Way?
ANDROMEDA
Which of the following points is closest to the point (1, -2): W) (3, -5) X) (0, 3) Y) (3, 0) Z) (-5, -5)
ANSWER: Y) (3, 0)
What 2 characteristics of Uranus are most commonly noted as the reasons why Uranus was not discovered until the late 1700's?
APPARENT MAGNITUDE; ORBITAL PERIOD ( ACCEPT: BRIGHTNESS or MAGNITUDE)
Name all of the following 4 plants that produce seeds with a fleshy covering that are eaten by animals and dispersed in their droppings: apple; orchid; cherry; sphagnum moss
APPLE; CHERRY
In the solar neutrino detector in Lead, South Dakota, when a neutrino emitted in positron decay in the sun is captured by a Chlorine-37 nucleus, what isotope is most likely formed?
ARGON-37
According to standard chemical nomenclature, what is the formula for aluminum bicarbonate?
Al(HCO3)3
The star nearest to the sun
Alpha Centauri or Proxima Centauri
The English nickname for this constellation is "The Chained Maiden" and what isthe astronomer's name?
Andromeda
A tank contains the following mixture of gases: 14grams diatomic H2, 56 grams diatomic N2, and 8 grams diatomic He2. To the first decimal place, what is the mole fraction of each gas in the mixture?
H2 = 0.7; N2 = 0.2; He2 = 0.1 (ACCEPT: Hydrogen=0.7; Nitrogen=0.2; Helium=0.1) (Solution: H2=14g/2g/mol=7mol; N2=56g/28g/m=2; He2=8/8=1; 7/10=0.7; 2/10=.02; 1/10=0.1)
What is the molecular formula for the conjugate acid of the following Brønsted-Lowry base: HCO3-?
H2CO3
According to standard chemical nomenclature and indicating the proper charge, what is the formula for hydrogen sulfide?
H2S
What are the names of the three primary atmospheric circulation cells that circulate air between the equator and poles?
HADLEY CELL, FERREL (OR MID-LATITUDE) CELL, AND POLAR CELL
What is the general term for a salt of one of the halogens?
HALIDE
Using standard chemical nomenclature, what is the chemical formula for perchloric acid?
HClO4
The sinoatrial (read as: sine-oh-AYE-tree-al) node is located in what human organ?
HEART
What is the name given to the urban microclimate whereby a region around a city remains up to several degrees warmer than the surrounding countryside, especially on warm, still summer nights?
HEAT ISLAND (ACCEPT: HEAT ISLAND EFFECT)
The nucleus of what element is the same as an alpha particle?
HELIUM
What is the primary elemental product of stellar hydrogen fusion?
HELIUM
Which element is used in scientific research as a cooling agent for extremely low-temperature studies because at 4.2 K, it has the lowest boiling point of any known substance?
HELIUM (ACCEPT: LIQUID HELIUM OR He)
Which 3 Noble gases undergo no chemical reactions and form no known compounds?
HELIUM, NEON, ARGON (ACCEPT: He, Ne, Ar)
A termite is best classified in which trophic level: W) herbivore X) omnivore Y) primary detritivore Z) secondary detritivore
HERBIVORE
What is the name of the law that states that the overall enthalpy change for a reaction is equal to the sum of the enthalpy changes for the individual steps in the reaction?
HESS'S LAW (ACCEPT: HESS)
What is the characteristic shape of tourmaline crystals?
HEXAGONAL
Based on the acid dissociation constants of the following acids, order the following 4 acids from the strongest to the weakest in acid strength: HBr; HCl; HF; HI
HI; HBr; HCl; HF
What boson is the only particle predicted by the Standard Model of Particle Physics that had not yet been observed as of June 2008?
HIGGS BOSON (ACCEPT: HIGGS)
What is the most common name for the field, which is believed to act somewhat like a fluid that fills space and endows quarks with mass?
HIGGS FIELD (ACCEPT: HIGGS)
Name the Greek astronomer who ranked the naked-eye stars into six groups of relative brightness in the second century B.C.?
HIPPARCHUS
Order the following four geological epochs from the youngest to the oldest: Pliocene, Holocene, Oligocene, Paleocene
HOLOCENE, PLIOCENE, OLIGOCENE, PALEOCENE
What is the molecular formula for the conjugate acid of the following Brønsted-Lowry base: SO42-
HSO4-
Which law states that galaxies are receding from one another at velocities directly proportional to the distances separating them?
HUBBLE'S LAW (ACCEPT: HUBBLE OR HUBBLE'S)
Name all of the following 4 animals for which L-ascorbate is an essential nutrient: humans; dogs; cats; horses
HUMANS
As recognizable organic matter on top of the ground begins to decompose, what type of soil does it become?
HUMUS
What is the most common term for the direct addition of water to an alkene (read as: al-KEEN) to make an alcohol?
HYDRATION
When a strip of sodium reacts with dilute HCl, what gas is produced?
HYDROGEN
Give the two elements that primarily make up our sun.
HYDROGEN, HELIUM
Order the following 3 isotopes from the one with the LOWEST nuclear binding energy to the HIGHEST: iron-58; hydrogen-2; oxygen-16
HYDROGEN-2; OXYGEN-16; IRON-58
From the LEAST to the MOST, what are the 3 most abundant elements in a G-type star?
HYDROGEN; HELIUM; CARBON
Identify the type of conic section represented by the equation, x^2 - 16y^2 = 64:
HYPERBOLA
What term derived from the Greek word for "shortcoming" generally means an apparent lag in effect behind what is causing it?
HYSTERESIS
The work of this Harvard College Observatory scientist made possible the first accurate determination of extragalactic distances by what is often called Henrietta's Law
Henrietta Leavitt
The first man to classify stars according to their brightness
Hipparchus
By interpreting seismic waves
How do we learn about Earth's interior if we cannot observe the Earth's interior directly?
Sea floor rocks become older as you move away from the Mid-ocean ridge.
How does the age of sea floor rocks change as you move away from the Mid-ocean ridge?
New ocean floor is created through sea-floor spreading at mid-ocean ridges. Old ocean crust moves away and gets destroyed through subduction at a plate boundary.
How is the sea floor recycled?
The Hawaiian Islands were formed as seamounts grew over hot spots in the Pacific.
How were the Hawaiian Islands formed?
The following reaction between hydrogen and oxygen takes place in a closed container and at a temperature that maintains the water vapor in the gas phase: 2 H2O(g)↔ (read as: in equilibrium with) 2 H2(g) + O2(g). In one experiment, the equilibrium concentrations of the gases are as follows: [H2] = 2.0M, [O2] = 3.0M and [H2O] = 4.0M. Calculate the value of Keq for this reaction.
Keq = 0.75
In the periodic table, what are elements 58 through 71 classified as?
LANTHANIDES (ACCEPT: LANTHANIDE SERIES OR INNER TRANSITION METALS OR RARE EARTH ELEMENTS)
Of the following group of 4 cations, which are the LARGEST and SMALLEST ions, respectively: K+; Na+; Rb+; Li+
LARGEST = Rb+; SMALLEST = Li+ (ACCEPT: RUBIDIUM AND LITHIUM)
Order the following three lipids from lowest to highest melting points: lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid
LAURIC ACID, MYRISTIC ACID, PALMITIC ACID
In the radioactive decay scheme of uranium, what is the final stable element produced?
LEAD
Which of the following 5 metals has the lowest thermal conductivity: iron; lead; tin; magnesium; zinc
LEAD (Solution: iron - 80.2; lead - 35.3; tin - 66.6; magnesium - 156; zinc - 116)
What are the leading coefficient and degree, respectively, of the following polynomial: 3x^2 - 6x^5 + 7
LEADING COEFFICIENT = -6; DEGREE = 5
The ratio of total leaf surface area to the total ground surface area covered by the leaves is know as what?
LEAF AREA INDEX (ACCEPT: LAI)
Giving your answer as up, down, left, or right, the graph of the equation x = 5y - 8y2 - 1 opens in what direction?
LEFT
Although not known as such at the time, what was the first form of spectacular electric discharge seen by humans?
LIGHTNING
Billions of tiny ice crystals rub together to produce electron imbalances within storm clouds. What do we see when electrons arc to another cloud or to the ground?
LIGHTNING
Which of the following rocks would be most impacted by acid rain: 1) chert, 2) limestone, or 3) granite?
LIMESTONE (ACCEPT: 2)
Three of these things belong together. Which rock does NOT belong: 1) gneiss, 2) granite, 3) basalt, or 4) limestone?
LIMESTONE (ACCEPT: 4)
Most of the hydrogen that makes up the planet Jupiter is in what phase?
LIQUID
In a flame test for lithium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium, which gives off a red color?
LITHIUM
What is the main part of the Small Bear constellation also commonly called?
LITTLE DIPPER
In coastal engineering terms, the area from the shoreline to just beyond the breaker zone is called what?
LITTORAL ZONE (ACCEPT: INTERTIDAL ZONE)
What human organ produces the majority of immune complement proteins?
LIVER
In the equatorial celestial coordinate system, what terms are synonymous with longitude and latitude, respectively?
LONGITUDE = RIGHT ASCENSION; LATITUDE = DECLINATION
Choosing from upper right, lower right, lower left, and upper left, in what area of the Hertzsprung Russell diagram will the Sun end its life?
LOWER LEFT
Arrange the following 4 bonds in order of decreasing polarity: Br-Br; K-Br; P-Cl; Li-F
Li-F; K-Br; P-Cl; Br-Br
The constellation in which Vega can be found
Lyra
Another name for the Pleiades
M45 or The Seven Sisters or The False Dipper
A mixture of molten rock, suspended mineral grains, and dissolved gasses that forms in the crust or mantle when temperatures are sufficiently high, is a definition of what?
MAGMA
What are the two features of displacement?
MAGNITUDE AND DIRECTION
What is the common astronomical term that derives its name from the Latin word meaning ocean or 'seas' that is used to label the darker and smoother parts of the moon's surface?
MARIA
From data primarily on the motions of what planet did Kepler propose that planets follow elliptical orbits?
MARS
The Tharsis bulge is the major geological feature of what planet?
MARS
What terrestrial planet has the longest sidereal period?
MARS
main asteroid belt is located immediately between what two planets?
MARS AND JUPITER (in any order)
Order the following planets from the one with the least number of known moons to the one with the most: Saturn, Neptune, Mars, Uranus.
MARS, NEPTUNE, URANUS, SATURN
What physical property of stars is most directly responsible for how long they will continue fusion?
MASS
What physical property of neutrinos, which was confirmed in the past decade, contradicts earlier assumptions that neutrinos travel at the speed of light?
MASS (ACCEPT: NEUTRINOS HAVE MASS)
Based on what three physical properties do astronomers divide the planets into terrestrial and Jovian.
MASS, SIZE, AND DENSITY
What does the acronym MSDS, the safety information sheet for a particular chemical substance, stand for?
MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET
Into what specific mitochondrial compartment are hydrogen ions pumped out during chemiosmosis (read as: chem-ee-oz-MOE-sis)?
MATRIX
Name all of the following 4 diseases that are caused by viruses: measles; AIDS; tuberculosis; leprosy
MEASLES; AIDS
What laboratory method uses a Liebig condenser arranged almost horizontally such that when the liquid mixture is heated and vapors are produced, they enter the condenser and then flow away from the flask to be collected, and is used when only one volatile fraction is to be collected?
SIMPLE DISTILLATION (ACCEPT: DISTILLATION) (DO NOT ACCEPT: FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION)
The terminal side of angle θ (read as: theta) in standard position passes through the point (-5, 12). Find the sine, cosine and tangent, in fractional form:
SIN = 12/13; COS = -5/13; TAN = -12/5
During his work in 1892 on the liquefaction of hydrogen, what Scottish chemist invented a double-walled vacuum flask which became widely known and named in his honor?
SIR JAMES DEWAR (ACCEPT: DEWAR) (Solution: the Dewar flask)
What is the Greek name meaning sparkling or scorching for the star, alpha Canis Majoris?
SIRIUS
In an alternating electric current, what is the term most commonly used to describe the tendency of charged particles to travel along the surface of their conductor?
SKIN EFFECT
According to standard chemical nomenclature and indicating the proper charge, what is the formula for the sulfite ion?
SO32- (ACCEPT: SO3-2)
What common product is made by taking water that is filtered through hardwood ashes, evaporating it in iron pots, mixing what remains with tallow, and allowing it to cure for a few weeks?
SOAP
What 2 ions are most directly involved with the conduction of a nerve cell message down an axon?
SODIUM AND POTASSIUM (ACCEPT: Na+ AND K+)
Jan is riding her bike northward on Main Street at 20 kilometers per hour and applies her brakes. In what direction would a physicist MOST likely record her acceleration?
SOUTH
A statistician who computes the standard deviation of a set of sample means is computing what statistical quantity?
STANDARD ERROR OF THE MEAN (ACCEPT: STANDARD ERROR)
What law states that the total amount of energy radiated per unit time from the surface of a body is related to the fourth power of its temperature?
STEFAN-BOLTZMANN LAW (ACCEPT: STEFAN'S LAW)
As opposed to spontaneous emission, what is the type of emission, first theorized by Albert Einstein, where a photon interacts with an atom's electron which, when it returns to a ground state, emits a coherent photon?
STIMULATED EMISSION (ACCEPT: STIMULATED)
Onions, shallots and leeks contain substances that cause our eyes to water. What element is common to the substances?
SULFUR
The primary anthropogenic cause of acid rain is the emission of what 2 gases?
SULFUR OXIDES; NITROGEN OXIDES (in any order) (ACCEPT: SULFUR DIOXIDE or SO2 AND NITROGEN DIOXIDE or NO2) (DO NOT ACCEPT: SULFURIC ACID or NITRIC ACID)
What star has the greatest apparent magnitude?
SUN
Choosing from noon, sunset, midnight or sunrise, at what time of the day does a new Moon rise for an observer at mid-northern latitudes in September?
SUNRISE
What is the term for wave activity between the line of breakers and the shore, produced as an ocean wave steepens and falls forward?
SURF
The constant that is the average flux of the Sun's energy arriving at the Earth
Solar Constant
Rapidly moving stream of charged particles that is being driven away from the sun
Solar Wind
waves that develop when seismic waves reach Earth's surface
Surface waves
Order the following 3 stages from the EARLIEST to the LATEST in the evolution of a G-type star of 2 solar masses: red giant; T-tauri; white dwarf
T-TAURI; RED GIANT; WHITE DWARF
What is the common name for the product of human lachrymal (read as: LACK-reh-mal) glands?
TEARS
Name the two elements that have atomic numbers less than that of lead that have no stable isotopes.
TECHNETIUM AND PROMETHIUM (ACCEPT: Tc and Pm)
Other than precipitation, what is the most important factor defining a biome?
TEMPERATURE
What is the general term for the process by which glass is strengthened, which involves reheating the glass until it almost softens and then rapidly and uniformly cooling it again, causing it to go into extreme compression?
TEMPERING
When the drag force acting on a skydiver and the force of gravity are equal, how can you characterize his or her velocity?
TERMINAL (ACCEPT: CONSTANT)
What is the most common term for the apparent dividing line between night and day on the Moon?
TERMINATOR
According to VSEPR bonding theory, what type of geometry does a molecule have when the central atom is surrounded by 4 bonded groups, such as in methane?
TETRAHEDRAL
What is the shape of the bonding structure of carbon in diamond?
TETRAHEDRAL
Using the Greek-derived names, what 5 polyhedra are often called platonic solids?
TETRAHEDRON, HEXAHEDRON, OCTAHEDRON, DODECAHEDRON, ICOSAHEDRON (Accept in any order)
What is the most common name for the theorem proved by Gauss which states that "every polynomial of degree n ≥ 1 with real or complex coefficients has n real or complex roots"?
THE FUNDAMENTAL THEOREM OF ALGEBRA
The electronegativity of oxygen is 3.4 and the electronegativity of calcium is 1.0. Which of the following best describes the formation of the calcium oxide: W) 2 electrons are transferred from calcium to oxygen X) 2 electrons are transferred from oxygen to calcium Y) 2 electrons are shared between calcium and oxygen Z) 1 electron is shared and another is transferred from calcium to oxygen
W) 2 ELECTRONS ARE TRANSFERRED FROM CALCIUM TO OXYGEN
Which of the following Venn diagrams would best represent a relationship where sets A and B have no elements in common: W) 2 non-overlapping shaded circles X) portions of circles A and B are overlapped and the intersection point is shaded Y) circle A is entirely within circle B and only circle A is shaded Z) only circle A is shown
W) 2 NON-OVERLAPPING SHADED CIRCLES
Which of the following four molecules can have both righthanded and left-handed forms: W) 2-chloro-2-bromobutane X) 1-chloro-2-bromoethene Y) trichloromethane Z) glycerol
W) 2-CHLORO-2-BROMOBUTANE
Because of precession, the celestial pole traces out a complete circle on the sky about every: W) 26,000 years X) 12,000 years Y) 6,000 years Z) 600 years
W) 26,000 YEARS
The carcinogenic effects of sunlight on skin are caused by light in which of the following wavelength ranges: W) 280-320 nanometers X) 320-360 nanometers Y) 400-450 nanometers Z) 1.0-1.5 micrometers
W) 280-320 NANOMETERS
Electron configurations can be specified using orbital-filling diagrams, in which electrons are represented in standard nomenclature by up and down arrows. Which of the following best describes the arrows representing the 4p orbitals in Arsenic, whose atomic number is 33: W) 3 single up arrows X) one pair of up and down arrows, and a single up arrow Y) 3 pairs of up and down arrows Z) two pairs of up and down arrows and a single down arrow
W) 3 SINGLE UP ARROWS
Using the Cartesian coordinate system, find the distance between the points (-4, 3) and (2, 6): W) 3square root of 5 X) square root of 12 Y) 3 Z) 5 square root of 3
W) 3 sqaure root of 5
At present estimates, the Earth's planetary albedo is estimated to be: W) 30% X) 40% Y) 50% Z) 60%
W) 30%
In which of the following latitudes would you expect belts of high pressure to typically develop: W) 30° North X) 0° Y) 50° North Z) 60° South
W) 30° NORTH
Which of the following is the RNA complementary sequence of the following sequence: 5'CCGCGA 3' (read as: 5-prime, CCGCGS, 3-prime) W) 5' UCGCGG 3' (read as: 5-prime, UCGCGG, 3-prime) X) 5' GGCGCU 3' Y) 5' GGCGCT 3' Z) 5' TCGCGG 3'
W) 5' UCGCGG 3'
Which of the following is a second quadrant angle in standard position: W) 500º X) -180º Y) -680º Z) 930º
W) 500º
Which of the following is a quadratic equation with a root of multiplicity of 2: W) 9x^2 - 30x^2 + 25 = 0 X) x^2 + 2x - 15 = 0 Y) 6x^2 - 11x - 2 = 0 Z) 4x^2 - 1 = 0
W) 9x^2 - 30x^2 + 25 = 0 (Solution: x = 5/3)
A racemic mixture is a solution that contains: W) a 50:50 mixture of (+) and (-) isomers X) greater than 50% of the (+) isomers Y) greater than 50% of the (-) isomers Z) only one species of isomer
W) A 50:50 MIXTURE OF (+) AND (-) ISOMERS
Which of the following is NOT true: W) a reaction that requires free energy is spontaneous X) gases, as a group, have higher entropies than liquids Y) standard molar entropies of pure substances are always positive values Z) spontaneous processes involve non-equilibrium conditions
W) A REACTION THAT REQUIRES FREE ENERGY IS SPONTANEOUS
Which of the following is TRUE about tests of significance: W) a type 1 error rejects the null hypothesis when it is true X) a type 1 error accepts the null hypothesis when it is true Y) a type 2 error rejects the null hypothesis when it is true Z) a type 2 has no relationship to the null hypothesis
W) A TYPE 1 ERROR REJECTS THE NULL HYPOTHESIS WHEN IT IS TRUE
Which of the following is most directly responsible for the colloid osmotic pressure in humans that acts to retain fluid in the vascular system: W) albumin X) sodium ions Y) calcium ions Z) potassium ions
W) ALBUMIN
An organic compound with the formula C6H14 is an: W) alkane X) alkene Y) alkyne Z) arene
W) ALKANE (Solution: alkanes = CnH2n+2)
Which of the following is one of the main reasons why oxygenates are used as gasoline additives: W) allow for more complete combustion X) decrease sulfur buildup in engine pistons Y) prevent water condensation in stored fuels Z) corrosion inhibition
W) ALLOW FOR MORE COMPLETE COMBUSTION
Which of the following is NOT classified as a low-level cloud: W) altostratus X) nimbostratus Y) stratocumulus Z) stratus
W) ALTOSTRATUS
Which of the following is a weak electrolyte: W) ammonia X) dilute sulfuric acid Y) 1 molar sodium chloride Z) dilute perchloric acid
W) AMMONIA
Which of the following tissues is most directly responsible for the growth in height of a tree: W) apical meristem X) shoot terminus Y) terminal cambial Z) cambium terminus
W) APICAL MERISTEM
A sharp ridge of erosion-resistant rock formed between adjacent cirque glaciers, often forming a saw-toothed mountain ridge is known as: W) arête X) scree Y) levee Z) moraine
W) ARÊTE
Which of the following is characteristic of a compound? W) Elements must be combined in a very specific ratio X) Properties can vary throughout the sample Y) It can be classified as a colloid Z) It can be classified as heterogeneous
W) ELEMENTS MUST BE COMBINED IN A VERY SPECIFIC RATIO
How were the rings of the planet Uranus discovered: W) astronomers in 1977 noticed stars were occulted by Uranus before the planet passed in front of them and reappeared afterwards X) the Magellan 1 space probe took pictures of them Y) the Hubble space telescope detected them with its infrared detector Z) the rings are made of gases with certain signatures revealed in absorption spectra
W) ASTRONOMERS IN 1977 NOTICED STARS WERE OCCULTED BY URANUS BEFORE THE PLANET PASSED IN FRONT OF THEM AND REAPPEARED AFTERWARDS
In the typical titration of a weak acid, such as 0.1 molar acetic acid, with a strong base, such as 0.1 molar sodium hydroxide, what is the best description of the characteristic titration curve: W) at the equivalence point, the pH is primarily controlled by the acetate ion X) at the equivalence point, the pH drops dramatically Y) the second equivalence point is primarily controlled by the hydroxide ion Z) the pH at the equivalence point is almost always 7
W) AT THE EQUIVALENCE POINT, THE PH IS PRIMARILY CONTROLLED BY THE ACETATE ION
Hawaiian volcanoes such as Kilauea and Mauna Loa are examples of which of the following types of volcanoes: W) basaltic X) rhyolitic Y) andesitic Z) andesitic and rhyolitic
W) BASALTIC
An aqueous solution in which the concentration of OH- ions is greater than that of H+ ions is: W) basic X) acidic Y) neutral Z) in equilibrium
W) BASIC
Which of the following molecular shapes would you expect from O3: W) bent X) trigonal planar Y) linear Z) see-saw
W) BENT
Which of the following is a substance whose molecular and empirical formulas are NOT the same: W) benzene X) water Y) ammonia Z) sulfur dioxide
W) BENZENE
Which of the following is a molecule having a nonpolar covalent bond: W) bromine gas X) hydrogen fluoride Y) water Z) hydrogen bromide
W) BROMINE GAS
Which of the following geological periods is oldest? W) Cambrian X) Cretaceous Y) Tertiary Z) Devonian
W) CAMBRIAN
Which of the following is believed to be the most likely composition of cosmic dust: W) carbonaceous, silicate or iron-bearing materials with some frozen gases X) hydrogen, helium and lithium crystals Y) thorium, uranium and lead particles from dead stars Z) pure ice crystals with small amounts of ionized hydrogen
W) CARBONACEOUS, SILICATE OR IRON-BEARING MATERIALS WITH SOME FROZEN GASES
Which of the following minerals could be mined to create electrical wiring? W) Chalcopyrite (read as: kahl-koh-PY-ryt) X) Limestone Y) Galena (read as: gah-LEE-nah) Z) Gypsum
W) CHALCOPYRITE
BenzoPyrenes are food toxins that can be found in low concentrations in: W) charcoal-broiled meats X) uncooked shellfish Y) raw eggs Z) wild mushrooms
W) CHARCOAL-BROILED MEATS
As an airmass ascends into the atmosphere, its water vapor capacity changes, causing which of the following? W) Cloud formation and possible precipitation X) Evaporation and drying Y) Snow Z) Hurricane conditions
W) CLOUD FORMATION AND POSSIBLE PRECIPITATION
How can 2 batteries and three capacitors be arranged to store the maximum amount of energy? W) Connect the capacitors in parallel and the batteries in series X) Connect the capacitors in series and the batteries in parallel Y) Connect the capacitors and batteries in parallel Z) Connect the capacitors and batteries in series
W) CONNECT THE CAPACITORS IN PARALLEL AND THE BATTERIES IN SERIES
A constant force acting on a body experiencing no change in its environment will give the body: W) constant acceleration X) constant speed Y) constant velocity Z) zero acceleration
W) CONSTANT ACCELERATION
Which of the following is NOT true about statistical correlation: W) correlation typically distinguishes between explanatory and response variables X) the correlation "r" always lies between +1 and -1 Y) a negative correlation indicates a negative association Z) correlation is usually strongly affected by outlying observations
W) CORRELATION TYPICALLY DISTINGUISHES BETWEEN EXPLANATORY AND RESPONSE VARIABLES
The IUPAC name 1,4-dimethylcyclohexane is an example of which of the following: W) cyclic alkane X) branched alkane Y) straight chain alkane Z) haloalkane (pronounced: HAL-o-alkane)
W) CYCLIC ALKANE
The conversion of solid CaSO4 into solid CaO and SO2 gas is an example of what class of chemical reaction: W) decomposition X) hydrolysis Y) combustion Z) single replacement
W) DECOMPOSITION
Which of the following is NOT true about aqueous solutions: W) diluting a buffer with water can change the pH of the water X) metal cations can act as weak acids in water solutions Y) an acid whose Ka = 6 × 10-10 is weaker than an acid whose Ka = 5.8 × 10-4 Z) an acid whose pKa is 3.0 is stronger than an acid whose pKa is 7.0
W) DILUTING A BUFFER WITH WATER CAN CHANGE THE PH OF THE WATER
Hydrogen bonding is due to a combination of forces, the most important of which is what type of interaction: W) dipole-dipole X) dipole-induced dipole Y) induced dipole-induced Z) induced
W) DIPOLE-DIPOLE
Which of the following experimental approaches was used by scientists to discover that the atomic nucleus held most of the atom's mass and a positive charge: W) directing alpha particles at thin metal strips X) finding the amount of magnetic deflection in cathode rays within a well-evacuated tube Y) exposing photographic film to certain radium salts Z) using a crude cyclotron to disintegrate large nuclei
W) DIRECTING ALPHA PARTICLES AT THIN METAL STRIPS
Of which of the following is the Hubble Law most directly a consequence: W) Doppler shift X) Kirchoff's second law Y) Kepler's second law Z) Drake's equation
W) DOPPLER SHIFT
Human epidermis is mostly composed of which of the following basic animal tissues types: W) epithelial X) connective Y) nervous Z) muscle
W) EPITHELIAL
One of the major challenges to making more accurate atomic clocks was: W) high atomic frequencies were difficult to monitor X) maintaining constant atomic vibrations Y) finding pure elementary samples for studies Z) cosmic ray interference disrupts the accurate measurements of atomic vibrations
W) HIGH ATOMIC FREQUENCIES ARE DIFFICULT TO MONITOR
Which of the following best describes the catalyst in the destruction of ozone by chlorofluorocarbons: W) homogeneous X) heterogeneous Y) enzymatic Z) autocatalytic
W) HOMOGENEOUS (Solution: all in the same phase, namely gases)
Which of the following is NOT true: W) hydrogen gas found in nature exists as a monatomic molecule X) when 2 oxygen atoms combine to form O2, energy is released Y) when chlorine gains 1 electron, it becomes larger Z) noble gases tend not to bond because of their stable valence configurations
W) HYDROGEN GAS FOUND IN NATURE EXISTS AS A MONATOMIC MOLECULE
Which of the following changes will increase the reaction rate of the reaction between solid magnesium and gaseous oxygen: 2 Mg(s) + O2(g)→ (read as: yields) 2 MgO(s) + heat? W) Increasing the concentration of oxygen X) Removing the magnesium oxide as soon as it is formed Y) Reducing the temperature Z) Decreasing the concentration of oxygen
W) INCREASING THE CONCENTRATION OF OXYGEN
From which of the following does the seed coat of angiosperm seeds typically develop: W) integuments X) polar nuclei Y) nucleus Z) cotyledons
W) INTEGUMENTS
If an atom X, which has an electronegativity of 3.5, bonds with atom Y, which has an electronegativity of 0.9, what type of bond is most likely prevalent: W) ionic X) polar covalent Y) non-polar covalent Z) neutral
W) IONIC
What is the process that best describes the transfer of electrons from one atom to another through electrostatic attraction? W) Ionic bonding X) Repulsion Y) Nuclear force Z) Covalent bonding
W) IONIC BONDING
Most astrophysicists believe that the universe is: W) isotropic and homogeneous X) isotropic and non-homogeneous Y) anistotropic and homogeneous Z) anisotropic and non-homogeneous
W) ISOTROPIC AND HOMOGENEOUS
Which of the following is FALSE about the Coriolis Effect: W) it is an apparent force due to the precession of the Earth X) it is an apparent force due to the rotation of the Earth Y) it causes winds in the Northern Hemisphere to be deflected to the right Z) it causes winds in the Southern Hemisphere to be deflected to the left
W) IT IS AN APPARENT FORCE DUE TO THE PRECESSION OF THE EARTH
Which of the following is NOT true of Kepler's works in astronomy: W) Kepler gathered most of his data from his monitoring of the planets with a quadrant X) Kepler very seldom observed the planets and looked through a telescope only a few times in his life Y) many of Kepler's computations were based on data gathered by Tycho Brahe Z) Kepler assumed planetary motion was not circular
W) KEPLER GATHERED MOST OF HIS DATA FROM HIS MONITORING OF THE PLANETS WITH A QUADRANT
Which of the following most directly addresses that a gas of low density, when excited, will emit light of a certain wavelength: W) Kirchhoff's second law X) Bode's second law Y) Wien's law Z) Balmer's law
W) KIRCHHOFF'S SECOND LAW
Which of the following compounds is most SOLUBLE in water at 10ºC: W) KNO3 X) CaSO4 Y) BaSO4 Z) AgBr
W) KNO3
The acceleration of two different masses connected by a light string suspended by a light frictionless pulley is: W) Less than 9.8 meters per second squared X) Greater than 9.8 meters per second squared Y) Equal to 9.8 meters per second squared Z) 0
W) LESS THAN 9.8 METERS PER SECOND SQUARED
Which of the following woods is most desirable for fence posts in wet environments: W) locust X) oak Y) alder Z) hickory
W) LOCUST
Which of the following is not a characteristic of the terrestrial planets: W) low average density X) closely spaced orbits Y) craters in old surfaces Z) very few moons
W) LOW AVERAGE DENSITY
Which of the following describes the quantum number that indicates the direction in space of the electron cloud surrounding the nucleus of an atom: W) magnetic quantum number X) principle quantum number Y) angular momentum quantum number Z) spin quantum number
W) MAGNETIC QUANTUM NUMBER
Which of the following is the most common instrument used for measuring gas pressure: W) manometer X) anemometer Y) tensitometer Z) flow-meter
W) MANOMETER
Olympus Mons, one of the largest volcanoes in our solar system, is located on which planet: W) Mars X) Venus Y) Titan Z) Callisto
W) MARS
Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of physical and chemical weathering? W) Mass wasting X) Glaciation Y) Frost wedging Z) Groundwater
W) MASS WASTING
A bolometer (pronounced: bowl-O-meter) is used to: W) measure the energy output of the Sun X) measure the length of a bowling alley Y) measure the size of celestial bodies Z) standardize the azimuth of a sextant
W) MEASURE THE ENERGY OUTPUT OF THE SUN
Which of the following are the most important calibration references that Celsius used to devise his temperature scale: W) melting point and boiling point of water X) ice-point and freeze-thaw point of water Y) specific gravity of water Z) boiling point and steam point of water
W) MELTING POINT AND BOILING POINT OF WATER
Cleavage is caused by a mineral's crystal lattice having: W) planes that contain relatively fewer or weaker chemical bonds X) planes that contain relatively more numerous or stronger chemical bonds Y) planes that contain many hydrogen bonds Z) planes that contain only covalent chemical bonds
W) PLANES THAT CONTAIN RELATIVELY FEWER OR WEAKER CHEMICAL BONDS
Which of the following best describes how well a balance can repeatedly indicate the same mass over a series of identical weighings under similar environmental conditions: W) precision X) accuracy Y) linearity Z) readability
W) PRECISION
Which of the following types of biological molecules is digested by trypsin: W) proteins X) nucleic acids Y) carbohydrates Z) lipids
W) PROTEINS
Which of the following minerals has a hardness of 7, often has good crystal shape with 6 sides, varies from colorless to white, pink, purple and several other colors, and exhibits conchoidal fracture: W) quartz X) diamond Y) pyroxene Z) olivine
W) QUARTZ
What color light does water absorb the most: W) red X) yellow Y) green Z) blue
W) RED
The earth's outer core is interpreted to be liquid because: W) S-waves don't travel through liquid X) S-waves are faster than P-waves Y) S-waves don't travel through gases Z) P-waves don't travel through liquids
W) S-WAVES DON'T TRAVEL THROUGH LIQUID
What scale is used to classify the strength of hurricanes based on its greatest wind speed: W) Saffir-Simpson X) Beaufort Y) Modified Mercalli Z) Fujita
W) SAFFIR-SIMPSON
Which of the following is an example of a modular organism that grows by producing additional units of body construction that are very similar to the units of which it is already composed: W) sea sponge X) cockroach Y) spider Z) turtle
W) SEA SPONGE
In which of the following sedimentary environments would a dominantly organic sedimentary rock most likely be formed? W) Shallow marine X) Deep ocean Y) Wind-blown desert Z) Glacial outwash plain
W) SHALLOW MARINE
When spreading centers reach above the ocean's surface, they typically form which of the following types of volcanoes: W) shield X) composite Y) stratovolcano Z) cinder cone
W) SHIELD
If triangle ABD is congruent with triangle EFG, which of the following MUST be true: W) side AB is congruent to side EF X) side AD is congruent to side FG Y) measure of angle B = measure of angle G Z) measure of angle A = measure of angle G
W) SIDE AB IS CONGRUENT TO SIDE EF
Which of the following choices is NOT an example of a rigid body? W) Slinky X) Wheel Y) Pool ball Z) CD
W) SLINKY
The Sahara desert in Africa is an example of what type of desert: W) subtropical X) continental Y) rainshadow Z) coastal
W) SUBTROPICAL
The Meissner effect is most directly associated with which of the following: W) superconductors X) rare earth magnets Y) very strong electromagnets Z) Tesla coils
W) SUPERCONDUCTORS
According to VSEPR bonding theory, if one of the bonded atoms in a trigonal bipyramidal molecule is replaced by 2 electron pairs, the molecule will assume what geometric shape, such as in ClF3: W) t-shaped X) see-saw Y) linear Z) bent
W) T-SHAPED
What property of diatoms make them useful as climate proxies? W) The chemical makeup of their shells reflects the water chemistry at their time of formation X) The narrow temperature range in which they exist makes them markers for paleo0ocean temperatures Y) Their well-preserved digestive system provide ample evidence for ancient food webs Z) Their limited diversity and low adaptability make them key indicators of specific aquatic environments
W) THE CHEMICAL MAKEUP OF THEIR SHELLS REFLECTS THE WATER CHEMISTRY AT THEIR TIME OF FORMATION
Which of the following is responsible for the changing of the seasons: W) the Earth's axis is not perpendicular to the ecliptic X) the Earth's orbit is elliptical Y) the Earth's axis precesses Z) the Sun moves through space
W) THE EARTH'S AXIS IS NOT PERPENDICULAR TO THE ECLIPTIC
If you could shrink the Earth to a quarter its present diameter while maintaining its mass, by what factor would the escape velocity change? W) the escape velocity would be doubled X) the escape velocity would be four times larger Y) the escape velocity would remain unchanged Z) the escape velocity would be reduced by half
W) THE ESCAPE VELOCITY WOULD BE DOUBLED (Solution: escape velocity ~ (M/R)1/2; Ve = √2GM/r)
In addition to the "sniff test", which of the following is a standard laboratory test for a sulfide, such as hydrogen sulfide gas: W) the gas passed over a filter paper soaked in colorless lead nitrate turns the paper brown X) when inserted into a flame, a glowing wooden splint bursts into flames Y) a flame test gives off a deep purple color Z) paper chromatography
W) THE GAS PASSED OVER A FILTER PAPER SOAKED IN COLORLESS LEAD NITRATE TURNS THE PAPER BROWN (Solution: H2S(g) + Pb(NO3)2(aq) ) --> 2HNO3 + PbS(s))
subduction
What plate motion occurs along the "Ring of Fire?"
In the single-lens reflex camera, which of the following is TRUE of focal length of a lens as it pertains to angle of view: W) the longer the focal length, the narrower its angle of view will be X) the shorter the focal length, the narrower its angle of view will be Y) the longer the focal length, the wider its angle of view will be Z) the focal length of a lens does not affect the angle of view
W) THE LONGER THE FOCAL LENGTH, THE NARROWER ITS ANGLE OF VIEW WILL BE
In the tempering of steel, the slower the hot steel cools in the quenching process: W) the softer its core and the less the outer hardness penetrates X) the softer its core and the more the outer hardness penetrates Y) the harder its core and the less the outer hardness penetrates Z) the harder its core and the more the outer hardness penetrates
W) THE SOFTER ITS CORE AND THE LESS THE OUTER HARDNESS PENETRATES
Nuclear reactions, such as those that occur in power generating reactors, are said to be critical when: W) They are able to sustain their level of activity without an external neutron source X) They have been shut down by the introduction of neutron poisons such as boron Y) They are increasing in power at a rate faster than expected Z) They are producing more thorium than uranium
W) THEY ARE ABLE TO SUSTAIN THEIR LEVEL OF ACTIVITY WITHOUT AN EXTERNAL NEUTRON SOURCE
Which of the following descriptions is NOT true of eskers: W) they were formed above glaciers by the widening of crevasses X) they are low, steep-sided ridges of sand and gravel Y) deposits were laid down by running water Z) their deposits are roughly sorted and bedded
W) THEY WERE FORMED ABOVE GLACIERS BY THE WIDENING OF CREVASSES
Which of the following BEST describes the most common functions for which most transistors are used: W) to switch on and off or amplify electronic signals X) to allow electric current to pass in only one direction while increasing or decreasing the voltage Y) to store electrical energy Z) to regulate the frequency of electrical sine waves
W) TO SWITCH ON AND OFF OR AMPLIFY ELECTRONIC SIGNALS
Which of the following is the term for the transfer of genes by viruses from one prokaryote to another: W) transduction X) conjugation Y) transformation Z) relaxation
W) TRANSDUCTION
Waves of energy that come from an earthquake: W) Travel through and along the surface of the earth X) Can be felt at every single point on the surface of the earth Y) Travel only along the surface of the earth Z) Are unrelated to movements of magma beneath the surface
W) TRAVEL THROUGH AND ALONG THE SURFACE OF THE EARTH
Which of the following is not a colligative property of solutions? W) Vapor pressure elevation X) Freezing point depression Y) Boiling point elevation Z) Osmotic pressure
W) VAPOR PRESSURE ELEVATION
Distinctly and finely stratified layers of silt and clay deposited in lakes of glacial origin are known as: W) varves X) moraines Y) drumlins Z) eskers
W) VARVES
Which of the following planets is NOT known to have any orbiting satellites: W) Venus X) Mars Y) Uranus Z) Saturn
W) VENUS
Cyanocobalamin (Pronounced SIGH-ano-CO-bal-amin) is more commonly known as: W) vitamin B12 X) vitamin D Y) vitamin A Z) vitamin K3
W) VITAMIN B12
The geology of the surface of Venus appears to be dominated by: W) volcanoes X) plate tectonics Y) erosion by flowing water Z) old impact craters
W) VOLCANOES
In order to replenish the supply of steam at the geothermal plant called The Geysers, which of the following does an underground pipeline deliver? W) Wastewater X) River water Y) Ocean water Z) Rain water
W) WASTEWATER
A substance with an acid dissociation constant, or Ka, of 1 × 10^-9 would be considered a: W) weak acid X) strong acid Y) weak base Z) strong base
W) WEAK ACID
Wind energy is the conversion of wind power into electricity, using wind turbines. Which of the following statements is true about wind energy systems? W) Wind turbines convert kinetic energy from the wind X) Wind farms have to be located on unoccupied pieces of land Y) Wind energy systems have high impact on air emissions Z) Construction costs for wind-powered generators are minimal
W) WIND TURBINES CONVERT KINETIC ENERGY FROM THE WIND
Which of the following is NOT considered a state function of a system in a reaction: W) work X) enthalpy Y) temperature Z) volume
W) WORK
Cepheid variables are a large and important group of: W) yellow giants and super giants X) red giants Y) blue giants Z) pulsating quasars
W) YELLOW GIANTS AND SUPER GIANTS
In what range of colors do fireflies generally emit light? W) Yellow to green X) Orange to red Y) Red to blue Z) Blue to violet
W) YELLOW TO GREEN
The BEST explanation of why population I (read as: one) stars have a higher proportion of elements heavier than helium than population II ( read as: two) stars, is because Population I stars are: W) younger than population II stars X) older than population II stars Y) usually closer to planetary nebula than population II stars Z) often found near H-I (read as: H, one) regions
W) YOUNGER THAN POPULATION II STARS
Which of the following is NOT true of DNA replication: W) it is initiated by a short DNA primer X) the growing strand is polymerized in a 5-prime to 3-prime direction Y) DNA polymerase helps form the phosphodiesterase (read as: FOSS-foe-die-ESS-ter-ase) bonds Z) synthesis of the lagging strand is discontinuous
W) it is initiated by a short DNA primer
Which of the following is MOST characteristic of human blast cells in on observation with light microscopy: W) large nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio X) small nucleolus and mostly heterochromatin in the nucleus Y) lack of cytoplasmic granules and small overall size compared to mature cells Z) absence of nucleolus (read as: NEW-clee-oh-luss) and endoplasmic reticulum
W) large nuclear to cytoplasmic ratio
A data set has a mean of 10 and variance of 10. If every set element is multiplied by 2, which of the following is TRUE of the new mean and variance: W) mean is 20, variance is 40 X) mean is 20, variance is 10 Y) mean is 20, variance is 20 Z) mean is 10, variance is 20
W) mean is 20, variance is 40
If a beam of white light passes through a prism, which of the following colors color will emerge on the other side at the lowest angle with respect to the incident beam: W) orange X) indigo Y) green Z) blue
W) orange
Which of the following BEST describes spin quantum numbers: W) orientation of intrinsic angular momenta of electrons X) centripetal accelerations of atoms Y) angular momenta of only hadrons Z) centripetal acceleration of electrons
W) orientation of intrinsic angular momenta of electrons
Which of the following is TRUE of red supergiants: W) some form Cepheid variables X) most end as nova stars Y) most have luminosities about 10 to 100 times that of our Sun Z) most have surface temperatures at least 2-times that of our Sun
W) some form Cepheid variables
Using the Cartesian coordinate system, find the distance between the points (2, 3) and (-3, 1): W) square root of 29 X) square root of 7 Y) square root of 5 Z) square root of 39
W) square root of 29
Which of the following BEST describes where the zodiacal light is brightest to a stargazer at mid-northern latitudes: W) within about 20 degrees of the ecliptic X) at the western horizon at sunrise Y) at right angles to the Milky Way Z) parallel with the Milky Way
W) within about 20 degrees of the ecliptic
Which of the following is the equation for the tangent line for y = x^4 at the point (1, 1): W) y = 4x - 3 X) y = 4x - 1 Y) y = 4x + 1 Z) y = 4x + 3
W) y = 4x - 3 (Solution: using the derivative, y' = 4x^3, the slope of the tangent line at x = 1 is 4. The line must pass through (1, 1) so y - 1 = 4(x - 1))
When the same amount of energy is applied to 1-gram portions of water, ethanol, copper and iron, for which one does the temperature increase the least?
WATER
Order the following 4 choices from the one with the LOWEST temperature to the one with the HIGHEST temperature: copper freezes; water boils; solar corona; lead melts
WATER BOILS; LEAD MELTS; COPPER FREEZES; SOLAR CORONA
Land is to tornadoes as the ocean is to what?
WATERSPOUTS
According to the Standard Model of Particle Physics, through what force would the top quark decay?
WEAK FORCE (ACCEPT: WEAK or WEAK INTERACTION)
Containing roughly ten times more gas than Earth's, why does Titan's atmosphere extend some ten times farther into space than does our own?
WEAKER GRAVITATIONAL PULL (ACCEPT: SMALLER MASS)
For his discovery of a new form of radiation in 1895, what person received the first Nobel prize in physics?
WILHELM RÖNTGEN (ACCEPT: RÖNTGEN)
According to Kepler's second Law of planetary motion, in which season in North America does the Earth currently move the fastest in its orbit about the Sun?
WINTER
Subduction Zones, Rifting and Sea Floor Spreading, Hot Spots
What 3 ways can volcanoes form?
Mid-ocean ridges, trenches, seamounts
What are features of the sea floor?
Crust thins>Land plates pull apart> Rift valley forms>Sea develops.
What are the results of rifting?
New ocean crust forms at a fissure and old crust pushed away.
What are the results of seafloor spreading?
Dense ocean plate sinks under land back into mantle.
What are the results of subduction?
Heat from the Earth's interior
What causes convection currents?
Earthquakes are caused when stress builds when rocks along 2 sides of a fault snag and lock
What causes earthquakes?
faults and folds
What does stress on rocks cause?
1. Continents seem to fit together like puzzle pieces. 2. Fossil records show similar plant and animal fossils on continents separated by oceans suggesting that continents were once one land mass. 3. Evidence of glaciers suggest that some continents must have been closer to the poles at one time. 4. Similarities in geological formations, like mountain chains, on different continents.
What evidence supports the theory of continental drift?
The core is made of heavy metals like iron and nickel.
What is the composition of the core?
Made of heavy rocks that have iron and magnesium
What is the composition of the mantle?
Light rock rich in silicate
What is the crust made up of?
4300 degrees Celsius
What is the temperature of the core?
lithosphere (crust and upper mantle)
What layers of earth make up the plates?
earthquakes
What occurs at a transform boundary?
convergent (subduction)
What plate motion destroys old ocean floor?
divergent
What plate motion makes new ocean floor?
What are the two conditions that distinguish bioluminescence from chemiluminescence (read as: keh-mee-luh-mi-NEH-sehns)? W) Bioluminescence occurs in living organisms and has hydrogen as a common reactant X) Bioluminescence occurs in living organisms and requires an enzyme catalyst Y) Bioluminescence occurs in living organisms and involves the emission of light at a lower energy than chemiluminescence (read as: keh-mee-luh-mi-NEH-sehns) Z) Bioluminescence occurs uniquely in living organisms and has oxygen as a common reactant
X) BIOLUMINESENCE OCCURS IN LIVING ORGANISMS AND REQUIRES AN ENZYME CATALYST
In 1901, 63-year-old retired schoolteacher Annie Edson Taylor went over the Niagara Falls in a barrel. The Horseshoe Falls have a height of about 51 meters. Using 9.8 meters per second squared as the acceleration due to gravity; about how long in seconds did it take for her to reach the water surface? Assume that her initial velocity was zero, and neglect the effect of the air on the barrel during the fall. W) Between 3 and 4 seconds X) Between 5 and 6 seconds Y) Between 10 and 11 seconds Z) Between 27 and 28 seconds
X) Between 5 and 6 seconds
Which of the following is incorrect: W) C5H11CHO is an aldehyde X) C11H20 is an alkane Y) C5H11OH is an alcohol Z) C5H11NH2 is an amine
X) C11H20 IS AN ALKANE
The total amount of sediment a stream can carry past a point in a given amount of time, is known as its: W) competence X) capacity Y) abrasion Z) dissolved load
X) CAPACITY
Which of the following molecules do methanogens (read as: meth-AN-oh-gens) most often use as their final electron acceptor in their generation of energy: W) hydrogen X) carbon dioxide Y) methane Z) oxygen
X) CARBON DIOXIDE
Which of the following constellations can be seen highest in the November sky of the northern hemisphere? W) Orion X) Cassiopeia Y) Mensa Z) Cancer
X) CASSIOPEIA
Which of the following was first proposed by Peter Mitchell as a potential energy ion gradient across a selectively permeable membrane that is responsible for the production of ATP: W) osmosis X) chemiosmosis (read as: chem-ee-oz-MOE-sis): Y) electro-phosphorylation Z) photosynthesis
X) CHEMIOSMOSIS
Eggs exit a chicken's body through what specific structure: W) rectal plexus X) cloaca (read as: KLO-aye-ka) Y) rostrum Z) spiculum
X) CLOACA
Which of the following is NOT true of ideal gases: W) 2 or more gases form homogeneous mixtures in all proportions X) collisions between gas particles are both elastic and inelastic Y) they diffuse rapidly Z) they assume the shapes of their containers
X) COLLISIONS BETWEEN GAS PARTICLES ARE BOTH ELASTIC AND INELASTIC
Which of the following is a group of about 20 proteins that aid in the attraction and phagocytosis of microorganisms by macrophages: W) alpha interferons X) complement system Y) TNF Z) hemopoietins
X) COMPLEMENT SYSTEM
Ca(OH)2, NaOH, and Ba(OH)2, are all: W) weak bases X) completely ionized in water Y) alkali halides Z) standard buffers
X) COMPLETELY IONIZED IN WATER
The abyssal plain of the Atlantic ocean lies directly adjacent to the: W) continental slope X) continental rise Y) continental shelf Z) continental crust
X) CONTINENTAL RISE
Yellow fever is transmitted by what genus of mosquito: W) Anopheles (read as: ann-off-a-lees) X) Culex (reas as: CUE-lex) Y) Aedes Z) Culiseta (read as: cue-lee-see-ta)
X) CULEX
Which of the following is a molecule with a square pyramidal molecular geometry around its central atom: W) PCl5 X) ClF5 Y) XeF4 Z) SF6
X) ClF5 (Solution: PCl5 = trigonal bipyramidal; XeF4 = square planar; SF6 = octahedral)
The neutralization of the magnetic field around a body by encircling it with a conductor through which a current is maintained is called: W) demodulation X) degaussing Y) debugging Z) dehissing
X) DEGAUSSING
Which of the following pure substances has the highest melting point at 1 atmosphere of pressure: W) magnesium oxide X) diamond Y) sodium chloride Z) cesium chloride
X) DIAMOND (Solution: MgO = 2800ºC; diamond = 3550ºC; NaCl = 801ºC; Cs = 645ºC)
Which of the following pure substances has the highest melting point at 1 atmosphere of pressure: W) magnesium oxide X) diamond Y) sodium chloride Z) cesium chloride
X) DIAMOND (Solution: MgO = 2800ºC; diamond = 3550ºC; NaCl = 801ºC; Cs = 645ºC)
A beaker of concentrated aqueous ammonia is placed next to a beaker of concentrated aqueous hydrochloric acid at room temperature. After a short while, a white cloud forms between the beakers. This is a demonstration of: W) effusion X) diffusion Y) efflorescence Z) effervescence
X) DIFFUSION
In which of the following organ systems of the human body do chief cells primarily function: W) excretory X) digestive Y) nervous Z) reproductive
X) DIGESTIVE
Two common igneous rocks derived from andesitic magma are: W) andesite and alkali basalt X) diorite and andesite Y) komatite and rhyolite Z) rhyolite and kimberlite
X) DIORITE AND ANDESITE
Boundaries that form where lithospheric plates are breaking apart to move away from each other are called: W) transform boundaries X) divergent margin boundaries Y) suture zone boundaries Z) subduction boundaries
X) DIVERGENT MARGIN BOUNDARIES
The release of hydrogen gas in the above experiment is called: W) combustion X) effervescence Y) diffusion Z) ebullition
X) EFFERVESCENCE
Which of the following MOST directly determines the permittivity of a material: W) ability of the material to magnetize X) electrical susceptibility Y) electrical insulation capacity Z) electrical conductivity
X) ELECTRICAL SUSCEPTIBILITY
Which of the following has NOT been shown to be a practical use of electrolytic cells? W) Recovering pure metal from alloys X) Electrolysis Y) Plating of one metal with another Z) Manufacturing of sodium hydroxide
X) ELECTROLYSIS
In the oceanic ecosystem, which zone is defined by the depth of light penetration: W) probiotic X) euphotic Y) photobiotic Z) bathyal
X) EUPHOTIC
Which of the following best explains why eliminating one trophic level in an ecosystem often results in a decrease in organisms two trophic levels down? W) Abundance of prey in the eliminated trophic level X) Increased predation by organisms one trophic level down Y) Increased predation by organisms two trophic levels down Z) Increased predator diversity
X) INCREASED PREDATION BY ORGANISMS ONE TROPHIC LEVEL DOWN
At x = −1/2, the graph of y = x^3 is: W) increasing and concave up X) increasing and concave down Y) decreasing and concave up Z) decreasing and concave down
X) INCREASING AND CONCAVE DOWN (Solution: at the indicated value the 1st derivative is positive (implying increasing) and the 2nd derivative is negative (implying concave down))
Which one of the following terms is used to indicate the natural tendency of an object to remain at rest or in motion at a constant speed along a straight line? W) Equilibrium X) Inertia (read as: i-NEHR-shah) Y) Stability Z) Interaction
X) INERTIA
Which of the following compounds has the lowest solubility product constant at pH 7? W) Sodium carbonate X) Iron II chloride Y) Magnesium chloride Z) Ammonium nitrate
X) IRON II CHLORIDE
When a fighter pilot fires on a plane directly in front of her, the momentum of the fighter pilot and her plane changes in what way? W) It increases X) It decreases Y) It stays the same Z) It changes direction
X) IT DECREASES
Mary and Joe are on a merry-go-round. Mary is seated near the center of rotation and Joe is on the outer edge. Which of the following BEST describes their motion: W) Mary has a greater acceleration than Joe X) Joe has a greater acceleration than Mary Y) neither Mary nor Joe are accelerating Z) both Mary and Joe have the same acceleration
X) JOE HAS A GREATER ACCELERATION THAN MARY
Cape Dennison in Antarctica holds the world's record for the highest annual average wind speeds owing to: W) Chinook winds X) katabatic winds Y) Hadley cell circulation Z) Ekman spirals
X) KATABATIC WINDS
Galena is a primary ore of which of the following metals: W) zinc X) lead Y) germanium Z) tungsten
X) LEAD
Refracting telescopes always contain which of the following: W) mirrors X) lenses Y) television systems Z) film
X) LENSES
Which of the following BEST describes Fermat's principle: W) light disperses in a specific medium depending on the medium's refractive index X) light follows the path of least time between two points Y) the angle of incidence can be greater than the angle of reflection Z) light always travels in the same medium at the same speed
X) LIGHT FOLLOWS THE PATH OF LEAST TIME BETWEEN TWO POINTS
Isostatic rebound following the end of the most recent ice age caused which of the following? W) Localized sea level rise X) Localized sea level drop Y) Mountain formation in the eastern part of the U.S. Z) Volcanism in Southern Mexico
X) LOCALIZED SEA LEVEL DROP
Consider an electric charge moving through a magnetic field. A force acts on the charge perpendicular to the direction of the charge's motion and direction of the magnetic field. Which of the following is the MOST common name for this force: W) B field X) Lorentz force Y) electrodynamic force Z) Faraday force
X) LORENTZ FORCE
Which of the following is the primary characteristic of the Jovian planets: W) high axial spin rates X) low mean density Y) retrograde orbits Z) prominent layer of liquid-metallic hydrogen
X) LOW MEAN DENSITY
Which of the following are the units of the rate constant for a 2nd order reaction given that concentration is measured in molarity and time in seconds: W) M-2s-1 X) M-1s-1 Y) Ms-1 Z) M-2minutes-1
X) M-1s-1 (Solution: units relationship is M1-order × time-1)
In which of the following illustrative techniques would sunspots occur nearer the solar equator as the cycle of sunspot activity progresses: W) Kirkwood's chart X) Maunder's diagram Y) Hubble's chart Z) HR diagram
X) MAUNDER'S DIAGRAM
All elements in a given period of the periodic table have similar: W) valence-shell electron configuration X) maximum principal quantum number Y) atomic radii Z) atomic number
X) MAXIMUM PRINCIPAL QUANTUM NUMBER
Methane hydrate is a cage-like lattice of ice inside which are trapped molecules of methane, the chief constituent of natural gas. Which of the following is NOT true about methane hydrate? W) Deposits generally occur beneath Arctic permafrost and the ocean floor X) Methane extraction from methane hydrate has been documented in large-scale field experiments Y) If pressures are high enough, it is stable far above the melting point of water ice Z) The energy content of methane hydrate is very high
X) METHANE EXTRACTION FROM METHANE HYDRATE HAS BEEN DOCUMENTED IN LARGE-SCALE FIELD EXPERIMENTS
Which of the following substances has the greatest density: W) hexane X) methylene chloride Y) diethyl ether Z) ethyl acetate
X) METHYLENE CHLORIDE (Solution: halogenated solvents possess a higher density than non-halogenated ones)
Which of the following is the abbreviated name of the most common field effect transistor in modern electronic circuitry: W) DET X) MOSFET Y) BJT Z) BFET
X) MOSFET
In the equation for Gibbs free energy, if ΔH (read as: delta H) is positive and ΔS (read as: delta S) is negative, then the reaction will occur: W) spontaneously at all temperatures X) nonspontaneously at all temperatures Y) spontaneously only at high temperatures Z) spontaneously only at low temperatures
X) NONSPONTANEOUSLY AT ALL TEMPERATURES
An aldehyde is a class of compounds that contains a carbonyl group bonded to: W) 2 carbon atoms X) one or more hydrogen atoms Y) one or more nitrogen atoms Z) 2 sulfur atoms
X) ONE OR MORE HYDROGEN ATOMS
Which of the following molecules has a double covalent bond: W) hydrogen X) oxygen Y) nitrogen Z) methane
X) OXYGEN
The triple point of a substance can be represented in what type of graphical representation: W) Lewis diagram X) phase diagram Y) energy diagram Z) time-temperature transformation diagram
X) PHASE DIAGRAM
Which acid connects the 2-deoxyribose units within every DNA strand: W) acetic acid X) phosphoric acid Y) citric acid Z) glycolic acid
X) PHOSPHORIC ACID
Which of the following is NOT a strong acid? W) Hydrochloric Acid X) Phosphoric Acid Y) Sulfuric Acid Z) Perchloric Acid
X) PHOSPHORIC ACID
In population ecology, which of the following best defines the number of individuals of a species per unit of area: W) population size X) population density Y) biomass Z) cohort
X) POPULATION DENSITY
The enthalpy in the reaction 3Q + 2R + 300 kilojoules→ (read as: yields) 6Y + Z is +150 kilojoules per mole of: W) Q X) R Y) Y Z) Z
X) R
Which of the following is the magnitude of the focal length of a spherically curved convex mirror in air, where R stands for the radius of curvature: W) R divided by 1.22 X) R divided by 2 Y) R divided by 1.5 Z) R times 4
X) R DIVIDED BY 2
What rule would be best used to predict the alcohol vapor pressure over 100 proof bourbon: W) Henry's Law X) Raoult's Law Y) Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures Z) Boyles Law
X) RAOULT'S LAW
Which of the following BEST describes the Lorentz Contraction: W) reduction in the mass of a body as it approaches the speed of light X) reduction in the length of a body along the direction of motion as it approaches the speed of light Y) loss of kinetic energy when any object slows Z) loss of potential energy when any body emits electromagnetic radiation
X) REDUCTION IN THE LENGTH OF A BODY ALONG THE DIRECTION OF MOTION AS IT APPROACHES THE SPEED OF LIGHT
With which of the following are cyclin-dependent kinases most directly involved: W) repairing damaged DNA X) regulating cell cycle Y) digesting plasmids Z) insulin's action on fat cells
X) REGULATING CELL CYCLE
A parallelogram whose adjacent sides are unequal is called a: W) rhombus X) rhomboid Y) deltoid Z) rectangle
X) RHOMBOID
What pioneer bacteriologist in 1873 located a particular bacterium that caused anthrax in the spleen of infected cattle and, after transferring it serially to mice, recovered the same bacterium in the end: W) Louis Pasteur X) Robert Koch (pronounced: Coke) Y) Rudolf Virchow Z) Peter Vogt
X) ROBERT KOCH
If one considers the distribution of the means of 5 groups, such a distribution is most accurately referred to as a: W) sample distribution X) sampling distribution Y) composite distribution Z) population distribution
X) SAMPLING DISTRIBUTION
A clastic particle falling within the size range of 1/16th mm to 2 mm is called: W) silt X) sand Y) clay Z) pebble
X) SAND
The graph of the relation y = -sqrt(25 -x^2) is a: W) circle X) semi-circle Y) parabola Z) straight line
X) SEMI-CIRCLE
Which of the following types of rock is likely to cap a layer of rock rich in oil? W) Sandstone X) Shale Y) Slate Z) Granite
X) SHALE
Which of the following mutations would most likely affect a gene the LEAST: W) single base deletion X) single base substitution Y) single base insertion Z) quadruple base deletion
X) SINGLE BASE SUBSTITUTION
The reaction Fe3O4 + 4H2 3Fe + 4H2O, is an example of what class of chemical reaction: W) decomposition X) single replacement Y) combustion Z) combination
X) SINGLE REPLACEMENT
One important difference between spiral and elliptical galaxies is that: W) spiral galaxies contain Population II stars X) spiral galaxies contain clouds of gas and are still forming stars Y) spiral galaxies contain a massive black hole Z) spiral galaxies are formed by a more rapid accumulation of mass
X) SPIRAL GALAXIES CONTAIN CLOUDS OF GAS AND ARE STILL FORMING STARS
Which of the following statements is LEAST accurate: W) solar eclipses are less common than lunar eclipses X) stars that begin their lives with greater mass have longer life-spans Y) stars in the same constellation are not necessarily at the same distance from Earth Z) M-31 is a galaxy
X) STARS THAT BEGIN THEIR LIVES WITH GREATER MASS HAVE LONGER LIFE-SPANS
What is the difference between heat and temperature? W) Temperature is a form of heat, while heat is a measurement X) Temperature is a measurement of molecular kinetic energy, while heat is a form of energy Y) Heat and temperature have different wavelengths Z) Heat and temperature have similar wavelengths but different amplitudes
X) TEMPERATURE IS A MEASUREMENT OF MOLECULAR KINETIC ENERGY, WHILE HEAT IS A FORM OF ENERGY
During a safety test, a small car and a truck move toward each other at the same speed and experience a head-on collision. Afterward, the two objects move away from each other along the same line. Which of the following is correct? W) The truck will experience a greater speed than the car X) The car will experience a greater speed than the truck Y) The speeds of the truck and the car will be the same Z) Sometimes the truck will experience a greater speed and sometimes the car will experience the greater speed
X) THE CAR WILL EXPERIENCE A GREATER SPEED THAN THE TRUCK
According to Beer's law: W) the energy of a photon of light is inversely proportional to its wavelength X) the concentration of a species that absorbs light can be measured by the amount of light absorbed Y) the energy of characteristic X-rays increases with increasing atomic number of the emitting element Z) excitation of the electrons in a molecule takes place on a shorter time scale than motion of the nuclei
X) THE CONCENTRATION OF A SPECIES THAT ABSORBS LIGHT CAN BE MEASURED BY THE AMOUNT OF LIGHT ABSORBED
Which of the following BEST explains why gravitational acceleration on Earth varies from one place to another: W) the Sun's gravitational pull varies irregularly X) the Earth is not a uniform sphere Y) the Moon and the Sun exert a complex combination of gravitational pulls on the Earth Z) the changing angular momentum of the Earth varies during its yearly orbit
X) THE EARTH IS NOT A UNIFORM SPHERE
In order to calculate the heat of fusion for a piece of ice placed in warm water, you must know: W) The energy released by the warm water and the mass of the water X) The energy released by the warm water and the mass of the ice Y) The energy released by the ice and the mass of the warm water Z) The energy released by the ice and the mass of ice
X) THE ENERGY RELEASED BY THE WARM WATER AND THE MASS OF THE ICE
The strength of the dispersion forces between two non-polar molecules increases with: W) The number of hydrogen atoms in the molecule X) The number of electrons in the molecule Y) The magnitude of the largest electronegativity of the atoms involved Z) The magnitude of the difference in electronegativity between the atoms
X) THE NUMBER OF ELECTRONS IN THE MOLECULE
The ecliptic is: W) the line that divides the sky into the northern half and the southern half X) the Sun's apparent path across the celestial sphere Y) the point directly overhead Z) the line on the celestial sphere directly above the celestial equator
X) THE SUN'S APPARENT PATH ACROSS THE CELESTIAL SPHERE
An object is dropped from an office window. The amount of air resistance is unknown. After 1 second of falling, which of the following cannot be true? W) The velocity is 1 meter per second X) The velocity is 11 meters per second Y) The acceleration is 0 meters per second squared Z) The acceleration is 5 meters per second squared
X) THE VELOCITY IS 11 METERS PER SECOND
Which of the following statements is true about the Andes mountains? W) They are folded mountains X) They are volcanic mountains Y) They are near a spreading center Z) They are found along a transform boundary
X) THEY ARE VOLCANIC MOUNTAINS
Why did ancient Greek astronomers ascribe the term "planet" to certain celestial objects? W) they shined very brightly X) they wandered in their paths through the heavens Y) they were believed to be the home of the gods Z) they did not twinkle
X) THEY WANDERED IN THEIR PATHS THROUGH THE HEAVENS
The so-called d-block elements of the periodic table constitute the: W) lanthanide and actinide series X) transition metals Y) group 3A to 8A elements Z) group 1A and 2A elements
X) TRANSITION METALS
If a plant had a taproot, it would also most likely have: W) parallel leaf venation X) two cotyledons in its seedling stage Y) diffusely arranged vascular bundles in its stem Z) no stomata on the upper surfaces of its leaves
X) TWO COTYLEDONS IN ITS SEEDLING STAGE
The combination of lingering air and abundance of particulates and other pollutants in the air over cities produces what is commonly known as the: W) urban depletion area X) urban dust dome Y) urban frontal zone Z) urban overcast zone
X) URBAN DUST DOME
Closely spaced isobars on a weather map most directly indicate which of the following weather-related events: W) calm conditions X) windy conditions Y) a gentle pressure gradient Z) torrential rainfall
X) WINDY CONDITIONS
Which of the following would a Leyden jar most likely be considered: W) an electroscope X) a capacitor Y) a resistor Z) a Tesla cage
X) a capacitor
Which of the following BEST explains why leaves fall off trees in the autumn: W) the leaves die and passively fall off X) an abscission layer forms at the base of the leaf stem causing it to fall off Y) the leaves slowly dry out from the bottom up because of abscisic acid that prevents phloem from delivering nutrients Z) the vascular
X) an abscission layer forms at the base of the leaf stem causing it to fall off
Addition reactions in organic chemistry are characteristic of: W) alkanes X) aromatic compounds Y) alkenes Z) ketones
Y) ALKENES
Which of the following BEST describes how Thomas Young produced sufficiently coherent separate light sources in order to produce interference patterns: W) passing coherent light through 2 closely spaced holes in the same opaque screen X) passing incoherent light 1st through an opaque screen with a single hole, and then through a 2nd opaque screen with 2 holes Y) passing polarized light through 2 holes in a single opaque screen Z) passing laser light through 2 holes in a single opaque screen
X) passing incoherent light 1st through an opaque screen with a single hole, and then through a 2nd opaque screen with 2 holes
Which of the following is probably the most significant limitation for PET scans being used in remote rural hospital sites: W) lack of properly trained personnel X) the proximity to production facilities for short-lived radioisotopes Y) the high level of radiation requiring special training and increased radiation risk Z) difficulty in PET radiotracers binding to receptors when imaging certain human tissues
X) the proximity to production facilities for short-lived radioisotopes
Which of the following BEST explains how a radium isotope with a half-life of about 1,600 years can be found in the crust of the Earth that was formed millions of years ago: W) its decay is slowed by the pressure of the Earth X) the radium is replenished by decay of longer lived radioactive elements Y) the radium was replenished by meteors and asteroids over the millennia Z) the radium is recycled from the Earth's core where magnetic fields slow the decay
X) the radium is replenished by decay of longer lived radioactive elements
What kind of minerals do copper ores tend to be? W) Native element X) Carbonate and sulfide Y) Oxide and phosphate Z) Hydrocarbon and halide
X)CARBONATE AND SULFIDE
Find the x and y intercepts of the line passing through the point (4, 8) that is perpendicular to the line 3x - 6y - 12 = 0:
X-INTERCEPT = (8, 0) (ACCEPT: 8); Y-INTERCEPT = (0, 16) (ACCEPT: 16)
Order the following 3 choices from the MOST penetrating through a thin sheet of cardboard to the LEAST: beta rays; alpha rays; x-rays
X-RAYS; BETA RAYS; ALPHA RAYS
Which of the following represents the inverse function of f(x) = x^3 + 5: W) (x - 5)^3 X) x^3 - 5 Y) (x-5)^(1/3) Z) (1/(x-5))^3
Y) (x-5)^(1/3)
Which of the following is NOT a Pythagorean triple: W) 15, 20, 25 X) 10, 24, 26 Y) 16, 24, 30 Z) 33, 44, 55
Y) 16, 24, 30
If e^(x/5) = 30, which of the following is the value of x, assuming that the natural log of 2 = 0.7, and the natural log of 15 = 2.7: W) 15 X) 16 Y) 17 Z) 18
Y) 17 (Solution: x/5 = ln 15 + ln 2 = 3.4; x/5 = 3.4; x = 17)
A boat's velocity has a northward velocity component of 15 kilometers per hour and an eastward component of 10 kilometers per hour. Which of the following BEST represents the direction of the boat's motion: W) 35 kilometers per hour northeast X) 35 kilometers per hour southwest Y) 18 kilometers per hour northeast Z) 12 kilometers per hour northeast
Y) 18 KILOMETERS PER HOUR NORTHEAST
Which of the following numbers is divisible by 9: W) 3191 X) 3527 Y) 212,526 Z) 439,327
Y) 212,526 (Solution: sum of the numbers divisible by 9)
A number of "8" on the Beaufort Scale indicates a wind speed of: W) 7 - 10 knots X) 17 - 21 knots Y) 34 - 40 knots Z) 40 - 64 knots
Y) 34 - 40 KNOTS
Which of the following is closest to the age of most chondrites: W) 150 million years X) 1.5 billion years Y) 4.6 billion years Z) 13.7 billion years
Y) 4.6 BILLION YEARS (Solution: most are about the same age as our solar system)
The mass of a new 2002 USA quarter is about how many grams: W) 3.0 X) 4.5 Y) 5.5 Z) 7.0
Y) 5.5
Which of the following numbers is evenly divisible by both 11 and 3: W) 7791 X) 7553 Y) 5181 Z) 8769
Y) 5181
Which of the following numbers is evenly divisible by both 11 and 3: W) 7791 X) 7553 Y) 5181 Z) 8769
Y) 5181
Which of the following is the atomic sublevel with the next highest energy after the 4p sublevel: W) 4d X) 4f Y) 5s Z) 5p
Y) 5s
Which of the following is NOT true of matrices: W) a square matrix that has an inverse is called invertible X) a matrix does not have to have an inverse Y) a matrix that does not have an inverse is called non-singular Z) a matrix must be square in order to have an inverse
Y) A MATRIX THAT DOES NOT HAVE AN INVERSE IS CALLED NON-SINGULAR (Solution: it's called singular)
The tectonic environment of Iceland is: W) A subduction zone X) Folded mountains Y) A mid-ocean ridge Z) A mid-plate hot spot
Y) A MID-OCEAN RIDGE
Which of the following is LEAST accurate: W) most stars visible to the unaided eye are part of the Milky Way galaxy X) there are 88 constellations officially recognized by the IAU Y) a red supergiant has a hotter surface than our Sun Z) the constellation Leo is located within 9º of the ecliptic
Y) A RED SUPERGIANT HAS A HOTTER SURFACE THAN OUR SUN
In general, a buffer solution used in titrations is characteristically which of the following: W) a strong acid and its conjugate base X) a strong base and its conjugate acid Y) a weak acid and its conjugate base Z) a solution that changes very rapidly in pH when acids or bases are added
Y) A WEAK ACID AND ITS CONJUGATE BASE
At which of the following locations would Betelgeuse most likely be found by a stargazer at mid-northern latitudes during January at about midnight: W) at the beginning of the handle of the big dipper X) at the zenith near the star Vega Y) about 10º north of Orion's belt in the southern sky Z) in the northern sky just above the star Capella
Y) ABOUT 10º NORTH OF ORION'S BELT IN THE SOUTHERN SKY
If you wanted to prepare the ester, methyl acetate, which of the following could you start with: W) formic acid and ethanol X) acetic acid and ethanol Y) acetic acid and methanol Z) formic acid and methanol
Y) ACETIC ACID AND METHANOL
Which of the following is LEAST accurate regarding human genetics: W) genes from gametes are typically unchanged during their passage to the zygote X) the zygote gets 1 allele from each parental gene pair Y) all genes independently segregate Z) the number of copies of a particular gene can vary among individuals
Y) ALL GENES INDEPENDENTLY SEGREGATE (Solution: genes on the same chromosome do not independently segregate)
Which of the following types of fatty acids would alpha linolenic or all cis-9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic (read as: octa-deca-tri-en-oh-ick) acid most commonly be classified: W) an alpha 9 fatty acid X) an alpha 9,12,15 fatty acid Y) an omega 3 fatty acid Z) an omega 6 fatty acid
Y) AN OMEGA 3 FATTY ACID
Which of the following is the part of an electric motor that functions as an electromagnet: W) ballast X) relay Y) armature Z) brushes
Y) ARMATURE
Of the following, which is the most powerful tool available for the quantitative elemental analysis of metals in solutions: W) potentiometry X) nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry Y) atomic absorption spectrometry Z) liquid chromatography
Y) ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROMETRY
Jay walks to his car and drives to the store. The trip takes 20 minutes. Jay figures how far he traveled on foot and by car and divides the distance by how long the trip took. Which of the following BEST describes what Jay has computed: W) total velocity X) average acceleration Y) average speed Z) instantaneous velocity
Y) AVERAGE SPEED
Which of the following polymers is the first man-made polymer: W) nylon X) Teflon Y) bakelite Z) celluloid
Y) BAKELITE
Which star is the next nearest neighbor to the Sun beyond the Alpha Centauri system having the largest known proper motion of any star: W) Wolf 359 X) Sirius Y) Barnard's Star Z) 61 Cygni
Y) BARNARD'S STAR
Which of the following make up approximately 80% of all magma erupted by volcanoes on Earth: W) andesitic X) rhyolitic Y) basaltic Z) andesitic and rhyolitic
Y) BASALTIC (Solution: andesitic and rhyolitic 10% each)
Based on trends in the periodic table, which of the following elements is the least electronegative? W) Nitrogen X) Carbon Y) Beryllium Z) Oxygen
Y) BERYLLIUM
The lunar maria are: W) composed of granite X) less than one billion years old Y) between three and four billion years old Z) older than the lunar highlands
Y) BETWEEN THREE AND FOUR BILLION YEARS OLD
Through which of the following mechanisms do allosteric inhibitors typically operate: W) binding the substrate X) binding to an enzyme's active site Y) binding to a site other than the active site and changing the shape of an enzyme Z) acting as a competitive inhibitor and overpowering the active sites of enzymes
Y) BINDING TO A SITE OTHER THAN THE ACTIVE SITE AND CHANGING THE SHAPE OF AN ENZYME
A golf cart and a fire truck collide. Which vehicle experiences a greater force in the collision? W) Golf cart X) Fire truck Y) Both vehicles experience the same force Z) Depends on the speeds of the vehicles
Y) BOTH VEHICLES EXPERIENCE THE SAME FORCE
Which of the following BEST describes how Pasteur attenuated the rabies virus to create an effective vaccine: W) by heat-treating the purified virus X) by treating the live virus with a weak solution of formaldehyde Y) by passing the rabies infection through a successive series of rabbits Z) by purifying the protein from the viral capsids
Y) BY PASSING THE RABIES INFECTION THROUGH A SUCCESSIVE SERIES OF RABBITS
Of which of the following is endosperm in wheat primarily composed: W) protein X) nucleic acid Y) carbohydrate Z) lipid
Y) CARBOHYDRATE
Which of the following solutions are miscible: W) carbon tetrachloride and water X) oil and water Y) carbon tetrachloride and octane Z) octane and water
Y) CARBON TETRACHLORIDE AND OCTANE
Which of the following did J. J. Thompson use that primarily led him to conclude that electrons were basic particles of atoms and carried electric charge: W) a compass and batteries X) a solenoid Y) cathode ray tubes Z) electromagnets
Y) CATHODE RAY TUBES
Which of the following is the main target of bacteria by the antibiotic penicillin: W) energy production X) DNA synthesis Y) cell wall synthesis Z) translation
Y) CELL WALL SYNTHESIS
What is the empirical formula for C6H12O6? W) C3H4O3 X) CHO Y) CH2O Z) C6H12O6
Y) CH2O
Which of the following best describes the concept upon which Kirchhoff's current law or first law is based: W) charges come in unit dimensions X) all charges flow from the negative to the positive Y) charge can neither be created nor destroyed Z) what goes up must come down
Y) CHARGE CAN NEITHER BE CREATED NOR DESTROYED
A lens defect resulting from its inability to bring all wavelengths of light into the same plane of focus is called: W) barrel distortion X) astigmatism Y) chromatic aberration Z) spherical aberration
Y) CHROMATIC ABERRATION
Which of the following marine environments has the fewest trophic levels? W) Coastal Arctic X) Subtropical gyre Y) Coastal Antarctic Z) Peruvian upwelling zone
Y) COASTAL ANTARCTIC
The temperature of a star can be estimated most directly from its: W) distance X) elemental makeup Y) color Z) density
Y) COLOR
In keeping with developments in the science of physics, Freud incorporated which of the following into his personality theory: W) relativity X) quantum theory Y) conservation of energy Z) entropy constantly increases
Y) CONSERVATION OF ENERGY
The Alpine-Himalayan mountain chain formed by: W) rifting X) transform faulting Y) continental collision Z) continent to ocean subduction
Y) CONTINENTAL COLLISION
Which of the following is the theoretical end of a titration: W) end point X) indicator point Y) equivalence point Z) standardization point
Y) EQUIVALENCE POINT (Solution: end point is the observed end of a titration)
A type of lens aberration whereby the lens cannot focus the image of a flat subject onto a flat surface is called: W) barrel distortion X) chromatic aberration Y) field curvature Z) spherical aberration
Y) FIELD CURVATURE
Which of the following is NOT associated with sedimentary rocks: W) bedding X) fossils Y) foliation Z) ripple marks
Y) FOLIATION
Which of the following best explains from where most of the dust that covers the surface of the Moon came: W) weathering when the Moon was young and had an atmosphere X) interstellar dust deposited over billions of years Y) from rock pulverized from many impacts Z) from its original makeup of a soft, silicate rock
Y) FROM ROCK PULVERIZED FROM MANY IMPACTS
What is the formula for iron II phosphate? W) Fe3P2 X) FePO4 Y) Fe3(PO4)2 Z) Fe3(PO3)2
Y) Fe3(PO4)2
Which of the following is NOT true regarding glycogen: W) glycogen synthesis is endergonic (read as: en-der-GONE-ick) X) glycogen is a polysaccharide Y) glycogen side branches have beta 1,4 linkages Z) glycogen in the human liver often has more than 10,000 glucose monomers
Y) GLYCOGEN SIDE BRANCHES HAVE BETA 1,4 LINKAGES (Solution: beta-1,4 linkages are indigestible to humans and are found in cellulose. Glycogen has alpha 1-4 and alpha 1-6 linkages)
Which of the following minerals is classified as a native element: W) gypsum X) quartz Y) graphite Z) clay
Y) GRAPHITE
Which of the following groups of elements have the strongest or highest electron affinities, corresponding to the largest release of energy: W) group 1A X) group 2A Y) group 7A Z) group 8A
Y) GROUP 7A
In which of the following areas of the human body is the zygomatic (read as: ZYE-go-MAT-ick) arch found: W) shoulder X) pelvis Y) head Z) knee
Y) HEAD
The First Law of Thermodynamics equates: W) velocity and pressure X) entropy and energy Y) heat and work Z) temperature and energy
Y) HEAT AND WORK
A substance's heat of sublimation at a given temperature is equal to which of the following at the same temperature: W) heat of fusion X) heat of vaporization Y) heat of fusion plus heat of vaporization Z) heat of fusion minus heat of vaporization
Y) HEAT OF FUSION PLUS HEAT OF VAPORIZATION
Which of the following gases will have the LOWEST freezing point: W) hydrogen X) water Y) helium Z) carbon dioxide
Y) HELIUM
The starch amylopectin is: W) unbranched with alpha 1,6 linkages between the monomers X) highly branched with alpha 1,4 linkages at its branch points Y) highly branched with alpha 1,6 linkages at its branch points Z) unbranched with alpha 1,4 linkages between the monomers
Y) HIGHLY BRANCHED WITH ALPHA 1,6 LINKAGES AT ITS BRANCH POINTS
If the Earth were nonrotating, global wind circulation would most likely resemble: W) the doldrums X) huge circulatory convection cells paralleling lines of latitude Y) huge circulatory convection cells moving from the equator to the poles Z) global circulation would cease
Y) HUGE CIRCULATORY CONVECTION CELLS MOVING FROM THE EQUATOR TO THE POLES
Which of the following is TRUE: W) chimpanzees are an ancestor of Homo sapiens X) bipedal motion dominated hominoid ancestors by about 30 million years ago Y) humans and modern apes have a common ancestor Z) Neanderthals were ancestors to modern humans
Y) HUMANS AND MODERN APES HAVE A COMMON ANCESTOR
Which of the following is a metallic element, composes about 5% of the Earth's crust, oxidizes very easily, and when pure is a dark, silver-grey metal: W) cobalt X) nickel Y) iron Z) titanium
Y) IRON
In a safety crash test, a big truck and a small car have a head-on collision. What can we say about total system momentum? W) It is equal to zero X) It is less after the crash than before the crash Y) It is the same before and after the crash Z) It is more after the crash than before the crash
Y) IT IS THE SAME BEFORE AND AFTER THE CRASH
Which of the following represents a chemical property of sodium? W) It is less dense than water X) It has a melting point of 98.7 degrees Celsius Y) It reacts with water to release hydrogen gas Z) When cut with a knife, it has a shiny surface with a metallic luster
Y) IT REACTS WITH WATER TO RELEASE HYDROGEN GAS
Which of the following is true about the alpha particle? W) It is a hydrogen atom X) It was discovered by J.J. Thomson Y) It was used by Ernest Rutherford in experiments relating to the nucleus of the atom Z) It is purely electromagnetic radiation
Y) IT WAS USED BY ERNEST RUTHERFORD IN EXPERIMENTS RELATING TO THE NUCLEUS OF THE ATOM
John has twice the mass of Carl. They jump off a cliff into the water below. Just before the splash: W) John has half as much kinetic energy as Carl X) John and Carl have the same kinetic energy Y) John has twice as much kinetic energy as Carl Z) John has four times as much kinetic energy as Carl
Y) JOHN HAS TWICE AS MUCH KINETIC ENERGY AS CARL
Which of the following was seen from mid-northern latitudes by casual stargazers as a bright light in August of 2008 at midnight, about 1/2 way up the southern horizon: W) Venus X) Vega Y) Jupiter Z) Uranus
Y) JUPITER (Solution: Venus and Vega are not there at this time of year and Uranus is never that bright)
Which of the following eyepieces is a modified Ramsden eyepiece with an achromatic lens: W) Huygens X) orthoscopic Y) Kellner Z) Erfle
Y) KELLNER
For individuals who are "Lactose Intolerant," the reason for their gastric distress is the production of: W) methane X) acetic acid and nitrogen Y) lactic acid and carbon dioxide Z) acetic acid and methane
Y) LACTIC ACID AND CARBON DIOXIDE
Which of the following is known to have created one of the largest tsunamis, also known as a mega-tsunami: W) subterranean earthquakes X) suboceanic earthquakes Y) landslides Z) volcanic eruptions
Y) LANDSLIDES
Of the following liquids, which is normally basic: W) milk X) Pepsi Y) laundry detergent Z) pure water
Y) LAUNDRY DETERGENT
Which of the following is classified as a waterinsoluble fiber: W) algal polysaccharides X) pectin Y) lignin Z) gums
Y) LIGNIN
A molecular solid will most typically have which of the following melting points: W) very high X) high to very high Y) low Z) variable
Y) LOW
If a star is seen just above the eastern horizon at sunset, where would it most likely be found just before the following sunrise: W) just above the eastern horizon X) half-way up in the eastern sky Y) low in the western sky Z) directly overhead
Y) LOW IN THE WESTERN SKY
What planet is usually obscured by the sun and never seen against a dark sky: W) Mars X) Venus Y) Mercury Z) Jupiter
Y) MERCURY
Which of the following is NOT true: W) any foreign substance added to water will cause a freezing point drop X) a nonvolatile solute raises the boiling point of a solvent Y) methane has a higher boiling point than ethane Z) freezing point depression is a colligative property
Y) METHANE HAS A HIGHER BOILING POINT THAN ETHANE
Which of the following is NOT true regarding ribosomes: W) they are about 20 nanometers in diameter X) eukaryotic ribosomes are slightly larger than prokaryotic ribosomes Y) mitochondrial ribosomes have 40S (read as: forty S) small subunits Z) they are found in chloroplasts
Y) MITOCHONDRIAL RIBOSOMES HAVE 40S SMALL SUBUNITS
Which of the following BEST describes the function of the golgi (read as: GOAL-gee) complex: W) metabolism of carbohydrates X) production of peroxides Y) modification and packaging of proteins for exocytosis Z) storage of lipids
Y) MODIFICATION AND PACKAGING OF PROTEINS FOR EXOCYTOSIS
Which one of the following was NOT formed by the deposition of sediment by a glacial stream: W) outwash plain X) kame Y) moraine Z) esker
Y) MORAINE
A severe and chronic deficiency in what vitamin causes the disease known as pellagra: W) vitamin C X) vitamin D Y) niacin Z) thiamine
Y) NIACIN
An amine is a class of compounds that contains a: W) sulfur and hydrogen group X) nitrogen and oxygen group Y) nitrogen and hydrogen group Z) carbon and sulfur group
Y) NITROGEN AND HYDROGEN GROUP
Which of the following is a naturally occurring amino acid that is NOT found in proteins? W) threonine (read as: three-oh-neen) X) histidine Y) ornithine (read as: oar-nih-thine) Z) isoleucine
Y) ORNITHINE
A measure of how easily water flows through rock is called its: W) porosity X) aquifer system Y) permeability Z) zone of aeration
Y) PERMEABILITY
If you wanted to see the detailed internal structures of living unstained organisms, which type of microscope would you use: W) bright-field X) dark-field Y) phase-contrast Z) scanning-tunneling
Y) PHASE-CONTRAST
According to the Brønsted-Lowry acid-base theory, which of the following species cannot function as an acid? W) Water X) Hydrogen carbonate ion Y) Phosphate Z) Hydroxide
Y) PHOSPHATE
Which of the following is an example of a multiple fruit: W) apple X) sour cherry Y) pineapple Z) pear
Y) PINEAPPLE
In Plate Tectonic theory, a transform fault is associated with: W) places where crust is being generated X) places where crust is being destroyed Y) places where crust is being neither generated nor destroyed Z) places where crust is being both generated and destroyed
Y) PLACES WHERE CRUST IS BEING NEITHER GENERATED NOR DESTROYED
Which of the following is NOT true of globular proteins in mammals: W) most are soluble in water X) some serve as transport molecules in the plasma Y) plasma enzymes typically have an optimal operating pH of about 6.8 to 7.0 Z) most protein hormones are globular
Y) PLASMA ENZYMES TYPICALLY HAVE AN OPTIMAL OPERATING PH OF ABOUT 6.8 TO 7.0
Which of the following is NOT considered a component of the modern theory of ice ages? W) The Earth wobbles on its axis X) The tilt of the Earth varies Y) Plate tectonics causes Earth's equator to change location Z) The Earth's orbit around the Sun varies
Y) PLATE TECTONICS CAUSE EARTH'S EQUATOR TO CHANGE LOCATION
Which of the following is NOT generally true of reaction equilibria: W) if the temperature of an exothermic reaction is raised, the equilibrium shifts to the left X) the equilibrium constants for forward and reverse reactions are the reciprocals of each other Y) pure liquids appear in the equilibrium expression but pure solids do not Z) an equilibrium constant greater than 1 means that the reaction favors products at equilibrium
Y) PURE LIQUIDS APPEAR IN THE EQUILIBRIUM EXPRESSION BUT PURE SOLIDS DO NOT (Solution: pure solids and liquids do not appear in the equilibrium expression)
Which of the following is a manufactured fiber composed of regenerated cellulose or of regenerated cellulose in which substituents have replaced more than 15% of the hydrogens of the hydroxyl groups: W) polyester X) silk Y) rayon Z) nylon
Y) RAYON
Which of the following best describes the repressor protein in the lac (read as: LACK) operon: W) uncompetitive inhibitor X) structural protein Y) regulatory protein Z) transcriptional factor
Y) REGULATORY PROTEIN
Consider the following equilibrium reaction, FeO(solid) + CO(gas) ↔ Fe(solid) + CO2(gas), where ΔH (read as: delta H) equals -10 kilojoules. Which of the following would have a similar effect on the equilibrium position as lowering the temperature: W) adding iron X) increasing pressure Y) removing carbon dioxide Z) removing carbon monoxide
Y) REMOVING CARBON DIOXIDE (Solution: shifts to the right)
Which of the following is NOT classified as an intrusive igneous rock: W) granite X) diorite Y) rhyolite Z) gabbro
Y) RHYOLITE
Which type of rock is most likely to be drilled for oil? W) Granite X) Limestone Y) Sandstone Z) Basalt
Y) SANDSTONE
Most manufactured glass used to make bottles, tableware, lamp bulbs, and window and plate glass, is of what composition: W) potassium silicate X) borosilicate Y) soda-lime Z) lead
Y) SODA-LIME
A tetrahedral arrangement of electronic orbitals around an atom in a molecule generally implies what type of hybridization: W) sp X) sp2 Y) sp3 Z) sp3d
Y) SP3
Non-circumpolar stars that lie north of the celestial equator when viewed from Michigan will: W) spend less than 6 hours above the horizon X) spend more than 6 hours but less than 12 hours above the horizon Y) spend more than 12 hours but less than 24 hours above the horizon Z) spend 24 hours above the horizon
Y) SPEND MORE THAN 12 HOURS BUT LESS THAN 24 HOURS ABOVE THE HORIZON
According to VSEPR bonding theory, if 2 of the bonded atoms in an octahedral molecule are replaced by 2 electron pairs, the molecule will assume what geometric shape, such as in XeF4: W) linear X) trigonal bipyramidal Y) square planar Z) square pyramidal
Y) SQUARE PLANAR
A child learns that mixing approximately equal amounts of the paint colors orange and green produces brown. This is an example of: W) additive color mixing X) summative color generation Y) subtractive color synthesis Z) neutral coloration
Y) SUBTRACTIVE COLOR SYNTHESIS
Wind can be harnessed to generate electricity via turbines. Which of the following is the greatest challenge to widespread use of wind for electricity? W) Wind turbines are huge, expensive, and not particularly aesthetic X) Wind has major negative ecological and environmental effects Y) Suitable locations for wind farms with sufficiently constant and fast winds are limited Z) Wind farms lead to significant loss of agricultural lands
Y) SUITABLE LOCATIONS FOR WIND FARMS WITH SUFFICIENTLY CONSTANT AND FAST WINDS ARE LIMITED
Also known as mock suns or parhelia, what is the name for a pair of brightly colored spots, one on either side of the sun, that are caused by sunlight passing through a thin layer of ice crystals: W) sun pillars X) cloud iridescence Y) sundogs Z) silver lining
Y) SUNDOGS
Which of the following is the highest level of structural organization in myoglobin: W) primary X) secondary Y) tertiary Z) quaternary
Y) TERTIARY
Upon which of the following does the mass of a body MOST directly depend: W) its magnetic properties X) how much volume it has Y) the amount of matter it contains Z) its location
Y) THE AMOUNT OF MATTER IT CONTAINS
Which of the following is NOT true: W) all central angles in a regular polygon are equal X) irregular polygons are not considered to have centers and have no central angles Y) the circumcircle of a regular polygon is the circle that passes through at least one vertex Z) all regular polygons are convex
Y) THE CIRCUMCIRCLE OF A REGULAR POLYGON IS THE CIRCLE THAT PASSES THROUGH AT LEAST ONE VERTEX
Which of the following BEST explains why a single base substitution in a gene-coding region for amino acids will sometimes lead to no change in amino acid sequence: W) all nucleotides are subject to the same mutation rate X) some nucleotide bases are covalently joined by stronger bonds Y) the code is degenerate with more than one triplet coding for the same amino acid Z) some amino acids act in the same fashion in determining the tertiary structure of a protein
Y) THE CODE IS DEGENERATE WITH MORE THAN ONE TRIPLET CODING FOR THE SAME AMINO ACID
A sample of gas is heated from 300K to 500K. If the container is sealed and of fixed volume, which of the following will remain constant: W) the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules X) the average speed of the gas molecules Y) the density of the gas Z) the pressure of the gas
Y) THE DENSITY OF THE GAS
A steadily increasing force is applied to a box that remains at rest for some period of time and then begins to accelerate. Which of the following appropriately describes what happens to the frictional force during the experiment? W) The frictional force remains constant throughout the experiment X) The frictional force increases throughout the experiment Y) The frictional force increases and then suddenly drops to a lower, non-zero value Z) The frictional force increases and then suddenly drops to zero
Y) THE FRICTIONAL FORCE INCREASES AND THEN SUDDENLYDROPS TO A LOWER, NONZERO VALUE
Which of the following is LEAST likely to occur when viewed from mid-northern latitudes in the month of August: W) Venus passing within 2º of Saturn X) Neptune at opposition Y) the Moon at apogee on the 1st of the month and perigee at the 29th of the month Z) the Moon passing within 5º of Uranus
Y) THE MOON AT APOGEE ON THE 1ST OF THE MONTH AND PERIGEE AT THE 29TH OF THE MONTH (Solution: apogee and perigee are separated by about 14-15 days)
Which of the following chemicals is most predominant in chocolate: W) tyrosine X) theophylline Y) theobromine Z) caffeine
Y) THEOBROMINE
Which of the following is NOT true of coronal mass ejections: W) they can lead to a loss in radio communications X) they can indirectly cause damage to electrical transformers Y) they typically will not damage space-based satellites Z) the next peak of ejections will likely be during the years 2010 to 2012
Y) THEY TYPICALLY WILL NOT DAMAGE SPACE-BASED SATELLITES
What are the two kinds of motion displayed by the motion of a bowling ball? W) Oscillatory and rotational X) Periodic and translational Y) Translational and rotational Z) Random and periodic
Y) TRANSLATIONAL AND ROTATIONAL
definite, shared crystallographic orientation, such crystals are referred to as being: W) polymorphs X) symmetrical Y) twinned Z) anhedral
Y) TWINNED
Which of the following planets sees the Sun rising from the west and setting in the east during its Autumn and Spring equinoxes? W) Mars X) Saturn Y) Uranus Z) Mercury
Y) URANUS
A geologic map uses a combination of lines, symbols and colors to show the composition and structure of earth materials across and beneath the Earth's surface. Which of the following would NOT be included on a geologic bedrock map? W) Limestone X) Granite Y) Vertisols Z) Slate
Y) VERTISOLS
The primary contributors of phosphorous to the Phosphorous Cycle are: W) animal waste products X) volcanic gasses Y) weathering of rocks Z) lightning
Y) WEATHERING OF ROCKS
Which of the following statements is NOT true: W) an ideal gas cannot undergo condensation X) the less mass a particle has, the faster it will effuse Y) when a gas is compressed, its temperature always increases Z) a gas is easier to compress than a liquid
Y) WHEN A GAS IS COMPRESSED, ITS TEMPERATURE ALWAYS INCREASES
A lead chromate solution is typically what color: W) blue X) red Y) yellow Z) green
Y) YELLOW
Which metal acts at the anode in mercury batteries that are commonly found in cameras and watches: W) mercury X) mercury (II) oxide Y) zinc Z) lithium
Y) ZINC
Which of the following best describes why the optical spectrum of an atom exists as discrete lines and not as a continuous spectrum: W) atoms have electrons with unit charge X) all atoms when excited emit light Y) all energy levels of atoms are quantized Z) all electrons have spin
Y) all energy levels of atoms are quantized
Which of the following will most likely result from a single base deletion in DNA: W) nonsense mutation X) stop codon Y) frame shift mutation Z) inversion mutation
Y) frame shift mutation
Which of the following would astronomers most likely consider emission nebula: W) Population III (read as: 3) regions X) Population II (read as: 2) regions Y) glowing H II (read as: H, 2) regions Z) active regions
Y) glowing H II (read as: H, 2) regions
Which of the following positions is an inferior planet most likely in if it is seen just after sunset: W) opposition X) superior conjunction Y) greatest eastern elongation Z) greatest western elongation
Y) greatest eastern elongation
Which of the following BEST explains how cyclic AMP can cause so many different intracellular responses in a mammalian cell: W) it is produced in large quantities X) it migrates to the DNA where it binds to a variety of histones Y) it activates a wide variety of specific protein kinases Z) it prevents the activation of other hormonal signals
Y) it activates a wide variety of specific protein kinases
To early astrophysical researchers, the Sun was originally found to emit about one-third of the expected amount of neutrinos. Which of the following BEST explains why: W) about 66% of the neutrinos were deflected by the Earth's magnetic field X) two-thirds of the neutrinos were too energetic to be detected Y) neutrinos were changing flavor on their way to Earth Z) original estimations of the numbers emitted by the Sun were incorrect
Y) neutrinos were changing flavor on their way to Earth
If the cosine θ = ½ (read: θ as theta) and θ terminates in Quadrant I of the Cartesian coordinate system, in a unit circle find sine θ: W) 3 square root of 3/2 square root of 2 X)2/ square root of 3 Y) square root of 3/2 Z) 2 square root of 3
Y) square root of 3/2 (Solution: r^2 = x^2 + y^2; 1^2 = (1/2)^2 + y^2; y^2 = ¾; = square root of 3 /2)
current caused by the expansion of a liquid, solid or gas as its temperature rises
convection current
Which of the following is the BEST explanation for what causes zodiacal light: W) reflection of moonlight off the Earth's surface X) dispersion of the Earth's radiant heat off the troposphere Y) sunlight reflected off interplanetary dust particles Z) radiation from the Van Allen belts
Y) sunlight reflected off interplanetary dust particles
Which of the following is TRUE about any two successive terms in the Fibonacci sequence: W) their product is a Fibonacci number X) they are either both odd or both even Y) they are relatively prime Z) their quotient is the golden ratio
Y) they are relatively prime
A wave base is defined as the depth below an ocean wave in deep water below which stirring due to wind is negligible, and is approximately equal to: W) 1/8th of its wavelength X) ¼ of its wavelength Y) ½ of its wavelength Z) ¾ of its wavelength
Y) ½ OF ITS WAVELENGTH
Which of the following angles would be located in Quadrant IV of a rectangular coordinate system: W) 2/3 rev X) -480° Y) 3/16 rev Z) 0.8 rev
Z) 0.8 REV
Which of the following is closest to the radius of a hydrogen nucleus: W) 1 micrometer X) 1 angstrom Y) 1 picometer Z) 1 femtometer
Z) 1 FEMTOMETER
One standard atmosphere of pressure is equal to how many Pascals: W) 760 X) 1,325 Y) 10,325 Z) 101,325
Z) 101,325
In what 5-year period did the U.S. experience the highest level of North Atlantic hurricane activity: W) 1970 - 1975 X) 1980 - 1985 Y) 1985 - 1990 Z) 1995 - 2000
Z) 1995 - 2000
A wave with a wavelength of 40 meters and a height of 2 meters, will NOT be refracted in water with a depth of more than: W) 1 meter X) 2 meters Y) 10 meters Z) 20 meters
Z) 20 METERS
About how many calories per gram will it take to sublimate water at standard pressure: W) 180 X) 360 Y) 540 Z) 720
Z) 720 (Solution: sublimation is solid vapor; 80 cal + 100 cal + 540 cal = 720 cal)
One-fifth of 0.04% is equal to: W) 8 × 10-2 X) 8 × 10-3 Y) 8 × 10-4 Z) 8 × 10-5
Z) 8 × 10-5 (Solution: (0.2)(0.0004) = 0.00008)
Charles law is particularly useful in explaining which of the following: W) dry air is more dense than humid air X) CO2 escapes from a bottle of soda when opened Y) the change in enthalpy when nitrogen and oxygen react to form nitrogen dioxide Z) a hot-air balloon rises when the air in the balloon is heated
Z) A HOT-AIR BALLOON RISES WHEN THE AIR IN THE BALLOON IS HEATED (Solution: W = Avogadro's law; X = Henry's law; Y = Hess's law)
Which of the following has the lowest refractive index at STP: W) diamond X) water Y) dry air Z) a perfect vacuum
Z) A PERFECT VACUUM
What is the term for the rate at which an object's velocity changes with time? W) Instantaneous velocity X) Motion Y) Speed Z) Acceleration
Z) ACCELERATION
Liver enzymes oxidize ethanol to: W) methanol X) formaldehyde Y) oxalic acid Z) acetaldehyde
Z) ACETALDEHYDE
The development of this is usually considered by anthropologists and sociologists the main prerequisite for an advanced social, economic and political structure: W) art X) technology Y) monetary system Z) agriculture
Z) AGRICULTURE
If you were to use hydrogen fuel cells in spacecraft, what kind of fuel cell type would you most likely prefer? W) Phosphoric acid X) Molten carbonate Y) Solid oxide Z) Alkaline
Z) ALKALINE
Which of the following would best be used for an application that required a metal that does not emit sparks, resists corrosion, becomes stronger under very cold temperatures, and is an excellent thermal conductor: W) iron X) tin Y) copper Z) aluminum
Z) ALUMINUM
Which of the following surfaces would exhibit the highest albedo: W) bare rock X) an ocean at sunrise Y) an ocean at sunset Z) an ice field
Z) AN ICE FIELD
In which of the following pairs are both elements classified as semimetals: W) tellurium and tin X) selenium and bromine Y) scandium and silicon Z) arsenic and germanium
Z) ARSENIC AND GERMANIUM
Which of the following BEST describes how and why electrical resistance is related to temperature: W) as temperature increases, resistance decreases because electrons move faster X) as temperature increases, resistance decreases because electrons are lost from the conductor Y) as temperature increases, resistance increases because protons move faster Z) as temperature increases, resistance increases because atoms vibrate more, increasing electron scattering
Z) AS TEMPERATURE INCREASES, RESISTANCE INCREASES BECAUSE ATOMS VIBRATE MORE, INCREASING ELECTRON SCATTERING
Which of the following is NOT characteristic of B-type stars like Rigel or Spica (read as: SPY-kah): W) very luminous X) apparent blue color Y) medium strength hydrogen spectral lines Z) average solar mass of about 3.2
Z) AVERAGE SOLAR MASS OF ABOUT 3.2 (Solution: solar mass of about 16-18)
What tree in the North-Central to Northeast US has heart-shaped leaves and a light-colored wood which is prized by wood carvers: W) pin oak X) cottonwood Y) American sycamore Z) basswood
Z) BASSWOOD
Which of the following is NOT a fat-soluble vitamin: W) vitamin K X) vitamin A Y) vitamin D Z) biotin
Z) BIOTIN
Aquaculture applications for geothermal energy are particularly promising for all of the following reasons, except: W) A variety of freshwater or marine organisms can be raised X) There is an abundance of geothermal resources at the required temperature range Y) Consistent water temperatures increase survival rates Z) Consistent water circulation enables year-round harvesting of consistently-sized fish
Z) CONSISTENT WATER CIRCULATION ENABLES YEAR-ROUND HARVESTING OF CONSISTENTLY-SIZED FISH
On a topographical map, what are the lines drawn that connect points of the same elevation above or below mean sea level called: W) isobars X) ridges Y) isohyets Z) contours
Z) CONTOURS
Simplify the following trigonometric equation for a right triangle ABC whose right angle is at B: (cosecant ^2A - 1) × cosine(90° - A)/sine(90° - A): W) sine A X) cosine A Y) tangent A Z) cotangent A
Z) COTANGENT A (Solution: cot^2A × (sinA/cosA); = cot^2A tan A; = cot A)
In meteorology, a center where air spirals inward around a low-pressure center and designated on weather maps by the letter "L" is called: W) a center of divergence X) coriolis inversion Y) gradient wind Z) cyclonic flow
Z) CYCLONIC FLOW
From mid-northern latitudes, during which of the following months would the constellation Orion be most prominent in the southern sky at about 10 PM: W) April X) July Y) August Z) December
Z) DECEMBER
The profundal zone of a lake is the: W) bottom of the lake X) area between the shore and water extending to a depth of about 10 meters Y) upper layer below which the temperature drops Z) deeper part where light does not penetrate
Z) DEEPER PART WHERE LIGHT DOES NOT PENETRATE
Which famous primatologist, a protégé of Louis Leaky, dedicated her life to research of gorillas and was most likely murdered by poachers in 1985: W) Jane Goodall X) Shirley Sparling Y) Margaret Mead Z) Dian Fossey
Z) DIAN FOSSEY
Which of the following most commonly functions to limit current to one direction: W) capacitor X) transformer Y) resistor Z) diode
Z) DIODE
Most of the galaxies in the universe are classified as which of the following: W) spiral X) elliptical Y) irregular Z) dwarf
Z) DWARF
Which of the following is NOT true of the most common form of DNA: W) it is a right-handed helix X) it has 3.4 nanometers between each successive nucleotide base of the same strand Y) the strands are considered anti-parallel Z) each strand has a 3-prime phosphate and a 5-prime hydroxyl at opposite ends
Z) EACH STRAND HAS A 3-PRIME PHOSPHATE AND A 5-PRIME HYDROXYL AT OPPOSITE ENDS
Which of the following occurs when a glass tube is rubbed with a silk cloth: W) protons are transferred from the silk to the glass tube X) protons are transferred from the glass tube to the silk Y) electrons are transferred from the silk to the glass tube Z) electrons are transferred from the glass tube to the silk
Z) ELECTRONS ARE TRANSFERRED FROM THE GLASS TUBE TO THE SILK
Which of the following types of moraines does NOT parallel ice flow: W) medial X) lateral Y) double lateral Z) end
Z) END
If you were looking to purchase magnesium sulfate in a retail store in the U.S., which of the following would you be correct in buying: W) alum X) cream of tartar Y) soda ash Z) Epsom salt
Z) EPSOM SALT
Hydrogen fuel cells use hydrogen to generate energy. Which of the following is true about hydrogen fuel cells? W) Fuel cells are similar to batteries and store hydrogen, which is an energy source by itself X) Fuel cells extract the hydrogen from other compounds in nature Y) Fuel cells dissolve water into hydrogen, creating oxygen and energy Z) Fuel cells convert chemical energy in hydrogen into electrical energy by combining hydrogen gas with oxygen from the air to produce water and energy
Z) FUEL CELLS CONVERT CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY BY COMBINING HYDROGEN GAS WITH OXYGEN FROM THE AIR TO PRODUCE WATER AND ENERGY
Rust is a plant disease that attacks cereal plants such as wheat and rye and is caused by a: W) virus X) larval insect Y) bacterium Z) fungus
Z) FUNGUS
What is the study of the size and shape of the Earth, the measurement of terrestrial gravitational forces, and the location of fixed points on the earth's surface: W) geography X) geology Y) geotropy Z) geodesy
Z) GEODESY
In general, which of the following stereoisomers are the most dissimilar in terms of their physical and chemical properties: W) conformational X) mirror-image Y) enantiomers (EE-nan-tee-oh-mers) Z) geometric
Z) GEOMETRIC
The governing factor that controls flow within the Hydrologic System is: W) humidity X) capillary pressure Y) vapor pressure Z) gravity
Z) GRAVITY
When dissociated in water, which of the following acids has its dissociation equilibrium shifted farthest to the right: W) HClO X) HClO2 Y) HClO3 Z) HClO4
Z) HClO4
Which of the following gases has the highest effusion rate through a pinhole opening from one compartment to another and at room temperature: W) argon X) CO2 Y) SO2 Z) helium
Z) HELIUM
Martin is swinging a yo-yo in a large room with a circular motion perpendicular to a level floor. If the yo-yo breaks away from its string at the top of the yo-yo's circular path, in what direction will the yo-yo initially move: W) at an angle between horizontal and vertical X) straight up, toward the ceiling Y) straight down, to the floor Z) horizontally, tangent to its original circular path
Z) HORIZONTALLY, TANGENT TO ITS ORIGINAL CIRCULAR PATH
Which of the following is NOT generally true of activation energies in chemical reactions: W) activation energies vary from reaction to reaction X) the Arrhenius equation can be used to determine the activation energy of a reaction Y) the lower the activation energy is, the faster the reaction Z) increasing the temperature of a reaction decreases the activation energy
Z) INCREASING THE TEMPERATURE OF A REACTION DECREASES THE ACTIVATION ENERGY
Which of the following is not a valid water mass defined by a unique temperature and salinity signature? W) Antarctic bottom water X) North Atlantic deep water Y) Antarctic intermediate water Z) Indian Ocean deep water
Z) INDIAN OCEAN DEEP WATER
During which of the following orbital arrangements can a transit occur for the planet Venus: W) opposition X) greatest eastern elongation Y) superior conjunction Z) inferior conjunction
Z) INFERIOR CONJUNCTION
The luminosity of a star is most directly related to the star's: W) relative magnitude X) magnitude Y) distance from Earth Z) intrinsic brightness
Z) INTRINSIC BRIGHTNESS
Which of the following compounds is used as a fuel additive in what is commonly known as "dry-gas" by solubilizing water to reduce its contamination in gasoline: W) isooctane X) glycerol Y) MTBE Z) isopropyl alcohol
Z) ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL
Because of its enhanced capacity to refract light, which glass formula is most suitable for making lenses and prisms, as well as for imitation jewels: W) soda-lime X) potassium silicate Y) borosilicate Z) lead
Z) LEAD
A flurry of recent reports in neurology and psychology points to protein translation in cerebral cortex dendrites leading to changes in synapses vital to what biological process: W) voluntary motor control X) stem cell repair Y) myelination Z) learning
Z) LEARNING
Approximately what percent of the water in the hydrosphere is groundwater: W) 10 X) 5 Y) 2.5 Z) less than 1
Z) LESS THAN 1
Consider two beaches, both with source material from the same granitic mountains. The beach located further from the mountains would have: W) Dark, more angular particles X) Dark, rounder particles Y) Pink, more poorly sorted sediments Z) Lighter-colored, more well-rounded, finer particles
Z) LIGHTER-COLORED, MORE WELL-ROUNDED, FINER PARTICLES
As the intensity of metamorphism increases, which of the following transformations occurs: W) granite to slate X) schist to slate Y) gneiss to quartzite Z) limestone to marble
Z) LIMESTONE TO MARBLE
Which of the following is the most common method of producing alternating current? W) Circuits varying from parallel to series X) Switches automatically turning on and off Y) Turbines rotating backwards and forwards Z) Magnets spinning in a coil of wire
Z) MAGNETS SPINNING IN A COIL OF WIRE
Which of the following would be LEAST applicable for determining the end point in a titration experiment: W) pH meter X) phenolphthalein (read as: fee-knoll-THAY-lean) solution Y) potentiometer Z) mass spectrometry
Z) MASS SPECTROMETRY
How is geothermal power produced? W) Heat energy is extracted from high temperature lava after eruptions X) Water from extremely hot springs is circulated in pipes in nearby homes for heating Y) Hot dry volcanic rocks are extracted from deep underground and processed in place at a geothermal plant Z) Mile-or-more-deep wells are drilled into underground reservoirs to tap steam and very hot water that drive turbines
Z) MILE-OR-MORE-DEEP WELLS ARE DRILLED INTO UNDERGROUND RESERVOIRS TO TAP STEAM AND VERY HOT WATER THAT DRIVE TURBINES
Which of these substances is NOT attacked by hydrochloric acid: W) iron X) calcite Y) barium phosphate Z) n-heptane
Z) N-HEPTANE
Which of the following units can be used to express the volume of a liquid? W) Micrometers X) Milligrams Y) Grams per cubic centimeter Z) Nanoliters
Z) NANOLITERS
To a stargazer in Ohio, a star far enough south of the celestial equator to be circumpolar such as Miaplacidus is: W) only seen for about 6 hours X) only seen briefly for about half an hour on the horizon Y) only seen on the winter solstice Z) never seen
Z) NEVER SEEN
Most plants absorb nitrogen from the soil through their roots in which of the following forms: W) dinitrogen X) ammonia Y) ammonium Z) nitrate
Z) NITRATE
The Haber-Bosch process revolutionized agriculture by providing a cheap, easy method to make fertilizers of an element essential for plant growth. Which of the following is this essential element? W) Iron X) Potassium Y) Phosphorus Z) Nitrogen
Z) NITROGEN
Which of the following is NOT true: W) an eclipse of the Moon only occurs during a full Moon X) Mercury will appear to be in its full phase when it is farthest from Earth Y) an event horizon is associated with black holes Z) no more than 50% of the Moon's surface can be seen over any one year
Z) NO MORE THAN 50% OF THE MOON'S SURFACE CAN BE SEEN OVER ANY ONE YEAR (Solution: libration will allow more than 55% to be seen over a year)
Which of the following ions does NOT have a noble gas electron configuration in ionic compounds: W) Ca2+ X) F- Y) Al3+ Z) Na-
Z) Na-
Which of the following best describes the direction of the force on an electron moving through a magnetic field: W) opposite to the direction of the velocity X) the same direction as the velocity Y) the same direction as the magnetic field Z) perpendicular to the magnetic field
Z) PERPENDICULAR TO THE MAGNETIC FIELD
Which of the following colors of light has the most energy? W) Yellow X) Red Y) Green Z) Violet
Z) VIOLET
In the equation for Gibbs-free energy, if ΔH (read as: delta H) of a reaction is negative and ΔS (read as: delta S) is negative, then the reaction will occur: W) spontaneously at all temperatures X) nonspontaneously at all temperatures Y) spontaneously only at high temperatures Z) spontaneously only at low temperatures
Z) SPONTANEOUSLY ONLY AT LOW TEMPERATURES
Which of the following distance-measuring techniques measures the farthest: W) radar ranging X) stellar parallax Y) variable stars Z) standard candle/Tully-Fisher relation
Z) STANDARD CANDLE/TULLY-FISHER RELATION
Of which of the following acid-base titrations would the pH be less than 7 at the equivalence point? W) Strong base, weak acid X) Strong base, strong acid Y) Weak base, weak acid Z) Strong acid, weak base
Z) STRONG ACID, WEAK BASE
Which of the following has a melting point of 185ºC and readily dissolves in water at room temperature, but is NOT an electrolyte: W) NaCl X) decane Y) methane Z) sucrose
Z) SUCROSE
What type of seismic wave causes the most damage during an earthquake: W) shear X) compressional Y) expansional Z) surface
Z) SURFACE
Which of the following would typically appear to be the farthest away from the ecliptic: W) the planet Mars X) the constellation Leo Y) the Sun Z) the constellation Cassiopeia
Z) THE CONSTELLATION CASSIOPEIA (Solution: planets, the Sun and zodiacal constellations are all near the ecliptic plane)
Which of the following BEST describes what the term virulence means: W) the specificity of a virus to cause disease in a certain host X) the ability of a microbe to cause cellular damage Y) any transmissible disease caused by a microbe Z) the degree to which a microbe causes disease or harm to its host
Z) THE DEGREE TO WHICH A MICROBE CAUSES DISEASE OR HARM TO ITS HOST
A rock is dropped from a building, and a second rock is dropped one second later. Ignoring air resistance, what happens to the distance between the two rocks over time until one lands? W) The distance between them will depend on the masses of the rocks X) The distance between them will decrease Y) The distance between them will stay the same Z) The distance between them will increase
Z) THE DISTANCE BETWEEN THEM WILL INCREASE
Which of the following is LEAST likely to occur for a stargazer observing from mid-northern latitudes during summer months: W) the planet Venus passing within a few degrees of the Moon a few hours after sunset X) the Moon at perigee Y) the planet Saturn passing with 5 degrees of the Moon Z) the planet Mercury within 10 degrees of the zenith
Z) THE PLANET MERCURY WITHIN 10 DEGREES OF THE ZENITH
Which of the following is NOT true: W) the star Sirius at its brightest has an apparent magnitude of about negative 1.5 X) metal-rich stars sometimes have planets Y) typical binoculars allow observation of stars with apparent magnitudes of about 9.0 Z) the Sun has an apparent magnitude of about negative 12
Z) THE SUN HAS AN APPARENT MAGNITUDE OF ABOUT NEGATIVE 12 (Solution: the Sun's apparent magnitude is -26.73)
Which of the following is NOT true: W) the core of a red supergiant is hotter than the core of a main sequence K-type star X) helium flash is something that occurs in red giant stars Y) the Pleiades is an open star cluster Z) there is more lithium than carbon in the universe
Z) THERE IS MORE LITHIUM THAN CARBON IN THE UNIVERSE
Which of the following is the most likely reason that the Pleiades stars were all formed together: W) they are all the same size, luminosity, and spectral class X) they all orbit a common larger neutron star Y) they are in the region of a black hole Z) they are all concentrated in a small region
Z) THEY ARE ALL CONCENTRATED IN A SMALL REGION
Which of the following is NOT true about enzymes? W) They catalyze most of the chemical changes that occur in a cell X) They are unchanged by the reaction they catalyze Y) They do not change the normal equilibrium position of a chemical system Z) They change the amount of product that is produced
Z) THEY CHANGE THE AMOUNT OF PRODUCT THAT IS PRODUCED
Which of the following is TRUE regarding thedevelopment of a hurricane: W) they develop in waters of at least 80°F at 0° latitude X) they develop in waters of at least 80°F between 20° and 40° latitude Y) a hurricane originating in the eastern tropical Atlantic is driven westward by westerly trade winds in the tropics Z) they develop in waters of at least 80°F between 5° and 20° latitude
Z) THEY DEVELOP IN WATERS OF AT LEAST 80°F BETWEEN 5° AND 20° LATITUDE
Which of the following are elements in the Periodic Table whose outer shell electrons are on two principal energy levels: W) alkali metals X) noble gases Y) alkaline Earth metals Z) transition elements
Z) TRANSITION ELEMENTS
Which of the following was NOT known to be a planet until 1781 AD: W) Saturn X) Venus Y) Mercury Z) Uranus
Z) URANUS
The related quantities charted on a line graph are most often called: W) results X) lines Y) sets Z) variables
Z) VARIABLES
Which of the following planets cannot come into quadrature with Earth: W) Mars X) Saturn Y) Uranus Z) Venus
Z) VENUS
Which of the following BEST describes one of Maxwell's equations that is a mathematical conceptualization of Faraday's law: W) a magnetic B-field is a solenoid vector field X) an EMF induced in a conductor opposes that motion Y) induced currents are caused by the magnetic field and in opposition to the opposed flux Z) a time-varying B-field produces an E-field
Z) a time-varying B-field produces an E-field
Which of the following colors of light has the greatest angle of refraction in normal glass: W) yellow X) green Y) orange Z) blue
Z) blue
Which of the following eccentricities describes a hyperbola: W) e = 0 X) 0 < e < 1 Y) e = 1 Z) e > 1
Z) e > 1
Which of the following is NOT true of the Hall effect: W) it can be used to measure the strength of a magnetic field X) it is a consequence of a current carrying wire in a magnetic field Y) it was one of the first direct indications that negative charges are what move in conductors Z) it cannot distinguish between positive and negative particles
Z) it cannot distinguish between positive and negative particles
The graph of r = 3 secant (θ) (read as: r = 3 secant theta) is a: W) parabola X) circle Y) hyperbola Z) line
Z) line
Which of the following BEST describes the function of a spliceosome (read as: SPLY-see-oh-zome): W) splicing DNA together during replication X) splicing out mutations Y) joining multiple copies of structural genes Z) removing introns
Z) removing introns
Which of the following best describes the hydrogen spectral line strength for an A-type star of about 3 solar masses: W) missing X) weak Y) medium Z) strong
Z) strong
Which of the following BEST describes how one would compute the speed for a sound wave through a liquid: W) the square of the density of liquid divided by its bulk modulus X) the square of the bulk modulus of the liquid divided by its density Y) the square root of the density of liquid divided by its bulk modulus Z) the square root of the bulk modulus of the liquid divided by its density
Z) the square root of the bulk modulus of the liquid divided by its density
Which of the following BEST describes how the most accurate value for the gravitational constant has been determined: W) through theoretical calculations from General Relativity X) through theoretical calculations using the masses and motions of certain celestial bodies Y) through theoretical calculations from quantum electrodynamics Z) through experimentation
Z) through experimentation
How many neutrons does the most common isotope of hydrogen have?
ZERO
The point in the sky that is directly overhead
Zenith
In the following number sequence, what are the values for a, b and c: a, b, 38, 22, 14, 10, c
a = 134; b = 70; c = 8
nebula
a cloud of gas and dust
hertzsprung-russell
a diagram that shows the relationship between the surface temperature and color of stars
supercluster
a group of clusters
cluster
a group of galaxies
castillo
a moon of jupiter covered in huge craters and dirty ice
europa
a moon of jupiter covered in ice and water
io
a moon of jupiter that has the first known active volcanoes outside of earth
ganymede
a moon of jupiter that is the largest moon in our solar system
mars
a planet that experiences earthlike seasons but has less than 1% water vapor in the atmosphere
uranus
a ringed planet that has moons named for shakespearian characters
saturn
a ringed planet with 30 moons
An emission or bright line spectrum consists of
a series of bright lines superimposed on a black or continuous background.
Time interval between two successie occurrences of a planet (or the moon) with the sun and the earth
a synodic period
Simplify the following expression, where a is not equal to zero if b = 0 or if b = -1: (a^b^2)(a^b)
a^(b^2 +b)
Atmospheric pressure of Mars compared to the earth is
about 1/200th of Earth
Percent of stars in the sky that appear to be single stars are actually binary stars
about 50%
layer of softer, weaker rock beneath Earth's lithosphere which can flow slowly
aesthenosphere
In which season is the constellation "Pegasus" normally viewed?
autumn
Solve the following equation for b: (a + b) / b = (c + d) / d
b = ad / c
planets
balls of rock, ice, or gas
large type of intrusive igneous rock mass that can form the core of a mountain range
batholith
Where in space is Cassini's division?
between two rings of Saturn
galaxy
big group of stars
depression formed from collapsed volcanoes
caldera
asteroids
chunks of rock that orbit the sun
simple, small, steep-sided volcano
cinder cone
volcano that forms from explosive eruptions that produce a combination of lava and ash
composite volcano