COMBOMARK2

Impact of economics on our government

The Federal Reserve Bank has the authority to direct economic policy for the country as a whole. In other words, it directs the economic rate of growth. The banks are the "gatekeepers."

Monetary Policy

The Federal Reserve Bank program of increasing or decreasing the money supply to control inflation, and unemployment.

The Boston Tea Party

(12/6/1773) A new tax on tea made Boston colonists angry. These colonists were known as the Sons of Liberty. They dressed as Mohawks and boarded British ships & dumped crates of tea into the Boston Harbor.

Expansive Pyramid

A triangular population pyramid that is broadest at its base, with each successive cohort smaller than the one below it. It shows that the population consists largely of young people.

Expansive Pyramid

A triangular population pyramid that is broadest at the base, with each successive cohort smaller than the one below it. The pyramid shows that the population consists disproportionately of young people.

The New Deal

When President Franklin Roosevelt took office in 1933, he acted swiftly to try and stabilize the economy and provide jobs and relief to those who were suffering (the great depression). Over the next eight years, the government instituted a series of experimental projects and programs, known collectively as the New Deal, that aimed to restore some measure of dignity and prosperity to many Americans. More than that, Roosevelt's New Deal permanently changed the federal government's relationship to the U.S. populace.

McCulloch Vs. Maryland

Occured in 1819. Also called the Bank of the United States case. Maryland had attempted to force federally chartered banks to print money on special paper. It was declared unconstitutional for a state to tax the federal government.

Urbanization

Occured mostly between 1860 and 1900. By 1900 1 in 3 people were living in large cities in the US. Industries were promising job opportunities, and cities provided plumbing and entertainment. Problems: Inadequate (poorly built) housing, cities were dirty, disease spread rapidly, polluted water, poor air quality, increase in crime.

Pocket veto

Occurs when a bill fails to become law because the president does not sign the bill and cannot return the bill to Congress within a 10-day period because Congress is not in session.

Cost Push Inflation

Occurs when businesses respond to rising production costs, by raising prices inorder to maintain their profit margins.

Battle of Yorktown

October 19, 1781 - General Cornwallis surrendered after a defeat in the Battle of Yorktown, Virginia

black tuesday

October 19, 1929 - the day the stock market crashed. Lead to the Panic of 1929

Average Product

Total output divided by total units of the variable factor of production

Haitian Revolution

Toussaint l'Ouverture led this uprising, which in 1790 resulted in the successful overthrow of French colonial rule on this Caribbean island. This revolution set up the first black government in the Western Hemisphere and the world's second democratic republic (after the US). The US was reluctant to give full support to this republic led by former slaves.

Treaty that was signed at the end of the revolutionary war

Treaty of Paris 1783

Amendment 6

Trial with a jury

5 Types of Climate

Tropical Dry Temperate Continental Polar

Prevailing Winds

Winds that blow in the same direction over large areas of Earth.

Triangular Trade

colonies shipped rum to Africa; Africa shipped slaves/gold to West Indies; West Indies shipped sugar/molasses to colonies

Mixed economy

combines elements of market and planned economy Some say US could fit this description

Communist Economy

communist government owns and controls all means of production without any private interest All resources, including property, shared No great disparity of wealth among citizens

Hoovervilles

communities of hastily built shelters often constructed by people evicted during the Great Depression

prehistory - neolithic

complex social structures, family, religion, government, domesticate animals, produce crops, build houses, start fires, knit, spin, and weave

landform

comprises a geomorphological unit, categorized by characteristics such as elevation, slope, orientation, stratification, rock exposure, and soil type

environmental policy

concerned with the sustainability of the earth (the preservation of a region, a habitat, or an ecosystem)

example of classical conditioning

conditioning a response (Pavlov's dog)

Robert E. Lee

confederate leader in the civil war

Legislative branch

congress (House of Representatives and the Senate)

Examples of checks/balances

congress makes laws President can veto bills Supreme Court can overturn new laws President must obey law as interpreted by the Supreme Court Supreme Court is appointed by the President

Legislative

congress, house of representatives (serve six-year terms) and senate (serve two-year terms), make laws, about 435 members

Logrolling

congressional practice of trading votes on different bills (on the pork barrel legislation)

religion

consists of a belief system and usually a set of rituals involving worship of a supernatural force or forces that have some effect upon both everyday life and the overall structure and functioning of the world around us

extended family

consists of the nuclear family and cousins, grandparents, aunts, and uncles.

effects of human initiated changes on the environment

construction of houses, roads and cities, human initiated fire, water and air pollution, and waste disposal

physical map

contains labels for countries and capital cities as well as major physical features like plains, rivers, plateaus and mountains.

Popular Culture

contemporary lifestyle and items that are well known and generally accepted

Landform

continents and oceans hills plateaus mountains desert deltas canyons mesas marshes swamps valleys

Five main forms of social interaction

cooperation, coercion, conflict, conformity, social exchange

The U.S. produces most

corn

market economy

cost of goods and services depends on a free price system (not the government) supply/demand

technological and agricultural innovations before civil war

cotton gin, reaper, steamboat, steam locomotive

Three-fifths compromise

count 3/5 of every slave for tax purposes and to determine representation

international monetary fund

created in 1944 to monitor exchange rates and balance payments between countries

Judicary Act

created the supreme court

invention

creating new equipment, machinery, etc. that changes the way tasks are accomplished

The Algonquians

eastern part of the United States, lived in wigwams, northern tribes subsisted on hunting and gathering, southern tribes grew crops such as corn

microeconomics

market failure and perfect competition

gross national product

market value of all final goods and services produced by citizens of a country in one year

What is a tundra

marshy plain few people extreme (Russia)

Dust Bowl

massive sandstorms in the midwest due to drought/crop failure

Mayflower Compact

signed in 1620 an agreement between the colonists became the foundation of civil government in Plymouth

Founding Fathers

signed the Declaration of Independence George Washington Ben Franklin Thomas Paine John Adams Samuel Adams James Madison Patrick Henry

Dred Scott Case

slaves had no right to sue for freedom

nonprofit/charitable organizations

social sector

monopoly

sole producer for specific good

Christopher Columbus

sought a trade route to the Indies, landed near South America and called the land "West Indies", 1492, believed after four voyages that he reached Asia.

Cotton belt

southern region in US where most of the cotton is grown

Apache

southwest

3/5 Compromise

(1787) This was presented at the Constitutional Convention, a meeting of states whose delegates were formulating plans for the National government. There were many disputes over the proposals between the large and small states. One of the major disputes was over the issue of apportionment, which related to the method of distributing and allotting the seats in the House of Representatives based on population. Delegates James Wilson and Roger Sherman proposed that every five slaves be counted as three individuals in terms of the apportionment of representation and taxes.

Crimean War

(1853-1856) Russian war against Ottomans for control of the Black Sea; intervention by Britain and France cause Russia to lose; Russians realize need to industiralize.

Treaty of Kanagawa

(1854) trade treaty between Japan and the United States opening up two Japanese ports to U.S. trade; signed in response to a show of force by U.S. admiral Matthew Perry

Dred Scott vs. Sanford

(1857) The U.S. Supreme Court held that African Americans, whether enslaved or free, could not be American citizens and, therefore, had no standing to sue in federal court.

Civil War

(1860-1865) Between the Union (northern states - had moved from farming to industry) and the Confederates (southern states - money was made through farming & slavery).

Gettysburg address

(1863) short speech given by Abraham Lincoln - dedicating a cemetery for soldiers who died at the battle of Gettysburg - is considered to be a profound statement of american ideals

Neville Chamberlain

(1869-1940) Prime Minister of Great Britain from 1937 to 1940. He is responsible for the policy of appeasement with Adolf Hitler's Nazi Germany.

Franco-Prussian War

(1870 - 1871) Was a conflict between the Second French Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia. The complete Prussian and German victory brought about the final unification of Germany under King Wilhelm I of Prussia.

Russo-Turkish War

(1877-1878) Had its origins in a rise in nationalism in the Balkans as well as in the Russian goal of recovering territorial losses it had suffered during the Crimean War. As a result of the war, the principalities of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, formally proclaimed independence from the Ottoman Empire.

Augustus

(63 BCE - 14 CE) First emperor of Rome (27 BCE - 14 CE) He restored order and prosperity to the Empire after nearly a century of turmoil. Grandnephew to Julius Caesar.

Song Dynasty

(960 - 1279 AD); this dynasty was started by Tai Zu; by 1000, a million people were living there; started feet binding; had a magnetic compass; had a navy; traded with india and persia (brought pepper and cotton); first to have paper money, explosive gun powder; *landscape black and white paintings

Laissez-faire

(French: "allow to do"), policy of minimum governmental interference in the economic affairs of individuals and society.

Declaration of Independence

(July 4, 1776) The Committee of Five (Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Roger Sherman, Robert Livingston and Thomas Jefferson) - Thomas Jefferson wrote the first draft. - It announced that the 13 colonies regarded themselves as thirteen newly independent sovereign states, and no longer a part of the British Empire. -in 1776

Adam Smith

(Scottish economist) in The Wealth of Nations, he created the concept of laissez-faire ( government should leave economy alone) & applied natural law to means of production & exchange (supply & demand); saw mercantilism as government interference in economy or free trade; believed that enlightened self-interest would create the best production & exchange for market conditions; government should only have 3 roles: protect society from invasion (army); defend citizens from injustice (police); & keep up public works (roads, canals, bridges) that private individuals could not afford to provide but that society needed

Declaratory Act

(repeal of Stamp Act) 1766 - Parliament could govern the colonies

Seven continents

*Antarctica* *Australia* is the only continent that contains just one country. *Africa* is made up of 54 separate countries including Egypt, Nigeria, South Africa, Zaire, Kenya, Algeria, Morocco, and Madagascar. *Asia* consists of 49 separate countries including China, Japan, India, Turkey, Israel, Iraq, Iran, Indonesia, Jordan, Vietnam, Thailand, and the Philippines. *Europe* has 43 nations including France, Russia, Malta, Denmark, Hungary, Greece, and Bosnia. *North America* consists of Canada, the USA, the island nations of the West Indies, and the "land bridge" of Middle America, including Cuba, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama and other nations. *South America* has the nations of Brazil, Paraguay, Ecuador, and Suriname.

New England Colonies

*New England Colonies* were Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire. - Life was centered around towns, but economics were also focused on manufacturing, fishing, shipbuilding, and trade. Most settlers arrived from England and Scotland. Adult males met to make laws.

The Colonies

*New England Colonies* were Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire. Life was centered around towns, but economics were also focused on manufacturing, fishing, shipbuilding, and trade. Most settlers arrived from England and Scotland. Adult males met to make laws. *Middle Atlantic Colonies* were New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland. At one time, New York and New Jersey were the Dutch colony of New Netherland, and Delaware was once New Sweden. These colonies were the melting pot with settlers from all over. Main economic was based on farming. The native Americans were not as much of a threat. This region was known as the "breadbasket" of the new world, since their seaports were constantly full of meat and flour. There was also ship building, iron mining, and production of paper, glass, and textiles in factories. *Southern Colonies* were Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia. Virginia was the first successful English colony and Georgia was the last. The year 1619 was important for Virginia and the US- 60 women were sent to Virginia to marry and establish families, 20 Africans arrived, and Virginia colonists were granted the right to self-government. They immediately elected their own representatives to the House of Burgesses. Major economics was farming.

Growth of political parties (1820)

-Democratic-Republican Party became the Republican Party and was the major party for years. -By 1824, it split and a new party the *Whigs* formed in favor of strong national growth. Those who favored slow growth were worker, small farmer-oriented and formed the new *Democratic Party* with Andrew Jackson as its first leader

primitive humans appeared more than ____

1 million years ago

Mesoamerican City-States Tenochtitlan, Texaco and Tlacopan

1428 formed alliance joined forces to conquer other city-states and incorporating them into the Aztec Empire some conquered areas rebelled when the Spanish conquistadores arrived

New Kingdom

1570-1070 BCE An era of resurgence where egyptians constructed massive tombs for the burial of their pharaohs and other members of nobility in the Valley of the Kings.

year of British defeat of Spanish Armada

1588

England's defeat of the Spanish Armada

1588 - did not end the war with Spain (ended 1604), but rather established British naval dominance

Puritans migrated to New England

1600s

Jamestown Colony

1607 The English came to Virginia

first slaves

1619 Dutch traders shipped the first slaves to Virginia SC- the majority of the people in the colony were slaves no British colony was free of slaves

Plymouth Colony

1620 the Puritans came to Massachusetts

St. Mary's Colony

1624 the Catholic came to Maryland

Navigation Acts

1651 - generate revenue; restriction on trade angered some colonists; 1/3 of British merchant ships built in American colonies

Wars between Britain and France

1689-1748

Treaty of Nanjing

1842, ended Opium war, said the western nations would determine who would trade with china, not china, so it set up the unequal treaty system which allowed western nations to own a part of chinese territory and conduct trading business in china under their own laws. This treaty set up 5 treaty ports where westerners could live, work, and be treated under their own laws. One of these were Hong Kong.

Frankfurt Assembly

1849; Delegates from German states met in Frankfurt to discuss their vision of how a united Germany would be establisehed; Not sanctioned by Wilhelm; Disagreed over whether it should be a republic or monarchy

Dred Scott vs. Sanford

1857 Supreme Court decision that blacks could not be US citizens

Dred Scott decision

1857- Dred Scott was a slave whose owner took him from the slave state of Missouri, to the free state Illinois, into Minnesota Territory (which was free). It was decided that Scott being in a free territory did not make him free, because he was not a US citizen or a state citizen of Missouri.

Sepoy Rebellion

1857-1858, Sepoys rebelled against the British government after a rumor they were using cow fat in their guns (cows are sacred in India). The East India company brutally put down the rebellion. After this, the British government dissolved the East India company and took over the rule of India directly.

Vicksburg

1863 Union Army's blockade of Vicksburg, Mississippi, that led the city to surrender on July 4, 1863. The surrender gave the Union complete control of the Mississippi River and cut off Texas, Louisiana and Arkansas from rest of Confederacy.

Underwood Tariff

1914, lowered tariff, substantially reduced import fees. Lost tax revenue would be replaced with an income tax that was implemented with the 16th amendment. Pushed through Congress by Woodrow Wilson, this 1913 tariff reduced average tariff duties by almost 15% and established a graduated income tax

World War I

1914-1918 First man-made catastrophe of the 20th century. Marked the first use of chemical weapons, first mass bombardment of civilians from the sky, and the century's first genocide.

Alien Registration Act

1940 - required all aliens older than fourteen to be fingerprinted and registered, report changes of address within five days

Dumbarton Oaks Conference

1944 - established a Security Council, on which with the U.S., England, Soviet Union, France, and China served as five permanent members

Korematsu vs. United States

1944 Supreme Court case where the Supreme Court upheld the order providing for the relocation of Japaneese Americans. It was not until 1988 that Congress formally apologized and agreed to pay $20,000 to each survivor.

Yalta Conference

1945, want quick end to war "The Big Three" FDR, Churchill and Stalin met at Yalta. Russia agreed to declare war on Japan after the surrender of Germany and in return FDR and Churchill promised the USSR concession in Manchuria and the territories that it had lost in the Russo-Japanese War, Stalin broke promise on free elections and representative govt.

Agreements made with Japan

1947 Constitution gave power to the people; Japan no longer can declare war, expand voting rights to women, government officials tried for war crimes, weapons only for self-defense. Treaty signed in 1951.

Brown Vs. Board of Education of Topeka

1954- court decision that declared state laws segregating schools to be unconstitutional, because it denies equal protection laws. Overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Realism

19th C literary and artisitc movement in Europe and the US (1860-1900) that stressed accuracy in the portrayal of life, focusing on characters with whom middle-class readers could easily identify; it is often contrasted with romanticism. (William Dean Howells, A Modern Instance, Mark Twain, Huckleberry Finn; Henry James, Daisy Miller)

Romanticism

19th-century western European artistic and literary movement; held that emotion and impression, not reason, were the keys to the mysteries of human experience and nature; sought to portray passions, not calm reflection.

WEB Dubois

1st black to earn Ph.D. from Harvard, encouraged blacks to resist systems of segregation and discrimination; Felt that the black community had to fight for immediate political solutions to racism; founded NAACP in 1910.

War of 1812

2 year war between US/Britain established US as a strong international presence

Mesolithic Period

20,000 to 9500 BCE., period in which the domestication of plants and animals began

Middle Kingdom

2040 BCE-1640 BCE a period of internal strife and hardship. Massive crop failures, political power struggles, and foreign invasions battered the Egyptian people.

Tropic of Cancer

23.5º north of equator

Tropic of Capricorn

23.5º south of equator

Old Kingdom

2575 BCE - 2130 BCE encompasses the time period when the political system of the pharaohs developed. The Great Pyramids were built during this time.

thomas jefferson

3rd US president

Mesopotamia

4,000-3,000 BCE in the Fertile Crescent

Peloponessian War

431-409, A war between Athens and Sparta. Although Sparta won, both states were so weakened that the Macedonians were able to take control of the entire region under the rule of Philip of Macedon, ended Golden Age

United Nations

50 countries came together for a peace-keeping organization in 1945

James Monroe

5th US President

Senate

6 year term (no term limits) Must be at least 30 years old Must be a citizen for at least 9 years Must reside in the state representing Every state has 2 senators Senior/Junior (newest elected) Senators

The Valley of Kings

60 royal tombs for pharaohs

humans or near-humans have existed for about ____

600,000 years

what is the earth's surface made up of? (water and land)

70% water, 30% land

5 Major Oceans

71% of earth's surface Atlantic, Pacific, Indian, Arctic, Southern

Henry Clay

8th, 10th, and 13th speaker of the house of representatives, from Kentucky, it is commonly thought that he convinced congress to vote for John Quincy Adams over Jackson during the election of 1824 (Corrupt Bargain). He was a republican and a leader of the War hawks along with John C. Calhoun, emphasizing his favor for a war with Britain. Had a hand in the Missouri Compromise. Known to be a "Great Compromiser" and settled many compromises about slavery and nullification. Was in fact a slave owner, but freed them in his Will.

Holy Roman Empire, Middle Ages

962 - 1806 • Charlemagne was first crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the pop, which strengthened the paps authority regarding the right of political rulers to rule • Otto the Great reunited most of the land of Charlemagne's empire • Otto's crowning marked the beginning of a succession of emperors that would continue unbroken for 8 centuries • Church crowned him, so he involved the church in the government • Tried to limit church's power, but the church leaders slowly acquired power until they had control over the everyday activities of most citizens • all that power corrupted many of the church leaders, e.g. officials practiced simony, the buying and selling of important positions • One of Otto's legacy was the rivalry between the church and the state

Gettysburg Address

A 3-minute address by Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War (November 19, 1963) at the dedication of a national cemetery on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg

Bay of Bengal

A Bay that the Ganges River flows into, North of the Indian Ocean, On the eastern side of India, South of Tibet, West of China

Thomas Paine

A British citizen, he wrote Common Sense, published on January 1, 1776, to encourage the colonies to seek independence. It spoke out against the unfair treatment of the colonies by the British government and was instrumental in turning public opinion in favor of the Revolution.

Bay

A body of water partially surrounded by land.

Dutch East India Company

A company founded by the Dutch in the early 17th century to establish and direct trade throughout Asia. Richer and more powerful than England's company, they drove out the English and Established dominance over the region. It ended up going bankrupt and being bought out by the British.

Single Tax

A concept created by Henry George. He believed that a tax should be placed on land owners based on the potential value of the land if it were being used efficiently. That way people could not simply buy land and wait for the value to increase.

Cold War

A conflict that was between the US and the Soviet Union. The nations never directly confronted each other on the battlefield but deadly threats went on for years. Both were afraid the other had nuclear weapons.

Cartel

A consortium of independent organizations formed to limit competition by controlling the production and distribution of a product or service. Ex. OPEC

Fourteenth Amendment

A constitutional amendment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, except for American Indians.

Byzantine Empire

A continuation of the Roman Empire in the Middle East after its division in 395, rose out of the split of East and Western Roman Empire; lasted another 1000 years; kept Hellenism alive; fell in 1453 by the Ottomans

Cuneiform

A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets.

Bill of Rights

A formal statement of the fundamental rights of the people of the United States, incorporated in the Constitution as Amendments 1-10, and in all state constitutions.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

A former slave he led an uprising and he gradually established control over the whole island of Haiti and used political and military tactics to gain dominance over his rivals. Throughout his years in power, he worked to improve the economy and security of Saint Domingue. He restored the plantation system using paid labour, negotiated trade treaties with Britain and the United States, and maintained a large and well-disciplined army. He was later arrested and died in a French prison.

Checks and balances

A fundamental principle of American government, guaranteed by the Constitution, whereby each branch of the government (executive, judicial, and legislative) has some measure of influence over the other branches and may choose to block procedures of the other branches.

Mountain Pass

A gap between mountains

Dead Sea

A landlocked salt lake between Israel and Jordan that is so salty that almost nothing can live in its waters; it is 1,349 feet below sea level, making it the lowest place on the exposed crust of the earth.

Cold War

A long period of tension between the democracies of the Western World and the communist countries of Eastern Europe. The west was led by the United States and Eastern Europe was led by the Soviet Union. These two countries became known as superpowers. Although the two superpowers NEVER officially declared war on each other, they fought indirectly in proxy wars, the arms race, and the space race. Began not too long AFTER World War II ended in 1945

Plain

A low lying stretch of flat land

Theocracy

A political unit governed by a deity (or by officials thought to be divinely guided)

Gulf Stream

A warm ocean current that flows from the Gulf of Mexico northward through the Atlantic Ocean

Revolution of 1905

A wave of mass political and social unrest that spread through vast areas of the Russian Empire and was directed against the government and included worker strikes, peasant unrest, and military mutinies

Protectionist Policy

A way to "protect" or insulate a domestic industry from competition by foreign producers of the same good. import tariff allows domestic producers to both capture a larger share of the domestic market and charge a higher price than would otherwise be possible

Meteorological

A weather map that displays various features across a particular area at a particular point in time and has various symbols which all have specific meanings. Such maps have been in use since the mid-19th century and are used for research and weather forecasting purposes.

Second Amendment

A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed.

Great Irish Famine

AKA the Potato Famine. Caused widespread hunger and caused 25% of the Irish population to leave their homeland and immigrate to the US.

Marshall Plan

Aimed at preventing the spread of communism, involved the economic aid that was sent to Europe in the aftermath of the Second World War.

Canals

Are man-made waterways to connect two larger water bodies.

Price Ceilings

Are maximum prices set by the government for particular goods and services that they believe are being sold at too high of a price, and thus consumers need some help purchasing them.

Commodities

Are natural resources that have to be extracted and purified rather than created, such as mineral ores.

Minoan Age

Bronze Age civilization, centring on the island of Crete. Built huge palaces, writing, artisans, traded w/Egypt, Phoenicia and Mesopotamia

Helladic Period

Bronze age Greece, started around 2800 BC and lasted till 1050 BC in Crete while in the Aegean islands it started in 3000 BC. The economy of the villages depended on production of tools, weapons, agriculture and art and architecture.The need for more metals and goods lead to introduction of different colonies and barter creating set-up for trade.

The legal doctrine known as "separate but equal" was overturned by the Supreme Court's ruling in which of the following cases?

Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka

marriages

Changes in population in a given area can be measured directly from all of the following EXCEPT the number of...

1492

Columbus lands in the Americas

China 3000 BCE-500 CE: Religion

Confucianism, Daoism, Legalism

13 colonies

Delaware Pennsylvania New Jersey Georgia Connecticut Massachusetts Bay Maryland South Carolina New Hampshire Virginia, New York North Carolina Rhode Island Providence Plantations

Original 13 colonies

Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, North Carolina, New Hampshire, Virginia, New York & Rhode Island.

Derived Demand

Demand for business or organizational products (tires) caused by the demand for consumer goods or services (cars)

Production Possibilities Curve

Depicts the maximum amount output of possibilities of two or more goods. It shows the various combinations of goods that can be produced "butter and guns".

Issac Newton

Developed the first functional theory of gravity.

Erik Erickson

Developmental Psychology: Psychosocial stage theory of development (eight stages)

Two types of democracy

Direct (Ancient Anthens), Representative (US)

Executive

Directing gov't, armed forces, approve and veto laws, PRESIDENT and VICE

Longitude

Distance east or west on the earth's surface, measured in degrees from a certain meridian (line from the North to the South Pole).

Longitude

Distance east or west on the earth's surface, measured in degrees from a certain meridian.

Ancient Greece

Dominated by two state cities Athens: • coastal city made wealthy by overseas trade • democratic government • philosophy and the art, Socrates > Plato > Aristotle • architecture, Parthenon • focused on the achievement of the individual Sparta: • devoted to agriculture and military • away from the coast and somewhat isolated • governed by a strict class system, lower class people worked the land of the higher class people • military training was compulsory, children leave home to be trained • focused on the good of the group Periclean Age, 5th century BC: • great contributions to the western culture made during this period • philosophy of Socrates • medical work of Hippocrates • great dramatic works of Aeschlyus, Sophocles and Euripides Hellenistic Age, 4th century BC • Alexander the Great's military expansion got the contributions in the Periclean Age out to the world

Russia, France, and Britain 1917 9

During World War I _____, ______, and _____ pitted against central powers Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey. U.S. joined war in ____ when president wilson called on Americans to make the world safer for democracy. November 11, 1918 _____ million people died.

Martin Luther

During the Renaissance and the Reformation a german monk named _____ publicly posted a list of 95 arguments against the then-common church practice of granting indulgences, essentially an exchange of blessings and grants of forgiveness for money.

Protestant Reformation

During the Renaissance and the Reformation breakaway groups from the church were known as Protestant faiths and their revolt was known as the ______.

Formation of human settlements in North America

During the last Ice Age, this developed as an effect of a land bridge that was formed between what are now known as Alaska & Siberia.

Suffrage in the U.S.

Early 1800s Eliminate property ownership and tax payment qualifications 1810, no more religious tests for voting, lead to late 1800's 15th amendment prohibiting denial of rights to vote based on race or color 1920, 19th amendment prohibit denial of rights to vote based on gender 1964, 23rd amendment added voters of D.C. to presidential electorate, eliminate pool tax 1965, Voting Rights Act prohibit disenfranchisement through literacy tests and various means of discrimination 1971, 26th amendment set min voting age at 18

Capitalism

Economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, especially as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth.

Who created equal representation?

Edmund Randolph

Phillip II

Eventually the Greek city-states were conquered by the Macedonians. Their leader's name was ______.

Cultural adaptation

Evolutionary process by which an individual modifies his personal habits and customs to fit into a particular culture.

Fort Sumpter

First Battle of the Civil War in 1861

Total Cost

Fixed costs plus variable costs

What is a taiga

Forrest land containing few crops or people (Canada)

Coral Reefs

Fringing reefs - surround an island Barrier reefs - fringing reefs grow so large it starts to sink the island and reef becomes a barrier around the island, after trapped between is the lagoon Atolls - sinking island goes below, leaving the reef

Algonquian

From Plymouth, wigwams, clothing from animals, good hunters, good at growing food

France's interest in the new world

Fur trapping, small towns, Canada/ Appalachia

Human Characteristic

Geographic features that were made by humans

Thomas Edison

He improved the typewriter, improved the telephone for longer distance communication, improved upon the original design of the lightbulb making it cheaper and longer lasting, and invented the phonograph.

Magellan

He was the first to prove that the new world really was a distinct landmass, separate from Asia. After sailing around around the southern tip of South America he sailed westward acrosst he Pacific and reached the Philippine Islands, claiming them for Spain., Portuguese navigator in the service of Spain

Lyndon B. Johnson's war on poverty

Head Start Elementary and Secondary Education Act VISTA

1750-1780

Height of the Atlantic Slave Trade.

1750-1780

Height of the Atlantic slave trade

Lyndon B. Johnson

Held office from1963 to 1969 and was president during the drafting for the Vietnam War.

Himalayan Mountains

Highest mountain range in the world, separates India from China.

Himalayan Mountains

Highest mountain range in the world, seperates India from China

Judicial Restraint

Holds that the Court should avoid taking the initiative on social & political questions, operation strictly w/n the limits of the Constitution

Homo erectus

Hominids who are believed to have walked completely upright like modern people do, called "Upright Man". First developed in Africa.

congress

House of Representatives and the Senate

Laissez-Faire

Idea that government should play as small a role as possible in economic affairs.

Maryland v. Shatzer

If Shatzer wins then if anyone requests a lawyer, then anything they say or any confession they make, no matter how far in the future, cannot be used against them unless a lawyer is present

15th Amendment

Illegal to deny individuals the right to vote on the grounds of race.

Han dynasty

Imperial dynasty that ruled China (most of the time) from 206 BC to 221 and expanded its boundaries and developed its bureaucracy; was an age of economic prosperity, and saw a significant growth of the money economy first established during the Zhou Dynasty (c. 1050-256 BCE).

19th Amendment

In 1920, states that "the right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied. . . on account of sex." Women can vote!

Bloody Sunday

In Russia 1905 Russian soldiers inadvertently opened fire on demonstrators, turning them against the tsar. Possibly the start of the Revolution.

Political Party Leadership

In each house, they decide the committee assignments of members of Congress.

Bubonic Plague

In the Late Middle Ages (1340-1400) Europe experienced the most deadly disease outbreak in history when the Black Death hit in 1347, killing a third of the human population. It is believed that society subsequently became more violent as the mass mortality rate cheapened life and thus increased warfare, crime, popular revolt, waves of flagellants, and persecution.The Black Death originated in or near China and spread from Italy and then throughout other European countries

Neolithic Period

In the Middle East, the sedentary agriculture was based on barley, wheat, and pigs. New Stone Age (following the mesolithic)

Regulating Monopolies

In the U.S. congress passed the Sherman Anti-Trust act of 1890. It prohibits "every contract, combination in the form of a trust or otherwise, or conspiracy in restraint of trade or commerce among several states or with foreign nations." Basis of today's system. Department of Justice- Anti-Trust Division, watches business activities to ensure competition, and can stop a sale or merger if it threatens competition. Can also act to break-up a monopoly if necessary.

Clear and Present Danger Test

Interpretation of the First Amendment that holds that the government cannot interfere with speech unless the speech presents a clear and present danger that it will lead to evil or illegal acts.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882).

Attila

Leader of the Huns who put pressure on the Roman Empire's borders during the 5th century.

Sun Yat-sen

Led a movement to create a united, democratic China free from foreign control.

V.I. Lenin

Led the communist revolution, was the leader of the Bolsheviks, ruled Russia (wrote What Is to Be Done?)

Roman Empire's Use of Slavery

Led to a lack of innovation in manufacturing and agriculture.

Roman Empire's use of slavery in their economy

Led to a lack of innovation in manufacturing and agriculture.

Branches of Government

Legislative Branch- Congress Executive Branch- President, VP, & Federal Government Judicial Branch- federal court system

Continental congress

Legislative body created by the colonies that acted as their government during the revolution Produced the Declaration of Independence and Articles of Confederation

Moundbuilders

Located along the Mississippi River. Prehistoric inhabitants of North American who, constructed various styles of earthen mounds for religious and ceremonial, burial, and elite residential purposes.Best example of a city is Cahokia located near modern day St. Louis.

Prime Meridian

Located at zero degrees of longitude from whic east and west are reckoned. Usually the Greenwich longitude line in England.

Patagonia Desert

Located in Southern Argentina and is the largest desert in the Americas

Patagonia Desert

Located in Southern Argentina and is the largest desert in the Americas.

Gobi Desert

Located in north central China. 2nd largest desert in the world extreme temperature very dry and infertile sands.

Gobi Desert

Located in north central China. 2nd largest desert in the world. extreme temperature. very dry and infertile. sand is called loess.

Mt. Kilimanjaro

Located on great rift valley, africa's tallest mountain, 19,341 ft high

Mt. Kilimanjaro

Located on the great rift valley, it is Africa's tallest mountain.

Nationalism

Love of country and willingness to sacrifice for it, the doctrine that nations should act independently (rather than collectively) to attain their goals, the aspiration for national independence felt by people under foreign domination.

Basin

Low area surrounded by higher land

Coastal Plain

Low land that lies along an ocean

Boston Massacre

March 5, 1770

English Catholics

Maryland

Japanese Internment

Over 120,000 Japanese Americans 2/3 of them citizens were sent to War Relocation Camps during WWII.

Sun Yixian

Overthrew the Qing Dynasty. He was the first president when the Republic of China was founded in 1912

Mulattoes

Persons of mixed African and European descent. They were third on the list along with Mestizos. Above only the Native Americans and Africans.

Daoism

Philosophical system developed by of Lao-tzu and Chuang-tzu advocating a simple honest life and noninterference with the course of natural events

Populism

Philosophy concerned with the common-sense needs of average people.

B.F. Skinner

Pioneer of operant conditioning who believed that everything we do is determined by our past history of rewards and punishments. He is famous for use of his operant conditioning aparatus which he used to study schedules of reinforcement on pidgeons and rats., Studied observable behaviors rather than thought - reinforcement - rewarding good behavior.

Glasnost

Policy of openness initiated by Gorbachev in the 1980s that provided increased opportunities for freedom of speech, association and the press in the Soviet Union.

Four characteristics of a state

Population, (defined) territory, sovereignty, government

Landing on the moon

President John F. Kennedy announced this goal in 1960, the first year of his presidency. It expanded the U.S. space program.

Middle East relations in the 1950s

President Nassar of Egypt refused to align with the US in the Cold War, President Eisenhower removed US funding from the Aswan Dam in 1956, President Nassar nationalized the Suez Canal, which was owned by England.

3rd Amendment

Ratified in 1791 as a part of the Bill of Rights. In times of peace, citizens do not have to quarter soldiers (obsolete because of military bases). A common British practice during colonial times.

Amendment 2

Right to bear arms

Confederate States of America (Rebel States)

SC Mississippi Florida Georgia Louisiana Texas Virginia NC Tennessee Arkansas

Turning point of the revolutionary war was

Saratoga (French align themselves with the Americans against Britian)

1870's

Scramble for Africa begins

Senate powers

Senate approves or blocks federal appointees Senate ratifies treaties with foreign governments In the case of Electoral Deadlock, Senate elects the VP House impeaches, but the Senate tries/convicts

Treaty of Paris

September 3, 1783 - bringing an official end to the Revolutionary War; Mississippi River as the Western border; Florida to Spain; African and Caribbean Colonies back to French (final British troops left on November 24, 1783)

Federalist Papers

Series of 85 essays that defended the Constitution and tried to reassure Americans that the states would not be overpowered by the federal government., Written by Hamilton, Jay, & Madison to support ratification of the U.S. Constituiton 1787-1788.

The Federalist Papers

Series of newspaper articles written by John Hay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton which enumerated arguments in favor of the Constitution and refuted the arguments of the anti-federalists

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Served as the French minister of finance from 1665 to 1683 under the rule of King Louis XIV. He achieved a reputation for his work of improving the state of French manufacturing and bringing the economy back from the brink of bankruptcy.

House Representative

Serves a 2 year term

Major Functions of the Federal Reserve Bank

Set monitary policy Lender of last resort (banks borrow from here when they run out of money) Supervise and regulate banks Provide financial services (can lend to the government)

Panama Canal

Ship canal cut across the isthmus of Panama by United States Army engineers; it opened in 1915. It greatly shortened the sea voyage between the east and west coasts of North America. The United States turned the canal over to Panama on Jan 1, 2000.

What is the 3/5 compromise

Slaves in the south would be counted as 3/5 for the house of representation and taxes

Negative Sanctions

Social Disapproval for violating a norm, a punishment or threat of a punishment to promote conformity to norms.

Positive Sanctions

Social approval for observing a norm, a reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a prize.

Third Party Candidate

Sometimes force one or both of the two dominant parties to shift their political platforms.

1957

Sputnik launched

Industrial Revolution

Started in England in the 19th century, with the first cotton mill in 1733. The steel industry grew exponentially. Found coal could be used instead of wood. The steam engine, which revolutionized transportation and work power. Around 1830, society changed from agrarian to urban. A need for cheap, unskilled labor resulted in the extensive employment and abuse of women and children, who worked up to 14 hours a day, six days a week in deplorable conditions. Societies enacted child labor laws and created labor unions to protect the safety of workers.

Judicial

Supreme court, passing laws, approving treaties, spending bills

Parliamentary system

System of government with a legislature, usually involving a multiplicity of political parties. Division between head of state and head of government (usually known as the prime minister). Head of state is most often an elected president.

Mount Rainier is located in which of the following mountain ranges?

The Cascades (located in Washington)

Agreements of Yalta and Potsdam

The USSR joined the United Nations, established in 1945, establishment of the United Nations Security Council, consisting of the U.S., the U.K., and the USSR, China and France.

Climate

The average weather conditions in an area over a long period of time.

Price Equilibrium

The price at which supply and demand are equal.

Columbian Exchange

The process where European plants and animals made their way to America and vice versa.

Danube River

The second-longest river of Europe. It flows from southern Germany east into the Black Sea.

McCulloch vs. Maryland

The state of Maryland taxed banknotes produced by the Bank of the United States, claiming that the Bank was unconstitutional. Using implied powers, Marshall countered that the Bank was constitutional and ruled that Maryland was forbidden from taxing the Bank.

Chinese Revolution

The struggle between Nationalists and Communists forces in China that began in the 1920's and ended in 1949 with a Communist victory

Anthropology

The study of humanity

Geomorphology

The study of landforms, also known as physiography

Religious Demography

The study of the number and distribution of adherents to various religions or belief systems.

Empiricism

The view that (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and (b) science flourishes through observation and experiment.

Human Geography

The way that humans spread over and interact with Earth

New World

The wealth and conflicts occurring in the so called _____ reshaped governments and nations in Europe.

Representative Democracy

US form of government

Byzantine Empire

Under Justinian the ____ emerged out of the collapse of the Eastern Roman Empire.

Battle of Gettysburg

Union Army thwarted General Robert E. Lee (the confederate leader) in his attempt to invade the North in 1863 the union army's success here proved to be a pivotal point in their winning of the year

Sugar Act 1764

Used to help pay for the French-Indian War, and new territory costs. It levied a heavy tax on sugar (among other things) which if enforced would wipe out trade profits with the West Indies, France, and Spain. It would also lead to scarcity of hard currency as the colonies could not print money at this time.

Senate Officers

Vice- President- elected, acts as President of Senate President pro Tem - VP runner up Majority and Minority parties - if equal the party of the VP is considered the majority party Leader and Whip elected for both parties

The Printing Press

Was most responsible for the rapid spread of new ideas inRenaissance Europe.

Appalachian Plateau

Was one of the regions of the south that had the strongest pro-udon sentiments at the outbreak of the civil war

Yalta Conference

Was the February 4-11, 1945 wartime meeting of the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom, and the Soviet Union, for the purpose of discussing Europe's postwar reorganization. Mainly, it was intended to discuss the re-establishment of the nations of war-torn Europe. Established new boundaries for Poland.

The Neolithic Revolution

Was the first agricultural revolution—the transition from hunting and gathering communities and bands, to agriculture and settlement. Archaeological data indicate that various forms of domestication of plants and animals arose independently in at least seven or eight separate locales worldwide, with the earliest known developments taking place in the Middle East around 10,000 BC or earlier

1914-1918

World War I

plateau

a large, flat area hat rises above the surrounding land; at least one side has a steep slope

forest

a large, thick growth of trees and underbrush

Chief Joseph

a leader of the Nez Perce who supported peaceful interaction with white settlers, attempted to relocate his tribe to Canada rather the move then to a reservation

classical conditioning

a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired; a response that is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.

Precedent

a legal decision or form of proceeding serving as an authoritative rule or pattern in future similar or analogous cases

tundra

a level and rolling treeless plain in arctic and sub-attic regions with black mucky soil with permanently frozen subsoil, called permafrost

Tropic of Cancer

a line of latitude about 23 degrees North of the equator

foothills

a low series of hills found between a plain and a mountain range

cultural pluralism

acceptance of varieties of racial and ethnic groups

Speaker of the House

elected position Presiding Officer of the House Second in line of presidential succession (behind VP)

imperfect competition

elements are lacking

Voltaire

extolled British society while condemning French values, wrote the Philosophical Letters Concerning the English Nation, in which he attacks French clergy and nobility, which was banned and publicly burned, was trained by Jesuits but rejected their doctrines, gained celebrity through controversial views but was banished to England, clashed with Frederick the Great in Prussia, wrote Candide as a challenge to the authority and morals of the time. Championed enlightened despots.

Six social institutions

family, education, political institutions, economic institutions, religion, sport

American Crisis - Thomas Paine (1776)

helped rally spirits during a long, hard winter

Egyptian accomplishments

hieroglyphics

Navajo

hogans (round houses) crafts

Pennsylvania and Delaware

home to Quakers and other persecuted religious minorities

middle latitude weather

hot summer and mild winter

legislative branch

house of representatives and senate

population density

how many people live within an area

supply

how much can be produced in order to meet demand, how much willing they are willing to sell

microeconomics

how prices are established

4 main parts of the Declaration of Independence

humanity, detailed grievances, freedom from Britian, signatures

prehistory - upper paleolithic (new stone age)

humans began to develop a wider variety of tools, organize into social groups, and produce art

prehistory - lower paleolithic

humans used crude tools

paleolithic and neolithic periods

hunter-gatherer and agricultural revolution

Natural Hazards

hurricanes tornadoes earthquakes volcanoes floods tsunamis forest fires insect infestations

political map

identifies continents and countries according to their political ideals

satellite image

image of a larger region on earth taken by a satellite orbiting in space

latitude

imaginary horizontal lines equator = 0 north/south pole = 90

Tropic of Cancer

imaginary line of latitude 23 south of the equator

Tropic of Capricorn

imaginary line of longitude 23 north of the equtor

longitude

imaginary vertical lines prime meridian = 0 international date line = 180

international detente

is a relaxation of tensions between nations - similar to the end of the Cold War

The Gulf Stream

is a warm ocean current that flows in the western North Atlantic, originating at the tip of Florida, traveling along the American coastline and splitting into the North Atlantic Drift that crosses to Northern Europe.

correlational design

is concerned with relationships between variables, such as whether one factor causes or influences another

ethnocentric speaker

is one with the attitude that their country or people are better than yours. this was the attitude of many of the nations that colonized Africa.

Simony

is the act of selling church offices and roles.

socialization

is the process by which personality is formed as the result of social influences

naturalization

is to become a citizen of a country

institutionalization

is when a person is committed, for example to a mental hospital

causes of civil war

issue of slavery - abolitionists want slavery to end - south feared it would lose power in the national government - southern states secede after Lincoln's election - confederates bomb Fort Sumter

why was the D of I written?

it was a call to the colonies to unite against the king, articulating the philosophical framework upon which the USA is founded

Ulysses S. Grant

leader of the Union Forces in the civil war

Crazy Horse and Sitting Bull

led Sioux and Cheyenne troops in the Battle of Little Bighorn in 1876, soundly defeating George Armstrong Custer.

limited liability partnership

limited liability but equal management rare for states to allow this type of partnership

scarcity

limited quantities of resources to meet unlimited wants

low latitude weather

little rain temperatures warm duing the day cold at night

The Plains tribes

lived between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains, nomadic, lived in teepees and followed the buffalo herds, Sioux, Cheyenne, Comanche, Blackfoot

Far north tribes

lived in skin tents or igloos, fishermen, built kayaks and umiaks, hunted caribou, seals, whales, and walrus, Aleuts, Inuits

Pueblo tribes

lived in the Southwest, homes made of stone or adobe, domesticated animals, cultivated corn and beans, Zuni, Hopi, Acoma

Pacific coast tribes

lived on fish and deer, native berries and roots, rectangular homes for large family groups, totem poles, Tlingit, Chinook, Salish

Renewable resources

living resources, which can restock themselves if they are not over-harvested (fish, coffee, forests)

eastern hemisphere

located between the north and south poles, between the prime meridian (0) east to the international date line (180)

western hemisphere

located between the north and south poles, between the prime meridian (0) west to the international date line (180)

Indigenous people

native people

Trail of Tears

native-americans (Cherokee Indians) were forcibly removed from their land and made to march in the winter to reservations in Oklahoma - over 4,000 died out of 16,000 who were forced to go - one of the greatest tragedies in American history

Natural resources

naturally occurring substances considered valuable in their natural form (mining, fishing, forestry)

British need for revenue after French and Indian War

needed to pay off war debt; need for funds to defend expanding empire; need for funds to govern 33 far-flung colonies

which of the following best represents an example of international detente?

negotiation of a bilateral arms reduction agreement

Bull-Moose Party

nickname for the new Progressive Party, which was formed to support Roosevelt in the election of 1912. , The Republicans were badly split in the 1912 election, so Roosevelt broke away forming his own Progressive Party (or Bull Moose Party because he was "fit as a bull moose..."). His loss led to the election of Democratic nominee Woodrow Wilson, but he gained more third party votes than ever before

8th amendment

no cruel or unusual punishment allowed

Thomas Hobbes

no order exists in a state of nature, surrender some power and form a government

Communal family

not a technical term but means people living together that aren't family

Liberal

noting or pertaining to a political party advocating measures of progressive political reform

mortality rate

number of deaths per year in a population

infant mortality

number of infant deaths per year

morbidity rate

number of people contracting selected diseases in a population

summer solstice

occurs in the northern hemisphere on June 21 or 22. One of the Earth's poles is tilted directly toward the sun; areas north of the arctic circle have 24 hours of daylight. --- Summer solstice occurs in the Southern Hemisphere on December 21 or 22; areas south of the antarctic circle have 24 hours of daylight ---

truman doctrine

offered military aid to countries in danger of communist upheaval

Traditional economy

older system of economies that relies on customs and traditions

Federalists

one of the first US political parties believed in a strong central government

Polygamous family

one with more than on wife

Egypt was ruled by

pharaohs

If demand > supply

price goes up

China produces most

rice

oligopoly

single purchaser for a good can exert influence on pricing

spring equinox

the earth's tilt is sideways toward the sun and the hours of daylight are the same in both hemispheres; in the northern hemisphere this occurs on march 20 or 21; in the southern hemisphere it occurs on September 22 or 23

great depression

the economic crisis beginning with the stock market crash in 1929 and continuing through the 1930s

Supply side economics

the economic theory that tax cuts and business incentives will increase the supply of labor and goods and stimulate the economy

Oppression

the exercise of authority or power in a burdensome, cruel, or unjust manner

mesas

the flat tops of hills or mountains, usually with steep sides (similar to plateaus, but smaller)

9th amendment

these rights shall not deny other rights the people enjoy

floods

water overflows its natural or artificial banks into normally dry land. floods are commonly cause be excessive rainfall over a short period of time, or by ice jams, storm tides, and tsunamis. floods can be extremely dangerous and wreak disaster on the one hand, but they can also provide moisture and soil enrichment for fertile flood lands of a river's delta.

net profit

wealth earned after all costs have been paid, including wages and administrative costs

Congress of Vienna

(1814) meeting of Napoleon's victors to devise a stable territorial arrangement. Restored France to 1790 boundaries and divided up the remaining land to create a Europe that was consolidated mostly into countries with balanced power. Ensured balance of power and protected each other from aggression from the others. Austria and Britain allied to restrain ambitions of Russia and Prussia.

Frederick Douglass

(1817-1895) American abolitionist and writer, he escaped slavery and became a leading African American spokesman and writer. He published his biography, The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, and founded the abolitionist newspaper, the North Star.

Susan B. Anthony

(1820-1906) Women's rights crusader, also active in the Temperance and Abolition movements. Author of the Declaration of Sentiments at the Seneca Falls Convention.

Berlin Conference

(1884-1885) During European Imperialism, various European leaders met in Berlin, Germany to discuss plans for dividing Africa peacefully. These leaders had little regard for African independence, and had no representation for native Africans. This began the process of imperializing Africa.

Formation of the two-party system

-George Washington warned against the creation of "factions" in American politics. Thomas Jefferson echoed this, but he headed the start of a political party. -In 1790, Jefferson (secretary of state) and Hamilton (secretary of treasury) developed the two party system. *Hamilton* wanted the federal government to be stronger than the state governments. He supported the creation of the first bank of the US. *Jefferson* believed that state governments should be stronger. He opposed the creation of the first bank of the US because he said it would give too much power to wealthy investors. Jefferson's supporters called themselves Democratic-Republicans, Hamilton's Federalists (because they favored a strong central government)

Continental Congress

-The First Continental Congress in 1774 issued the Declaration of Rights and Grievances- vowed allegiance to the king but protested the right of Parliament to tax the colonies.

Bill of Rights (first amendments to the Constitution)

1 Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition. 2 Right to keep and bear arms in order to maintain a well regulated militia. 3 No quartering of soldiers. 4 Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures. 5 Right to due process of law, freedom from self-incrimination, double jeopardy. 6 Rights of accused persons, e.g., right to a speedy and public trial. 7 Right of trial by jury in civil cases. 8 Freedom from excessive bail, cruel and unusual punishments. 9 Other rights of the people. 10 Powers reserved to the states.

Five Themes of Geography

1) Location- relative and absolute location 2) Place- has human (created by humans such as canals and roads) and physical characteristics (mountains, rivers, deserts) 3) Human-environmental interaction- humans adapt to the environment (wearing warm clothes when it is cold), humans modify the environment (planting trees to block a prevailing wind), and humans depend on the environment (for food, water, raw materials) 4) Movement- how humans interact with one another through trade, communications, emigration and other forms of contact 5) Regions- an area that has some kind of unifying characteristic, such as common language or a common government. There are 3 main types of regions: formal regions, functional regions, and vernacular regions

Loyalists (Torries)

1/3 of the colonists who remained loyal to British

Neolithic Period

10,000 to 4000 BCE. New Stone Age. Engaged in systematic agriculture. Humans became settled and lived in farms or villages. Human pop. increased. More structured social system. Pottery, crafts, metallergy and rise in exchange of goods

Constitutions federalist structure

10th amendments division of power to national/state governments

Delhi Sultanate

1200-1500 AD, Muslims from Turkey and central Asia invaded India, Their horses defeated Indian elephants, Took over the Indus and Ganges valleys, capital at Delhi

Salem Witch Trials

1692 a witch-hunt - paranoid,politically motivated persecution Political fears and religious intolerance led to Salem executing 19 "witches"

Islamic Reform Movement

1700s- early 1800s reforms sprang up, Wahhabi Movement, Muhammad announced that he was the Mahdi, 1800s the Mahdi and his followers fiersly resisted British expansion into the region

Roosevelt Corollary

1904 extension of the Monroe Doctrine, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force. Created by Theodore Roosevelt.

Arabian Desert

A desert on the Arabian Peninsula in southwestern Asia.

Takla Makan

A desert whose name means "those who enter do not come out", located in north western China.

Stamp Act of 1765

A direct tax placed upon the American colonies partially in order to help pay for their defense. It required that stamps be placed on many articles and documents including diplomas, playing cards, and newspapers. Repealed in 1766 after strong protestation and boycotts by both colonists and brits. Helped to pay for the French-Indian War.

Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)

A doctrine of military strategy in which a full-scale use of nuclear weapons by two opposing sides would effectively result in the destruction of both the attacker and the defender, if either US or the USSR was hit with a nuclear weapons they would respond with the same

Desert

A dry region that receives little rain

John Brown

A fervent abolitionist who believed God chose him to end slavery. He led a group in killing five supporters of slavery during the Pottawatomie Massacre. Gained attention during Bleeding Kansas. In 1859 he led an unsuccessful raid on the federal armory in Harper's Ferry, VA and was sentenced to death.

Napoleon Bonaparte

A figurehead for the new government. Became famous for a series of victories against foreign foes. Declared himself the emperor of France and launched an imperialistic campaign in Europe. Overthrew the king of Spain and put his own brother on the throne.

Average Total Cost

A firm's total cost divided by output (the quantity of product produced); equal to average fixed cost plus average variable cost.

Geomorphological unit

A landform is a landscape feature. The include hills, plateaus, mountains, deserts, deltas, canyons, etc.

Dead Sea

A landlocked salt lake between Israel and Jordan that is so salty almost nothing can live in its waters; it is 1349 feet below sea level making it the lowest place on the exposed crust of the earth.

Gettysburg

A large battle in the American Civil War, took place in southern Pennsylvania from July 1 to July 3, 1863. Union General George G. Meade led an army of about 90,000 men to victory against General Robert E. Lee's Confederate army of about 75,000. The most famous battle of the war, and the end of the South's hopes for victory.

Metropolitan Area

A large city and the surrounding towns

Caspian Sea

A large saltwater lake between Iran and Russia fed by the Volga River, world's largest inland body of water located between Europe and Asia

Caspian Sea

A large saltwater lake between Iran and Russia fed by the Volga River. It is the world's largest inland body of water.

Plateau

A large, flat area raised above the surrounding area

Glacier

A large, slow-moving mass of snow and ice.

Sir Thomas More

A lawyer and author who wrote Utopia

Iroquois Confederacy

A league of five Native American nations (Cayuga, Mohawk, Onondaga, Seneca, and Oneida). Created by Hiawatha and Dekanawida in order to bring about peace and prosperity for those groups. Used their combined power to expand into new territory, and played the major European powers to their benefit. A very powerful force during the 17th and 18th century.

Rocky Mountains

A major mountain system of the United States and Canada, extending 3,000 miles from Alaska to New Mexico.

Rocky Mountains

A major mountain system of the United states and Canada, extending 3,000 miles from Alaska south to New Mexico

Mekong River

A major river that runs from southern China through Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam

Mekong River

A major river that runs from southern China through Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam.

Schenck Vs. United States

A man was imprisoned for distributing pamphlets against the draft. Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes concluded that right to free speech could be limited when it represented a "clear and present danger" to the public safety.

Liberalism

A political or social philosophy advocating the freedom of the individual, parliamentary systems of government, nonviolent modification of political, social, or economic institutions to assure unrestricted development in all spheres of human endeavor, and governmental guarantees of individual rights and civil liberties.

Conservatism

A political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes, a belief that limited government ensures order, competitive governments, and personal opportunity.

Niger River

A river flowing from western Africa into the Gulf of Guinea

Congo River

A river in Central Africa that flows into the Atlantic Ocean

Indus River

A river in South Asia that flows from the Himalayas to the Arabian Sea, primarily in Pakistan, fertile cresent.

Euphrates River

A river in southwestern Asia that flows through the southern part of the Fertile Crescent, a river running through Sumer, Mespotamia, provided resources for the Mespotamians.

Euphrates River

A river in southwestern Asia that flows through the southern part of the Fertile Crescent, one of the rivers that ran through Sumer and Mesopotamia.

Ganges River

A river of South Asia that flows southeast from the Himalayas to the Bay of Bengal. India's most important river, it is a sacred river to the Hindus who believe it is the liquid form of God.

Ganges River

A river of South Asia that flows southeast from the Himalayas to the Bay of Bengal., India's most important river, flows across northern India into Bangladesh, Hindus sacred river, they believe it is the "liquid form of God".

Tributary

A river or stream that flows into another river.

Mountain Range

A row of connected mounatains

Agean Sea

A sea that seperates Greece from Asia Minor

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere. President James Monroe's statement forbidding further colonization in the Americas and declaring that any attempt by a foreign country to colonize would be considered an act of hostility

Consumer Price Index

A statistic used to measure inflation. Based on the price of a set "basket" of goods measured over time.

Interventionism

A strand of American foreign policy that was visible by the end of the 19th century; it included "gunboat diplomacy" and other forms of military involvement by the United States in various parts of the world.

Ecosystem

A system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with their physical environment

Civil Service

A system in which government employees are chosen according to their educational qualifications, performance on examinations, and work experience.

Feudalism

A system in which powerful lords gave land to nobles in return for pledges of loyalty. It replaced centralized governments.

The American Revolution

A war for independence between the 13 colonies and Great Britain (Revolutionary War).

New Deal Programs

Agricultural Adjustment Act (Stabilized Food Prices) National Industrial Recovery Act (fair industry competition) Securities and Exchange Commission (regulated stock market) FDIC (insures bank deposits) Public Works Administration (builds roads, buildings & dams) Tennessee Valley Authority (electric power to Southeast)

inuit

Alaskan eskimos

Federalists

Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison

French Imperialism

Algeria (North Africa), along the Mediterranean into Tunisia, and West and Central Africa. France's empire was as large as the continental US.

Implicit Costs

All the firm's opportunity costs of the resources supplied by the firm's owners for which the owners do not actually make a payment

Triple Alliance

Alliance among Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy at the end of the 19th century; part of European alliance system and balance of power prior to World War I.

Holy Alliance

Alliance among Russia, Prussia, and Austria in defense of religion and the established order; formed at Congress of Vienna by most conservative monarchies of Europe.

Triple Entente

Alliance between France, Great Britain and Russia signed this agreement that meant that if one of these countries were to be attacked by neighboring countries, the other two would help defend their country. Wanted to stop Germany's growing of power. Prior to WWI.

Fugitive Slave Law of 1850

Allowed slave owners to go into free states to retrieve their escaped slaves.

Suez Crisis 1956

Also referred to as the Tripartite Aggression, was a military attack on Egypt by Britain, France, and Israel beginning on 29 October 1956. A consequence from this crisis was that President Nasser of Egypt gained prestige as the leader of Arab opposition to Western Colonialism.

Suez Crisis, 1956

Also referred to as the Tripartite Aggression, was a military attack on Egypt by Britain, France, and Israel beginning on 29 October 1956. A consequence from this crisis was, that president Nasser of Egypt gained prestige as the leader of Arab opposition to Western Colonialism.

Bill of Rights

Although the Anti-Federalists failed to block the ratification of the Constitution, they did ensure that the Bill of Rights would be created to protect individuals from government interference and possible tyranny. The Bill of Rights, drafted by a group led by James Madison, consisted of the first ten amendments to the Constitution, which guaranteed the civil rights of American citizens.

Major rivers in South America

Amazon (2nd longest in the world)

International Date Line

An arc that for the most part follows 180° longitude, although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas. When you cross this heading east (toward America), the clock moves back 24 hours, or one entire day. When you go west (toward Asia), the calendar moves ahead one day.

Spheres of Influence

An area of one country under the control of another. In China, these areas guaranteed specific trading privileges to each imperialist nation within its respective sphere.

Region

An area with one or more common characteristic or feature

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

An attempt to improve the Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890, this law outlawed interlocking directorates (companies in which the same people served as directors), forbade policies that created monopolies, and made corporate officers responsible for antitrust violations. Benefitting labor, it declared that unions were not conspiracies in restraint of trade and outlawed the use of injunctions in labor disputes unless they were necessary to protect

Hinduism

An eastern religion which evolved from an ancient Aryan religion in which followers strive to free their soul from reincarnation until the soul is finally freed. This religion is practiced primarily in India.

Diseconomies of Scale

An economic concept referring to a situation in which economies of scale no longer function for a firm. Rather than experiencing continued decreasing costs per increase in output, firms see an increase in marginal cost when output is increased.

Perestroika

An economic policy adopted in the former Soviet Union, a policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev that involved restructuring of the social and economic status quo in communist Russia towards a market based economy and society.

Mercantilism

An economic policy where nations try to gather as much gold and silver as possible, done by controlling trade and establishing colonies.

Market System

An economic system in which individuals not the government, control production and distribution of goods and services; also called capitalism.

Capitalism

An economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth.

Mixed System

An economic system that includes both private ownership of property and government control (or regulation) of some services and industries

Plurality system

An electoral system in which the winner is the person who gets the most votes, even if he or she does not receive a majority; used in almost all American elections

Libertarianism

An ideology that cherishes individual liberty and insists on minimal government, promoting a free market economy, a noninterventionist foreign policy, and an absence of regulation in moral, economic, and social life.

equator

An imaginary circle around the middle of the earth, halfway between the North Pole and the South Pole

Equator

An imaginary line drawn across the middle of the globe.

prime meridian

An imaginary line passing through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England, which marks the 0° line of longitude.

Prime Meridian (runs vertically, otherwise known as longitude)

An imaginary line that divides Earth into two equal parts: the Eastern Hemisphere & the Western Hemisphere. It is used as the basis for the world's time zones.

Equator

An imaginary line that divides the earth into Northern and Southern hemispheres.

Prime Meridian

An imaginary line that divides the earth into Western and Eastern hemispheres

Trade Deficit

An imbalance in international trade in which the value of imports exceeds the value of exports.

Expansionary Fiscal Policy

An increase in government purchases of goods and services, a decrease in net taxes, or some combination of the two for the purpose of increasing aggregate demand and expanding real output. Used in times of recession.

Global Warming

An increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere (especially a sustained increase that causes climatic changes)

Marginal Cost

An increase in total cost that arises from an extra unit of production

Price Level

An index that traces the relative changes in the price of an individual good over time.

Force Theory

An individual or group claimed control over a territory and forced the population to submit. In this way, the state became sovereign, and those in control formed a government.

Speaker of the House

An office mandated by the Constitution. The Speaker is chosen in practice by the majority party, has both formal and informal powers, and is second in line to succeed to the presidency should that office become vacant.

Tribunes

An officer of ancient Rome elected by the plebeians to protect their rights from arbitrary acts of the patrician magistrates.

Daughters of Liberty

An organization formed by women prior to the American Revolution They got together to protest treatment of the colonies by their British Rulers

Socrates

Ancient Athenian philosopher who helped bring about Greece's Golden Age

Oceans

Are the largest bodies of water on the earth - 5 major oceans: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Artic, and Southern

Biomes

Are vegetation zones. Forests, grasslands, deserts, and tundra are the four main types.

Formal regions

Areas defined by actual political boundaries, such as a city, county, or state

Rationalism

Arose in the seventeenth century during the Enlightenment. A movement toward using reason and logic instead of observation as the basis for knowledge.

Paleolithic Period

Around 2.5 million years ago-10,000BCE. Old stone age. Nomads lived in groups of 10-20 and made tools and weapons from stone and from bones. Shelter in caves. Around 500,000 years ago, humans began using fire for light

Leonardo Da Vinci

Artist and Inventor, he is also known as the Renissance Man.

Michelangelo and Raphael

Artists

Settled Agriculture

As opposed to slash-and-burn varieties, usually implied some forms of property so that land could be identified as belonging to a family, a village, or a landlord. Only with property was there incentive to introduce improvements, such as wells or irrigation measures, that could be monopolized by those who created them or left to their heirs.

Henry Ford

Assembly line

Greek Democracy

At its base it was a direct democracy. Assembly, composed of adult male citizens, and met 40 times a year to debate public issues and make laws. Decisions were made by majority vote. Agenda for meetings was set by a council of 500 citizens chosen at random to serve for 1 month. They did the day to day work of government.

Pericles

Athenian statesman whose leadership contributed to Athen's political and cultural supremacy in Greece. Was a prominent and influential statesman, orator, and general of Athens during the city's Golden Age—specifically, the time between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars. Also, he led Athens in the war against Sparta.

Schlieffen Plan

Attack plan by Germans, proposed by Schliffen, lightning quick attack against France. Proposed to go through Belgium then attack France, Belgium resisted, other countries took up their aid, long fight, used trench warfare. Wanted to defeatFrance then turn and attack Russia.

Sigmund Freud

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis, 1856-1939; Field: psychoanalytic, personality; Contributions: id/ego/superego, reality and pleasure principles, ego ideal, defense mechanisms, psychoanalysis, transference.

Nicolo Machiavelli

Author of Prince and Discourses, which proposed a science of human nature and civil life.

Map types

Base maps Topographic maps Thematic maps

Theodore Roosevelt

Became the 26th U.S. president, and is remembered for his foreign policy, corporate reforms and ecological preservation. He was an environmental activist.

Banking and the Industrial Revolution

Before and during the Industrial Revolution the banking system was undergoing great change. The rise of promissory notes, private banking, expanded trade networks, and newly available credit gave people more money to spend and in turn allowed the IR to continue to grow.

Protestant Reformation

Began as an attempt to reform the Catholic Church, but eventually led to the separation from it. It did cause the Catholic Church to reform itself, and resulting in a preliferation of new denominations.

British Empire

Began in 16th and 17th centuries with establishment of colonies in North America and ended in 20th century as dozen nations became independent; strongest point was in 1900, empire included Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, vast portions of Africa, and smaller territories throughout; empire ceased to have "emperor" in late 1940's when British King renounced the title emperor of India; became British Commonwealth in 1931.

Paleolithic Period 2.5 m to 3500 BCE

Beginning 2.5 million years ago, is associated with the first use of stone tools.

New Immigration

Beginning after 1885, this wave contained immigrants from: Italy, Russia, Poland, and the Austro-Hungarian Empire, as well as, Eastern European Jews. Many came to escape poverty, unemployment, overpopulation, or religious/political descrimination. Were resented by much of the public, because of their lack of assimilation and willingness to work for low wages. Considered lesser than those from Northern Europe.

Alliance with France

Benjamin Franklin negotiated an agreement with France to fight with the Americans in 1778

who were the 5 people for the D of I?

Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Roger Sherman, Robert Livingston and Thomas Jefferson

Nelson Mandela

Born 1918. 11th President of South Africa. Spent 27 years in prison after conviction of charges while he helped spearhead the stuggle against apartheid. Received Nobel Peace Prize in 1993.

James Otis

Boston attorney argued in court against the Writs of Assistance, search warrants to enforce England's mercantilism trade restrictions, as violating the kinds of natural laws espoused during the Enlightenment

Sources of gain from trade

Both parites increase their maximum amount of goods they can attain, because each party is more productive when making a specific good. When these parties trade both sides enjoy a greater amount of both goods produced.

Portuguese Empire

Bustling trade empire built throughout the Indian Ocean including Malacca, much of the West Coast of Africa, Goa, and Brazil.

The Black Death

By 1348, this disease ravaged from Italy, Spain, and France to the rest of Europe; transmitted by fleas on rats; considered an epidemic; one in three people died; spread from Asia to middle east; people turned to witchcraft for cures; some beat themselves because they considered the disease God's punishment; Christians blamed Jews; production declined; higher wages; inflation

1777

By this year, only 10 states had new constitutions

Andrew Carnegie

By using the best steel making technologies, and producing in the largest most moder steel mills he was able to produce steel so cheeply that it could be used for a greater variety of things. The Carnegie Steel Company is one of the great giants of industry in the lat 1800s.

Charlemagne

Called the "Father of Europe" His empire united most of Western Europe for the first time since the Roman Empire. His rule spurred the Carolingian Renaissance, a period of cultural and intellectual activity within the Catholic Church. He died in 814 after having ruled as Emperor for just over thirteen years

Temperance Movement

Campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages usually tied to religious or moral beliefs. It played a big role in US politics during the 19th and 20th centuries. Led to the Prohibition of Alcohol sales and production from 1919 to 1933.

Marbury vs. Madison

Case in which the supreme court first asserted the power of Judicial review in finding that the congressional statue expanding the Court's original jurisdiction was unconstitutional

Ottoman Empire

Centered in Constantinople, the Turkish imperial state that conquered large amounts of land in the Middle East, North Africa, and the Balkans, and fell after World War I.

Confederation Congress

Central government set up by Articles of Confederation (1781-89). No executive or judicial branches. Unicameral legislature with no power to tax or regulate interstate commerce (intentionally weak to prevent tyranny). One state one vote, supermajority (9/13) to pass important laws, unanimous vote to amend.

John Locke

Central to Enlightment-era thought is the notion of natural rights. Advanced by ____ and others, this was the notion that some rights are reserved to humans at birth.

Economies of Scale

Characterizes a production process in which an increase in the scale of the firm causes a decrease in the long run average cost of each unit. Importance is that it renders competition in the market.

The Middle Kingdom

China called themselves "____________" because they believed they lived at the center of the world because of the natural barriers that cut them off.

Guomindang

Chinese Nationalist party founded by Sun Yat-sen in 1919; drew support from local warlords and Chinese criminal underworld; initially forged alliance with Communists in 1924; dominated by Chiang Kai-shek after 1925

Sun Yat-Sen

Chinese nationalist revolutionary, founder and leader of the Guomindang until his death. He attempted to create a liberal democratic political movement in China but was thwarted by military leaders. (p. 768)

Southeast US Native tribes

Choctaw Creek Chickasaw Cherokee Siminole

Eastern Orthodox Church

Christian followers in the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire); split from Roman Catholic Church and shaped life in eastern Europe and western Asia.

Trenton, New Jersey

Christmas 1776 - Washington crosses the Delaware to surprise the British and Hessians

Second recorded contact between Europeans and Native Americans

Christopher Columbus 1492 for Spain.

Population Push Movement

Circumstances or factors encouraging a person to leave their country or region. For example: war or other armed conflict, famine or drought.

Population Push Movement

Circumstances or factors encouraging a person to leave their country or region. For example:War or other armed conflict, Famine or drought, Disease.

15th amendment

Citizens cannot be denied the right to vote because of race or color

Alexandria

City in Egypt founded by Alexander the Great, center of commerce and Hellenistic civilization.

Carthage

City located in present-day Tunisia, founded by Phoenicians ca. 800 B.C.E. It became a major commercial center and naval power in the western Mediterranean until defeated by Rome in the third century B.C.E.

Loyalists

Colonists living in America who remained loyal to the British Crown, and opposed the war for independence.

Thomas Paine wrote

Common Sense

Early empires

Common traits were: strong military, centralized government, money, and taxes. Athens, Sparta, Egypt, and Sumer

Physical geography

Concerned with the locations of such features as climate, water, and land as well as how these relate to and affect each other

Crimean War

Conflict between the Russian and Ottoman Empires. To prevent Russian expansion, Britain and France sent troops to support the Ottomans. The war arose from the conflict of Russian demands to exercise protection over the Orthodox subjects of the Ottoman sultan.

First Amendment

Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the government for a redress of grievances.

Legislative Oversight

Congress' monitoring of the bureaucracy and its administration of policy, performed mainly through hearings, the power of Congress to oversee how laws are carried out.

Senate

Considered the upper house it is supposed to be more stable and less effected by events than the house. Only one seat comes up for a vote in a regular November election. Serve 6 year terms. Qualifications: Must be atleast 30yrs old, have been a citizen for 9 yrs, and be a resident of the state from which he/she is elected.

Slash-and-burn agriculture

Consists of cutting and burning of forests or woodlands to create fields for agriculture or pasture for livestock, or for a variety of other purposes. It is sometimes part of shifting cultivation agriculture, and of transhumance livestock herding.

Bill of rights contains this

Constitution and 10 Amendments 1791

separation of powers

Constitutional division of powers among the legislative, executive, and judicial branches, with the legislative branch making law, the executive applying and enforcing the law, and the judiciary interpreting the law

Hippocrates

Contributed to the knowledge of the ancient Greeks by proposing new methods for treating diseases.

Huguenots

Converts or adherents to Calvinism in France, including many from the French nobility wishing to challenge the authority of the Catholic monarch. Also known as French Protestants.

Variable Costs

Costs that change according to the level of production.

Fixed Costs

Costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced

Treaty of Versailles

Created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty 1)stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Airforce. 2) Germany had to pay for war damages(33 billion) 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manufacture arms. Also had to give up all colonies. Was never ratified by the US congress.

Code of Hammurabi

Created in Babylon at about 1790 BCE, lists nearly 300 laws.

What is the great compromise

Created two houses ( senate and house of representatives)

Since the end of the United States Civil War in 1865, all of the following have been major objectives of groups seeking civil rights for Black people EXCEPT

Creation of a third party national politics

Amendment 5

Crime must have an indictment

Amendment 7

Crimes can be reexamined

Assimilation

Culturally, it is the process by which a person or a group's language and/or culture come to resemble those of another group.

Mormans

DID NOT play a role in Early English settlements Joseph Smith founded Mormonism in 1830

Federal Courts

Deal with problems between states; they also handle cases that deal with the Constitution and the laws made by Congress, they lack enforcement powers.

Federalist papers

Debates of the Congress and the concerns of the founding fathers were made available to the people of the nation in order to win popular support for the new proposed constitution

Brown vs. Board of Education

Decision saying, segregation in SCHOOLS is a violation of the 14th amendment, 1954, stated that it was unconstitutional to maintain separate black and white schools, overturned Plessy v. Ferguson (1896). Ruled that segregated schools are not acceptable because of the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

13th Amendment

Declared slavery illegal

Functional regions

Defined by a common function, such as the area covered by a telephone service

Latitude

Distance north or south of the Equator, measured in degrees. Has the greatest influence on climate.

Latitude

Distance north or south of the equator, measured in degrees. Has the greatest influence on climate.

Dutch Empire

Dutch East India Company. Also more concerned with strategic ports, straits, and coasts. Established Cape Town, New Amsterdam in Manhattan, Batavia on Java and displaced the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean. Also had Ceylon and West Indies. Most wealth came from Indian Spices and tea from plantations in Ceylon. Empire began to unravel after Netherlands seized by Napoleon. Java lost after WWII.

Modernization Model

Each country goes through five stages of development. 1.Traditional-subsistence farming, resistence to technological change / 2.Preconditions of Takeoff - production increase, desire to raise standard of living/ 3.Takeoff - industrial revolution, urbanization increases, technology and mass/ 4.Drive to Maturity - technologies diffuse, industrial specialization, international trade expands, modernization in core area, population growth reduced/ 5.Total Maturity - high mass consumption, high incomes, production of goods and service, majority of workers enter the service industry.

The factory system

Each worker created a separate part of the total assembly of a product, thus increasing the efficiency of factories. Factories spread wildly as well in the 1820s. Many of these factories were also built alongside water to take advantage of water power. Many also had massive smokestacks. Factories polluted both water and air.

Law of Demand

Economic law which states that consumers will buy more of a good or service as the price goes down.

Pendleton Act 1883

Eliminated the spoils system of patronage in selection for government jobs and set up an exam-based merit system for qualified candidates

Asante Kingdom

Emerged in present day Ghana in the late 1600s. Grew wealthy from control of the gold mines and slaves. Traded gold and slaves for weapons to maintain power

Constantine

Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians (280-337). Roman Emperor who founded Constantinople as the new eastern capital of the Roman Empire; reunited the Roman Empire

Constantine

Emperor of Rome who adopted the Christian faith and stopped the persecution of Christians. He founded Constantinople as the new eastern capital of the Roman Empire.

Embargo Act

Enacted in 1807 as a response to impressment, this bill halted all foreign trade with disastrous economic consequences. It was Jefferson's way of trying to hurt the British and French economies for the manner in which they were disrespecting American trade and warships. Ended in 1809 as in reality it hurt the British very little, but nearly destroyed the US economy.

The revolutionary war began when

England imposed the tax on Tea and the colonies rebelled

Thomas Hobbes

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679)

Thomas Hobbes

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679), wrote "Leviathan" and believed people were naturally cruel, greedy, and selfish; he also believed only a powerful governemnt could keep an orderly society.

Second Continental Congress

Established the Continental Army and chose George Washington as its commanding general. They allowed printing of money and created government offices.

1st Estate

Estate that consisted of clergy and about 130,000 people. They owned about 10% of the land. They were exempt from taxes. They were radically divided.

Humanists

European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the fifteenth century and later. Explored human endeavors in their art, literature, and poetry.

Christianity

Europeans kept a transitional Western identity; ______ after the collapse of the Roman Empire.

Equilibrium Exchange Rate

Exchange rate at which demand for a currency is equal to the supply of the currency in the economy.

Parliamentary Government

Executive branch is made up of the Prime Minister or Premier, and his/her cabinet. These pepole are also members of the legislative branch. The PM is the leader of the majority party, and was elected by his party. Cabinet is selected by the PM and must be approved by rest of parliament. PM and Cabinet stay in office as long as their work is supported by the majority of parliament. Parliament can call for a "vote of no confidence" and force the PM to resign. Generally in this case all seats of parliament go up for general election, then a new PM and cabinet are selected. Most govt's today are like this. Avoids presidential deadlock, but has fewer checks and balances.

Branches of Gov't

Executive, Legislative, Judicial

Totalitarian

Exercise complete power over nearly every aspect of human affairs, embrace all matters of human concern. Many modern dictatorships.

Whig Party

Existed from 1833 to 1856. It started in opposition to Jackson's authoritarian policies.

Holy Roman Empire

Existed from 912 to 1806. -Otto the Great reunited most of the lands of Charlemaynes Empire -Otto was crowed emperor by the Pope in 962 and had an unbroken line of succession of emperors for over eight centuries. -Otto involved the church, but tried to limit its power. The church slowly aquired control, which corrupted many of the church leaders. Simony, is the buying and selling of church positions. -One of Otto's legacies was the rivalry against church and state. -The Emporer of the empire was always crowned by the church.

Dictatorship

Exists where those who rule cannot be held responsible to the will of the people. Government is not accountable for its policies nor how they are carried out. Oldest and most common form of government known to history.

Lewis and Clark

Explored the newly bought Louisiana Territory under Jefferson's orders. The expedition was called the Corps of Discovery. They went to the Pacific Ocean and discovered more about the territory, also increasing the want for Westward Expansion which lead to the belief in the doctrine of Manifest Destiny

220 and 476

Fall of Han dynasty and fall of the western Roman Empire

1989

Fall of the Berlin Wall

220CE

Fall of the Han Dynasty in China.

Daniel Webster

Famous American politician and orator. he advocated renewal and opposed the financial policy of Jackson. Many of the principles of finance he spoke about were later incorporated in the Federal Reserve System. Would later push for a strong union. In favor of a strong national government. Did not immediately resign when Tyler became President.

Sedentary Agriculture

Farming system in which the farmer remains settled in one place

Nomadic pastoralism

Farming system where animals (cattle, goats, camels) are taken to different locations in order to find fresh pastures.

Shifting cultivation

Farming system where farmers move on from one place to another when the land becomes exhausted. The most common form is slash-and-burn agriculture: land is cleared by burning, so that crops can be grown. Slash-and-burn is practised in many tropical forest areas, such as the Amazon region, where yams, cassava, and sweet potatoes can be grown

Free Silver Movement

Favored by inflationists in the late 1800s. It called for the government to coin all silver brought to the mint.

Presidential Government

Features a separation of powers between the executive and the legislative branches of government. The two branches are independent and coequal. Details of the separation of powers are usually written out in a constitution. They have the ability to check or block each other.

Yalta Conference

February 1945 - Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill met in Yalta to discuss the post-war treatment of Europe

Articles of Confederation

First attempt to establish of independent government. Designed to protect states' rights over those of the national government and sent to the colonies for ratification in 1777 and went into effect on March 1, 1778, had two major elements that proved unworkable. First, there was no centralized national government. Second, there was no centralized power to tax or regulate trade with other nations, or between states. With no national tax, the Revolution was financed by printing more and more money, which caused inflation.

Kingdom of Ghana

First of the great medieval trading empires of western Africa (7th - 13th century). Located in what is now southeastern Mauritania and part of Mali, it acted as intermediary between Arab and Berber salt traders to the north and gold and ivory producers to the south.

Red Scare (1920s)

First of two panics about supposed communist infiltration that led to the deportation of nearly 6,000 people

Senate Majority Leader

First-ranking party position, held by a distinguished senior member of the majority party in the Senate. The Senate majority leader schedules floor actions on bills, and helps guide the majority party's legislative program through the Senate.

Average Fixed Cost

Fixed cost divided by the quantity of output produced

Plateau

Flat land with high elevation

622

Flight of Muhammad to Medina (considered the beginning of Islam)

Physical Anthropology

Focuses on the development of the human race's physical form.

Kwame Nkrumah

Founder of Ghana's independence movement and Ghana's first priesident

Reconstruction

Freed Slaves: • 13th amendment declared slavery illegal • 14th amendment made all persons born in the country U.S. citizens thus having fundamental civil rights • 15th amendment allow people of all races to vote Started by Lincoln, President after Civil War ended, proposed a moderate approach Radical Republicans wanted to punish those who had fought in defense of slavery Ended in 1877 when Democrats came into power, repealing the Acts of the radical Republicans

1st amendment

Freedom of Religion Freedom of Speech Freedom of Assembly Freedom to appeal to government for relief

Market Economy

Freedom of choice of jobs, salaries, production and price Incentives - to make a profit, decrease or discontinue production, or change business practices Competition Private ownership Limited government

Alexis de Tocqueville

French liberal politician who observed the evolution of American political thought, customs and social interaction in the 1830's. His book Democracy in America is still considered one the most accurate primary sources on American culture.

Laissez faire

French meaning "allow to do" - in business, it refers to a system where companies are allowed to conduct business without interference from the government

Montesquieu

French nobleman whose great work, The Spirit of Laws, advocated a system of "checks and balances" to protect the individual from government tyranny in 1748.

Philosophes

French thinkers who popularized Enlightenment ideas through their writings were known as this. Social critics of the eighteenth century who subjected social institutions and practices to the test of reason.

Voltaire

French, perhaps greatest Enlightenment thinker. Deist. Mixed glorification and reason with an appeal for better individuals and institutions. Wrote Candide. Believed enlightened despot best form of government.

Chiang Kai-shek

General and leader of Nationalist China after 1925. Although he succeeded Sun Yat-sen as head of the Guomindang, he became a military dictator whose major goal was to crush the communist movement led by Mao Zedong. (p. 788)

Victoriano Huerta

General who murdered Madero. Wilson refused to acknowledge his government. His presidency led to a massive immigration of Mexicans to the US

Christopher Columbus

Genoese mariner who in the service of Spain led expeditions across the Atlantic, reestablishing contact between the peoples of the Americas and the Old World and opening the way to Spanish conquest and colonization.

Physical Characteristic

Geographic features that were not made by humans, but occur naturally in the landscape.

British response to First Continental Congress

George III - colonists must submit or face military action

Revision to Treaty of Versailles at end of First World War

Germany had to take responsibility for allied war losses by accepting "war guilt" clause

Famous Speeches

Gettysburg Address Lincoln dedicating the battleground's cemetery Fourteen Points Wilson outline plans for peace and League of Nations Address to Congress Roosevelt declared war on Japan after Pearl Harbor attack Inaugural Address JFK used "Ich bin ein Berliner" expressing empathy for West Berliners "I Have A Dream"/"I See The Promised Land" Martin Luther King, Jr. gave them as hallmarks of Civil Rights Movement Brandenburg Gate Speech Reagon on Berlin Wall and end of Cold War, "Tear down this wall"

French Explorers

Giovanni da Verrazano and Ja

Gettysburg Address

Given by President Abraham Lincoln on the site of the Battle of Gettysburg

Gupta Empire

Golden Age of India; ruled through central government but allowed village power; restored Hinduism.

Federal Categorial Grants

Grants that earmark the funds for specific uses and oten require that the states meet a number of other requirements to receive and used these funds.

Byzantine culture

Greco-Roman culture continued to flourish, language was Greek, Orthodox Christianity, Greek and Roman knowledge was perserved in libraries

Thucydides

Greek historian. Considered the greatest historian of antiquity, he wrote a critical history of the Peloponnesian War that contains the funeral oration of Pericles

Aristotle

Greek philosopher. A pupil of Plato, the tutor of Alexander the Great, and the author of works on logic, metaphysics, ethics, natural sciences, politics, and poetics, he profoundly influenced Western thought. In his philosophical system, which led him to criticize what he saw as Plato's metaphysical excesses, theory follows empirical observation and logic, based on the syllogism, is the essential method of rational inquiry.

Polis

Greek word for city-state. Is a city, a city-state and also citizenship and body of citizens. When used to describe Classical Athens and its contemporaries, it is often translated as "city-state."

Secondary Groups

Gropus marked by impersonal, instrumental relationships (those existing as a means to an end) groups that meet principally to solve problems.

Industrial Revolution Why Britain?

Had large supplies of iron and coal. The agricultural revolution led to a population boom which caused an increase in demand for products. The British overseas empire had brought wealth to the country and provided the business class with money to invest.

Hemisphere

Half of the earth

NRA v. Chicago and McDonald v. Chicago

Hand guns and automatic weapons are illegal in Chicago; Does this law go against the 2nd right in the bill of rights?

Congress

Has the power to ratify treaties and delcare war, and the powere to make laws.

Vedic

Having to do with or pertaining to the Vedas-the oldest scriptures in India and the world, passed through oral tradition.

Charlemagne

He attempted to unitfy his lands in Western Europe after his death in 814 C.E. because regional loyalties that owtweighed allegience to his son.

Julius Andrassy

He became Austria-Hungary's last imperial Foreign Minister, serving for just nine days before resigning on 1 November 1918. With war underway He came out in opposition to Foreign Minister Burian's initiatives in Italy and Poland.

John D. Rockefeller

He created the Standard Oil company, and through brutal business tactics he gained control of more than 90 percent of the nation's oil refining businesses. After gaining control of refinery he expanded to control oil fields, oil tankers, and even cooking stoves. Though his tactics were ruthless his workers were paid well, and he was one of the first to grant old age pensions.

Mountain ranges in Asia

Himalayan (largest mountain range on earth), Mt. Everest (highest peak of 29,035 feet), Karakoram and Pamir

Andrew Jackson

His election is considered the beginning of the modern political party system and the start of the Democratic Party. Jeffersonian Democracy, a system governed by middle and upper class educated property holders. The Indian Removal Act of 1830 too natives out of territories that whites wanted to settle, most notably the Trail Of Tears, moved Cherokees to Oklahoma. The issue of nullification, the right to nullify any federal laws they thought unconstitutional.

Castes

Historically, the name given to hierarchical groups organized in Indian society.

Supply & demand

How much of something you have & how much of something ppl want. Generally speaking, the price of something increases if the demand increases as well.(Think: obtaining tickets to your favorite singer's concert. Others want the tixx too. They are willing to pay more than they normally would to get them. So, the demand goes up b/c more ppl want them. As a result, the price also goes up b/c the seller knows he/she can get more $$ for the tixx since they are in demand).

individual rights and responsibilities

Idea that the rights of individuals in democratic systems are protected, but that with this protection comes the responsibilities of citizenship

Christopher Columbus

In 1492 ______ funded by the Spanish crown, attempted to find a sea route to India by going west and circumnavigating the globe.

Martin Luther

In 1517, posted his "Ninety-Five Theses" on the door of a church in Saxony, which criticized unethical practices, various doctrines, and the authority of the pope. Other reformers such as John Calvin and John Wesley soon followed. Consequently, the Lutheran, Reformed, Calvinist, and Presbytarian churches were founded, among others.

Aryans

Indo-Europeans who migrated to India. Had Iron tools and walled towns by 500BC. Divided people into social classes by occupation. Originally divided into priests, warriors, herders, and non-Aryans. Over time this became a complex system of castes. Polytheistic religion. Believed in Brahman a single spirit found in everything.

Demand Pull Inflation

Inflation resulting from an increase in aggregate demand. Increases in the following factors: money supply, government purchases, and price level in the rest of the world can impact this.

Folkways

Informal norms or everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture, norms for routine or casual interaction.

Big Stick Diplomacy

International negotiations backed by the threat of force. The phrase comes from a proverb quoted by Theodore Roosevelt, who said that the United States should "Speak softly and carry a big stick."

League of Nations

International organization founded in 1919 to promote world peace and cooperation but greatly weakened by the refusal of the United States to join. It proved ineffectual in stopping aggression by Italy, Japan, and Germany in the 1930s.

India 3000 BCE-500 CE: Innovation

Iron Plow, Caste system, concept of zero, decimal system

Inflation

Is defined as a sustained increase in the general level of prices for goods and services. It is measured as an annual percentage increase. As inflation rises, every dollar you own buys a smaller percentage of a good or service.

New England Colonies

Is six states of the Northeastern United States: - Conneticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont

Renissance

Is the French word for rebirth, and is used to describe the renewal of interest in Ancient Greek and Latin art, literature, and philosophy that began in Florence, Itay, from the 14th and 16th centuries. Included advances in science, education, politics, and art. Paper was important.

Reserve Requirements

Is the amount of money the Federal Reserve Board determines banks must keep "in reserve" in their vaults or on deposit with one of the 12 Federal Reserve Banks. They can raise or lower amount in reserve to control money supply. One of the Fed's Tools to adjust money supply.

Cartography

Is the are and science of mapmaking.

Carrying capacity

Is the maximum, sustained level of use of an environment can incur without sustaining significant environmental deterioration that would eventually lead to environmental destruction.

The Diet of Japan

Japanese bicameral parliament established as part of the new constitution of 1889; part of Meiji reforms; could pass laws and approve budgets; able to advise government, but not to control it

On Liberty

John Stuart Mill, essay, plead for the pratical and moral value inherent in safe guarding individual differences and popular opinion.

Yellow Journalism

Journalism that exploits, distorts, or exaggerates the news to create sensations and attract readers.

Judge qualifications

Judges are Presidential appointees No requirements for office Hold appointment for life unless removed for criminal/unethical breach

Declaration of Independence was created

July 4 1776

Battle of Bunker Hill

June 1775 - heavy losses for the British despite American troops withdrawing "hold your fire until you can see the whites of their eyes"

United States Space Program

Kennedy

example of operant conditioning

Kevin trashes his sister's room so his mom tells him that he can't go out with friends (negative punishment)

1689-1697

King William's War (Nine Year's War)

Alexander the Great

King of Macedonia who conquered Greece, Persia, Egypt and the Indus Valley; spred Greek culture across three continents

Alexander the Great

King of Macedonia who conquered Greece, Persia, Egypt, and the Indus. Spread Greek culture across three continents.

Victor Emmanuel

King of Piedmont, Savoy, and Sardinia. Eventually became first king of a united Italy. Led the north in Italian unification and united with Garibaldi's south in 1861. Drove the pope into the Vatican city, and eventually made Rome the capital of Italy.

Mountain ranges in Australia

Kosciusko

Factors of Production

Land - land, forests, mineral, water Labor - talent, skills, physical labor Capital - cash and material equipment needed, buildings, property, tools, office equipment, roads Entrepreneurship - initiative to capitalize on the system

Slash-and-Burn

Land is cleared by burning, so that crops can be grown. It is practiced in many tropical forest areas, such as the Amazon region, where yams, cassava, and sweet potatoes can be grown.

Black Sea

Large body of water separating Ukraine from Turkey

Black Sea

Large body of water that separates the Ukraine from Turkey.

Protective Tariffs and the West

Largely in favor of implimenting protective tariffs. They hoped for manufacturing to spread west of the Appalachians, and thought that the growth of manufacturing cities would lead to greater demand for their farmed goods. They were also strongly in favor of improving/creating infrastructure for shipping goods.

Executive Branch

Largest branch of government President, VP and all bureaucracy of Federal Government cabinet, armed services, postal workers, park service, FBI

Marcus Aurelius

Last of the "Good Emperors", Wrote "Meditations" personal reflections of his beliefs, End of the Pax Romana

Mycenaean Age

Lasted from about 2000 B.C.E to the conquest of the Greek peninsula by invaders in the 1100s. Were bold traders and maintained contact with other countries from the Mediterranean and Europe. They were excellent engineers and built outstanding bridges, tombs, residences and palaces. Civilization is dedicated to King Agamemnon who led the Greeks in the Trojan War.

What does it mean to say that justice is to give to another what is rightfully his?

Law, in both conetnt and administration, must be reasonable, fair and impartial

Shaka Zulu

Leader of Zulu people, Around 1816 used highly disciplined warriors and good military organization to create a large centralized state. The Zulu land became part of British-controlled land in 1887.

The Connecticut Compromise

Legislative branch would have two parts: 1. a House of Representatives with state representation based on population and 2. a Senate, with two members from each state.

What Is to Be Done

Lenin's pamphlet in 20th century Russia that argued for the vanguard of the revolution.

Julius Caesar

Made a dictator for life in 45BCE after conquering Gaul, assassinated in 44BCE by the Senate because they were afraid of his power.

14th Amendment

Made all persons born in the country U.S. Citizens

Julius Caesar

Made dictator for life in 45 BCE, after conquering Gaul, assinated in 44 BCE by the Senate because they were afraid of his power. Roman general who became the republic's dictator; created the basis for the calendar

The Long March

Mao zedong and 100,000 of his followers marched away from the Guomundang (national party)...this was a great victory for communists in China.

Political

Map that shows the boundaries of countries, states, or municipalities

Topological Maps

Maps that have been simplified to the point where only a few pieces of key information stand out.

Dot Map

Maps where one dot represents a certain number of a phenomenon, such as a population.

Major Supreme Court Cases

Marbury vs. Madison, 1803 Established judicial review as power of the Supreme Court Fred Scot vs. Sandford, 1857 Upheld property rights over human rights, slave still a slave even in a free state Brown vs. Board of Education, 1954 segregation even in "separate but equal" is unconstitutional Miranda vs. Arizona, 1966 Reading of Miranda Rights to the arrested, ensures confessions cannot be illegally obtained and citizens have rights to fair trials and protection under the law

Industrial Age

Marked by many new inventions Railway expansion, reaching 240,000 miles by 1910, kept mines and factories very busy Gold and silver mining brought prospectors to the West with mining corporations taking over soon after 1875 Cattle ranching spread with farmers moving into the high plains, establishing the "Bread Basket", the major wheat growing country

Second Continental Congress

May 10, 1775 - The delegates saw that it was evident that it would be full scale war with Great Britain.

Mesolithic Period

Middle part of the Stone Age beginning about 15,000 years ago

Major Rivers in the United States

Mississippi (2nd longest in US), Missouri (longest in US), Colorodo (famous for the grand canyon), Niagara (famous for its falls), Rio Grande (between US and Mexico), St. Lawrence (links Great Lakes and Atlantic Ocean)

Rivers in United States

Missouri (longest in the U.S.), Mississippi (2nd longest in the U.S.), Colorado (famous for the Grand Canyon), Niagara (famous for its Falls), Rio Grande (between the U.S. and Mexico), St. Lawrence (links Great Lakes and Atlantic Ocean)

1200-1300

Mongol Domination of Asia

1200-1300

Mongol domination of Asia.

Social Contract Theory

Most significant of the political theories. Developed in England and France in the17th and 18th centuries by philosophers Thomas Hobbes, James Harrington, John Locke, and John Jacques Rousseau. A population in a given place (territory) gave up as much power to a government as necessary to promote the well-being of all. In doing so, they created a sovereign state.

World War II

Most widespread and deadliest war in history, involving more than 30 countries and resulting in more than 50 million military and civilian deaths. Sparked by Adolf Hitler's invasion of Poland in 1939 the war went of for 6 deadly years until the final Allied defeat of both Nazi Germany and Japan in 1945.

Population Pull Movement

Motives to migrate can be either incentives attracting people away, for example: Higher incomes, Lower taxes, Better weather, Better availability of employment.

Population Pull Movement

Motives to migrate can be either incentives attracting people away. For example: higher incomes, lower taxes, better weather, better availability of employment.

Hindu Kush

Mountain range in Central Asia. It meets the Karakorum and Himalaya from the west to complete a wall of mountains between the subcontinent and the rest of Asia.

Zagros Mountains

Mountains on the western side of Iran help isolate that country from the rest of Southwest Asia. The birthplace of agriculture located in northeastern Iraq.

Zagros Mountains

Mountains on the western side of Iran that help isolate the country from the rest of Southwest Asia. The birthplace of agriculture located in northeastern Iraq

Urbanization

Movement of people from rural areas to cities. Refers to a process in which an increasing proportion of an entire population lives in cities and the suburbs of cities. Historically, it has been closely connected with industrialization

President qualifications

Must be at least 35 years old Must be a natural born citizen of the US Must have been a resident of US for last 14 years

Strait of Gibraltar

Narrow waterway that separates Europe from Africa by 8 miles

Strait of Gibralter

Narrow waterway that separates Europe from Africa by 8 miles.

Absolute Monarchs

National leaders in France and Spain that became rulers with no checks to their power.

Nonrenewable resources

Natural resources that cannot be regenerated in the same proportion in which that are used (oil, coal, metal ores)

13 colonies were divided into three regions

New England, Middle Atlantic, and Southern

The New England colonies

New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Massachusetts

Rivers in Africa

Nile (world's largest), Congo (5th largest), Niger (largest delta in Africa), Zambezi (famous for the Victoria falls, one of the "Seven Natural Wonders of the World")

Major rivers in Africa

Nile (worlds longest), Congo, Niger, Zambezi

earliest civilizations

Nile Rive valley in Egypt, Mesopotamia, Indus River, Hwang Ho in China

Karl Marx

Nineteenth century German philosopher that felt that dialectal materialism should be the basis of all study of society.

Amendment8

No cruel or unusal punishment

Anarchy

No governement or without law and order

Paleolithic Age

Old Stone Age, during the this period, humans grouped together in small societies such as bands, and subsisted by gathering plants and hunting or scavenging wild animals. This period is characterized by the use of knapped stone tools, although at the time humans also used wood and bone tools. Were nomadic and lived in small groups.

Assembly line

On December 1, 1913, Henry Ford installs the first moving assembly line for the mass production of an entire automobile. His innovation reduced the time it took to build a car from more than 12 hours to two hours and 30 minutes.

Boston Tea Party

On December 16, 1773 a group of colonists dressed as Mohawk Indians, and led by Samuel Adams rushed the wharf in Boston, and heaved 342 chests of tea into the ocean. They were protesting the grant of a monopoly on tea to the British East India Company. They dumped the tea, because the governor refused to let the ship leave until it was unloaded.

Boston Massacre

On March 5, 1770 a crowd of 50 or 60 men and boys gathered and threw sticks and snowballs at British soldiers. The soldiers then opened fire and killed 5 men. This was the first physical clash between the British and the colonists.

Social Stratification

One of two components together with agricultural surplus, which enables the formation of cities; the differentiation of society into classes based on wealth, power, production and prestige.

Force theory (of government)

One person forced all others into submission

A classical civilization

One that developed many things that our culture still uses today, such as, paper; gunpowder; arches; columns; laws; language; science; math; philosophy; etc.

Libertarian

One who favors a free market economy and no governmental interference in personal liberties, strong support for civil and political liberties but reject government regulation of the economy.

Middle Ages

Or Medieval Times, was a period that ran Between the 5th and 15th centuries. *Early: started at the collapse at the Roman Empire -Roman Catholicism was the cultural and religious center, extending into politics and economics *High: population growth and many technological advances. Universities were established. -Feudalism, peasants would live on a lord's land and work in exchange for food and shelter. -The Crusades, wars between European Christians and the Middle Eastern Muslims, raged over the Holy Lands -Charles the Great, or Charlemenge, created an empire across France and Germany around 800 A.D. *Late: The Black Death plague swept across Europe from 1347 to 1350, leaving between one third and one half the population dead. Heiracy *Followed by the Renissance

Prairie/steppe climates

Or steppe regions, are dry flatlands (receive 10 to 20 inches of water per year)

Emancipation Proclamation

Order given by Lincoln in 1863 to free the slaves. Allowed Blacks to fight for the Union. Paved the way for the 13th Amendment which ended slavery.

Mahmut II

Ottoman sultan; destroyed power of Janissaries and their religious allies; initiated reform of Ottoman Empire on Western precedents.

Agreements of Yalta and Potsdam

Outlawing the Nazi Party, trials for Nazi leaders, relocation of numerous German citizens

Napoleon Bonaparte

Overthrew French Directory in 1799 and became emperor of the French in 1804. Failed to defeat Great Britain and abdicated in 1814. Returned to power briefly in 1815 but was defeated and died in exile.

French Revolution of 1830

Overthrew the monarchy started in 1830; briefly created a democratic republic; its failure led to the restoration of the French Empire by Napoleon III in 1850

Gulf

Part of an ocean that cuts into a mass of land

Townshend Acts

Passed by Parliament in 1767, placed taxes on imported materials such as glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea. Led to outrage and many people boycotted British goods. Repealled in 1770 as the British could not effectively collect on them, tea was the exception.

Bland-Allison Act

Passed in 1878 it required that the treasury buy 2 to 4 million dollars worth of silver a month and issue currency against it. It passed in spite of a presidential veto. It did add to the money supply, but did not halt inflation. It was repealed in 1900.

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Passed on May 25, 1854. This nullified the provision creating the territories of Kansas and Nebraska. This allowed people of the two territories to decide for themselves whether or not to permit slavery there. Kansas was given the nickname "Bloody Kansas" because there were two strong groups that opposed each other about slavery.

Serfs

Peasants who were "bound to the soil" meaning they were considered part of the property.

German Settlers

Pennsylvania

Quakers

Pennsylvania 1681 Delaware 1682

Hoovervilles

People during the Great Depression created makeshift domiciles out of cardboard, scraps of wood, and tents. A reference to President Hoover who was overwhelmed by the situation and incapable of dealing with it.

Creoles

People of European descent born in the colonies. Number 2 on the food chain.

Gilded Age

Period of rapid wealth accumulation by entrepreneurs from approximately the 1870's-1890's

The Meiji Restoration

Period of time where the shoguns were abolished as military leaders of the government and all controll was given to the government and Japan was modernized

Mestizos

Persons of mixed Native American and European descent were 3rd on the list along with Mullatoes.Above only the Native Americans and Africans.

First Continental Congress

Philadelphia, September 5, 1774, 55 delegates, 12 colonies (caused by Coercive Acts)

Copernicus

Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543)

Anarchism

Political movement for the elimination of all governments replaced by a cooperative community of individuals.

Communism

Political system characterized by a classless, stateless social organization. Common ownership of national goods. Ideology is the same as Marxism.

Vasco Da Gama

Portuguese explorer. In 1497-1498 he led the first naval expedition from Europe to sail to India, opening an important commercial sea route.

Decade of Optimism

Post WWI, public felt optimistic: • affordable cars from Henry Ford's mass production system • better roads • electric lights • airplanes • new communication systems • voting rights for women • radio and movies developed a national culture • many Americans lived in the cities • young people shortened dresses and haircuts, smoke and drink in public Russian Revolution cause a Red Scare, strengthening the KKK 1925, the Scopes trial in Tennessee convicted a high school teacher for presenting the Darwinian theories Teapot Dome scandal rocked the Harding administration 1923, Calvin Coolidge became president President Herbert Hoover, a strong proponent of capitalism, led to the 1929 stock crash because of unregulated business

Toltec

Powerful postclassic empire in central Mexico (900-1168 C.E.). It influenced much of Mesoamerica. Aztecs claimed ties to this earlier civilization. (p. 305)

Emancipation Proclamation

President Abraham Lincoln issued the proclamation freeing all slaves in the Rebel States gave North a new moral purpose for the war

Casablanca Conference

President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill agreed to a policy of unconditional surrender for all enemies of the Allied powers

Electoral College

President must get 270 electoral votes to win election 538 current electors 3 minimum per state

Jefferson Davis

President of the Confederate States of America

Two types of government based on the relationship between the legislative and executive branches

Presidential (US), Parliamentary (Canada or England)

Pure market economy

Producers and consumers have the freedom to make their own economic decisions, without those decisions being guided or dictated by a central controlling mechanism. This freedom enables buyers and sellers to make rational economic decisions, and the prices of products and services may be set by supply and demand. The factors of production — such as land, capital and labor — are sold by the people to firms in this type of economy. There is no participation by the government in this because the government does not own any of the factors of production.

Square Deal

Progressive concept by Roosevelt that would help capital, labor, and the public. It called for control of corporations, consumer protection, and conservation of natural resources. It denounced special treatment for the large capitalists and is the essential element to his trust-busting attitude. This deal embodied the belief that all corporations must serve the general public good

Age of Reform

Promote law and order meant: • clean up city governments so they are honest and efficient • bring more democracy and humanity to governments • establish a core of social workers to improve slum housing, health and education Strengthened or created regulatory agencies, services, and acts to oversee business enterprise: • Hepburn Act, 1906, reinforced Interstate Commerce Commission • Roosevelt used the Justice department to try and break monopolies and enforce the Sherman Anti-Trust Act • 1898-1910, Forest Service guided lumber companies in the conservation and more efficient use of woodland resources • 1906, Pure Food and Drug Act passed to protect consumers from fraudulent labeling and adulteration of products • 1913, Federal Reserve System established to supervise banking and commerce • 1914, Fair Trade Commission established to ensure fair competition

1st Amendment

Ratified in 1791 as a part of the Bill of Rights. Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition.

5th Amendment

Ratified in 1791 as a part of the Bill of Rights. Guarentees due process, prevents a person from being charged twice for the same crime once indicted by a grand jury, states that a person cannot be legally compelled to answer any incriminating question in government proceedings. States that the government can take your property for a legitimate public purpose, but must pay you fairly for it (Eminent Domain).

2nd Amendment

Ratified in 1791 as a part of the Bill of Rights. It guarantees the right to bear arms, and maintain a militia for the state's safety (now the National Guard). Allows the national government ot regulate the private possession of firearms.

Amendment 4

Reasonable searches

Group Norms

Rules that re designed to govern the behavior of the members. Are intended to integrate the actions of the group members. Are to reflect the appropriate behavior, attitudes, and perceptions of the members.

Russo-Japanese War

Russia and Japan were fighting over Korea, Manchuria, etc. Began in 1904, but neither side could gain a clear advantage and win. Both sent reps to Portsmouth, NH where TR mediated Treaty of New Hampshire in 1905. TR won the nobel peace prize for his efforts, the 1st pres. to do so.

Stalin

Russian leader who succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790),he wrote the Wealth of Nations and designed modern Capitalism.

Coral Sea

Sea containing the Great Barrier Reef & located off the northeastern coast of Australia.

Topographic Map

Shows surface features of an area such as mountains, valleys, plains, and plateaus by using contour lines to show changes in elevation

Topographic Map

Shows surface features of an area such as mountains, valleys, plains, and plateaus by using contour lines to show changes in elevation.

What did Russia explore during the Age of Exploration?

Siberia

Treaty of Versailles

Signed at the end World War I. Article 231, required that "Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments . . . have been subjected as a consequence of . . . the aggression of Germany and her allies."

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

Signed in 1930 this raised the tariff rates on many goods. This ensured that other nations would raise their tariffs in retaliation. Although many warned the president that this would further injure the economy as fewer would be buying American goods which exacerbated the overproduction already occuring.

The creation of a third party in national politics

Since the end of the U.S. Civil War in 1865, this was NOT a major objective of groups seeking civil rights for Black people.

Primary Groups

Social groups, such as family or friends, composed of intimate face-to-face relationships that strongly influence the attitudes and ideals of those invloved, groups that provide members with a sense of belonging.

planned economy

Socialism Hands-on approach directed but he state State dictates prices, production & distribution Cuba, Iran, North Korea

Liberty/Victory Bonds

Sold by the US government during and after WWI in order to help fund the Allies. Basically a loan from the American people.

electoral systems and political parties

Some electoral systems more easily allow for the growth of parties. In a system that is proportianally representative it is likely that there would be a greater number of political parties reaching out to more specialized interest groups.

Neolithic period 2.5 m to 3500 BCE

Sometimes referred to as the New Stone Age. Defined by the use of true farming.

Jose de San Martin

South American general and statesman, born in Argentina: leader in winning independence for Argentina, Peru, and Chile; protector of Peru

Seminoles/Creeks

Southeast USA, chickees (homes)

Allies in WW2

Soviet Union & US, Great Britain, [opposed axis power]

Gorbachev

Soviet statesman whose foreign policy brought an end to the Cold War and whose domestic policy introduced major reforms (born in 1931)

Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)

Old Immigration

Started in the 1830s and reaching a high point in the 1840s. Many of the immigrants were from the following countries: Ireland: potato famine Germany: croup failures, political persecution, and religious freedom. Chinese: hired to help build railroads. Were resented by some Americans because they were different.

Jim Crow Laws

State and local laws enforcing racial segregation in the southern U.S. Enacted after the Reconstruction period, these laws continued in force until 1965. They mandated racial segregation in all public facilities in states of the former Confederate States of America, starting in 1890 with a "separate but equal" status for African Americans.

Amendment 10

States have the other rights not in the constitution

Confederate States and Civil War Leaders

States seceded from the Union to form the Confederacy: South Carolina North Carolina Virginia Tennessee Georgia Florida Mississippi Alabama Louisiana Arkansas Texas Slave-holding states kept in the Union: Delaware Maryland Kentucky Missouri • Jefferson Davis of Mississippi was president of the Confederacy • Abraham Lincoln was president of the United States, whose election triggered the secession of the South, assassinated shortly after winning the second term • Robert E. Lee of Virginia led the Army of Northern Virginia and central Confederate force • Ulysses S. Grant of Ohio appointed commander of Union Army in 1864, received Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House in Virginia in 1865, become President 1869

Plato

Student of Socrates, wrote The Republic about the perfectly governed society.

Cultural Anthropology

Studies the cultural organization of a specific group of people.

Urban Geography

Studies the efficiency of urban development schemes, the way in which social and ethnic groups are distributed through an urban area, and how urban spaces influence human activities, from employment to crime.

Mao Zedong

Successfully implemented communism in China because he had the support of the Chinese peasantry.

Judicial Branch

Supreme Court - interprets the constitution Acts as checks to the other branches through judicial review 11 Federal Court Districts under the Supreme Court

Important 19th century social and religious leaders

Susan B. Anthony: Women's rights and abolition activist, lectured across the nation for suffrage, property and wage rights and labor organizations for women Dorothea Dix: Created first American asylums for treatment of mental illness, served as Superintendent of Army Nurses during war between the states Frederick Douglass: Escaped slave who become abolitionist leader, government official and writer William Lloyd Garrison: Abolitionist and editor of Liberator, leading anti-slavery newspaper of the time Joseph Smith: Founded the Latter Day Saints in 1827, wrote Book of Mormon Horace Mann: Leader of the common school movement making public education a right of all Americans Elizabeth Cady Stanton: With Lucient Mott, held Seneca Falls Convention in 1848, demading women's suffrage and other reforms, and worked with Susan Anthony Brigham Young: Leader of the Mormons fleeing religious persecution, build Salt Lake City and settled much of the west, first governor of Utah

House of Representative powers

Taxation legislation originates from the House Only the House can impeach federal officers Electoral election deadlock- House elects the President

Regressive Taxes

Taxes levied at a fixed rate, without regard to the level of a taxpayer's income, or his ability to pay them. Applies to social income taxes (medicare, unemployment, oasdi)

1096-1099

The First Crusade

Rough Riders

The First United States Volunteer Calvary, a mixure of Ivy League athletes and western frontiermen, volunteered to fight in the Spanish-American War. Enlisted by Theodore Roosevelt, they won many battles in Florida and enlisted in the invasion army of Cuba.

1789

The French Revolution

Seven Years War

The French and Indian War from 1754-1763

July Revolution

The July Revolution (also called the Revolution of 1830) saw the overthrow of Charles X and the ascension of Louis-Philippe to the French throne. The July Revolution is important because it marked the transition of power from the House of Bourbon to the House of Orléans.

Ancient Rome 509 BCE to 476 BCE

The Latins were one of several groups living in what is now modern day Italy.

500-1500CE

The Middle Ages in Europe. Began with the Collapse of the Roman Empire.

Pullman Strike

The Pullman Palace Car Company laid off two-thirds of its employees and cut the wages of the remaining workers. When a group of workers met with the owner of the company to protest the wage cuts they were fired. 10,000 Pullman workers then walked off the job. With the support of Eugene V. Debs and the American Railway Union they were able to shut down much of the rail traffic west of Chicago. The strike ended when President Grover Cleveland sent in federal troups to protect the mail and rioting broke out. Debs was arrested.

1300 CE to 1560 CE

The Renaissance and the Reformation

Representative Democracy

The United State is a _____. Americans citizens elect representatives who then govern for their constituents.

The Great Depression

The Wall Street Crash (Black Tuesday) in October, 1929 destroyed fortunes and dramatized the downward spiral of the whole economy. Weak banking system,over-production of goods, over spreading. (Herbert Hoover was President). By 1933, 14 million were unemployed, industrial production was down to one-third of its 1929 level, and the national income had dropped in half.

1702-1713

The War of Spanish Succession (Queen Anne's War)

Reform Act of 1832

The Whigs introduced this election reform bill, it gave the new industrial urban communities some voice in government, and it lowered the qualifications for voting, but this primarily benefited the upper middle class because the lower middle class and the greater part of England still couldn't vote.

Coersive Acts

The ____________ were also known as the Intolerable Acts and were designed to punish the people of Massachusetts for their resistance against Britain.

Entrepreneurship

The ability of an individual to combine the three inputs with his or her own talents to produce a viable good or service. The entrepreneur takes the risk and experiences the losses or profits.

Comparative Advantage

The ability of an individual, firm, or country to produce a good or service at a lower opportunity cost than other producers.

Absolute Advantage

The ability of an individual, firm, or country to produce more of a good or service than competitors using the same amount of resources.

Money Multiplier

The amount of money the banking system generates with each dollar of reserves, the multiple by which deposits can increase for every dollar increase in reserves; equal to 1 divided by the required reserve ratio.

Crude death rate

The annual mortality rate or number of deaths for every 1,000 people.

Crude Birth

The annual number of childbirths for every 1,000 people.

Social Darwinism

The application of ideas about evolution and "survival of the fittest" to human societies - particularly as a justification for their imperialist expansion.

Life Expectancy

The average age to which the members within a communicty can be expected to live.

Growing Season

The average number of days between the last frost of spring and the first frost of fall. The most common measure of the length of this is the number of days with no frost.

Aegean Sea

The body of water that separates Greece from Asia Minor

Judicial Branch

The branch of the United States government responsible for the administration of justice, the division of the federal government that is made up of the national courts; interprets laws, punishes criminals, and settles disputes between states

Legislative Branch

The branch of the United States government that has the power to create the laws. There are two houses in it. One is the Senators. There are two senators per state. There is also a House of represenitives. The amount of people per state depends on how big the population is.

The Assembly

The central events of the Athenian democracy. It had four main functions; it made executive pronouncements (decrees, such as deciding to go to war or granting citizenship to a foreigner); it elected some officials; it legislated; and it tried political crimes.

Industrial Revolution

The change from an agricultural to an industrial society and from home manufacturing to factory production, especially the one that took place in England from about 1750 to about 1850.

Tropic of Capricorn

The circle of latitude on the Earth that marks the most SOUTHERLY latitude at which the Sun can be directly overhead, at the December solstice.

Tropic Latitudes

The climate zone between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn

Frigid Zones

The climate zones of the arctic and Antarctic Circles.

Temperate latitudes

The climate zones that lie between the tropical latitudes and the polar circles.

Mores

The conventions that embody the fundamental values of a group, norms that are widely observed and have great moral significance.

Olmec

The first Mesoamerican civilization. Between ca. 1200 and 400 B.C.E., these people of central Mexico created a vibrant civilization that included intensive agriculture, wide-ranging trade, ceremonial centers, and monumental construction.

Interstate Commerce Act

The first federal law to regulate interstate commerce passed in 1887. It declared that rates charged by railroads must be reasonable and just. It forbade pooling, rebates, and higher rates for short rather than long hauls.

Great Rift Valley

The giant depression in East Africa that runs from Jordan to Mozambique. It is where the first humans appeared.

Third Amendment

The government may not house soldiers in private homes without consent of the owner

Fiscal Policy

The government program of increasing or decreasing taxes and government spending to control inflation and unemployment.

Lake Superior

The largest freshwater lake in the world one of the great lakes that is the border between US and Canada.

Lake Superior

The largest freshwater lake in the world, one of the great lakes hat is the border between US and Canada.

Lake Victoria

The largest lake in Africa and the 2nd largest fresh water lake in the world

Lake Victoria

The largest lake in Africa and the 2nd largest fresh water lake in the world.

Natural Rate of Unemployment

The level of unemployment that prevails in an economy that is producing at its full employment level of output. Includes structural and frictional unemployment

Yangtze River

The longest river in Asia. It is found in China. In the past it has caused major destruction through flooding.

Volga River

The longest river in europe and Russia's most important commercial river.

Yangtze River

The longest river of Asia, River found in China; 3rd longest river in the world (3915 miles long)

House of Representatives

The lower house of congress. The number of seats is set at 435 as determined by congress in 1929. Seats are distributed by population, and are redistributed based on the census every 10yrs. Qualifications: Must be 25yrs old, have been a citizen for 7yrs, and be an inhabitant of the state from which he/she is elected.

Crash of 1929

The massive crash of the U.S. stock market on Black Tuesday, October 29, 1929. The crash occurred after American investors dumped more than 16 million shares in one day. Within two months, more than $60 billion had been lost. The crash was the primary catalyst for the Great Depression.

Price Elasticity

The measure of how responsive both consumers and producers are to price changes, a measure of consumers price sensitivity.

Bourgeoisie

The middle class, including merchants, industrialists, and professional people.

Islam

The monotheistic religion of Muslims founded in Arabia in the 7th century and based on the teachings of Muhammad as laid down in the Koran

Ural Mountains

The mountain range that divides Europe from Asia.

Population Density

The number of people living in a measured area (usually per square mile).

Population

The number of people living in an area

Centrally planned economy

The opposite of the market economy, the means of production are publicly owned, with little, if any private ownership

Source

The origin point of a river

Zhou dynasty

The people and dynasty that took over the dominant position in north China from the Shang and created the concept of the Mandate of Heaven to justify their rule. Remembered as prosperous era in Chinese History.

Executive

The president, the vice president, and the majority of the vast bureaucracy of the federal government make up the ______ branch.

Atmospheric Pressure

The pressure that is exerted by the Earth's atmosphere at sea level, which is caused by the collisions between molecules in the air.

Market Price

The price at which buyers and sellers agree to trade. The price determined by supply and demand.

The rule of law

The principle that all people and institutions are subject to and accountable to law that is fairly applied and enforced; the principle of government by law.

Appeals Process

The process for seeking protection from the court for violations of constitutional protections.

Acculturation

The process of adopting the cultural traits or social patterns of another group.

Transference

The process whereby emotions are passed on or displaced from one person to another.

Cultural Relativity

The recognition that all cultures develop their own ways of dealing with specific demands of their environments, the need to consider the unique characteristics of the culture in which behavior takes place.

Labor Demand

The relationship between the quantity of labor demanded by firms and the wage.

Acropolis

The religious center of Athens in Ancient Greece; meeting place; site of Parthenona. Large hill in ancient Greece where city residents sought shelter and safety in times of war and met to discuss community affairs

Gentrification

The restoration of run-down urban areas by the middle class (resulting in the displacement of lower-income people).

French Revolution

The revolution that began in 1789, overthrew the absolute monarchy of the Bourbons and the system of aristocratic privileges, and ended with Napoleon's overthrow of the Directory and seizure of power in 1799.

Paris Commune

The revolutionary municipal council, led by radicals, that engaged in a civil war (March-May, 1871) with the National Assembly of the newly established Third Republic, set up after the defeat of Napoleon III in the Franco-Prussian War. ordered bombardment of Paris - 20,000 lives lost, many by executions. Those radicals who participated in Paris Commune referred to as communards. Most saw them as destroyers of civilization.

Nineteenth Amendment

The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any State on account of sex, granted women the right to vote in 1920.

Nationalism

The rise in nationalism at the end of the 19th century in Europe led to a series of alliances and agreements among European nations. These agreements eventually led to the First World War, as the nations called on their military allies to provide assistance and defense.

Monarchy

The rule of a nation by a monarch, most often a king or queen. May or may not have a democratically open institutions and elections at various levels. Ex. Great Britain which is a constitutional monarchy

Miranda Rule

The rule that police (when interrogating you after an arrest) are obliged to warn you that anything you say may be used as evidence and to read you your constitutional rights (the right to a lawyer and the right to remain silent until advised by a lawyer)

Protective Tariffs and the South

The south did not want protective tariffs as they were not a manufacturing area, and had to import their manufactured goods. A raise in tariffs would mean a raise in prices for these goods. They also did not feel that they would benefit as the money raised would go toward improving infrastructure and the south already had a vast river system. Sectionalism.

Cultural diffusion

The spread of cultural trends across locations. Beliefs, practices, and ideas get shared from person to person, and sometimes even around the world. (Think: People in the United States celebrate Cinco de Mayo).

Geography

The study of the Earth's features, including the study of living things as it pertains to their location, the relationships of these locations with each other, how they came to be there, and what impact these have on the world.

Language Demography

The study of the spread of a language

Culture

The way of life of a group of people including not only art, music, and literature, but also beliefs, customs, languages, traditions, and inventions.

Economic System

The way that a country or culture produces and distributes goods and services.

Sahara Desert

The world's largest desert (3,500,000 square miles) in northern Africa

Sahara Desert

The world's largest desert located in N. Africa.

Andes Mountains

The world's longest mountain chain, stretching along the west coast of South America.

Andes Moutains

The world's longest mountain chain, stretching along the west coast of South America.

Nile River

The world's longest river, which flows northward through East Africa into the Mediterranean Sea

Nile River

The world's longest river, which flows northward through eastern Africa into the Mediterranean Sea.

Keynsian Economics

Theory stating that government spending should increase during business slumps and be curbed during booms, economics argues that private sector decisions sometimes lead to inefficient macroeconomic outcomes and therefore, advocates active policy responses by the public sector, including monetary policy actions by the central bank and fiscal policy actions by the government to stabilize output over the business cycle.

Divine Right Theory

Theory that God created the state, making it sovereign. The government is made up of those chosen by God to rule a certain territory. The people must obey their ruler.

Egypt and the Middle East 3200 BCE to 500 BCE

These civilizations both developed in fertile river country. Sumerians with city-states of Sumer that were organized into hierarchies. They were polytheistic, invented cuneiform, and are the source of The Epic of Gilgamesh.

Ozone depletion

Thinning of Earth's atmosphere layer caused by CFC's leaking into the air.

The Jungle

This 1906 work by Upton Sinclair pointed out the abuses of the meat packing industry. The book led to the passage of the 1906 Meat Inspection Act. It was originally inteded to show the horrible work conditions not the disgusting meat packing practices.

Federal Reserve Act

This act created a central banking system, consisting of twelve regional banks governed by the Federal reserve Board. It was an attempt to provide the United States with a sound yet flexible currency. The Board it created still plays a vital role in the American economy today. Led away from the Gold Standard.

Declaration of Independence

This document was adopted on July 4, 1776. It established the 13 American colonies as independent states, free from rule by Great Britain. Thomas Jefferson wrote the majority of this document.

Magnificent Dinesty

This expression was popular in the 1840s. Many people believed that the U.S. was destined to secure territory from "sea to sea," from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This rationale drove the acquisition of territory. Inevitable and granted by God

Merchants

This group in medieval Europe helped loosen fuedal ties.

Communist Manifesto

This is the 1848 book written by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels which urges an uprising by workers to seize control of the factors of production from the upper and middle classes.

Protective Tariffs in the Northeast

This region was strongly in favor of high protective tariffs. These tariffs would allow them to compete with foreign companies. They also favored improving the infrastructure in the area. Sectionalism.

Mexican Revolution

This revolution was characterized by several socialist, liberal, anarchist and agrarianist movements, led by Fransico Madero, 1810 to 1823. They fought for independence from Spain and for social justice; they wanted equal rights for Indians, mestizos,

First Continental Congress

This was held in 1774 Representatives from colonies get together to unite and oppose British taxes. List grievances and develop a response, including boycotts. All colonies attended except Georgia

Napoleonic Code

This was the civil code put out by Napoleon that granted equality of all male citizens before the law and granted absolute security of wealth and private property. Napoleon also secured this by creating the Bank of France which loyally served the interests of both the state and the financial oligarchy

Catherine the Great

This was the empress of Russia who continued Peter's goal to Westernizing Russia, created a new law code, and greatly expanded Russia, enlightened despot, responsible for many positive changes in Russia.

Democratic-Republicans

Thomas Jefferson - People should have political power, favored a strong state government and agriculture

Anti-Federalists

Thomas Jefferson and Patrick Henry

who formed the first political parties?

Thomas jefferson and Alexander hamilton

Climate zones

Tropical, dry, temperate, continental, and polar are the five different types.

Espionage and Sedition Acts

Two laws, enacted in 1917 and 1918, that imposed harsh penalties on anyone interfering with or speaking against US partcipation in WWI

Tundra and taiga

Two major climates found in the high latitudes are tundra and taiga. Tundra means marshy plain- Russia, Europe and Canada. Winters are cold and long, the ground is mushy in the summer months. Taiga is the northern forest region south of the tundra. World's largest forestlands are here. Extreme climates- northern Russia, Sweden, Norway, Finland, Canada, and Alaska.

World War II

US entered in 1941, fighting against Japan and Germany and their allied Axis powers. The war ended September 2, 1945. The end of the war brought renewed power struggles, especially in Europe and China, as they came under the control of the communists.

Vertical climate

Unique to high mountains. The temperature at the bottom of the mountain could be hot and rainy, but become cooler as you move up and cold and snowy at the top. This makes the lower area good for lowland crops, the middle area good for grazing sheep and growing corn.

Three types of government based on distribution of power

Unitary (France), Federal (USA), Confederate (United Nations or Confederate States of America)

Progressives

Unlike the Populists they were not a political party, and did exist in both major parties. They were not united by a geographic section or occupation. They were a largely unorganized group of reformers. They were generally not the victims of the conditions they championed. Many were journalists, social workers, educators, and clergy. Wanted to improve the lives of the lower class.

John Calhoun

Vice president under John Adams, then Andrew Jackson before he resigned to lead the Senate. Was the leading politician from the south, and believed that slavery should be left alone. He became a strong states rights advocate, and believed that states should have the right to declare federal laws unconstitutional. He was a believer in nullification, and opened the door to the south thinking about sucession.

First contact between Europeans and Native Americas

Viking 1000 CE Lief Eriksson hostile contact with Inuit people

American Revolution

War between Great Britain and the 13 Colonies First battle, Apr 1775, Battle of Lexington and Concord June 1775, Battle of Bunker Hill, bloodiest British forced Americans to retreat but lost over half of their troops, proofing that colonists could stand against the professional British soldiers Dec 1776, Trenton NJ, colonists' first victory where George Washington launched a surprise attack on Christmas Day Battle of Sarotoga was the turning point of the war, British planned to separate colonists geographically but lost, resulting in French joining the colonists Oct 19, 1781 General Cornwall surrendered at Battle of York Town, Virginia but fight continued while peace terms were negotiated Sept 3, 1783, Treaty of Paris officially recognized U.S.A. as independent nation

War of 1812

War btw France and Britain Hurt American trade British attacked American ships and war broke out Native Americans, under Tecumseh, sided with the British British captured D.C. and burnt down the White House Dolly Madison saved American treasures like Gilbert Stuart portrait of George Washington 1815, British ended war with France and negotiated peace with America, Treaty of Ghent Motivated Americans to become more self-sufficient (fewer imports with increased manufacturing)

Bleeding Kansas

Was the name applied to the state when the Civil War broke out between pro- and anti-slavery advocates while Kansas was trying to formalize its statutes before admitting as a state.

Shintoism

Was the primitive religion of Japan before the coming of Buddhism, which is currently the main religion of Japan. It is a very simple religion. It gives only one command, the necessity of being loyal to one's ancestors.

Sparta

Was unique in ancient Greece for its social system and constitution, which completely focused on military training and excellence.

Precipitation

Water that falls to the ground as rain, sleet, hail, or snow

Climate

Weather over a long period of time

Peninsulares

Were born in Spain, and were at the top of the colonial hierarchy.

anti federalists

Were opposed to the ratification of the Constitution because it lacked a bill of rights. Opponents of the Constitution who saw it as a limitation on individual and states' rights, their demands led to the addition of the a Bill of Rights to the document.

The conclusion of the Civil War opened the floodgates for...

Westward migration and the settlement of new land

Mekong River Valley

Wet-Farming techniques and tropical climate located in Eastern to South Eastern Asia

Delta

Wetlands that form as rivers empty their water and sediment into another body of water.

The Great Rift Valley

What is the name of the giant depression in East Africa that runs from Jordan to Mozambique, Long, deep gash in the earth in eastern Africa where the first humans appeared

100%

What percent of the seats in the U.S. House of Representatives are up for election every 2 years?

Opportunity Cost

Whatever is given up when a choice must be made; a trade off.

1914-1918

World War I.

1750 BCE to 133 BCE Athens

Years of Ancient Greece. Most influential city-state?

Sacagawea

a Shoshone, served a vital role in the Lewis and Clark expeditions when the two explorers hired her as their guide in 1805

Manifest Destiny

a belief and policy that claimed the United States had a right to expand on the North American continent

ice cap

a region which is covered by perennial ice and snow; a large glacier forming on an extensive area of relatively level land, flowing outward from its center.

tributary

a stream or river that flows into a larger river

majority rule

a system in which the ideas and decisions supported by the most people are followed

Communism

a system of government in which there is no private property and there are no economic classes

robinson map

a useful overall picture of the world; keeps correct size and shape of most continents and oceans, but distorts size of both north and south polar caps.

civil war

a war between people of the same country

oral history

accounts of the past that people pass down by word of mouth

moraine

accumulated earth and stones deposited by a glacier Long Island, NY is a 118 mile long moraine

mercator map projections

accurately shows shape and direction, but distorts distance and size of land masses

Pueblo

adobes, mud houses, southwast

Age of Exploration (accomplishments)

advances in navigation, map-making, and shipbuilding, European colonization begins of Asia, Africa, India, and North America.

consent of the governed

agreement by the people of a nation to subject themselves to the authority to a government. Natural rights philosophers, such as John Locke, believe that any legitimate government must draw its authority from the consent of the governed.

Virginia Company of London

based in London; had a charter to colonize American land between the Hudson River and Cape Fear River

Virginia Company of Plymouth

based in Plymouth, MA; had a charter to colonize North America between the Potomac River and the northern boundary of Maine

End of American Civil War

battle of appomattox court house

seasons

because the earth is closer to the sun during parts of its elliptical orbit than at other times, and due to the earth's tilt and rotation about its axis, we have different seasons on earth

Connecticut (Great Compromise)

bicameral Congress (one body population-based, one body equal-based)

three major divisions within anthropology

biological and cultural anthropology, archaeology, linguistics

seas

bodies of water smaller than oceans and surrounded by land

Lakes

bodies of water surrounded by land (the great lakes)

Bays

bodies of water, smaller than a gulf and nearly surrounded by land

diffusion

borrowing elements from other cultures

Potsdam Conference

brought U.S.-Soviet differences to light in July of 1945

Business corporation

business structure that for legal purposes is a separate entity apart from the identity of its various members May initiate and be the target of lawsuits. May own assets. May create rules to regulate internal activities. May fire/hire and promote/demote employees. Can enter into contracts.

partnership

business structure where partners or multiple owners/investors all share in profits and losses of the company

astrolabe

calculating latitude, major navigational tool of the Age of Exploration

market failure

can occur if any of the following elements are true: competition is inadequate, information is inadequate (cigarettes), resources are not mobile (labor, land), negative externalities (pollution, traffic), and failure to provide public goods (something people want or need)

Federal Reserve

can slow inflation by raising interest rates and setting monetary reserve rates (amount of money a bank must keep on hand)

Limited Liability company

caps individual owners' financial obligation to the company risk minimizing

Historically, India's society has been organized into hierarchical groups known as

castes (4 castes with hundreds of subdivisions)

Minimum wage

ceased by the government to protect women and young workers currently 7.25/hour

archipelago

chain of islands, such as the islands that largely comprise Indonesia & The Philippines

perfectly inelastic price demand

changes in price do not effect demand

14th amendment

citizenship for African-Americans

which war took the most american lives?

civil war

civil rights act

decelerated that african americans were entitled to "equal benefits of all laws...enjoyed by white citizens"

weather map

depicts the meteorological conditions over a specific geographic area at a specific time

which of the following statements is an example of a hypothesis?

depressed economia conditions in industrialized societies cause people to post-pone having children

Henry VIII

desire to divorce Catherine of Aragon; strengthened English expansionism

Topographic maps

detailed, accurate graphic representations of features that appear on the Earth's surface.

Laissez-faire

economy is completely free from state intervention

monetary policy

effort ot affect the economy through regulation of interest rates and the monetary supply banks must keep on hand

Détente

efforts to lower Cold War tensions in the 1960s and early 1970s

hills

elevated landforms rising to elevation of about 500-2,000 feet

Dev. of China/Rome

establishment of trade centers

Capitalist

everyone makes own choices

Monopoly

exclusive control of a commodity or service in a particular market, or a control that makes possible the manipulation of prices

goals of French colonization of the Americas

expanding the fur trade, growth of plantations in Louisiana, brought numerous African slaves to the New World

Spain's interst in the new world

expansion of empire, expanison of catholicism, Cuba/ Caribbean/ Puerto Rico/ Florida

Egyptian accomplishments

farmed land and minerals from surrounding desserts

Karl Marx

father of communism - 19th century German Philosopher

In the United States, the division of power between the national and state governments demonstrates the principle of

federalism

Alexander Hamilton

federalist who believed the federal government should have more power over the state. supported the first bank. favored business leaders and mistrusted the commoners.

discovery

finding things that already exist, such as fire, a major cultural transformer

constitutional amendments

first US constitutional amendments were added after the war 13- abolished slavery 14- allowed American citizenship for African-Americans 15- cannot be denied right to vote based on race

first permanent successful colony and the last

first= virginia last= georgia

New Deal

government reforms to create jobs after Great Depression Tennessee Valley Authority Works Progress Administration Civilian Conservation Corps

Deficit spending

government spending more money than it receives in a fiscal year

public sector

government-owned or state-operated businesses

France produces most

grapes

Special Interest Groups

group of people that attempt to sway the political process to further their own agenda

Radicals

group(s) favoring fundamental changes from present

snowstorms

have a significant effect on plans, animal and human life. snow increases the reflection of solar radiation, and it interferes with the conduction of heat from the ground, including a cold climate. slow melting in the spring can delay growth of plants. when snow melts, it supplies rivers with water for irrigation and other human enterprises. snowstorms can also greatly hinder transportation

Rhode Island

haven for unorthodox religious believers that broke away from Massachusetts

example of operant conditioning

having a job and going to work every week for a paycheck (positive reinforcement)

Sir Francis Drake

he would attack and plunder Spanish ships that had plundered Native Americans; supported by Queen Elizabeth to claim more British territory

Reference groups

help form an individual's identity

anglo-conformity

immigrants and racial minorities conform to the expectations of Anglo-American society, whether by choice, necessity or force

Commerce Compromise

in 1808, Congress could decide whether to allow continued imports of slaves

border states

in the civil war the states between the north and the south: delaware, mayland, kentucky, and missouri

winter solstice

in the northern hemisphere it is on December 21 or 22; areas north of the arctic circle have 24 hours of darkness. In the Southern Hemisphere it is on June 21 or 22; areas south of the Antarctic Circle have 24 hours of sunlight. One of the Earth's poles is tilted directly away from the sun.

fall equinox

in the northern hemisphere this occurs on September 22 or 23; in the southern hemisphere this occurs on march 20 or 21. the earth is tilted sideways toward the sun so the hours of daylight and darkness are equal in both hemispheres.

Tehran Conference

included FDR's proposal for anew international organization to take the place of the League of Nations. This idea would later be realized in the form of the United Nations.

inflation

increase in the average prices of consumer goods

Inflation

increased prices for goods and services combined with the reduced value of money

The Louisiana Purchase

increased the U.S.'s territory by 100% overnight

Emile Durkheim's

influenced by Comte's positivism, studied suicide rates across Europe in 1800s, capitalism alienated or caused the individual (not the community or family) to be placed a the front of society

Pennsylvania

initial constitution was such a hyper-democratic document that it was impossible to manage and they got rid of it

diminishing returns

investing more and more for smaller and smaller increases in efficiency

goals of Dutch colonization of the Americas

involved in the fur trade, imported slaves as demand for labor increased

experimental method

involves experimental and control groups and use of specific experiments to prove or disprove a theory

Time zone

is a region that observes a uniform standard time for legal, commercial, and social purposes. Each hour of time is equivalent to 15 degrees of longitude.

British Colony of Virginia in the 17th century

it was disctive because it had a popularly elected legislature

Majority Whip of House of Representatives

job is to ensure party loyalty among the party's representatives

Virginia Companies

joint stock companies, often used by England for trading with other countries

what date was the declaration of independence?

july, 4, 1776

valleys

land areas that are found between hills and mountains

peninsula

land surrounded by water on three sides (Florida)

Seas

large bodies of salt water, smaller than oceans; ex. Mediterranean, Sea of Japan, Arabian, Black, Red, East China, South China, Caribbean, Bering, Gulf of Mexico, Arabian, Sea of Okhotsk, Andaman and Hudson Bay

federalist

lead by Alexander Hamilton - they believed in a strong national government - did not want a bill of rights because citizens were protected by the constitution

northern hemisphere

located between the north pole and the equator

southern hemisphere

located between the south pole and the equator

Iroquois

long house, expert farmers, northeast usa

Lost Generation

loose collection of post-war 1920s artists and thinkers that energized the arts (modernism)

isthmus

narrow strip of land connecting two larger regions important to trade attractive place to build canals

Why the Articles of confederation were weak

national govn't was weak and states did not have equal power

macroeconomics

national or international scale behavior of entire economic systems

dispersed settlements

occur in rural areas; the amount of land between each of the dwellings depends on the amount of land required to grow enough food to support the family living there. This changed significantly with modern farming methods.

John Brown

one of the most well-known abolitionists during the mid 19th century for violent attempts to end slavery 1859 raid at Harper's Ferry murder of five proslavery southerners

cultural identity

ones belief of belonging to a group or certain aspect. you can "identify with" a group or "identify against" a group. (what you are, and what you are not.)

Egyptian accomplishments

predict flooding, irrigation, surplus water

executive branch

president and VP as its 2 main figures

If supply > demand

price goes down

Thomas Jefferson

primary author of the Declaration of Independence 3rd president of the US (served two terms) Louisiana Purchase

rule of law

principle that the law applies to everyone, even those who govern

Assimilation

process by which minority group gradually adopts the culture of the majority group

Affirmative action

programs that gave preference to women and minorities in hiring and admissions

VP qualifications

same as President cannot reside in same state as Presidential candidate at time of election

Monsoon Rains

seasonal winds crossing the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia during the summertime bring extreme rain and flooding

3rd amendment

security from the quartering of troops in homes

judicial branch

series of courts and related entities, with the top body being the supreme court

Federalist Papers

series of essays that presented Federalist view of the debate over the constitution

Fugitive Slave Acts

series of laws passed from 1787- 1864 dealing with treatment of escaped slaves

Consequences of physical changes - short term

short term effects on earth: droughts, floods, and snowstorms

equal-area map

shows correct size of land masses, but usually distorts their shapes

Presidential Duties

sign/approve or veto/reject legislation passed by congress commander in chief of armed forces appoint judges grants pardons/reprieves appoints federal officers make treaties with foreign powers

dawes act

supposed to "americanize" native americans by encouraging in them the desire to own property and to farm reservation land distributed to native american families

survey method

surveys are distributed among a wide range of people and the answers are correlated

tariffs

taxes on imported goods

India produces most

tea

linear settlements

tend to follow roads and river valleys which allows easy communication, and flat lands which are better suited for construction

Manifest Destiny

term coined by a journalist in 1845 US belief that it had a special and divine duty to spread over the entire North American continent

secondary source

text used when researching that is derived from something original (biographies, magazine articles)

equal protection

the 14th ammendment states that no person should be denied the same protection of law enjoyed by others

Who discovered a sea route to Asia in 1498?

the Portuguese

White Man's Burden

the idea that it is the responsibility of people of European descent to take care of people of other races due to their perceived superior culture, technology, government, etc.

Tropic of Cancer

the imaginary line of latitude - 23 degrees north of the equator - it marks the farthest north where the sun can be seen directly overhead.

integration

the inclusion of people of all races on an equal basis into society

judicial review

the power of the Supreme Court to declare laws and actions of local, state, or national governments unconstitutional

orogeny

the process of moving geological plates

Middle Passage

the route in between the western ports of Africa to the Caribbean and southern U.S. that carried the slave trade

anthropology

the scientific study of human culture and humanity (the relationship between humans and their cultures)

Segregation

the separation of people based on race

segragation

the seperation or isolation of a race, class, or group

urbanization

the social process whereby cities grow and societies become more urban

debt

the state of owing something (especially money)

Divine right theory

the state was created by God and rulers reign in God's name

Objections to the great compromise

the states had to surrender power to the national govnt, lack of voting control, and lacking bill of rights with freedoms

the US constitution

the written document that describes and defines the system and structure of the US government

perfect competition

theoretical market in which only the logic of supply and demand can influence prices

microeconomics

theory that describes the behavior of individual consumers and businesses Studies how individuals and businesses use their limited resources in a market economy

plate tectonics

theory which explains the distribution of continents, earthquakes, volcanos, and mountains. plates move in response to intense pressure from deep within the earth. because the continents are thought to "piggy back" ride on the plates, their gradual movement is referred to as "continental drift"

Federalists

wanted a strong central government

surplus

when he government has more money than it needs for the budget

balanced economy

when the government spends as much money on the budget as it gains

abolitionism

widespread movement to end slavery

19th amendment

women were given the right to vote (1920)

Industrial Revolution, 19th century

• 1733, started in England with construction of first cotton mill • other inventions and factories followed in rapid succession • steel industry grew exponentially, using coal • steam engine revolutionized transportation and work power • 1830, society changed from agrarian to urban • need of cheap unskilled labor resulted in extensive employment and abuse of women and children working up to 14 hrs six days a week in deplorable conditions • Expanding population brought crowded unsanitary conditions to cities • Factories created air and water pollution • Child Labor Laws and labor unions formed

World War I

• Broke out 1914, America declared neutrality • High demand for war goods from Allies ended 7-year industrial stagnation • 1917, Woodrow Wilson declared war because Germany was inciting Mexico and Japan into attacking the U.S. • America armed and transferred sufficient troops to Europe • 8 mil soldiers died • 1918, Allies prevailed

Forms of Government

• Feudalism - local lords control lives and production • Classical Republic - representative democracy, small group of elected representatives • Absolute Monarchy - king/queen • Authoritarianism - an individual with absolute power • Dictatorship - Those in power not held accountable • Autocracy - one person tyrannic rule • Oligarchy - small, self-appointed elite rules a region • Liberal democracy - consent by people, protests individual rights from intolerance of majority • Totalitarianism - Govt controls all facet of life

Andrew Jackson's Presidency

• Jeffersonian Democracy replaced by Jacksonian Democracy, a system that allowed universal white male suffrage • 1830 Indian removal Act took natives out of territories that whites wanted to settle in, most notably the Trail of Tears, removing Cherokees from Georgia and relocated them in Oklahoma • Issue of nullification - rights of states to nullify federal laws they thought were unconstitutional - came to heads over tariffs, strong majority vote in Congress cemented the policy that states must comply with federal laws

French Explorers in the U.S.

• Never attracted settlers to their territories • Interest in fur and fish trade, not forming colonies • 1718 ceded Southern possessions and New Orleans to Spain • Samuel de Champlain founded Quebec, set up a fur empire on the St. Lawrence Seaway • Fr. Jacque Marquette, a Jesuit missionary, and Louis Joliet, first Europeans to tralve down Mississippi Rivers • Rene-Robert de la Salle claimed all the land from Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico and from Appalachians to the Rockies for France

business cycle

recovery prosperity recession depression

the three major fossil fuels are

coal, oil, and natural gas.

Scholasticism

A medieval philosophical and theological system that tried to reconcile faith and reason

Conflict Theory

A sociology approach that studies the role of power and conflict in social organizations.

prehistory

period of human history before writing was developed

Robert LaFollette

"Battling Bob" / "Fighting Bob." Progressive Governor of Wisconsin who fought against the big corporations and who introduced many state-level reform in his state. He became a major leader of the Progressives. Tried to run for President in 1912, but he was replaced on the Progressive Party ticket by Theodore Roosevelt.

Taiping Rebellion

"heavenly peace", leader believed he was the younger brother of Jesus Christ, no one thought it was odd, led China into an unstable rebellion, Christianity permeates throughout China, rebellion shakes the foundation, one reason why Quin dynasty declined, it was about the government losing respect of its people, the government wasn't protecting therefore people said they didn't have a right to rule.

Aztecs

(1200-1521) 1300, They settled in the valley of Mexico. Grew corn. Engaged in frequent warfare to conquer others of the region. Worshipped many gods (polytheistic). Believed the sun god needed human blood to continue his journeys across the sky. Practiced human sacrifices and those sacrificed were captured warriors from other tribes and those who volunteered for the honor.

Martin Luther

(1483-1546) a German monk who, in 1517, took a public stand against the sale of indulgences by nailing his 95 Theses to the door of the castle church in Wittenburg; he believed that people did not need priests to interpret the Bible for them; his actions began the Reformation

John Calvin

(1509-1564) The Frenchman was influenced by Luther and converted religions and became a highly influential Protestant leader. His "The Institutes of the Christian Religion" (1535) which expressed his view on Christian teachings as faith oriented.

Tokugawa Shogunate

(1603-1867) Feudal Warlord rulers of Japan. Responisble for closing Japan off from the rest of the world. Overthrown during the Meiji Restoration.

Peter the Great

(1672-1725) Russian tsar (r. 1689-1725). He enthusiastically introduced Western languages and technologies to the Russian elite, moving the capital from Moscow to the new city of St. Petersburg.

Rousseau

(1712-1778) Believed that society threatened natural rights and freedoms. Wrote about society's corruption caused by the revival of sciences and art instead of it's improvement. He was sponsored by the wealthy and participated in salons but often felt uncomfortable and denounced them. Wrote "The Social Contract."

The Stamp Act

(1765) Great Britain sets a tax requiring a stamp on all public documents, such as newspapers or legal documents.

Muhammad Ali

(1769-1849) Leader of Egyptian modernization in the early nineteenth century. He ruled Egypt as an Ottoman governor, but had imperial ambitions. His descendants ruled Egypt until overthrown in 1952.

The Boston Massacre

(1770) Five Boston colonists are shot by British troops (known as "regulars" or "redcoats") as a result of tension caused by a heavy tax burden which was imposed through the Townshend Acts.

David Ricardo

(1772-1823) Principles of Political Economy, written in 1817, developed Ricardo's famous "iron law of wages": rise of population means rise of amount of workers, which cause wages to fall below the subsistence level, resulting in misery and starvation

The Battle of Lexington & Concord

(1775) Initialized the Revolutionary War. This is where the first gunshot took place. It is known as "the shot heard around the world."

Capture of Ft. Ticonderoga

(1775) Located in upstate NY. Three battles happened here. Green Mountain boys were led by Ethan Allen; they were given the task of taking over the fort for Patriots. Colonists wanted to take control of the cannons at this fort.

The Midnight Ride of Paul Revere & William Dawes, Jr.

(1775) Two Sons of Liberty raced on horseback from Boston to warn residents that the British Regulars were on the march toward Lexington & Concord. (Side note: Paul Revere NEVER shouted the legendary phrase later attributed to him, "The British are coming!")

Battle of Bunker Hill

(1775) Two important hills in Boston: Bunker & Breeds. They were valuable for their seaports. British defeated colonists here. Despite their loss, the inexperienced colonial forces inflicted significant casualties against the enemy. The battle provided them with an important confidence boost.

George Washington crosses the Delaware

(1776) Crosses with his Continental Army. Battle of Trenton occurred. Turned the Revolutionary War back to the colonists' favor.

Battle of Saratoga

(1777) Often called the turning point of the Revolutionary War because it increased the confidence of the French government in the American forces; France began sending aid the next year.

Valley Forge

(1777-1778) Birthplace of the American Continental Army.

Battle of Yorktown

(1781) Last major battle of the Revolutionary War. The surrender of British Commander Charles Cornwallis & his troops was the unofficial end of the war.

Treaty of Paris

(1783) Treaty officially ended the Revolutionary War. It was negotiated in France. This was a peace treaty between the United States of America and Great Britain.

Simon Bolivar

(1783-1830); South American creole elite who led movement for independence; republican & supporter of popular sovereignty; fought Spanish rule and deposed several Spanish rulers in South America (Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Colombia, Argentina (w/ help from José de San Martín), & Chile (help from Bernardo O'Higgins)); tried to create federation of states called Gran Colombia (Venezuela, Colombia, & Ecuador; tried to bring in Peru & Bolivia) but it soon fell apart; he died while on his way to self-imposed exile in Europe

Plessy vs. Ferguson

(1896) U.S. Supreme Court decision UPHOLDING the constitutionality of state laws requiring racial segregation in public facilities under the doctrine of "separate but equal." In this case, a man of mixed race boarded a "whites only" car of the East Louisiana Railroad in New Orleans, Louisiana.

Authoritarian

Those in power hold absolute and unchangeable authority over the people. All dictatorships.

Mao Zedong

(1893-1976) Leader of the Communist Party in China that overthrew Jiang Jieshi and the Nationalists. Established China as the People's Republic of China and ruled from 1949 until 1976.

Sino-Japanese War

(1894-1895) Japan's imperialistic war against China to gain control of natural resources and markets for their goods. It ended with the Treaty of Portsmouth which granted Japan Chinese ports, city trading rights, control of Manchuria, the annexation of the island of Sakhalin, and Korea became its protectorate.

Great Migration

(1914-1945) - mass movement of african americans from the south to the north - the reasons were for jobs, prejudice, crop failures - leads to race riots in the north

Deregulation

reduction or removal of federal rules on business and industry

Brown vs. Board of Education of Topeka

(1954) Legal doctrine known as "separate but equal" which was OVERTURNED by the U.S. Supreme Court when it declared that state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students was unconstitutional.

Mapp vs. Ohio

(1961) The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that evidence obtained while violating the 4th Amendment is inadmissible in state courts. The 4th Amendment prohibiting "unreasonable searches and seizures" is one of the ten amendments in the Bill of Rights.

Vietnam War

(1964-73) Resulted in a military draft.

Miranda vs. Arizona

(1966) A landmark case in U.S. Supreme Court history, dealing with the rights citizens of the United States have when arrested. The 5th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution requires suspects of crimes to be informed of their rights during an arrest, including the right to remain silent.

Antietam

A battle in September 1862 in which Lee took the offensive and led his army across the Potomac into Maryland, hoping that a major Northern victory would lead to European support. It was the single bloodiest day in the war. It ended Confederate hope for foreign support. After this battle Lincoln gave the Emancipation Proclamation.

Bay of Bengal

A bay that the Ganges River flows into, North of the Indian Ocean, On the eastern side of India, South of Tibet, and West of China.

Fascism

A belief and political system opposed ideologically to Communism, though similar in structure with one party state and centralized political control. Unlike communism, it tolerates private ownership of the means of production, although it maintains tight overall control. Central to its belief is idolization of the leader.

Utilitarianism

A belief that the purpose of all action should be to bring about the greatest happiness to the greatest number of people

Steel belt

region in US where most of the heavy industry was once located

El Nino

(Oceanography) a warm ocean current that flows along the equator from the date line and south off the coast of Ecuador at Christmas time.

Middle Atlantic Colonies

*Middle Atlantic Colonies* were New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland. - At one time, New York and New Jersey were the Dutch colony of New Netherland, and Delaware was once New Sweden. These colonies were the melting pot with settlers from all over. Main economic was based on farming. The native Americans were not as much of a threat. This region was known as the "breadbasket" of the new world, since their seaports were constantly full of meat and flour. There was also ship building, iron mining, and production of paper, glass, and textiles in factories.

Geographical studies

*Regional* the elements and characteristics of a place or region *Topical* an Earth feature or one human activity occurring throughout the entire world *Physical* Earth's physical features; what creates and changes them; their relationships to each other, and their relationships to human activities *Human* human activity patterns and how they relate to the environment including political, cultural, historical, urban, and social geographical fields of study

Southern Colonies

*Southern Colonies* were Virginia, North and South Carolina, and Georgia. Virginia was the first successful English colony and Georgia was the last. - The year 1619 was important for Virginia and the US- 60 women were sent to Virginia to marry and establish families, 20 Africans arrived, and Virginia colonists were granted the right to self-government. They immediately elected their own representatives to the House of Burgesses. Major economics was farming.

Acts that caused the war of independence

-*Proclamation Act* prohibited English settlement beyond the Appalachian Mountains to appease the Native Americans. - *Sugar Act* imposed a tax on foreign sugars imported into the colony. - *Currency Act* prohibited colonial government from issuing paper money. Opposition began in Massachusetts based on "taxation without representation". -*Stamp Act* put tax on newspapers, legal documents, licenses, almanacs, and playing cards. In response, the colonies formed the Sons of Liberty and staged riots against tax collectors. It was repealed within in 3 months. -*Townshend Acts* put taxes on lead, glass, paint, paper, and tea in order to generate revenue and regain control of the colonists. -*Boston Tea Party* Tea Act of 1773 gave the British East India Company a monopoly on the sales of tea, the colonies responded with this. England responded with the Coercive Acts (the Intolerable Acts).

The Republic

A political order in which the supreme power lies in a body of citizens who are entitled to vote for officers and representatives responsible to them

Stamp Act Congress

A meeting of delegations from many of the colonies, the congress was formed to protest the newly passed Stamp Act It adopted a declaration of rights as well as sent letters of complaints to the king and parliament, and it showed signs of colonial unity and organized resistance.

Roman Senate

A council whose members were the heads of wealthy, landowning families. Originally an advisory body to the early kings, in the era of the Roman Republic they effectively governed the Roman state and the growing empire. Formed by Romulus; served for life; administered laws and decrees; controlled treasury and collected taxes; appointed military commanders; received foreign ambassadors and ratified treaties with foreign powers.

Proletarian

A member of the working class (not necessarily employed)

Facism

A political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and has no tolerance for opposition

Structural Unemployment

A situation that occurs when people are out of work because they lack the skills or education necessary for the available jobs.

Seasonal Unemployment

A situation that occurs when people are out of work for part of the year because of the seasonal nature of their jobs.

Manifest Destiny

1820s, many believed America was destined by God to expand west Northwest Ordinance of 1787 and Louisiana Purchase of 1803, over half of the continent became American Brough conflict with Native American, Great Britain, Mexico and Spain: • Mexico-American War, 1846-1848, American gained, Texas, California and much of American Southwest • Conflict over the Oregon Territory Border arose and in 1846 President James Polk exacted a compromise with Britain, establishing the U.S. boundary south of the 49th parallel

Monroe Doctrine

1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. Only England supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s. Written by John Quincy Adams.

Monroe Doctrine

1823- President James Monroe declared the US would not interfere with European colonies or countries, and no European country would be allowed to intervene with American colonization - defining statement for future US Foreign Policy

William Lloyd Garrison

A militant abolitionist, he came editor of the Boston publication, The Liberator, in 1831. Under his leadership, The Liberator gained national fame and notoriety due to his quotable and inflammatory language, attacking everything from slave holders to moderate abolitionists, and advocating northern secession.

John Calvin

A pastor named _____ was a great influence during the Reformation and he helped devise a new system of Christian theology named Calvinism.

Booker T. Washington

African American progressive who supported segregation and demanded that African American better themselves individually to achieve equality.

Rivers

Amazon, Nile, Rhine, Mississippi, Ganges, Mekong, Yangtze

Causes of the Great Depression

1) U.S. enacted tariffs that prevented other nations from selling goods to Americans. Foreign nations had less money to buy American goods that were pouring out in record abundance. American banks were in debt because of extended credit. 2) Wealth was not evenly distributed. Nearly 2/3 of American families lived on less than the $2,000/year that would supply basic necessities. 3) Inequality of wealth produced a problem in consumption. The rich spent money lavishly but only made up a tiny part of output. The ordinary people (the majority) could not pick up the slack. *Personal indebtness rose to all time highs that coulld not be sustained. 4) The stock market crash.

Colonization of Massachusetts, Maryland, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania

1630, Puritans established the Massachusetts Bay Colony, hoping to purify the church of England MB Puritans were immediately successful: • they brought enough supplies • arrived in springtime, could plant and harvest in time for winter • John Withrop was a good leader • they fished, cut timber for ships, trapped fur and traded with others and Indians Local government is bound to church, only church members could vote for the general court even though everyone had to pay taxes Established a bible commonwealth, which lasted for 50 years, became the law of the community Felt common people were incapable of looking after themselves, should be governed and democracy was inefficient Roger Williams kicked out for blasphemy: • found the colony of Providence • believed colonists needed to treat Indians fairly • believed politics should not mix with religion • founded the baptist church

Akbur, Ruler of India

16th C ruler of the Mughal Empire allowed the practice of both Hinduism and Islam permitted construction of Hindu temples, freeing him from Hindu resistance paid cash instead of land to empire officials so he can control more land allowed certain defeated princes to keep their land

Molasses Act

1733 - required colonists to pay high duties on French, Dutch, Spanish goods

Thomas Jefferson

1743-1826 Jefferson was the 3rd president of the US, principle author of the Declaration of Independence and an influential founding father of the US. Made the Louisiana Purchase in 1803.

Karl Marx

1750-1914 : An influential author considered the father of communism. Wrote mostly about history and economics. He advocated working-class revolution as the key to creating an ideal communist future. He believed that industrial capitalism was an inherently unstable system, doomed to collapse in a revolutionary upheaval that would give birth to a classless socialist society, thus ending forever the ancient conflict between rich and poor.

Sugar Act

1764 - taxes on imported molasses; right to search homes

Quartering Act

1765 - quarter British troops; permission to settle west of the Appalachians needed

Stamp Act

1765 - taxed newspapers and printed materials, repealed in 1766 (Declaratory Act enacted)

Townshend Act

1767 - tax on imported paper, paint, lead, and tea

Tea Act

1773 - After repeal of a majority of Townshend Act, allowed East India Company excessive control over tea market; sparked 342 chests of Boston Tea Party

Coercive Acts

1774 - shut down ports in Boston; governor appoints local officials; British soldier trials to Britain; quartering British soldiers

Revelationary War

1775-1783, also known as the American War for Independence, was a war between the Britain and the 13 colonies.

Articles of Confederation & The Constitution

1781 Articles of Confederation is the first constitution of the U.S.A. Strengths: • Union of the 13 states • Ability to declare war • Ability to negotiated agreements Weaknesses: • Could not collect taxes as each state had to agree to give to the federal government funds • Unfair balance - law-making is one state one vote even though large state contributed more Corrected in the 1791 Constitution and its ratification: • Delegates from the 12 out of 13 states (RI missing) met May 25-Sept 17, 1787 • Original purpose was to revised Articles of Confederation as central government is too weak and states had too much power • Delegates vowed to keep secret of proceedings of draft, so they can bring the completed constitution to home states for ratification • Focused on separation of power, created 3 branches of government - Legislative (House of Congress and Senate), Executive (President), and Judicial (Supreme Court) • Anti-federalists such as James Madison, John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, opposed the new constitution until the Bill of Rights was included

Battle that ended the Revolutionary war

1781 Yorktown

United States Constitution

1787, Continental Congress made a constitution after Articles of Confederation failed; It included a central government divided into three branches (president, Senate, House of Representatives, and Supreme Court) and controlled by checks and balances. The Bill of Rights were ten amendments to the new constitution that guaranteed rights of freedom to citizens; made a national gov't that controlled taxes, army, trade, and currency.

When was Washington Elected?

1789 Electrol College

French Revolution

1789-1799. Period of political and social upheaval in France, during which the French government underwent structural changes, and adopted ideals based on Enlightenment principles of nationalism, citizenship, and inalienable rights. Changes were accompanied by violent turmoil and executions.

New constitution Early years

1791-1829

Reign of Terror

1793-4 period of panic where people where executed by Robespierre as 'enemies of the state' in France

John Locke

17th century English philosopher who opposed the Divine Right of Kings and who asserted that people have a natural right to life, liberty, and property.

Marbury vs. madison

1803 case in which chief justice john marshall and his associates first asserted the right of the supreme court to determine the meaning of the US constitution - the decision established the court's power of judicial review over acts of congress, in this case the judiciary act of 1789

Louisiana Purchase

1803, Thomas Jefferson's manifest destiny, bought Louisiana Territory for $15 mil from the French, expanded it's land by 2 times and gained control of the Mississippi River Started the great western migration of settlers

Charles Darwin

1809-1882 English naturalist and scientist whose theory of evolution through natural selection was first published in 'On The Origin of the Species" in 1859.

Opium War

1839-1842. Chinese attempted to prohibit the opium trade, British declared war and won against Chinese. Treaty of Nanjing, agreed to open 5 ports to British trade and limit tariffs on British goods and gave Hong Kong.

Lincoln-Douglas debates

1858- Abraham Lincoln and Stephen Douglas were running for the office of US Senator from Illinois and both were a part of debates that directly affected the outcome of the 1860 presidential election. Lincoln was not an abolitionist, but was morally against slavery. He received a minority of the popular votes, but a majority of the electoral votes. The southern states seceded as they said they would if Lincoln and the Republican party were victorious.

Gilded Age

1870s - 1890 Enormous wealth and gross opulence by a handful of powerful families - Vanderbilts, Ascots, Rockefellers Control of major industries in hands of ruthless businessmen exploiting workers: • Jay Gould, railroads • Andrew Carnegie, steel • John. D. Rockefeller, Sr., oil • Philip Danforth Armour, meatpacking • J.P. Morgan, banking • John Jacob Astor, fur pelts • Cornelius Vanderbilt, steamboat shipping Congress tried to curb cutthroat competition and prohibit restrained trade by creating the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Sherman Anti-Trust Act, but didn't enforce them

Carl Jung

1875-1961; Field: neo-Freudian, analytic psychology; Contributions: people had conscious and unconscious awareness; archetypes; collective unconscious; libido is all types of energy, not just sexual; Studies: dream studies/interpretation

Plessy vs Furgeson

1896 Supreme Court Decision upheld that segregation was ok as long as it was "separate but equal"

Jean Piaget

1896-1980; Swiss developmental psychologist who proposed a four-stage theory of cognitive development based on the concept of mental operations

Thomas Malthus

18th century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production.

Muller Vs. Oregon

1908- Louis Brandeis. Supreme Court accepted constitutionality of laws protecting women workers by presenting evidence of the harmful effects of factory labor on women's weaker bodies. Progressives ironically hailed this.

Decembrist Revolt

1st rebellion in Russia with specific political goals, Alexander I turned away from reform and supressed liberals and nationalists, as Russians drove Napoleon back to France, exposed to French Revolution and enlightenment and wanted to make nation better-formed secret societies, in 1825 alex. 1 died and two brothers not sure who will be on the throne and eventually Nicholas takes the throne, the army has to take an oath to conservative Nicholas but Moscow regiment marched to senate square and refused to take allegiance and called for "constitution and constantine" (the other brother), nicholas ordered cavalry to attack them and more than 60 are killed, 5 excecuted, others exiled to siberia

Herbert Hoover

31st President of the United States, Republican candidate who assumed the presidency in March 1929 promising the American people prosperity and attempted to first deal with the Depression by trying to restore public faith in the community. He believed that too much government aid would take away peoples self respect.

Socialism

A political belief and system in which the state takes a guiding role in the national economy and provides extensive social services to its population. A variant of Marxism, in the extreme it can become communism.

Map Projection

A mathematical method that involves transferring the earth's sphere onto a flat surface. This term can also be used to describe the type of map that results from the process of projecting. All map projections have distortions in either area, direction, distance, or shape.

Population Density

A measure of how many individuals of a population exist in a given unit of space.

price elasticity of demand

A measure of how much the quantity demanded of a good responds to a change in the price of that good, computed as the percentage change in quantity demanded divided by the percentage change in price

Roman Senate

A council whose members were the heads of wealthy, landowning families. Originally an advisory body to the early kings, in the era of the Roman Republic they effectively governed the Roman state and the growing empire. Formed by Romulus; served for life; administered laws and decrees; controlled treasury and collected taxes; appointed military commanders; received foreign ambassadors; and ratified treaties with foreign powers.

Fertile Crescent

A crescent shaped area that as part of a massive swath of rich farmland that stretched from the Persian Gulf to the Mediterranean Sea.

Canyon

A deep, narrow valley with steep sides

Spatial organization

A description of how things are grouped in a given space. In geographical terms, this can describe people, places, environments, anywhere and everywhere on Earth.

Kalahari Desert

A desert in southwestern Africa - largely Botswana

Kalahari Desert

A desert in southwestern Africa- largely Botswana.

Arabian Desert

A desert on the Arabian Peninsula in southwestern Asia

Price Index

A measurement that shows how the average price of a standard group of goods changes over time

Lusitania

A British passenger ship that was sunk by a German U-Boat on May 7, 1915. 128 Americans died. The sinking greatly turned American opinion against the Germans, helping the move towards entering the war.

Robespierre

A French political leader of the eighteenth century. A Jacobin, he was one of the most radical leaders of the French Revolution. He was in charge of the government during the Reign of Terror, when thousands of persons were executed without trial. After a public reaction against his extreme policies, he was executed without trial.

Mayans

A Mesoamerican civilization, noted for the only known fully developed written language of the pre-Columbian Americas, as well as its spectacular art, monumental architecture, and sophisticated mathematical and astronomical systems. Initially established during the Preclassic period,(c. 250 CE to 900 CE), and continued until the arrival of the Spanish.

Incas

A Native American people who built a notable civilization in western South America in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. The center of their empire was in present-day Peru. Francisco Pizarro of Spain conquered the empire.

Indus River Civilization

A Notable Ancient Civilization extended through the modern day countries of Pakistan and India. Known for its sophisticated urban planning, which considered the importance of hygiene in an urban center.

Louis Brandeis

A Progressive-style lawyer called "the people's lawyer," and fought for public causes. When nominated to the Supreme Court by Woodrow Wilson in 1916, his appointment drew outrage as his "radical" behavior and anti-Semitism as he was the first Jew on the Supreme Court.

Ivan Pavlov

A Russian researcher in the early 1900s who was the first research into learned behavior, conditioning, who discovered classical conditioning.

Suez Canal

A canal linking the Red Sea to the Mediterranean Sea. It was a vital trade route in the British Empire during imperialism, and continues to link North Africa and Europe to Asia today.

Unitary Government

A centralized government. All powers held by the government belong to a single, central agency. The central national government creates local units of gov't for its convenience. The local governments only have the powers that the central government chooses to give to them. Most modern governments function this way.

Investiture

A ceremony in which a person formally receives the authority and symbols of an office.

Amendment

A change or addition to the US constitution. - Only 27 amendments have been made to the Constitution. - An amendment must be approved by 3/4ths of the state legislatures, which is 38 states.

Egyptians

A civilization around 3000 B.C They lived in areas around the lower part of the Nile river They grew surplus crops Developed their own writing system Farmed minerals A vast trading network They had a military They had an effective system of medicine They are most famously known for their pyramids, which were burial sites for Pharos. Peasants would work on them in trade for food and shelter.

Sumerians

A civilization between 4000 and 1500 B.C. Developed Cuneiform, a writing system that used pictures and symbols They lived in mud brick buildings within farming communities First civilization known to use the wheel They traded widely They had many tools, pottery and wooden furniture They had an advanced military

Ancient Rome

A classical civilization known for contributing the ideal behind laws, a republic and aqueducts, science & technology.

Ancient Egypt

A classical civilization known for contributions such as paper, the alphabet, medicine, and astronomy to name a few.

Ancient Greece

A classical civilization known for one of its major contributions, the idea of democracy.

Ancient Africa

A classical civilization which contributed ideas of iron technology, the creative arts and agriculture.

Ancient India

A classical civilization which contributed the idea of a centralized government, bureaucracy.

Ancient China

A classical civilization which contributed the idea of a civil service system.

Ancient Islam

A classical civilization whose contributions include architecture (mosques), calligraphy/painting, and philosophy.

El Nino

A climate event caused by either the warming or cooling of Pacific waters off the western coast of tropical South America. El Nino (or La Nina) causes global changes to weather patterns for several years, resulting droughts in some areas while flooding precipitation in others. It can also result in stronger storms, such as hurricanes and typhoons.

Farm Bloc

A coalition of western Republicans and southern Democrats that put through a program of legislation from 1921 to 1923 to combat the falling crop prices of the early 1920s.

Economic Profit

A firm's total revenue minus its explicit and implicit costs

Multilateralism

A foreign policy that encourages the involvement of several nation-states in coordinated action, usually in relation to a common adversary, with terms and conditions usually specified in a multicountry treaty, such as NATO

Direct Democracy

A form of government in which citizens rule directly and not through representatives.

Oligarchy

A form of government in which power effectively rests with a small elite segment of society distinguished by royalty, wealth, family ties, military might, or religious hegemony.

Absolutism

A form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Basin

A geographic depression, often filled with water

Fertile Crescent

A geographical area of fertile land in the Middle East stretching in a broad semicircle from the Nile to the Tigris and Euphrates. Cradle of Civilization.

place

A geographical term that describes the physical and human characteristics of a location.

Black Death

A global plague that swept through Europe from 1347 to 1353. Originated in China and was brought to Europe on a trading vessel traveling from the Black Sea to Italy.

Autocracy

A government in which a single person holds unlimited political power.

Oligarchy

A government in which the power to rule is held by a small, usually self-appointed elite.

Federal System

A government that divides the powers of government between the national government and state or provincial governments

Unitary System

A government that gives all key powers to the national or central government

Israelites

A group who made a lasting impact on Western culture. They contributed to monotheism

Deccan Plateau

A high area of land at the center of the Indian subcontinent. It lies between the Adrian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. It is made of lava which produced a rich black soil. It is brodered by the Eastern and Western Ghats.

Deccan Plateau

A high area of land at the center of the Indian subcontinent., it lies between the Adrian Sea and the Bay of Bengal and it is made of lava, which produces a rich black soil;it's bordered on the west and east by the East and Western Ghats Mts.

operant conditioning

A learning process in which the likelihood of a specific behavior is increased or decreased through positive or negative reinforcement each time the behavior is exhibited, so that the subject comes to associate the pleasure or displeasure of the reinforcement with the behavior. (positive/negative reinforcement and positive/negative punishment)

Bicameralism

A legislative body where power is shared by two separate chambers so that neither can act without the agreement of the other.

Bicameral(ism)

A legislative branch made up of two houses. Established so that one house can check the other. It serves as a way to keep congress from overwhelming the other two branches of government.

Tropic of Cancer

A line of latitude about 23 degrees North of the equator.

Tropic of Capricorn

A line of latitude about 23 degrees South of the equator

Tropic of Capricorn

A line of latitude about 23 degrees south of the equator.

Prime meridian

A line of longitude that, by international agreement, marks 0 degrees longitude.

Western Front

A line of trenches and fortifications in World War I that stretched without a break from Switzerland to the North Sea. Scene of most of the fighting between Germany, on the one hand, and France and Britain, on the other.

Impressionism

A literary or artistic style that seeks to capture a feeling or experience rather than to achieve accurate description

Red Sea

A long arm of the Indian Ocean between NE Africa and Arabia.

Red Sea

A long arm of the Indian Ocean between northeast Africa and Arabia

Valley

A low piece of land between two hills or mountains

Ring of Fire

A major belt of volcanoes that rims the Pacific Ocean.

Scientific Revolution

A major change in European thought, starting in the mid-1500s, in which the study of the natural world began to be characterized by careful observation and the questioning of accepted beliefs

Ming Dynasty

A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia

Perfect Competition

A market structure in which a large number of firms all produce the same product. The market situation in which there are many sellers in a market and no seller is large enough to dictate the price of a product

Monopolistic Competition

A market structure, like that for retailing, in which large numbers of buyers and sellers exchange relatively well-differentiated (heterogeneous) products, so each participant has some control over price.

Map Projection

A mathematical method that involves transferring the earth's sphere onto a flat surface. This term can also be used to describe the type of map that results from the process of projecting. All map projections have distortions in either area, direction, distance or shape.

Richelieu

A minister to Louis XIII in France, he thought you had to put more power into the monarchy and take some away from the locals in order to have a powerful and stable government. He saw three chief threats to absolutism: 1) nobles have too much power, 2) powerful governors take away centralization, and 3) Huguenots (because he thought having more than one belief system tears apart central unity and is itself a huge threat to the power of the monarch). In order to address these chief threats, he began buying off nobles with ceremonial titles in order to strip them of their power, replaced governors with royal officials handpicked by the king, and he started curtailing some of the religious freedom of the Huguenots. A firm believer in raison d'etat, by the time Louis XIV came to power, he had already laid the foundation for this form of government in which the needs of the state came before the needs of the people.

Market socialism

A mixed economic system that uses both markets and planning

Population Pyramid

A model used in population geography to show the age and sex distribution of a particular population.

Islam

A monotheistic religion (believing in only ONE God).

Christianity

A monotheistic religion that arose in the Roman Middle-East during the Pax Romana. Founded by Jesus Christ, and based on the beliefs of Judaism and the Old Testament. Originally Christians were heavily persecuted.

Carpathian Mountains

A mountain range in central Europe that extends from Slovakia and southern Poland southeastward through western Ukraine to northeastern Romania.

Karakoram Mountains

A mountain range in northern Kashmir the mountain region that includes many mountains like K2 and many villages like Korphe

Karakoram Mountains

A mountain range in the northern Kashmir the region that includes many mountains like K2 and many villages.

Cascade Mountains

A mountain range in the northwestern United States extending through Washington and Oregon and northern California.

Enlightenment

A movement of ideas that occurred in Europe between 1680 and 1790. Attempted to apply reason to understand, explain and even change the world.

Isthmus

A narrow strip of land connecting two larger regions.

The Grange

A nationwide farm organization that began a movement against the unfair practices of the railroads. They attempted to end railroad abuses through state legislatures. While they did manage to get some laws passed many were quickly repealed in the face of opposition. Declined in part due to failed business ventures.

Auguste Comte

A nineteenth century french philosopher that coined the term sociology and also stressed the importance of empirical research in the study of social phenomena.

The Olmec Civilization

A notable ancient civilization in Mesoamerica. Developed its own system of writing and may have been the first civilization in the Western Hemisphere to do so.

Ancient China

A notable ancient civilization that covers the Xia Dynasty, Shang Dynasty, Yin Dynasty, and the Zhou Dynasty.

Common Sense

A pamphlet published by Thomas Paine in 1776, called for independence

Common Sense

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation.

Fourteen Points

A peace program presented to the U.S. Congress by President Woodrow Wilson in January 1918. It called for the evacuation of German-occupied lands, the drawing of borders and the settling of territorial disputes by the self-determination of the affected populations, and the founding of an association of nations to preserve the peace and guarantee their territorial integrity. It was rejected by Germany, but it made Wilson the moral leader of the Allies in the last year of World War I.

Qin dynasty

A people and state in the Wei Valley of eastern China that conquered rival states and created the first Chinese empire (221-206 B.C.E.). Their ruler, Shi Huangdi, standardized many features of Chinese society and enslaved subjects.

Mongols

A people of this name is mentioned as early as the records of the Tang Empire, living as nomads in northern Eurasia. After 1206 they established an enormous empire under Genghis Khan, linking western and eastern Eurasia. >(p. 325)

Great Depression

A period during 1929-1940 when severe economic downturn caused by overly confident, overextended stock market and a drought that struck the south. It ended with increased production.

Pax Romana

A period of peace and prosperity throughout the Roman Empire, lasting from 27 B.C. to A.D. 180.

Populist

A person who advocates democratic principles; A politician who advocates specific policies just because they are popular. A political party formed in 1891 mostly by farmers & members of labor unions who demanded government help with falling farm prices, regulation of railroad rates, and the free coinage of silver (more money to be put in circulation)

Conservative

A person who believes government power, particularly in the economy, should be limited in order to maximize individual freedom.

Liberal

A person who favors a political philosophy of progress and reform and the protection of civil liberties, a person who favors an economic theory of laissez-faire and self-regulating markets.

Mohandas Gandhi

A philosopher from India, this man was a spiritual and moral leader favoring India's independence from Great Britain. He practiced passive resistance, civil disobedience and boycotts to generate social and political change.

Confucianism

A philosophy that most emphasizes proper relationships as the basis for social and political order. It shows the way to ensure a stable government and an orderly society in the present world and stresses a moral code of conduct.

Flood Plain

A plain on either side of a river.

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically, a policy of extending your rule over foreign countries.

Imperialism

A policy in which a strong nation seeks to dominate other countries poitically, socially, and economically.

Militarism

A policy of glorifying military power and keeping a standing army always prepared for war

Appeasement

A policy of making concessions to an aggressor in the hopes of avoiding war. Associated with Neville Chamberlain's policy of making concessions to Adolf Hitler.

Isolationism

A policy of non-participation in international economic and political relations.

Communism

A political and economic system where factors of production are collectively owned and directed by the state.

Fuedalism

A political system in which nobles are granted the use of lands that legally belong to the king, in exchange for thier loyalty, military service and protection of of the people who live on the land. Socioeconomics predominated in both Europe and Japan between 700 and 1300 BCE.

Fascism

A political theory advocating an authoritarian hierarchical government (as opposed to democracy or liberalism), a political system headed by a dictator that calls for extreme nationalism and racism and no tolerance of opposition.

Socialism

A political theory advocating state ownership of industry. A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Evolution Theory

A population formed out of primitive families. The heads of these families became the government. When these families settled in one territory and claimed it as their own, they became a sovereign state.

Demographic transitions

A population goes through a demographic transition where there is a distinct and drastic change in death and birth rates.

Stationary Pyramid

A population pyramid in which all cohorts (except the oldest) are roughly the same size.

Stationary Pyramid

A population pyramid in which all cohorts, except the oldest, are roughly the same size.

Constrictive Pyramid

A population pyramid showing lower numbers or percentages of younger people. The country will have a greying population which means that people are generally older.

Vote of no Confidence

A process in a parliamentary system where a majority of parliament members vote to remove the Prime Minister from office.

Neo Colonialism

A process of acculturation or cultural imperialism through which forms of industrial, political and economic organization are often imposed on other cultures under the guise of getting aid in the form of technological and industrial "progress," but it can still lead to good things, like bringing needed infrastructure

Open Market Operation

A process that involves buying or selling of government securities, such as bonds, to and from the nation's banks. Buying back from banks increases money supply. Selling to banks decreases money supply. An increase in money supply means an increase in business activity. One of the Fed's tools to adjust money supply.

Economics

A social science that studies how a society's resources are shared. It describes and analyzes choices about the way goods and services are produced, distributed, and consumed and assesses the consequences of those choices.

Sons of Liberty

A radical political organization formed after the passage of the Stamp Act to protest various British acts; organization used poth peaceful and violent means of protest

Cultural Revolution

A radical sociopolitical movement in China c1966-71, led by Mao Zedong and characterized by military rule, terrorism, purges, restructuring of the educational system, etc.

Hill

A raised area of land under 2,000 feet in height

Five Fundamental principles of democracy

A recognition of the fundamental worth and dignity of every person, A respect for the equality of all persons, A faith in majority rule and an insistence upon minority rights, An acceptance of the necessity of compromise, An insistence upon the widest possible degree of an individual freedom

Peninsula

A region mostly surrounded by water, but still connected to land.

Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches

Protestant Reformation

A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches. The translation of the Bible into vernacular languages was part of it's endeavor.

William Shakespeare

A renowned poet and playwright.

Non-Renewable Resource

A resource that cannot be reused or replaced easily (ex. gems, iron, copper, fossil fuels)

Non-Renewable Resource

A resource that cannot be reused or replaced easily ex. iron, copper, fossil fuels, gems.

River System

A river and the smaller streams and rivers that flow into it

Exclusionary Rule

A rule that provides that otherwise admissible evidence cannot be used in a criminal trial if it was the result of illegal police conduct, improperly gathered evidence may not be introduced in a criminal trial.

Crusades

A series of military expeditions in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries by Westrn European Christians to reclain control of the Holy Lands from the Muslims. A result were new products and technologies brought back to Europe.

Great Society

A set of domestic programs suggested by Lyndon B. Johnson in the 1960s. The goals of these programs were the elimination of poverty, and racial injustice. Some of these programs were originally propsed and rejected during Kennedy's time in office. Programs included the institution of medicare and medicaid, and the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 which forbade employers from discriminating based on race or ethnicity.

Caste System

A set of rigid social categories that determined not only a person's occupation and economic potential, but also his or her position in society.

Suez Canal

A ship canal in northeastern Egypt linking the Red Sea with the Mediterranean Sea

Externalities

A side effect or consequence of an industry or commercial activity that affects other parties without this being reflected in the cost of the goods/services involved. (Think: air pollution from motor vehicles is an example of a negative externality. The costs of the air pollution for the rest of society is not compensated for by either the producers or users of motorized transport. A positive externality is a farmer who grows apple trees; he provides a benefit to a beekeeper. The beekeeper gets a good source of nectar to help make more honey).

Frictional Unemployment

A situation that occurs when people are between jobs, or are looking for their first jobs.

Cyclical Unemployment

A situation that occurs when people are out of work because of a downturn in the business cycle.

Bartholome de las Casas

A spanish priest who settled in the New world and was against the torture and genocide of Native Americans

Deviance

A state or condition markedly different from the norm, behavior that departs from the societal or group norm.

Stock on Margin

A system in which people pay a percentage of the cost of a stock and the rest was loaned by the broker. In the 1920s the margins were loosely monitored. People were putting down very small margins. When the economy began to contract brokers asked stock buyers to pay more money into their margins. As most could not afford this they lost their savings.

representative democracy

A system of government in which citizens elect representatives, or leaders, to make decisions about the laws for all the people.

Parliamentary System

A system of government in which the legislature selects the prime minister or president, a system of government in which both executive and legislative functions reside in an elected assembly. The head of the government must be a current member of the legislature.

Autocracy

A system of government in which the power to rule is in the hands of a single individual

Presidential system

A system of government with a legislature, involving a few or many political parties, with no division between head of state and head of government. President is elected by direct or indirect election. President may rule without a majority in the legislature. Can only be removed from office for major infractions of the law.

Primogeniture

A system of inheritance in which the eldest son in a family received all of his father's land. The nobility remained powerful and owned land, while the 2nd and 3rd sons were forced to seek fortune elsewhere. Many of them turned to the New World for their financial purposes and individual wealth.

The Appalachians

A system of mountains in eastern North America. Its highest peak is Mount Mitchell.

checks and balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

feudal system

A system where local lords governed their own lands in Medieval History

Filibuster

A tactic for delaying or obstructing legislation by making long speeches. Hold up action on a bill by refusing to yield the floor, gives individual senators a degree of influence over legislation that is not available to the members of the House, whose debate is governed by a more restrictive set of rules.

Excise Tax

A tax laid on the manufacture, sale, or consumption of goods and/or the performance of services.

Conspicuous Consumption

A term coined by Thorstein Veblen to describe the consumption of vast resources just for show. Particularly in the upper or leisure class.

Renaissance

A term used to describe a series of profound intellectual and social revolutions that transformed nearly every aspect of life in Europe.

Yukon

A territory in northwestern Canada

Thematic maps

A thematic map is a type of map especially designed to show a particular theme connected with a specific geographic area. These maps can portray physical, social, political culture economic, sociological, agricultural, or any other aspects of a city, state, region, nation, or continent (obesity)

Choropleth Map

A thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent data as average values per unit area. Makes quantity distinctions between items through color.

Choropleth Map

A thematic map that uses tones or colors to represent data as average values per unit area. Makes quantity distinctions between items through color. Example: Number of hospital beds per 1,000 people by county in a state.

Realism International Relations

A theory of international relations that focuses on the tendency of nations to operate from self-interest.

Socialism

A theory or system that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole. An economic system in which government owns some factors of production and participates in answering economic questions. It offers some security and benefits to those who are less fortunate, homeless, or under-employed.

Athenian democracy

A type of government used in Athens which is sort of a combine of majority rule and democracy. It remains a unique and intriguing experiment in direct democracy where the people do not elect representatives to vote on their behalf but vote on legislation and executive bills in their own right. Greek democracy created at Athens was a direct, not a representative democracy: any adult male citizen of age could take part, and it was a duty to do so.

Thematic

A type of map especially designed to show a particular idea connected with a specific geographic area. These maps can portray physical, social, political, cultural, economic, sociological, agricultural, or any other aspects of a city, state, region, nation, or continent.

Thematic Map

A type of map that displays one or more variables-such as population, or income level within a specific area. Can show climate vegetation, natural resources, population density, economic activity etc.

Thematic Map

A type of map that displays one or more variables-such as population, or income level-within a specific area., shows climate, vegetation, natural resources, population density, economic activity, historical trends, movement, etc...

Cascade Mountains

A volcanic mountain range in the northwestern United States extending through Washington and Oregon and northern California.

War of 1812

A war between the U.S. and Great Britain caused by American outrage over the impressment of American sailors by the British, the British seizure of American ships, and British aid to the Indians attacking the Americans on the western frontier. The War Hawks (young westerners led by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun) argued for war in Congress. The war involved several sea battles and frontier skirmishes. The Treaty of Ghent (December 1814) restored the status quo and required the U.S. to give back Florida. Two weeks later, Andrew Jackson's troops defeated the British at the Battle of New Orleans, not knowing that a peace treaty had already been signed. The war strengthened American nationalism and encouraged the growth of industry.

Peloponnesian War

A war fought between Athens and Sparta; won by Sparta because it was able to cut off Athens' grain supply.

Total War

A war that involves the complete mobilization of resources and people, affecting the lives of all citizens in the warring countries, even those remote from the battlefields.

13th amendment

Abolished Slavery

location

Absolute-Describes an exact location using coordinates such as latitude and longitude.

Mountain ranges in Africa

Abyssinian, Atlas, Ruwenzori, Kilimanjaro (inactive volcano)

Law of Diminishing Return

Adding units of one factor of production (such as labor) increases total output, but after a certain point the extra output for each additional unit hired will begin to decrease:

Olduvai Gorge

Africa - where The Leakeys do their vacation

7 Continents

Africa, Antartica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North America, South America

Potsdam Conference

After Nazi Germany's surrender - Clement Attlee, Harry Truman, and Joseph Stalin met to formalize plans for post-war Europe

League of Nations

After the devastation of World War I, this was formed to promote peace, but it ultimately failed having no way to enforce these resolutions. From this failure, the *United Nations* stared as an international assembly given the authority to arrange and enforce international resolutions.

Mandate System

Allocation of former German colonies and Ottoman possessions to the victorious powers after World War I, to be administered under League of Nations supervision.

Compromise of 1850

Allowed those who lived in the Mexican cession to decide for themselves whether to be free or slave territory.

Mountain ranges in Europe

Alps, Caucasus, Carpathians, Pyrenees, Urals

Direct Democracy

Also called a pure democracy. Exists where the will of the people is translated into public policy (law) directly by the people themselves in mass meetings. It only works in small communities, and does not exist at the national level anywhere in the world today.

Dictatorship

Also called an oligarchy. Rule by an individual or small group, centralizes all political control in itself and enforces its will with a strong police force.

Indirect democracy

Also called representative democracy. A small group of persons, chosen by people to represent their will. These agents are responsible for carrying out the day to day conduct of government. These elected officials are held accountable to the people for that conduct with periodic elections.

Mixed government

Also known as a mixed constitution, is a form of government that integrated facets of government by democracy, oligarchy, and monarchy. It means there are some issues (often defined in a constitution) where the state is governed by the majority of the people, in some other issues the state is governed by few, in some other issues by a single person (also often defined in a constitution). The idea is commonly treated as an antecedent of separation of powers.

Realism

Also known as political realism, is a school of international relations that prioritizes national interest and security over ideology, moral concerns and social reconstructions. This term is often synonymous with power politics.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

Also known as the Pact of Paris., (1928)-Document, signed by fifteen countries, that "condemned and renounced war as an instrument of national policy." It was widely considered useless as no organization existed to enforce it.

Populists

Also known as the people's party. It was established mainly to deal with farmers grievances in the late 1800s. They demanded free silver, more paper money, cheaper credit, government ownership of the railroads, and the return of railroad bounty lands to the federal government. Really only concerned with the farmers and thus did not gain a national following.

Rivers in South America

Amazon (world's 2nd largest)

Alfred Mahan

American Naval officer and historian. He is most famous for his book "The Influence of Sea Power on History" which defined Naval strategy. His philosophies had a major influence on the Navies of many nations resulting in a igniting of naval races between countries.

Harriet Beecher Stowe

American abolitionist who wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin, which alerted millions of readers to the strugglers of slavery

John Adams

Americas first vice president and second president

productivity

Amount of goods and services produced from each hour of a worker's time.

Shiloh

An 1862 battle in which the Union forced the Confederacy to retreat in some of the fiercest fighting in the Civil War. Grant was attempting to reach a railroad hub in Corinth, Mississippi. Both sides took very heavy losses, and the Union was nearly defeated.

Nunavut

An Arctic territory in northern Canada created in 1999 and governed solely by the Inuit

Rosetta Stone

An Egyptian artifact that helped provide translations of the hieroglyphics for modern understanding of the symbols.

East India Company

An English company formed in 1600 to develop trade with the new British colonies in India and southeastern Asia; marketed in the textile industry; controlled 60% of India and used their diversity to conquer them

Entente Cordiale

An agreement signed in 1904 between Britain and France that settled colonial disputes between them and ended a entury of British isolation from conflicts on the continent. Led to the Triple Entente.

Animal husbandry

An agricultural activity associated with the raising of domesticated animals, such as cattle, horses, sheep, and goats.

Central Powers

An alliance during World War I that originally consisted of Germany and Austria-Hungary. Other nations, including Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire, joined later.

Allied Powers

An alliance during World War I that originally consisted of Russia, France, and Britain. Many other countries, including Belgium, Canada, Greece, Italy, Japan, and Romania, joined later as associate powers. Although the United States never joined the Allied Powers—preferring on principle to fight the Central Powers independently—it cooperated closely with the Allied Powers once it joined the war in 1917.

Confederate Government

An alliance of independent states. A central organization that only has power to handle those matters that member states have assigned to it. Typically control defense, and foreign affairs. Makes it possible for several states to cooperate, while maintaining separate identites. Very rare today. Closest example is the EU.

Macedonia

An an ancient kingdom ruled by Alexander the Great that conquered most of Greece and the Persian Empire in the 300s B.C.

Silk Road

An ancient trade route between China and the Mediterranean Sea extending some 4,000 mi and linking China with the Roman Empire. Helped spread Buddhism from India to China.

Nativism

An anti-foreign feeling that arose in the 1840's and 1850's in response to the influx of Irish and German Catholics.

Boxer Uprising

An antiwestern uprising, the Boxers lay seige to the foreign quarters in Pekking, they murdered foreigners and Christian Chinese; the eight nations who had influence in China put down the uprising and forced them to pay for the damage the rebellion had caused.

International Date Line

An arc that for the most part follows 180 degrees longitude, although it deviates in several places to avoid dividing land areas .When you cross it heading east (toward the us) the clock moves back 24 hours, when you go west you move ahead one day.

Council of Trent

An ecumenical council of the Roman Catholic Church convened in Trento in three sessions between 1545 and 1563 in response to the Reformation

Proportional Representation

An election system in which each party running receives the proportion of legislative seats corresponding to its proportion of the vote.

Humanism

An intellectual movement at the heart of the Renaissance that focused on education and the classics. A system of thought based on the study of human ideas and actions.

Enlightenment

An intellectual movement concentrated in France during the 1700's developed rational laws to describe social behavior and applied their findings in support of human rights and liberal economic theories.

International Monetary Fund

An international organization of 183 countries, established in 1947 with the goal of promoting cooperation and exchange between nations, and to aid the growth of international trade.

European Union

An international organization of European countries formed after World War II to reduce trade barriers and increase cooperation among its members.

Judicial Activism

An interpretation of the U.S. constitution holding that the spirit of the times and the needs of the nation can legitimately influence judicial decisions (particularly decisions of the Supreme Court)

Muslim League

An organization formed in 1906 to protect the interests of India's Muslims, which later proposed that India be divided into separate Muslim and Hindu nations.

Ku Klux Klan

An organization of white supremacists that used lynchings, beatings, and threats to control the black population in the United States. Expressed beliefs in respect for the American woman and things purely American [anti-immigrant]. Strongest periods were after the Civil War, a resurfacing in 1915 [on Stone Mountain, GA.] continuing through the 1920s, and another upsurge in the 1990s.

Compromise of 1877

An unwritten deal that settled the 1876 presidential election contest between Rutherford Hayes (Rep) and Samuel Tilden (Dem) Hayes was awarded the presidency in exchange for the permanent removal of federal troops from the South, the appointment of a Democrat to Hayes' cabinet, the construction of a transcontinental railroadusing the Texas and Pacific, and Legislation to help industrialize the south. Only the first two terms were met in reality. This marks the end of Reconstruction.

Mountain ranges in South America

Andes

John Wesley

Anglican minister; created religious movement, Methodism; led to become missionary to the English people; apealed especialy to lower class; his Methodism gave lower and middle classes in English society a sense of purpose and comunity

Renewable Resource

Any natural resource (as wood or solar energy) that can be replenished naturally with the passage of time

Renewable Resource

Any natural resource (wood, solar energy etc.) that can be replenished naturally with the passage of time.

Labor

Anyone who sells his or her ability to produce goods and services

goods and services

Anything that is worth money and can be exchanged or sold

Natural Barrier against growth of British Colonies

Appalachian Mountains

Three significant mountain ranges in North America

Appalachian, Rocky Mountains, Sierra Nevada cordilla (west coast)

Desiderius Erasmus

Applied historical scholarship to the New Testament and laid the seeds for the Protestment Reformation.

Emperor Maximilian

Appointed emperor of Mexico by Napoleon III, after forces were sent to protect French interests in Mexico. When French troops were recalled home, he was left without an army; he surrendered to Mexican forces and was executed; seen as a blow to the prestige of the French emperor.

Lincoln's assassination

April 14, 1865 assassinated on the eve of Union Army

Battle of Lexington and Concord

April 1775 - first engagement of the Revolutionary War

Franz Ferdinand

Archduke of Austria Hungary who was assassinated at Sarajevo by a Serbian terrorist group called the Black Hand; his death was a main cause for World War I

Rivers

Are a channeled flow of water that start out as a spring or stream formed by runoff from rain or snow. The Nile River is thee longest river.

Interest Groups

Are aggregates of individuals based on a limited range of shared concerns. They promote their policy agenda, in large part by providing legislators and policy makers with specialized information in issues.

Mountains

Are formed by the movement of geological plates, the process is called orogeny.

Coral reefs

Are formed from millions of tiny, tube-shaped polyps, an animal life form encased in tough limestone skeletons. Fringing, barrier, and atolls are the three types.

Federal Block Grants

Are given to state governments w/regulations that they be used for specific purposes, Block grants give the states more discretion in that they provide federal funds for general areas of use but allow the states to implement the specifics of the programs.

Vernacular regions

Are less formally defined areas that are formed by people's perceptions (ex. the South, or middle east)

Price Floor

Are minimum prices set by the government for certain commodities and services that it believes are being sold in an unfair market, with too low of a price and thus their producers deserve some assistance.

Pork Barrel Legislation

Authorizes federal spending on special projects in the state/district of the representative Airports, Roads, Dams

Lousiana Purchase

Bought the west from France - Napoleon Bonaparte- LOusiana for 10 million West for 15 million dollars

3rd Estate

Bourgeoisie, peasants, and huge range of French citizens. Had to pay taxes, top jobs were not available, payed high prices for basic needs.

Aztec indians

Built stone temples and pyramids in central Mexico, specifically the great pyramid of Tenochtitlan in present-day Mexico City. Also known for their cultivation of maize.

Cornelius Vanderbuilt

Built the New York Central System, and the largest steamboat fleet in America. Through ruthless business tactics he consolidated, and controlled, railways from Buffalo, NY to Chicago into one unified company.

Sectionalism

Division of a region based on political, economic, and social reasons in the 1800s differences in opinion over tariffs, and slavery between the Northern, Southern, and Western states led to the Civil War.

Old, Middle, and new kingdoms

Egyptian history is divided into three periods which are?

United States Senator

Elected to the Legisilative Branch of the U.S. government for a term on 6 years to represent a state; 2 per state, 100 total.

Guild System

Eliminated competition, set regulations for size, price, standard, etc...and created a training program for people to become members (apprentice, journey man, master).

The House of Representatives and the Senate

The Congress consists of two different governing bodies. The ______ and _______

strait

narrow body of water between two land masses

Expansionary Monetary Policy

Federal Reserve System actions to increase the money supply, lower interest rates, and expand real GDP. Used in times of recession.

Two parties created during the early year

Federalists Republicans

Federalist

Federalists were those who favored the stronger federal government when the Constitution was in the process of ratification. In order to extend the idea of the federalist philosophy, Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, and John Jay wrote a collection of articles called, "The Federalist." They claimed that all three branches effectively represented the people.

Results of the Great Depression

Food riots, unemployment, resentment of foreign workers, bank collapses, marches on Ford Motor Company's plant.

Dollar Diplomacy

Foreign policy created under President Taft that had the U.S. exchanging financial support ($) for the right to "help" countries make decisions about trade and other commercial ventures. Basically it was exchanging money for political influence in Latin America and the Caribbean.

4 Types of Biomes, Vegetation zones

Forest: • large number of trees • occupy approximately one-third of Earth's land area • coniferous forest, deciduous forest, mixed leaved forest, Mediterranean forest, and tropical rainforests Grassland: • large, rolling terrains of grasses, flowers and herbs • average annual precipitation is great enough to support grasses, and in some areas a few trees • grasses can survive fires because they grow from the bottom instead of the top • found in the middle latitudes, in the interiors of continents • two real seasons: a growing season and a dormant season • Coyotes, Eagles, Bobcats, the Gray Wolf, Wild Turkey, Fly Catcher, Canadian Geese, Crickets, Dung Beetle, Bison, and Prairie Chicken Desert: • one fifth of the Earth's surface • rainfall is less than 50 cm/year • specialized vegetation and specialized vertebrate and invertebrate animals • soils often have abundant nutrients • mammals are usually small Tundra: • the coldest of all the biomes • frost-molded landscapes, extremely low temperatures • little precipitation • poor nutrients and short growing seasons

The President

Formal responsibilities include acting as chief executive and commander in chief of the armed forces, as well as the ability to make treaties. In addition, has the power to grant pardons for offenses against the United States.

North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)

Formed in 1949 for the purposes of opposing communist aggression

Federal Government

Forming trade agreements with other nations is a government action restricted to the federal government.

Marine climate

Found in Western Europe, the British Isles, the Pacific Northwest of the US, the western coast of Canada, southern Chile, southern New Zealand, and southeastern Australia. Near or surrounded by water. A mild rainy climate, daily temperature in the summer is around 70 degrees or below, and it rarely reaches freezing in the winter.

Louis Pasteur

Found that certain microbes that lost their ability to cause disease due to repeated culturing in the lab could be used to generate immunity Anthrax, cholera, rabies vaccines.

Noble Order of the Knights of Labor

Founded in 1869, it attempted to bring all workers regardless of skill level, race, gender, or type of work into one powerful union. They supported equal pay for women, temperance, abolition of child labor, and the establishment of cooperatively owned industrial plants. They opposed strikes, and favored arbitration. Failed businesses, and lack of interest from many different groups of workers hindered their growth. Blamed for the Haymarket Square Riot.

American Federation of Labor (AFL)

Founded in 1886, it accepted only skilled workers partially in order to exclude women, blacks, and immigrants. It organized workers into separate unions for their particular line of work. It provided members and their families benefits in the case of sickness, death, or unemployment. They focused on gaining higher wages, shorter hours, and benefits for disabled workers.

Lenin

Founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924.

Benjamin Franklin

Founding Father campaigner for colonial unity one of 5 men who drafted the Declaration of Independence scientist and inventor leader in the Enlightenment movement

Miranda Vs. Arizona

In 1966. It addressed the 5th, 6th, and 14th Amendment Rights of the accused. The Supreme Court decided that persons accused of a crime must be fully informed of their rights. It established the "Miranda Rights" read upon arrest today.

The Silk Road

Is an extensive interconnected network of trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East, South, and Western Asia with the Mediterranean world, as well as North and Northeast Africa and Europe. It spread Buddhism from India to China.

Hammurabi's Code

Is best summarized by the following expression, "An eye for and eye"

Massachusetts

In 1629, 400 Puritans arrived in Salem, which became an important port and was made famous by the witch trials in 1692. Boston was established in 1630 and Harvard University was established in 1636.

Abigail Adams

In 1776, wrote the now-famous "Remember the Ladies" letter to her husband, John, who was serving as the Massachusetts representative to the Continental Congress in Philadelphia

The Constitution of U.S.

In 1787, a convention was called to write a new constitution because the Articles of Confederation did not work. 12 of the 13 states sent delegates (Rhode Island did not participate). This constitution created three branches of government with checks and balances (separation of powers): Executive (the president), Legislative (bicameral congress, which is now known as The House of Representatives and the Senate) , and Judicial (the Supreme Court). The people were worried about the central government having too much power, since they had just been separated from the British.

Louisiana Purchase

In 1803, President Thomas Jefferson purchased the Louisiana territory from Napolean Bonaparte the ruler of France, for $15 million. The land area of the U.S. More than doubled, which included all the land from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains. Jefferson sent Louis and Clarke to map the new territory.

Marbury Vs. Madison

In 1803. It addressed Article III of the constitution (Judicial Powers). This was the first time that the court used Judicial Review, aka the ability of Judges to interpret the Constitiution.

Missouri Compromise

In 1820, there were 11 free states and 11 slave states. The fear of a power imbalance between slave and free states when Missouri petitioned to become a slave state brought about this agreement.

Alexander II of Russia

In 1861 he issues the Emancipation Edict, which freed all serfs in Russia. He also introduced other liberal reforms but had a difficult time satisfying the desires of the conservatives, liberals, and radicals. He returned to more conservative ways for fear of losing the nobilities support. He was assassinated by a bomb attack by the People's Will in 1881, a radical group that used terrorism to accomplish their goals.

Meiji Restoration

In 1868, a Japanese state-sposored industrialization and westernization effort that also involved the elimination of the Shogunate and power being handed over to the Japanese Emperor, who had previously existed as mere spiritual/symbolic figure.

Dawes Act

In 1887, it gave each family of Native Americans 160 acres of land to cultivate. after a probation period of 25 years they would be given ownership of the land and citizenship. It was meant to be a more humane policy toward the tribes. In the end the plains peoples did not understand the technicalities of landownership, and knew little about farming. Between 1887 and 1943 they lost an estimated 86 million of the 138 million acres they were given to real estate speculators and dishonest gov't workers.

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

In 1890 it was passed by congress in order to halt the growth of the monopolistic trusts like Standard Oil. It t established that private monopolies and artificial restrictions on trade were wrong. It had little effect as it was not strictly enforced, and was poorly worded. It forced large corporations to be more aware of public opinion.

The Great Leap Forward

In 1958 Zedong launched a program; he urged people to make a superhuman effort to increase farm and industrial output and created communes; Rural communes set up "backyard" industries to produce steel; this program failed b/c "backyards" produced low-quality, communes had slow food output, bad weather, and a famine. What is this program called?

US international trade policy in the 1990s

In 1994, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was approved by Congress, The GATT created the World Trade Organization (WTO) to settle international trade differences, The NAFTA, ratified in 1994, had originally been set up by George H.W. Bush's administration; 117 countries agreed to increase free trade

The shot heard round the world

In April, 1775, English soldiers on their way to confiscate arms in Concord passed through Lexington, Massachusetts and met the colonial militia called the Minutemen. A fight ensued. In Concord, a larger group of Minutemen forced the British to retreat.

The Korean War

In June 1950 the N. Korean army invaded S. Korea, quickly taking Seoul. The UN Security Counsil met in emergency session and declared the invasion an unwarranted aggression. After three years of fighting, the war ended in stalemate.

Comparative advantage

In economics, a person or group has a ________ advantage at producing something if he or they can produce it at a lower cost than anyone else can. (Think: countries, not just individuals, have certain advantages. Climate, geography, the skills and size of their labor force, the ability to grow or not grow a specific fruit—these all contribute to make a country good at producing certain things. And countries, like individuals, also have to make certain sacrifices. A country may think, "Out of all the goods I can produce, which ones SHOULD I produce? — to produce corn instead of wheat, cars instead of boats, computer chips instead of refrigerators." Being the rational operators that they are, the countries eventually produce those products in which they have a _______ advantage in, those goods thereby having a comparatively low opportunity cost).

Scarcity of resources

In economics, this concept refers to limitations—insufficient resources, goods, or abilities to achieve the desired wants/needs of humans. (Think: those without access to clean water experience an insufficiency of water).

Scarcity of arable land

In order to compensate for a scarcity of land, farmers in China used cast iron tools, animals to pull plows, irrigation, and water conservation projects to increase efficiency in farm production.

Federalism

In the U.S., the separation of power between the national & state governments demonstrates this principle.

Thomas Hobbes influence on the U.S. Constitution

In the political treatise Leviathan, Thomas Hobbes argued that humans in their natural state (one without a government) live a life that is "nasty, brutish, and short." It is only with mutual consent that people agree to a government system.

limited government

In this type of government everyone, including all authority figures, must obey laws. Constitutions, statements of rights, or other laws define the limits of those in power so they cannot take advantage of the elected, appointed, or inherited positions.

Federal Taxes

Income Tax 4 times a much as corporate taxes, 10-35% Corporate Tax raised or lowered base on need to stimulate or restrain economy Excise Taxes Specific goods like tobacco, liquor, automobiles, gasoline, air travel, luxury items, highway use by trucks Custom Duties imposed on imported goods used to regulate international trade

1947

Independence of India and Pakistan

1947

Independence of India and Pakistan.

Thar Desert

India's longest desert that runs along India/Pakistan border

Indian Wars

Indians fought to protect their land from US invasion

European Union

Is an economic and political union between 27 member countries, located primarily in Europe. Committed to regional integration, it has developed a single market through a standardized system of laws which apply in all member states, ensuring the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital. It maintains common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries, and regional development.

Idealism

Is the philosophical theory which maintains that the ultimate nature of reality is based on the mind or ideas.

United Nations

International organization founded in 1945 to promote world peace and cooperation. It replaced the League of Nations.

Legitimacy

Involves the acceptance of the decisions of government officials by the public on the grounds that the leaders' acquisition and exercise of power has been in accordance with the society's generally accepted procedures and political values. Ex/ A citizen views the government as legitimate, a law may be unpopular, but it will still garner popular acceptance.

The European Union

Is an economic and political union between 27 member countries, located primarily in Europe. Committed to regional integration, it has developed a single market through a standardized system of laws which apply in all member states, ensuring the free movement of people, goods, services, and capital. It maintains common policies on trade, agriculture, fisheries, and regional development.

Central-Place Hierarchy

Is a geographical theory that seeks to explain the number, size and location of human settlements in an urban system. The theory was created by the German geographer Walter Christaller, who asserted that settlements simply functioned as 'central places' providing services to surrounding areas.

Jet Stream

Is a high-velocity wind in the lower levels of the atmosphere that attain speeds of over 250 mph as it moves in a westerly direction, carrying weather patterns with it.

Jet Stream

Is a high-velocity wind in the lower levels of the atmosphere that attains speeds of over 250 miles per hour as it moves in a westerly direction, carrying weather patterns with it.

Isolationism

Is a policy of national isolation from world affairs by generally abstaining from alliances and other types of international political relations.

Recall Referendum

Is a procedure that allows citizens to remove and replace a public official before the end of a term of office. It is a political device while impeachment is a legal process.

Two Treatises of Government

Is a refutation of the divine rights of kings and the absolutist theory of government. A book written by John Locke which stated details about natural rights and that people were born with and entitled to life, liberty, and property.

Strait of Bosphorus

Is a strait that forms part of the boundary between Europe and Asia.

Strait of Bosporus

Is a strait that forms part of the boundary between Europe and Asia.

Nomadic Herding

Is a way of life where families move along with their herds according to the seasons and rely on their animals for food, shelter and clothing. They can tend to cattle, camels, goats, horses, reindeer, or sheep.

Drip irrigation

Is a way to conserve water

Discount Rate

Is the rate of interest a bank must pay when it borrows money from a Federal Reserve Bank. If it goes up banks have a hard time getting money and raise their interest rates, and so money supply decreases as the demand goes down and vice versa. One of the Fed's tools to control money supply.

The Golden Age

Is the term used to denote the historical period in Classical Greece lasting roughly from the end of the Persian Wars in 448 BCE to either the death of Pericles 429 BCE or the end of the Peloponnesian War in 404 BCE.

October 29, 1956

Israel attacked Egypt, England and France did join this war within two days.

Middle East during Reagan administration

Israel invaded Lebanon to get rid of the Palestine Liberation Organization's camps there, Lebanon was already in the midst of a civil war when Israeli troops invaded the country, President Reagan deployed US Marines to Lebanon in 1982 on a peacekeeping mission

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862, it declared that all slaves in the rebellious Confederate states would be free except those already under Union control.

U.S. Bipartism Campaign Reform Act of 2002

It banned "soft money" contributions to National Political Parties, regulates the financing of political campaigns.

Railroad Strike of 1877

It began when 4 Eastern railroads cut workers' wages. The strike then began to spread. Railroad property was seized and destroyed by strikers in various cities. 100 people died, and 1000 had gone to jail, 100,000 workers went on strike. It was ended when President Rutherford Hayes sent in federal troops to restore order.

Homestead Act of 1862

It enabled a the head of a family to aquire a 160 acre farm for $10. The act required that the owner must reside on or cultivate the land for 5 years in an effort to ensure that actual settlers were purchasing the land.

Galileo

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars; demonstrated that different weights descend at the same rate; perfected the refracting telescope that enabled him to make many discoveries (1564-1642)

Petrarch

Italian scholar, writer, and key figure in Northern Italy.

Important 19th century American Writers

James Fenimore Cooper: Wrote about Native Americans, The Last of the Mohigans, The Deerslayer Ralph Waldo Emerson: Essayist, philosopher, poet, leader of Transcendentalist movement Wrote Self-reliance, The American Scholar Nathaniel Hawthrone: Wrote The Scarlet Letter, The House of Seven Gables, Young Goodman Brown, The Minister's Black Veil Herman Melville: Wrote Moby Dick, Billy Budd, Bartley the Scrivener Edgar Allan Poe: Wrote The Tell-Tale Heart, The Pit and The Pendulum, Annabel Lee, The Raven Harriet Beecher Stowe: Abolitionist who wrote Uncle Tom's Cabin Henry David Thoreau: Poet, naturalist and Transcendentalist who wrote Walden and Civil Disobedience Walt Whitman: Wrote Leaves of Grass and O Captain! My Captain!

Who created the Bill of rights

James Madison

Revolution of 1905

January, 1905, a group of workers marched on the tsar's Winter Palace in St. Petersburg to petition Nicholas for a popularly elected assembly and other political concessions. Government troops killed 130. urban workers created new councils known as soviets to organize strikes and negotiate with employers and government authorities.

Laissez-faire economics

Means allowing industry to be free from state intervention, especially restrictions in the form of tariffs and government monopolies. The phrase is French and literally means "let do", but it broadly implies "let it be", or "leave it alone."

Infant Morality Rate

Measures the number of infant deaths for every 1,000 infants within a year.

Seas

Mediterranean, Baltic, Caspian, Caribbean, Coral

Prime Meridian

Meridian at zero degree longitude from which east and west are reckoned (usually the Greenwich longitude in England)

Father Miguel Hidalgo

Mexican priest who established independence movement among American Indians and mestizos in 1810; despite early victories, was captured and executed

The Cascades

Mount Rainier, which contains the highest peak, is located in this mountain range.

Ural Mountains

Mountain rage that divides Europe from Asia.

Hindu Kush

Mountain range in Central Asia. It meets the Karakoram and Himalaya from the West to complete a wall of mountains between the subcontinet and the rest of Asia.

Amendment3

No soldiers will live in you house

2nd Estate

Nobility (wealthy) less than 2% of population, but owns 25% of land. Paid little to no taxes, held highest offices in govt

Huns

Nomadic people from Asia who attacked Europe in the 4th Century and then invaded the northwest part of India in the 5th Century.

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization military alliance designed to organize a western response to potential Soviet aggression

Cardinal directions

North, South, East, West.

Ordinal directions

Northeast, Southeast, Southwest & Northwest (a.k.a. intercardinal directions).

Humid continental climate

Northern and central US, northern China, south central and south eastern Canada, and western and southeastern parts of the former Soviet Union. A climate of four seasons- spring, summer, fall, and winter.

Scarcity

Not enough of a certain resource to satisfy people's needs and wants.

Lincoln's Reconstruction Plan

Offer amnesty to Southerners who pledge loyalty except for few high ranking officials. After 10% of a state's voters in the 1860 election had taken an oath of loyalty, Congress would readmit the state to the union. Did not address African American situation. Wanted the south to decide.

Truman Doctrine 1947

Offering military aid to countries (Aiding Greece/Turkey) in danger of communist upheaval after 2nd World War

Caliphate

Office established in succession to the Prophet Muhammad, to rule the Islamic empire; also the name of that empire.

Thirty Years War

Protestant rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire ends with peace of Westpahlia.1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a battle between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

Atmospheric Pressure

Pressure that is exerted by the Earth's atmosphere at sea level, which is caused by the collisions between molecules in the air.

Trade Winds

Prevailing winds that blow northeast from 30 degrees north latitude to the equator and that blow southeast from 30 degrees south latitude to the equator

Trade Winds

Prevailing winds that blow northeast from 30 degrees north latitude to the equator and that blow southeast from 30 degrees south latitude to the equator.

Fourth Amendment

Protects Americans against unreasonable searches and seizures. No soldier, Gov agent, or police can search your home without a search warrant.

Economic functions of our government

Provides regulation; maintains a legal & social framework; provides public goods & services; maintains competition; redistributes income; corrects for externalities (or external economies); stabilizes the economy.

major reason for settlement in New England colonies

Puritans escaping religious persecution in England

Four Intolerable Acts of British Parliament

Quartering Acts (1765); Sugar Act (1764); Stamp Act (1765); Townshend Acts (1767)

Monsoon

Rainy season in southern Asia when the southwestern wind blows, bringing heavy rains. A season reversal of wind-direction that brings heavy rainfall to parts of Asia.

Articles of the Confederation

Ratified by all the states in 1781. It created a Unicameral congress in which each state had one vote. Gave congress the power to wage war, make treaties, raise troops, borrow money, establish a postal system etc. Due to a fear of centralized power it was too weak to be effective. It had no executive branch, no federal courts, did not allow congress to levy taxes, or regulate trade.

7th Amendment

Ratified in 1791 as a part of the Bill of Rights. Guarantees a jury trial in federal civil court cases if the amount of money involved is greater than 20 dollars. Can be waived if both parties agree to a bench trial. This type of case is normally no longer heard in federal court.

8th Amendment

Ratified in 1791 as a part of the Bill of Rights. , Amendment that prohibits excessive bail amounts and cruel and unusual punishment.

9th Amendment

Ratified in 1791 as a part of the Bill of Rights. Amendment that protects those rights not listed in the Bill of Rights.

6th Amendment

Ratified in 1791 as a part of the Bill of Rights. Criminal Proceedings; right to speedy and fair trial; Must inform defendant of charge/s; Right to Attorney; Right to fair impartial jury

4th Amendment

Ratified in 1791 as a part of the Bill of Rights. Prohibits unreasonable searches and seizures and sets out requirements for search warrants based on probable cause. Information discovered during an illegal search is not permitted in court.

10th Amendment

Ratified in 1791 it was the last amendment in the Bill of Rights. Amendment that gives the rights not delegated to National government or denied to the States to the States.

16th Amendment

Ratified in 1913, this legalized a graduated federal income tax

Absolute location

Refers to a specific point such as latitude 41 degrees north, longitude 90 degrees west or 123 Main Street

Political location

Refers to the divisions within continents that designate various countries. These divisions are made with borders, which are set according to boudary lines arrived at by legal agreements.

Physical location

Refers to the placement of the hemispheres and the continents

Relative location

Refers to the surrounding geography (eg on the banks of the Mississippi River)

Long Run Phillips Curve

Relationship between the inflation rate and the unemployment rate in the long run, looks at long-term natural rate of unemployment.

Miranda vs. Arizona

Required officers to inform persons of their constitutional rights when conducting an interrogation, The accused must be notified of their rights before being questioned by the police.

Johnson's Plan

Required that a state abolish slavery, repeal its ordinance of sucession, and repudiate its war debts. Made no plans for African Americans.

Natural Resource

Resources (actual and potential) supplied by nature

North German Confederation

Result of end of Austria-Prussian War, Austria doesn't get involved in German affairs, major step towards German unification. Came into existence in August 1866 as a military alliance of 22 states of northern Germany with the Kingdom of Prussia as the leading state.

Amendment 1

Right to free speech

Brahmaputra River

River that begins in Tibet, flows through northeast India and Bangladesh, joining with the Ganges to empty into the Bay of Bengal.

Confederate surrender

Robert E. Lee surrendered to Union forces led by General Ulysses S. Grant on April 9, 1865. The rest of the confederates surrendered 15 days later.

Mountain ranges in North America

Rocky Mountains, Appalachians

Who created the great compromise?

Roger Sherman

Western Ghats

Rolling mountains west of the Deccan Plateau in Southern India.

Diocletian

Roman emperor who was faced with military problems, when that happend he decided to divide the empire between himself in the east and maximian in the west. he did the last persecution of the Christians. Separated and enlarged the empire's civil and military services and re-organized the empire's provincial divisions, establishing the largest and most bureaucratic government in the history of the empire.

Augustus

Roman statesman who established the Roman Empire and became emperor in 27 BC. First Roman Emperor

West African Kingdoms of Ghana, Mali, Songhai between 1000 to 1500

Rose in power and wealth because they controlled the cross-Sahara trade of salt from north Africa for the gold of tropical Africa.

West African kingdoms of Ghana, Mail, Songhai between 1000 to 1500

Rose in power and wealth because they controlled the cross-Sahara trade of salt from northern Africa for the gold of tropical Africa.

Pachacuti

Ruler of Inca society from 1438 to 1471; launched a series of military campaigns that gave Incas control of the region from Cuzco to the shores of Lake Titicaca.

Automatic Stabilizers

Taxes and transfer payments, Federal government expenditures or receipts that automatically increase or decrease without requiring action by Congress or the President. Examples are unemployment compensation and corporate and individual income tax.

United States vs. Nixon

The 1974 case in which the Supreme Court unanimously held that the doctrine of exceutive privilege was implicit in the Constitution but could not be extended to protect documents relevant to criminal prosecutions. It limited the President's executive privilege.

Factors of Production

The 4 things needed to produce goods and services: Natural Resources Labor Capital Entrepreneurs

Long March

The 6,000-mile (9,600-kilometer) flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek. (789)

Battle of Waterloo

The Battle of Waterloo, fought on 18 June 1815, was Napoleon Bonaparte's last battle. His defeat put a final end to his rule as Emperor of the French. Waterloo also marked the end of the period known as the Hundred Days, which began in March 1815 after Napoleon's return from Elba, where he had been exiled after his defeats at the Battle of Leipzig in 1813 and the campaigns of 1814 in France.

British did not settle to the West of which mountain range

The British did not establish colonies west of the Appalachian Mountains. In addition, the British tried to discourage settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains by issuing the Royal Proclamation of 1763.

Westward Expansion of 1800's (removal of Native Americans)

The California Gold Rush (1848); Pony Express (1860); Pacific Railroad Act (1862); Homestead Act (1862); Transcontinental Railroad completed (1869); Nation's first national park, Yellowstone (1872). In 1890, gov't says western lands have been explored.

The Vietnam War

The Communist forces of North Vietnam supported by China and the Soviet Union and the non-Communist forces of South Vietnam supported by the United States resulted in war.

Major events which led to the American Revolution

The Stamp Act, The Boston Massacre, The Boston Tea Party, The First Continental Congress

strike down or nullify

The Supreme court deals with interpretations of the Constitution. They can _____ or ______ a law deemed unconstitutional.

Treaty of Brest-Litsov

The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk was a peace treaty on March 3, 1918, between the new Bolshevik government of Russia and the Central Powers (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey), which ended Russia's participation in World War I. Russia ceded Baltic States to Germany, recognized the independence of Ukraine, and agreed to pay six billion German gold mark in reparations.

Gold Standard

The US moved toward this beginning around 1867.It would mean that a country must make all of its currency convertible into gold. Formerly had been a bimetallic standard. This movement caused severe deflation which was hard on farmers many of whom lost their land as a result.

World War I

The US was reluctant to enter the war (1917), but played a decisive role in ending the war and creating the League of Nations and establishing its central position in international relations. After the war, the US remained prosperous in industrial growth and stock markets, but farm prices and wages fell- which created the unbalanced situation that led to the economic collapse of 1929.

Legislative

The United State Congress is the _____ branch of the government.

Social Mobility

The ability of individuals to move from one social standing to another. Social standing is based on degrees of wealth, prestige, education, and power.

Explicit Costs

The actual payments a firm makes to its factors of production and other suppliers.

Medieval History 500 ce to 1500 ce

The aftermath of the collapse of the Roman Empire was this period when Europe broke into smaller nations.

Demand

The amount of a good or service that consumers are willing and able to buy at difference prices.

Supply

The amount of a good or service that producers are willing and able to produce at different prices.

Weather

The condition of the air that affects the day-to-day atmospheric conditions. (It includes factors such as temperature, air pressure, wind, and moisture or precipitation)

Fifth Amendment

The constitutional amendment designed to protect the rights of persons accused of crimes, including protection against double jeopardy, self-incrimination, and punishment without the due process of law.

Thirteenth Amendment

The constitutional amendment ratified after the Civil War that forbade slavery and involuntary servitude, abolished slavery everywhere in the United States.

Separation of powers

The constitutional doctrine that says that the individual branches of the American government (executive, legislative, judicial) have separate and unique powers. Each branch is independent, has a separate function, and may not take over the functions of another branch.

The Four Noble Truths

The core of the Buddhist teaching. There is suffering. There is a cause to suffering. There is an end to suffering. The is a path out of suffering (the Noble 8-fold path).

Russian Revolution

The coup d'etat by the Bolsheviks under Lenin in November 1917 that led to a period of civil war which ended in victory for the Bolsheviks in 1922

Bush vs. Gore

The court ruled that manual recounts of presidential ballots in the Nov. 2000 election could not proceed because inconsistent evaluation statdards in different counties violated the equal protection clause. In effect, the ruling meant Bush would win election.

Egyptian Afterlife

The dead were judged and if they had led a good life, they would live forever in the next world just as they had on Earth.

Executive Branch

The division of the federal government that includes the president and the administrative departments; enforces the nation's laws.

Internationalism

The doctrine that nations should cooperate because their common interests are more important than their differences.

Marxism

The economic and political theories of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will untimately be superseded

Law of Supply

The economic law which states that producers are willing to supply more of a good or service as the price becomes higher.

Praetorian Guard

The elite bodyguard of a Roman Emperor

Pax Romana

The empire entered into a 200 year span of peace and prosperity called?

Amendment 9

The enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by the people.

Which of the following is believed to have occurred during the last Ice Age as a result of a land bridge created between what are now Siberia and Alaska?

The establishment of human settlements in North America (migration for better living conditions)

1453

The fall of Constantinople

1453

The fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans

Judicial Branch

The federal court system that is organized in a hierarchy. The supreme court being at the top.

Bill of Rights

The first 10 changes (amendments) to the Constitution.

Renaissance

The great period of rebirth in art, literature, and learning in the 14th-16th centuries, which marked the transition into the modern periods of European history

Electoral College

The group of persons chosen in each state and the District of Columbia every four years who make a formal selection of the President and Vice President

Tobacco Production

The growth of which of the following was LEAST stimulated by the growth of the US railroad lines during the nineteenth century?

Elevation

The height of an area above sea level

Progressive Tax

The higher one's income, the higher the tax rate (percentage). Appliesto income taxes on both individuals and corporations.

The Alps

The highest, most extensive range lying entirely in Europe.

Amazon Basin

The home of the world's largest tropical rainforests, runs along the the largest river in the world on the continent of South America.

Subtropical climate

The humid subtropical climate is found north and south of the tropics. It is characterized by its high levels of moisture- southeastern coasts of Japan, mainland China, Australia, Africa, South American, and the United States. Warm ocean currents are found there. The winds that blow across these currents bring in a warm moist air all year round. Long warm summers; short, mild winters. This climate supports more people than any of the other climates.

Tropic of Cancer

The imaginary line of latitude, at approx 23 degrees south of the equator

Tropic of Capricorn

The imaginary line of latitude, at approximately 23 degrees north of the equator

Tang Dynasty

The imperial dynasty of China from 618 to 907, with its capital at Chang'an (present-day Xi'an), the most populous city in the world at the time, is generally regarded as a high point in Chinese civilization—equal to, or surpassing that of, the earlier Han Dynasty—a golden age of cosmopolitan culture. Its territory, acquired through the military campaigns of its early rulers, was greater than that of the Han period

Morbidity Rate

The incidence of people contracting a selected illness within a population.

Marginal Product

The increase in output that arises from an additional increase in input. the additional output that can be produced by adding one more unit of specific input, ceteris paribus.

government

The institution through which a society makes and enforces its public policies

Merchant Class

The interests of the _____, especially their need for efficient trade routes, would help drive the creation of modern Europe and the European colonies abroad.

Hunting and Gathering

The killing of wild animals and fish as well as the gathering of fruits, roots, nuts, and other plants for sustenance. Prehistoric Cave People Moved in Search of Food

Land

The land itself and everything occurring naturally on it (such as oil, minerals, and lumber)

Rust belt

region in the northeast and midwest where heavy industry and population declined since the 1970's

Mouth

The point where a river enters a sea or lake

Impeachment

The political equivalent of an indictment in criminal law, prescribed by the Constitution. The House of Representatives may do this to the president by a majority vote for "Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors.", Charges against a president approved by a majority of the House of Representatives.

Democracy

The political orientation of those who favor government by the people or by their elected representatives

Great Irish Famine

The potatoe disease which caused 25 % of a population to leave their homeland, cause of Irish immigrants to the US

Federal Government

The powers of government are divided between a central government and several local governments. An authority superieor to both the central and local governments make this division of powers on a geographic basis; that division cannot be changed by either level acting alone. Both levels act directly on the people through their sets of laws, officials, and agencies.

U.S. Involvement in the First World War

The practice of unrestricted submarine warfare on civilian vessels like the Lusitania continued after the Zimmerman Telegram and was a major reason behind the United States declaration of war against Germany.

gross domestic product

The sum total of the value of all the goods and services produced in a nation

Buddhism

The teaching that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth.

Climate

The term used to describe the average weather or daily weather conditions for a specific region over a long period of time

Legislative, executive, and judicial

The three branches of the federal government

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The total dollar value of the final goods and services produced in a country within a given time frame.

Average Variable Cost

The total variable cost divided by the number of units produced.

Treaty of Versailles

The treaty imposed on Germany by the Allied powers in 1920 after the end of World War I which demanded exorbitant reparations from the Germans. Terms on which the U.S. would mediate would include the retroession of Alsace-Lorraine to France and the acquisition of Constantinople by Russia.

Newton

This physicist developed the law of universal gravitation and further caused the decline of the old system of science

popular sovereignty

This principle of government states that political power rests with the people. This power is expressed by voting and free participation in government.

Wealth of Nations

This is the 18th century book written by Scottish economist Adam Smith in which he spells out the first modern account of free market economies.

Topographical map

This kind of map is characterized by large-scale detail and quantitative representation of terrain. Terrain is the vertical and horizontal dimension of land surface, usually now using contour lines.

Mao Zedong

This man became the leader of the Chinese Communist Party and remained its leader until his death. He declared the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949 and supported the Chinese peasantry throughout his life.

The Rocky Mountains

This mountain range stretches some 3,000 miles from British Columbia and Alberta in Canada through Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado and down to New Mexico in the U.S. Therefore, it is considered to be in western North America. Mount Elbert is its highest peak.

Louisiana Purchase

Thomas Jefferson purchased 800,000 square miles sent Lewis & Clarke to explore the new land from St. Louis to Oregon from 1804-1806 gave us gold and led to 1849 Gold Rush

Six purposes of government

To form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote general welfare, secure blessings of liberty

What is the function of government?

To secure the common welfare of the members of the given society over which it exercises control

Seneca Falls Convention of 1848

Took place in upperstate New York in 1848. Women of all ages and even some men went to discuss the rights and conditions of women. There, they wrote the Declaration of Sentiments, which among other things, tried to get women the right to vote.

1740-1748

War of Austrian Succession (King George's War)

Otto von Bismarck

Was a Prussian/German statesman of the late 19th century, and a dominant figure in world affairs. Helped Germany expand, went to war against Denmark, won war, turned against Austria, gained control of North German Confederation.

Kingdom of Maili

Was a West African empire of the Mandinka from c. 1230 to c. 1600. The empire was founded by Sundiata Keita and became renowned for the wealth of its rulers, especially Mansa Musa I. This Empire had many profound cultural influences on West Africa, allowing the spread of its language, laws and customs along the Niger River. This empire extended over a large area and consisted of numerous vassal kingdoms and provinces.

William Lloyd Garrison

Was a prominent American abolitionist, journalist, voluntaryist, and social reformer. He is best known as the editor of the radical abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator, and as one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society, he promoted "immediate emancipation" of slaves in the United States.

Kingdom of Songhay

Was an African state of west Africa. From the early 15th to the late 16th century, It was one of the largest African empires in history. This empire bore the same name as its leading ethnic group. Its capital was the city of Gao, where a small state had existed since the 11th century. Its base of power was on the bend of the Niger River in present day Niger and Burkina Faso.

Kingdom of Songhay (Songhai)

Was an African state of west Africa. From the early 15th to the late 16th century, It was one of the largest African empires in history. This empire bore the same name as its leading ethnic group. Its capital was the city of Gao, where a small state had existed since the 11th century. Its base of power was on the bend of the Niger River in present day Niger and Burkina Faso.

Niccolo Machiavelli

Was an Italian philosopher/writer, and is considered one of the main founders of modern political science. Wrote,The Prince, which examines the acquisition, perpetuation, and use of political power in the western world. He justified rule by force.

Roger Williams

Was banished from Massachusetts in 1636 because he called for a separation of church and state. He established Rhode Island colony in 1647 and had 800 settlers by 1650.

Spanish American War

Was called "A splendid little war",. An 1898 conflict between the United States and Spain, in which the United States supported Cubans' fight for independence. Started because of yellow journalism, imperialistic desires and the explosion of U.S.S. Maine. Ended with the independence of Cuba, and the annexation of Guam, Puerto Rico and the Philippines.

King Henry VIII

Was denied a divorcee by the pope, so he broke away and established the Angelican Church.

The Concept of Zero

Was developed in India and brought to Europe by Arab mathematicians. The place-value notation was much more efficient than the unwieldly numerical systems of the Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans.

Maryland

Was established by Lord Baltimore in 1632 in hopes of providing refuge for English Catholics.

Delaware

Was first colonized by the Swedish, then taken over by the Dutch, and then the English. It was the first state to ratify the constitution.

Knights of Labor

Was formed in 1878, because of the exploitation of immigrant workers and calling for sweeping social and economic reform. Eventually, this organization was replaced by the American Federation of Labor, headed by Samuel Gompers

Gunpowder

Was invented, documented, and used in the Jin Dynasty (1115-1234) in China where the Jurchen military forces used gunpowder-based weapons technology (i.e. rockets, guns, cannons), and explosives (i.e. grenades and different types of bombs) against the Mongols. The Mongols, Muslims, Western Europe, and Japan adopted gunpowder in chronological sequene.

Pennsylvania

William Pen received a royal charter for establishing Pensnylvania as a colony for Quakers. It had the highest proportion of German settlers during the colonial period.

Absolute advantage

When you can produce a good more efficiently (which really means cheaper, better and faster) in the same amount of time as someone else. The United States produces 700 million gallons of wine per year, while Italy produces 4 billion gallons of wine per year. Italy has an __________ advantage because it produces many more gallons of wine (the output) in the same amount of time (the input) as the United States.

Concord

Where British Regulars/Redcoats went after Lexington to search for colonists' hidden stash of weapons & munitions. The British Regulars/Redcoats were defeated @ the N. Bridge and then came their retreat back to Boston. Colonists now had confidence and more forces.

Salazar v. Buono

Whether or not religious displays can be on public property; Establishment clause-Federal government cannot do anything to support any religion; lower courts say that congress didn't have the right to give the land that the cross was on to the VFW no longer making it public property, if sp. court agrees with congress then the cross can stay up

Graham v. Florida and Sullivan v. Florida

Whether or not someone under 18 can be sentenced to prison for life without paroll

American Needle v. NFL

Whether or not the NFL has the power over all team logos *If American Needle wins, then each individual pro football team can sell its logo to anyone it wants (Anti-trust law)

Great Britain

Which of the following countries was the first to experience in a major way the transformation noted in the passage?

Uncivilized

Which of the following words, when used to describe another culture or country, would be most likely to be used by an ethnocentric speaker?

Argentina and Uruguay

Which two countries have small indigenous populations? Guatemala, Peru, Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Mexico, Ecuador, and Bolivia.

Famous Abolitionists

William Lloyd Garrison Frederick Douglass Harriet Beecher Stowe Harriet Tubman

1939-1945

World War II.

Democracy in America

Written by Alexis de Tocqueville, French man who observed democracy in govt and society, book that discusses the advantages of democracy and consequences of the majority's unlimited power.

Zimmerman Note

Written by Arthur Zimmerman, a german foreign secretary. In this note he had secretly proposed a German- Mexican alliance. He tempted Mexico with the ideas of recovering Texas, Arizona, and New Mexico. The note was intercepted on March 1, 1917 by the U.S. government. This was a major factor that led us into WWI.

Leviathan

Written by English philosopher Thomas Hobbes, maintained that sovereignty is ultimately derived from the people, who transfer it to the monarchy by implicit contract.

Rousseau

Wrote Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind, The Social Contract, & Emile. He identified the human nature was originally happy but was corrupted when man claimed that they owned land. Said the government must rule at the general will of the people so that the most people are benefited. Hated Parlaiment because the delegates made laws not the people.

Locke

Wrote Two Treatises of Government. Said human nature lived free and had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. He said government was created in order to protect these rights and if the government failed to do so it was the duty of the people to rebel.

John Locke

Wrote Two Treatises on Government as justification of Glorious Revolution and end of absolutism in England. He argued that man is born good and has rights to life, liberty, and property. To protect these rights, people enter social contract to create government with limited powers.

state

a body of people, living in a defined territory, organized politically and having the power to make and enforce laws without the consent of any higher authority

Social Class

a broad group in society having common economic, cultural, or political status

settlement house

a center in an underprivileged area that provides community services

Archipelago

a chain of islands, such as the islands that largely comprise Indonesia and the Philippines.

Short-Run Phillips Curve

a curve that shows the relationship between the inflation rate and the unemployment rate when the natural unemployment rate and the expected inflation rate remain constant

Deflation

a fall in the general price level or a contraction of credit and available money

Regionalism

a foreign policy that defines the international interests of a country in terms of particular geographic areas

tariff

a government tax on imports or exports

white men of middle income

a group that gained the most political power as a result of the american revolution

boycott

a group's refusal to have commercial dealings with some organization in protest against its policies

Kingdom of Mali

a huge territorial empire that flourished in west Africa during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Its capital was Timbuktu, which became a center of Islamic learning. The empire controlled trade routes that stretched from the edge of the Sahara in the north to forests in the south and that carried gold and other luxuries

grassland

a large area of land covered with grasses

Sun belt

region in the southeast and southwest which experienced heavy population and business growth since the 1970's

region

a large indefinite location on the surface of the Earth

desert

a large, dry area of land, receiving 10< inches of rain each year

latitude

a measurement, in degrees, of a location's distance north or south of the equator.

longitude

a measurement, in degrees, of a location's instance east or west of the prime meridian.

federal

a member of the Union Army during the American Civil War

European Union

a n organization that unites many European nations for political, social, and economic goals such as free trade and military cooperation

A family composed of husband, wife and their children is called

a nuclear family

Bronze Age

a period in human history, beginning around 3000 B.C. in some areas, during which people began using bronze, rather than copper or stone, to fashion tools and weapons

Stagflation

a period of slow economic growth and high unemployment (stagnation) while prices rise (inflation)

"until there had been a charge fairly made and fairly tried"

a person has the right to a trial

immigrant

a person who comes to a country where they were not born in order to settle there

historian

a person who is an authority on history and who studies it and writes about it

aerial photograph

a photograph of an area on each taken from an aircraft flying overhead.

Isolationism

a policy in which a nation avoids entanglements in foreign wars

Foreign Policy

a policy pursued by a nation in its dealings with other nations, designed to achieve national objectives.

Stalemate

a political situation in which further action is blocked

Socialism

a political theory advocating state ownership of industry

Sokoto Caliphate

a primary revivalist state in Africa founded by Usman dan Fodio who led a jihad in 1804 against traditional animists in the region. He came out successfully and in 1809 the new Muslim state was born. A constitution was made and the state was able to retain stability. It was a large step towards spreading Islam all across Africa.

Platform

a public statement of the principles, objectives, and policy of a political party

Economic Cycle

a recurrent fluctuation in the total business activity of a country

Integration

an act or instance of integrating a racial, religious, or ethnic group

18th amendment

alcohol illegal (appealed in 1933)

General partnership

all partners are personally liable for debt

Pocahontas

also Algonquian, became a liaison with John Smith's Jamestown colony in 1607

gross profit

amount of wealth gained minus cost of goods sold

Squanto

an Algonquian, helped early English settlers survive the hard winter by teaching them the native methods of planting corn, squash and pumpkins

island

an area of land which is completely surrounded by water

Sphere of Influence

an area where foreign countries control trade or natural resources of another nation or area

Stagflation

an economic condition of slow economic growth marked by both inflation and high unemployment

Capitalism

an economic system in which investment in and ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange of wealth is made and maintained chiefly by private individuals or corporations, esp. as contrasted to cooperatively or state-owned means of wealth.

market economy

an economy that operates by voluntary exchange in a free market and is not planned or controlled by a central authority

hypothesis

an example that can be tested, not a fact

equator

an imaginary circle around the Earth, equidistant from the North and South poles. The equator runs east to west through South America, Africa, and Indonesia, and it divides the Northern Hemisphere from the Southern Hemisphere.

international dateline

an imaginary line on the surface of the earth - it runs from the north to the south pole. Separates 2 consecutive calendar days. It passes through the middle of the pacific ocean at 180 degrees longitude.

Gender Roles

are social and behavioral norms that determine how males and females speak, think, dress, and interact within society

labor union

an organization of employees formed to bargain with the employer

Interest group

an organization supporting a particular goal through attempts to influence the political process

3,000 BCE

ancient Egypt living in the lower part of the Nile River valley

Commodore Perry

and the opening of trade with the United States and other countries was one of the greatest factors in the industrial development of Japan in the late 19th century

forms of assimilation

anglo-conformity, cultural pluralism, accommodation, melting pot

Free Soil Party

antislavery party was formed in 1848 and later merged with the Republican Party

resources

anything that is used to produce goods or services

Continents

are great divisions of land on the globe; the large part of the surface of the earth that rises above sea level; there are 7 continents

contour lines

are imaginary lines that join points of equal elevation above sea level on the land's surface

Tariffs

are usually implemented to protect domestic manufacturing, but they may result in a weakening of related economies as those countries affected by the tariff purchase fewer goods. For example, the Tariff of 1828, while designed to protect northern manufacturing, reduced British imports of cotton from the southern United States thereby damaging the southern economy

plains

areas of flat or slightly rolling land, usually lower than the landforms next to them

deltas

areas of lowlands formed by soil and sediment deposited at the mouths of rivers

credit

arrangement for deferred payment for goods and services

Canals

artificial waterways connecting two larger water bodies Panama, Suez

Harlem Renaissance

artistic and intellectual revolution in the African American community set the stage for the Civil Rights Movement

annex

attach; add to a large thing; take possession of; incorporate (territory) into a larger existing political unit (by force); N: building added to a large one

7 continents

australia africa asia europe north america south america antarctica

life expectancy

average age members of a society can be expected to live

John Parker

captain of the Minutemen militia, who were waiting for the British at Lexington, MA

Common Sense- Thomas Paine (1774)

carefully documented abuses of British parliamentary system of government (particularly the treatment of American Colonies)

Parliamentary government

class-based

verticle climate

climate varies because of the mountain- warm at the bottom, cold at the top. Change in animals/ vegetation

1920

decade after WW1 women were given the right to vote in 1920 stock market crash in 1929 stocks lost $14 billlion in one day and $30 billion in one week

processes for change in culture

discovery, invention, diffusion

Sexism

discrimination based on gender

Agreements of Yalta and Potsdam

dividing Germany and Berlin into four zones of occupation; demilitarization of Germany; Poland remaining under Soviet control

10th amendement

division of power between national and state government

Articles of Confederation

document first political system the US used to organize itself

checks and balances

each branch (legislative, executive, judicial) is answerable to the others

Progressives

early 20th century reformers seeking to return the government to the people and correcting injustices

Age of Exploration (time)

early fifteenth century to seventeenth century

War of 1812

early in the war, Americans won naval battles against the British, but were soon beaten back by the British; Admiral Oliver Hazard Perry's fleet defeated the British navy on Lake Erie in September, 1813, William Henry Harrison invaded Canada and defeated the British and the Indians in the Battle of the Thames

consequences of physical change - long term

earthquakes and natural erosion

The Iroquois

east coast tribe, lived in rectangular houses

Trail of Tears

eastern US Native Americans Cherokee, Seminole & Creek Nations displaced from their homes and sent to Indian territory (Oklahoma)

House of Representatives

elected for 2 year term - no term limits must be at least 25 years old must have been a citizen for at least 7 years 435 members in the House of Representatives each member has his own state congressional district each state gets a portion of the House based on population representative must live in state he represents

plateaus

elevated landforms that are usually level ontop

Ancient Mesopotamia

emerged as one of the early river valley civilizations through the use of river water for irrigating crops, which produced sufficient surplus of food to support the first cities.

French and Indian War

end of France's reign as colonial power in North America; strong leadership by William Pitt; costs caused discontent in the colonies; helped spark the American revolution

Battle of Saratoga

ended Britain's plan to alienate New England; British general John Burgoyne surrenders; France joins the war effort

Treaty of Paris 1763

ended the French and Indian War - colonists proud of the part they played in winning the war; their good will was not returned by British leaders

Respect for equality of all persons includes...

equality of opportunity and equality before the law

Fredrick Douglass

escaped slave and abolitionist wrote speeches and an autobiography to inspire emancipation and equality of all people

Harriet Tubman

escaped slave and abolitionist rescued more than 70 slaves

reasons for immigration from Europe

escaping religious, racial and political persecution or seeking relief from a lack of economic opportunity or famine still pushed many immigrants out of their homelands

Auguste Comte

first sociologist in the Western world, positivism theory, discounting anything metaphysical, social behavior could be measured scientifically

economy of New England colonies

fishing, shipbuilding, and trade along with some small farms and lumber mills (major trade economy)

Primary groups

focused on members' need for support, such as a family or friend grouping

microeconomics

focuses on individuals and companies

impact of environment of human systems

food, clothing, shelter, transportation, recreation, economic and industrial systems

private sector

for-profit businesses and their customers

Secondary groups

form around the need to complete a task

World Trade Organization

formed in 1995 to remove barriers of international trade

democratic party

founded by andrew jackson - supported a decentralized government and state's rights

1st amendment

freedom of religion

Bacon's Rebellion of 1676

friction between english settlers an native americans

Opportunity cost (not a monetary term; instead, it is the value of what is given up).

gaining one item out of two by giving up the second. ex. Maria is saving for a trip to Italy. Her sisters are planning a long wknd trip to Florida. She wants to go but decides saving for her trip is far more important. Maria's choice best displays this economic concept.

nucleated settlements

generally found located around post, harbors, and roads; they have a center of "nucleus." They are often "market towns" which are based upon taking in goods and services. Jobs are more varied and plentiful, which leads to more families, and therefore, more schools, etc.

First Continental Congress

goal: achieve a peaceful agreement with Britain; affirmed Parliament's power over foreign affairs; demanded the Intolerable Acts be repealed; instituted a trade embargo with Britain

Social contract theory

goverments were created when people agreed to give up some limited rights in order to make other, more basic rights secure

Bureaucracy

government department and agencies of non-elected officials

Evolutionary theory (of government)

government devleoped out of the family

Spanish Empire

included lands from conquests of Aztec and Incan empires, most of the west coast of South America, modern-day Peru, Argentina, Chile, Mexico, Hispaniola, Cuba, and northern region of South America, parts of the US (Florida, California, Arizona, Texas, etc.

Hoovervilles

large collection of temporary housing- symbols of Hoover/government inaction during Great Depression

Intolerable Acts

laws passed by the British in 1774 that pushed colonists toward rebellion Navigation Acts (restricted shipping to/from colonies Stamp, Sugar & Townsend acts (taxation laws)

basin

low areas drained by rivers or low spots in mountains

predatory pricing

lowering costs to run others out of business or raising until they find the market top

sectionalism

loyalty to one's own region of the country, rather than to the nation as a whole

Alien and Sedition Acts

made it illegal to speak in a hostile fashion against the existing government; allowed the president to deport anyone in the U.S. who was not a citizen and who was suspected of treason or treasonous activity

Mary and Louis Leakey

major discoveries origin of human species after excavating stone tools and artifacts dating back 2 million years; prehistoric remains of humans, fossil ape skull

magnetic compass

major navigational tool of the Age of Exploration

normalization

means to make normal

middle latitudes are composed of

mediterranean, humid- subhumid, marine

Iron Age (1,200-1,000 BCE)

metal tools replace stone tools as humans develop knowledge of smelting

Bronze Age (3,000 BCE)

metals are discovered and the first civilizations emerge as humans become more technologically advanced

Oakies

migrants from the Dust Bowl area who left farms in search of work during the Great Depression

Aristotle

mind is a part of the body; psychology is for uncovering the soul

Federal Reserve Banking System

moderates long term interest rates helps create economic growth tries to decrease unemployment helps stabilize prices

revenue

money a business gets from normal sale of goods

transfer payment

money the government pays an individual with no expectation of an exchange of goods or services welfare & Social Security

Maya and Aztecs

most advanced pre-Columbian civilizations of Mesoamerica

Immigration

movement of people to settle in a new country

naturalistic observation

much as the sociological study, psychologists observe people and their natural behavior without interfering

accommodation

mutual adaptation between majority and minority groups

droughts

periods of time when less rain than norma falls in an area. during droughts, crops fail and dried out soil can blow away without its normal plant cover

Determinants of Productivity

physical capital, human capital, natural resources, technological knowledge

low latitudes are composed of

rainforests, saanna, and desert climates

McKinley Tariff of 1890

raised tariffs to the highest level they had ever been. Big business favored these tariffs because they protected U.S. businesses from foreign competition. It kept some products from entering the country entirely.

Majority Leader of House of Representatives

ranking member of the party with greatest representation

Renaissance

rebirth, new products, cheaper, faster

abolitionists

people who believed that slavery should be against the law

bias

opinion formed before there are grounds for it; prejudice; predilection; partiality

Jane is saving to buy a new car. Her friends are planning a weekend trip to the beach. She wants to go, but decides that saving for the car is more important. Jane's choice best demonstrates which of the following economic concepts?

opportunity cost (value of what is forgone when an economic choice is made)

In-groups and out-groups

oppose each other or exclude members of other groups

economies of scale

opposite of diminishing return increase in variables intended to increase production actually increase efficiency

optimum profit

owners determine what they should be earning

4 major inventions form china

paper making, printing, compasses and gunpowder

limited partnership

partnership where the partner has no managing decisions but limited liability

Articles of Confederation

passed on November 15, 1777 (effective in 1781) ; gave lots of power to the states

The British primary reason for controlling the colonies

pay off war debts

responsibility of citizenship

pay taxes juror on jury duty

Constituent

people represented by an elected official

sugar act

placed a tax on a foreign sugar - the colonists objected to being taxed without representation

delta

plain at the mouth of a river often triangular shaped Rivers deposit sediment here, making fertile farm land

perfect competition

plenty of providers producing plenty of goods and services

separation of powers

political authority is distributed among many positions so no single official accumulates too much power

Slavery compromises

political compromises made to defuse the issue of slavery ex. Missouri Compromise of 1850

Nativism

political movement characterized by anti-immigrant sentiment favoring the interests of native-born people over foreign-born people

Three concepts of social contract theory of government

popular sovereignty, limited government, individual rights

Russia produces most

potatoes

10th amendment

powers not mentioned in the constitution shall be retained by the states of the people

capitalism

production is privately owned free market determines prices, profit goes to owners/investors of business US economic system

Queen Elizabeth

protestant queen of England, supported Sir Francis Drake in his plundering missions

Base maps

provide background detail necessary to orient the location of the map

Social networks

provide multiple links to an often large number of other individuals

Maryland and Virginia

provided workable constitutions via checks and balances

price discrimination

provider offers the same good/service at different prices

Writ of Habeus Corpus

releases a person from improper inprisonment

4 reasons the English settled in the 13 colonies

religious freedom, political freedom, economic prosperity, land ownership

New Jersey Plan

representation in Congress is equal

Virginia Plan

representation in Congress should be based on population

colonial government

representative, local, republican

government of rome

republican form of government - a representative democracy when people vote for a smaller group of citizens to make laws

Massachusetts

required a special convention for its constitution, setting a good example

Suburbia

residential towns that are around major cities

Black Codes

restrictive laws regulating the lives of African Americans passed by southern states during reconstruction

Yalta Conference

resulted in the division of Germany into Allied-controlled zones, February 1945

5th amendment

right against self-incrimination

4th amendment

right against unreasonable search and seizure

civil rights

right or rights belonging to a person by reason of citizenship including especially the fundamental freedoms and privileges guaranteed by the 13th and 14th amendments and subsequent acts of Congress including the right to legal and social and economic equ

5th amendment

right to a fair and speedy trial

2nd amendment

right to bear arms

7th amendment

right to jury trial for civil actions

6th amendment

right to trial by jury, right to legal council

mountain ranges

rows or chains of mountains.

market equilibrium price

supply = demand. depends on the overall health of the economy and beliefs of individuals about product quality and reliability

case studies

specific individuals experimental and control groups and use of specific experiments to prove or disprove a theory

objection against the Constitution

states felt too much power was being handed over to the central government

black thursday

stock market crashes (october 24, 1929) and almost 13 million shared are sold that day alone.

example of operant conditioning

student who made an "A" on the test did not have to participate in the frog dissection (negative reinforcement)

Margaret Mead

studied sexual beliefs and norms among South Pacific, Southeast Asian cultures; Ph.D. from Columbia; studied how children were treated and brought up in different cultures; cultural perception of breastfeeding; wrote "Coming of Age in Samoa"

psychology

studies human behavior and how the mind works

Cultural geography

studies the location, characteristics, and influence of the physical environment on different cultures around the earth

archeology

studies the past human cultures by evaluating what they leave behind

mircoeconomics

study of economic policies' effect

anthropology

study of human culture (cross-cultural and comparative research)

Geomorphology

study of landforms consider relationship between geological structures and surface landscape features concerns with erosion, deposition, plate tectonics

Brazil produces most

sugar

Aggregate Demand

the amount of goods and services in the economy that will be purchased at all possible price levels

human rights

the basic rights to which all people are entitled as human beings

Infrastructure

the basic, underlying framework or features of a system or organization.

ethnocentrism

the belief that one's cultural group is superior to others (prejudice, bias, discrimination)

Conservation

the careful use of resources

Dreyfus Affair

the controversy in France in 1894 in which Captain Dreyfus, a Jewish officer, was wrongly convicted of treason. The ensuing conflict highlighted the growing rift between liberal republicans, who wanted Dreyfus pardoned, and conservative militarists and traditionalists, who did not want to reopen the case. The conflict also highlighted the growing trend of anti-Semitism.

industrialization

the development of industry on an extensive scale

which of the following is an example of a primary source of historical information about the United States Civil War?

the diary of a Union soldier detailing his participation in several battles of the war

the bill of rights

the first 10 amendments of the constitution, approved at the same time, shortly after the constitution was ratified (to sign)

what did the civil war open?

the floodgates for westward migration and the settlement of new land

Command economies

the government makes all of the decisions regarding the production and distribution of goods and services

federalism

the idea of a federal organization of more or less self-governing units

lobbying

the influential efforts of interest groups Provide financial campaign assistance Influence lawmakers through educational efforts

objection against the Constitution

the lack of a bill of rights to protect individual freedoms

boundary

the line or plane indicating the limit or extent of something

input market

the market in which factors of production, or resources, are bought and sold (land, labor)

output markets

the market in which goods and services are sold

Carrying Capacity

the max sustained level of use of an environment without significant environmental deterioration that would eventually lead to environmental destruction

market

the mechanism that brings buyers and sellers in contact with each other so that they can buy and sell

melting pot

the mixing together of various ethnic groups will bring about a new cultural group

migration

the movement of persons from one country or locality to another

confederate states of america

the name adopted by the 11 Southern states that seceded from the Union during the Civil War

growth of American labor unions

the new factory system separated workers from owners, which tended to depersonalize workplaces; the first organized workers' strike was in Paterson, New Jersey in 1828, and was by child laborers; recurring downturns in the economy tended to limit workers' demands for rights until the 1850s; shooting for a 10-hour workday

equilibrium price

the overlap of the buying decisions of buyers with the selling decisions of sellers

reconstruction

the period after the Civil War in the United States when the southern states were reorganized and reintegrated into the Union

Imperialism

the policy of extending a nation's power by gaining territories fro a colonial empire

suffrage

the right to vote

National debt

the sum of deficit spending over time

Militarism

the tendency to regard military efficiency as the supreme ideal of the state and to subordinate all other interests to those of the military

the effects of high tariffs

they benefit some groups at the expense of others - may weaken the economy

Pueblo Peoples

they existed as early as 2000 BC. Corn planting molded their culture. They lived in the Rio Grande valley and constructed irrigation systems to water their cornfields. They lived in villages of multistoried,terraced buildings when Spanish explorers came in the 1500s. Included the Anasazi, Zuni, and Hohokam tribes among others. Forced out of the area by drought.

currency act

this act forbade the colonists from printing their own currency and instead required them to use hard currency (gold and silver) which was in short supply in the colonies. - all taxes has to be paid in hard currency

Articles of Confederation

this document, the nations first constitution, was adopted by the second continental congress in 1781during the revolution. the document was limited because states held most of the power, and congress lacked the power to tax, regulate trade, or control coinage

who wrote the D of I?

thomas jefferson

The Homestead Act, The Timber Culture Act, The Desert Land Act

three laws that were instrumental in spurring westward migration to the Great Plains between 1860 and 1880

perfectly elastic price demand

tiniest price increase will completely eliminate demand

Impeach

to bring an accusation against the President (House of Representatives)

Iroquois

tribes in the Northeastern US at the time of European exploration

Accounting Profit

total revenue minus total explicit cost

Han/Roman Empires

trade in luxury goods

aviation

travel via aircraft

earthquakes

tremors of the earth's surface, sometimes violent and devastating, which results form shock waves generated by the movement of rock masses deep within the Earth, particularly near boundaries of tectonic plates. earthquakes are particularly likely where such plates slide past each other, called fault or break lines.

azimuthal map

true compass direction, usually circular, distorts scale, area and shape; usually used to show areas of north and south poles most accurately.

high latitudes are composed of

tundra (marshy plain) and taiga ( forrest land)

Paul Revere and William Dawes

two men dispatches to set out on horseback from Massachusetts to spread news of British troop movements across the American countryside

Connecticut and Rhode Island

two states that preserved their colonial charters (removing any mention of British rule)

informal sector

unregulated between family members and friends black market

Great Britain was the first to experience

urbanization

In 1948, China experienced

urbanization

fiscal policy

use of government powers to affect the economy through taxation and government spending

characteristics of a civilization

use of metal to make weapons and tools, written language, a defined territorial state, a calendar

Why did the US join first world war

use of submarine warfare in atlantic

goals of British colonization of the Americas

various goals, additional income, fleeing Britain to escape religious persecution

public schools in the early 19th century

virtually no public schools existed in America prior to around 1815, schools were mainly financed by private corporate or religious groups, Americans schools were elitist, catering to the rich and to males in academics; Jefferson's plan for a free school in Virginia was never realized

responsibilities of a US citizen

volunteering in a community

objection against the Constitution

voters wanted more control over their elected representatives

Anti-Federalists

wanted to prevent a tyrannical government from developing if a central government held too much power

Radical Republican's Plan

wanted to put the south under military rule. woud require a majority of a state's voters to take an oath of loyalty before readmission. They blocked the states who should have been readmitted under Lincoln's Plan. Required states to make a constitution that gave African Americans rights.

Silk Road

was a system of trade routes established during the Han Dynasty that stretched from China through India to Egypt, and eventually to the Roman Empire.

FBI

was created during the Great Depression to battle crime syndicates

Ancient Greece

was two major cities: Athens and Sparta -Athens was democratic, luxurious, celebrated the individual over the group, and they were leaders in philosophy, arts, and architecture. -Sarta was a class system, devoted to agriculture and military, military was mandatory, and stressed group over the individual. *The Peridian Age (5th century B.C.) was known for Socrates (philosophy), Hippocrates (medicine), and great dramatic works. *The Hellenistic Age (4th century B.C.) was known for Alexander the Great and the spreading of the Greek culture.

goals of Spanish colonization of the Americas

wealth and converting natives to Christianity, desire for gold and establishing large ranches

Straits of Malacca

well-traveled stretch of water between Malaysia and Indonesia used for trade along the Spice Route

Effect of Gulf stream

western europe has warmer/milder climate

Marshes and swamps

wet lowlands providing growth of such plants as rushes and reeds

demand

what customers want/need, how much they are able to buy

opportunity cost

whatever must be given up to obtain some item

Trade Surplus

when a country exports more than it imports

Sovereignty

when a group has supreme authority and absolute power wihtin its own territory

example of operant conditioning

when a student misbehaves in class, she receives a timeout (positive punishment)

deficit

when government expenditures overtake tax revenue

Monroe Doctrine

• 1823, Conceived by President James Monroe • Foreign policy warning European powers to cease colonization of Central and South America or face military intervention by the U.S. • U.S. promised not to meddle in the political affairs or standing colonies of Europe

19th century immigration

• 1860 - 1890, population went from 10 mil to 20 mil • First immigrants from Germany, Scandinavia, Ireland • 1880s immigrants from Italy, Poland, Hungary, Bohemia, Greece, and Jewish groups from central and eastern Europe, esp. Russia • Explosion of Roman Catholic population ignited an anti-Catholic backlash from the anti-Catholic Know-Nothing Party and the Ku Klux Klan • 18070s, exploited labor started protesting 1878, Knights of Labor formed, which became the American Federation of Labor, headed by Samuel Gompers

Progressive Movement

• 1890s - 1920s • idea is to export a just and rational social order to the rest of the world while increasing trade with foreign markets • invoked the Monroe Doctrine, interfered in a dispute between Venezuela and Britain • resulted in Spanish-American War, ending with Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Guam becoming American Protectorates • at the same time, U.S. annexed Hawaii • 1900, declared open door policy with China • 1903 Roosevelt helped Panama become independent of Columbia and secured the right to build the Panama Canal • Roosevelt negotiated a peace treaty to end Russo-Japanese War, earning a Nobel Peace Prize • Roosevelt sent the American fleet on a world cruise to display his country's power

Great Depression

• 1920s, the rich got richer • Farmers in a depression as foreign markets starting growing own crops after WWI • Stock market crashed Oct 1929, leading to banks failure and lost of fortunes • 1933, 14 mil were unemployed, industrial production down to one-third of 1929 level, national income cut by half • Farming miseries - years of breaking sod on the prairies without adequate conservation caused topsoil to fly away in great dust storms, blackening skies for years, causing deaths from lung disease and failed crops • Recovery early 1930s - 1940s • WWII ended or masked the Great Depression

World War II

• 1939-1945, U.S. joined in 1941 after Pearl Harbor was attacked • Allies (U.S., Soviet Union, Great Britain, France) vs. Axis (Italy, Germany, Japan) • Holocaust • Deadliest conflict in human history • Allied forces invaded beach on Germany, D-day • U.S. dropped atomic bomb in Nagasaki and Hiroshima • UN was created after WWII to prevent such wars to occur

Ancient Egyptians

• 3000 BC, lower part of the Nile River • Able to predict flooding and control irrigation so Nile River Valley was very fertile and they had surplus crops and therefore • Time to pursue other interests: developed writing system mined minerals vast trading network military for defense effective system of medicine organized collective construction - pyramid • Pyramid: burial sites for pharaohs who continue to rule in afterlife peasants work for food and shelter shape symbolizes slanting rays of the sun and the sloping sides help souls of pharaohs climb to the sky to join the gods largest took 20 yrs and 100K laborers to build

Middle Ages

• 500 - 1500 AD • Roman Catholicism was the cultural and religious center of medieval life • Knights with their systems of honor, combat, chivalry, were loyal to their king • Under Western Europe feudalism, rulers granted vassals land in exchange for military and political service • Feudalism was a land-based economy that made a shift from a spice-based economy to gold-based economy • Peasants or serfs served a particular lord of his lands • Many universities established, still functioning today • The Crusades - recurring war between European Christians and Middle East Muslims - raged over Holy Lands • Charles the Great/Charlemagne - created an empire across France and Germany • Black Death, The Plague, swept across Europe 1347-1350, killing half to two thirds of its population Crusade • The call of the First Crusade set of touched off the Rhineland massacres also known as the German Crusade of 1096 where entire Jewish communities were killed • During Crusade-era, anti-Semitism excluded Jews from particular trades. Movable Type • inventor John Gutenburg • scientific texts were printed and dispersed throughout Europe, leading to scientific advancement • printed the Gutenberg Bible and Martin Luther's Ninety Five Theses

Protestant Reformation

• Began as an attempt to reform the Catholic Church but separated from it in 1517 • Martin Luther posted his Ninety-Five These criticizing unethical practices, various doctrines and authority of the pope • John Calvin and John Wesley followed but disagreed and divided along doctrinal lines • Lutheran, Reformed, Calvinist, Presbyterian churches were founded • King Henry VIII was denied a divorce by the church so he broke away and established the Anglican church • The Catholic Church finally reformed by the protestant movement proliferated new denominations

Spanish Explorers in the U.S.

• Claimed and explored huge portions of the U.S. after voyages of Christopher Columbus • Juan Ponce de Leon established settlement in Puerto Rico, do covered the Gulf Stream, searched for the fountain of youth • Alonzo Alvarez de Pineda claimed Texas for Spain • Panfilo de Narvaez docked in Tampa Bay and claimed Florida for Spain • Alvar Nunez Cabeza de Vaca got lost on foot in Texas and Esteban, a Moorish slave, guided them to Mexico • Francisco Vasquez de Coronado while searching for gold first explored Kansas, Oklahoma, Texas, New Mexico and Arizona

Currency System

• Constitution of 1987 gave U.S. congress the central authority to print or coin money • based on a modified gold standard • Bureau of Engraving and Printing in the Treasury Department • Treasury and Federal Reserve Banks circulate the currency

Employment Act, 1946

• Council of Economic Advisers (CEA) formed to assist the President with development and implementation of economic policy • Economic Report of the President to the Congress to recommend maximizing employment or recommend legislation • Joint Economic Committee (JEC) made up of 10 members of Congress and Senate each, using hearings and research, produce study that responds to the president's recommendation

Tumultuous 1960s

• Cuban Missle Crisis • Assassination of J. F. Kennedy, Robert Kennedy and Dr. Martin Luther King • Civil Rights movement • Vietnam War, 1964-73 • Passed Cvil Rights Acts, Clean Air Act, Water Quality Act, created Peace Corps, Medicare, War on Poverty

Missouri Compromise

• Each state allowed 2 representatives in the Senate from each state • 1820, 11 free states and 11 slave states • American was sectionally divided between North and South • Admission of Alabama made number of free and slave states equal • Admission of Missouri (slave) is balanced by admission of Maine (free) kept power balanced • North of 36degrees 30" in Louisiana Purchase are all free states

Colonization of Virginia

• Jamestown, a peninsula that had lots of water, led to Malaria • Settlers are not skilled laborers • Had a strict leader, Capt. John Smith, which helped colony survive • The Starving Time, 1609-1610 winter, population dropped from 500 t0 60 • Popularity of tobacco helped Virginia survive • 1619, House of Burgesses is the first legislative body in the New World • 1619, 20 Africans arrived on a Dutch ship • 1660, Virginia first colony to legalize slavery • 1624, Virginia Company was bankrupted, colony became loyal owned as King James I wanted more power • 1640s English Civil War sent supporters of the king (the Cavaliers) to Virginia, who claimed the coastal land and pushed the poor inland where conflicts with the Indians were more frequent • Nathaniel Bacon led the people to burn Jamestown to the ground > The Bacon's Rebellion, a harbinger of things to come

Sumer, Early Mesopotamian

• Mesopotamia - area between Tigris and Euphrates, located in what is today the Middle East • 4,000 - 1500BC, a prominent civilization • Developed cuneiform, a system of writing using hieroglyphs and later used symbols, oldest example of writing • Wrote on clay tablets, lots of them found • Complex mathematical systems in cuneiform • mud brick buildings in farming community, using irrigation technique and kept plants in pots and vases • primarily used oxen to plough and donkey to transport goods • use wheel for pottery, then as transport and mills • used barter system • pottery, carved wooden items, musical instruments, tools - knives, spears, bows, arrows and daggers • advanced military due to constant warring amongst tribes

Renaissance

• Rebirth, renewal of interest in ancient Greek and Latin art, literature and philosophy, eps. in Italy rom the 14th - 16th century • Time of great scientific inquiry and use of individualism, extensive geographical exploration, rise of secular values • Printing and invention of metal movable type advanced the Renaissance to many areas of Europe Petrarch - Leonardo da Vinci Michelangelo and Raphael - Desiderius Erasmus Sir Thomas More Nicola Machiavelli William Shakespeare

Declaration of Independence

• Statement adopted by the continental congress on July 4, 1776. • Adopted by 13 American colonies King George III of Britain has violated rights of the American colonists. • Considered themselves as independent states of the British Empire. • Form a new union to be known as the United States of America. • John Adams was leader pushing for independence and on July 2, 1776, every colony agreed. • Thomas Jefferson wrote the draft of the declaration, congress edited it and final version was ratified by all. • Jefferson was influenced by John Locke, people had natural rights to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. • Jefferson felt the purpose of the government was to protect the rights of the people, individual rights were more important than individual's obligations to the state.

Cold War

• Truman Doctrine, 1947, protect free people everywhere from oppression (communism) • Marshall Plan, 1948, $12 billion to strengthen defense of Western Europe • Organization of American States, 1948, bolster democratic relations of the Americas • Berlin Blockade, 1948-49, Soviet tried to starve out West Berlin, U.S. air dropped supplies • North Atlantic Treaty Organization, 1949 - linking U.S. and Western Europe, attack on one is attack on the other • Korean War, 1950-53, Divided country into North and South • McCarthy Era, 1950-54, McCarthy holding hearings on supposed Communist conspiracies, ruined innocent reputations, blacklisting suspects in the govt, Hollywood and the media