COMM 1014 Exam 1
Peter Ramus' definition of "Speech"
"speech is the garment to clothe our reason"
humanitas
"the Humanities" arts, music, drama, theater -humans are unique -all see the world in different ways have creative abilities -away from the divine
Vir bonus, dicendi peritus
"the good man speaking well" -quintillians definition of oratory ---> greatest teacher of oratory
Cicero
"the new man" Rome's greatest orator -opposed caesar -criticized socrates for the great divorce -rhetoric=wisdom/eloquence
Thomas Sheridan's definition of language
" any way or method whatsoever, by which all that passes in the mind of one man, may be manifested to another"
vita activa
active life; takes into consideration active participation in ones commnuity -believed by valla
Rene Descartes
"Father of Modern Rationalism" said rationalism was self evident propositions deduced by reason, the sole basis of all knowledge -sought absolute certainty of knowledge -rejected sensory based rhetoric -cogito, ego sum " I think therefore I am" DO NOT TRUST SENSES
pathos
emotional appeal -ability to arouse emotion
cogito ergo sum
"I think therefore I am" descartes
Francis Petrarca
"Renaissance man" Italian poet -a model of thinking, writing, and acting in society -faithfully christian -emphasized humanitis -discovered Cicero's letters and wanted to combine literary art, philosophy, and civic responsibility to create humanitis- an ideal of cultivated learning , liberally educated
Peter Ramus
"Speech is the garment to clothe our reason" -anti eloquence -criticized cicero , quintillion, and Aristotle -divided 5 canons of oration into logic and speech "the study and practice of moral philosophy (through dialectic), NOT the study of skill in speaking, teaches the orator to be a virtuous person"
iatros tes psuches
"a healer of souls" -healing words used by socrates
Aristotles definiton of "rhetoric"
"faculty of observing in any given situation all of the available means of persuasion"
pisteis
"proofs" -inartistic: things you have to work with that have nothing artistic about them ex: records
Aristotle
Eudemonia -antistrophos in context of rhetoric vs. dialectic -2 types of "proofs" artistic and inartistic -3 types of artistic pisteis (ethos, pathos, and logos) -3 aspects of ethos- character, intelligence/ knowledge, and good will
Aristotle
Father of the empirical method (gaining knowledge by experience) -worked to end the feud between creating and explaining truth (between Heraclitus and Parmenides) -opened lyceum (athenian school) -"truth is all around and to be taken in by the senses" -developed from eudaemonia 3 TYPES OF RHETORIC 1. forensic/judicial= the past 2. epideictic/ceremonial=present 3. deliberative= the future -brought rhetoric and dialectic (discussion/debate- investigation of things) together to show that they are counterparts ("antistrophos") reasoning under conditions of uncertainty
Cicero
Rome's greatest orator 5 CANONS OF ORATION 1. Inventio (invention) creating arguments 2. Disposito (dispostion) arrangement of the parts of speech 3. Elocutio (style) lexical and syntactical 4. Memoria (memorization) 5. Actio (delivery) vocal and physical aspects of delivering speech -"Great Divorce"
Quintilian
Rome's greatest teacher of rhetoric - "vir bonus, dicendi peritus": good life, good person, speaking well
Dialekitike
a method of investigation
John Lockes description of rhetoric
a perfect cheat "no man's knowledge can go beyond his experience" -powerful instrument of error and deceit
Rhetorike
a text where socrates was talking to Gorgias -rhetoric creates truth
uomo universale
a universally educated person -"wisdom and eloquence" -someone with a universal body of knowledge knowing things and being able to communicate them -influenced by cicero
Plato
coined the term rhetoric
antistrophos
counter-part; flip side of a coin -one on one dialogue searching for ultimate answers and rhetoric used to get masses to understand -a form of inquiry
Plato
dialectic--> method of investigation rhetoric is bad --> coined the term rhetoric -opposed democracy , truth is fixed and should be systematically sought by philospohers
John Locke
empiricist--> observing, data collection -tabula rasa: experience is sole basis of knowledge (direct observation) -rationality can fail --> trust your senses -ideas are reflections of sensations -introduced the term communication "perfect cheat"= rhetoric TRUST YOUR SENSES
The Trivium
first 3 bodies of knowledge that made up the medieval curriculum -Book 3: Grammar (concrete) -Book 4: Dialectic (critical thinking, analytical) -Book 5: Rhetoric (abstract) -eventually made up liberal arts written by cappella
logos
logical support provided by the speaker -argument -logic
Allan Monroe
motivating speeches inspiring people to take action
ethos
personal appeal, credibility, intelligence
George Campbell
philosopher of rhetoric -proposed psychological approach to rhetoric: understanding, imagination,passion
Gilbert Austin
physical delivery -reduced rhetoric to a mechanical system of notation for choreographing speeches
ratio & oratio
public property, rational reasoning and thought vs. oratory eloquence (speech)
Lorenzo Valla
rejected vita completiva, promotes vita activa , promotes idea of public property
educe
socrates used it as a way of drawing out truth from his students
Eudemonia
study rhetoric to improve decision making to allow people to become all that they can be -human flourishing -best life you can live
vita contemplativa
the contemplative life, rejected by valla - one seeks and contemplates knowledge
Socrates
truth exists! -reason for living is to search for truth -" an unexamined life is not worth living" -iatros tes psuches= " a healer of souls" - use rhetoric to search for truth
Quintillain's definition of "oratory"
vir bonus, dicendi peritus "good life, good person, speaking well"
Thomas Sheridan
vocal and physical aspects of speech -criticized locke
Tabula rasa
we are all born equal in terms of knowledge on blank slates
