COMM 1014 Exam 1

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Peter Ramus' definition of "Speech"

"speech is the garment to clothe our reason"

humanitas

"the Humanities" arts, music, drama, theater -humans are unique -all see the world in different ways have creative abilities -away from the divine

Vir bonus, dicendi peritus

"the good man speaking well" -quintillians definition of oratory ---> greatest teacher of oratory

Cicero

"the new man" Rome's greatest orator -opposed caesar -criticized socrates for the great divorce -rhetoric=wisdom/eloquence

Thomas Sheridan's definition of language

" any way or method whatsoever, by which all that passes in the mind of one man, may be manifested to another"

vita activa

active life; takes into consideration active participation in ones commnuity -believed by valla

Rene Descartes

"Father of Modern Rationalism" said rationalism was self evident propositions deduced by reason, the sole basis of all knowledge -sought absolute certainty of knowledge -rejected sensory based rhetoric -cogito, ego sum " I think therefore I am" DO NOT TRUST SENSES

pathos

emotional appeal -ability to arouse emotion

cogito ergo sum

"I think therefore I am" descartes

Francis Petrarca

"Renaissance man" Italian poet -a model of thinking, writing, and acting in society -faithfully christian -emphasized humanitis -discovered Cicero's letters and wanted to combine literary art, philosophy, and civic responsibility to create humanitis- an ideal of cultivated learning , liberally educated

Peter Ramus

"Speech is the garment to clothe our reason" -anti eloquence -criticized cicero , quintillion, and Aristotle -divided 5 canons of oration into logic and speech "the study and practice of moral philosophy (through dialectic), NOT the study of skill in speaking, teaches the orator to be a virtuous person"

iatros tes psuches

"a healer of souls" -healing words used by socrates

Aristotles definiton of "rhetoric"

"faculty of observing in any given situation all of the available means of persuasion"

pisteis

"proofs" -inartistic: things you have to work with that have nothing artistic about them ex: records

Aristotle

Eudemonia -antistrophos in context of rhetoric vs. dialectic -2 types of "proofs" artistic and inartistic -3 types of artistic pisteis (ethos, pathos, and logos) -3 aspects of ethos- character, intelligence/ knowledge, and good will

Aristotle

Father of the empirical method (gaining knowledge by experience) -worked to end the feud between creating and explaining truth (between Heraclitus and Parmenides) -opened lyceum (athenian school) -"truth is all around and to be taken in by the senses" -developed from eudaemonia 3 TYPES OF RHETORIC 1. forensic/judicial= the past 2. epideictic/ceremonial=present 3. deliberative= the future -brought rhetoric and dialectic (discussion/debate- investigation of things) together to show that they are counterparts ("antistrophos") reasoning under conditions of uncertainty

Cicero

Rome's greatest orator 5 CANONS OF ORATION 1. Inventio (invention) creating arguments 2. Disposito (dispostion) arrangement of the parts of speech 3. Elocutio (style) lexical and syntactical 4. Memoria (memorization) 5. Actio (delivery) vocal and physical aspects of delivering speech -"Great Divorce"

Quintilian

Rome's greatest teacher of rhetoric - "vir bonus, dicendi peritus": good life, good person, speaking well

Dialekitike

a method of investigation

John Lockes description of rhetoric

a perfect cheat "no man's knowledge can go beyond his experience" -powerful instrument of error and deceit

Rhetorike

a text where socrates was talking to Gorgias -rhetoric creates truth

uomo universale

a universally educated person -"wisdom and eloquence" -someone with a universal body of knowledge knowing things and being able to communicate them -influenced by cicero

Plato

coined the term rhetoric

antistrophos

counter-part; flip side of a coin -one on one dialogue searching for ultimate answers and rhetoric used to get masses to understand -a form of inquiry

Plato

dialectic--> method of investigation rhetoric is bad --> coined the term rhetoric -opposed democracy , truth is fixed and should be systematically sought by philospohers

John Locke

empiricist--> observing, data collection -tabula rasa: experience is sole basis of knowledge (direct observation) -rationality can fail --> trust your senses -ideas are reflections of sensations -introduced the term communication "perfect cheat"= rhetoric TRUST YOUR SENSES

The Trivium

first 3 bodies of knowledge that made up the medieval curriculum -Book 3: Grammar (concrete) -Book 4: Dialectic (critical thinking, analytical) -Book 5: Rhetoric (abstract) -eventually made up liberal arts written by cappella

logos

logical support provided by the speaker -argument -logic

Allan Monroe

motivating speeches inspiring people to take action

ethos

personal appeal, credibility, intelligence

George Campbell

philosopher of rhetoric -proposed psychological approach to rhetoric: understanding, imagination,passion

Gilbert Austin

physical delivery -reduced rhetoric to a mechanical system of notation for choreographing speeches

ratio & oratio

public property, rational reasoning and thought vs. oratory eloquence (speech)

Lorenzo Valla

rejected vita completiva, promotes vita activa , promotes idea of public property

educe

socrates used it as a way of drawing out truth from his students

Eudemonia

study rhetoric to improve decision making to allow people to become all that they can be -human flourishing -best life you can live

vita contemplativa

the contemplative life, rejected by valla - one seeks and contemplates knowledge

Socrates

truth exists! -reason for living is to search for truth -" an unexamined life is not worth living" -iatros tes psuches= " a healer of souls" - use rhetoric to search for truth

Quintillain's definition of "oratory"

vir bonus, dicendi peritus "good life, good person, speaking well"

Thomas Sheridan

vocal and physical aspects of speech -criticized locke

Tabula rasa

we are all born equal in terms of knowledge on blank slates


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