Comm 116 Midterm

Reasons for not using the Internet

(among all US adults) 31% not interested 12% No computer 10% Too expensive 9% Too Difficult In may 2010, 21% of American Adults didn't use the internet.

TCP/IP

(transmission control protocol & Internet Protocol) Paired protocols that handle the breakdown of data into packets, and ensure that packets are delivered and assembled in the correct order. IP address: identifies the node and network to which a device is attached so that other devices can find it to communicate.

How the Internet Works (4)

1. Made up of: Access, viewing devices, and structure: ***Computing device (phone, desktop, etc) As well as modems (DSL, cable, analog, etc), adapters, and network interface. Web browsers and other software 2. Intrastructure guided by protocols ***Backbones and other connections ***Internet Service Providers (ISP's) ***"Final Mile" delivery technology and channels 3. Content Information residing on "servers" Examples: web pages, email files, newsgroups,etc 4. Note that all of this is a two way street. Either Access devices to infrastructure to content OR Content to infrastructure, to access devices

The "Funnel" Model of Communication Types (4 types)

1. Private: Audience limited to specified receivers Not public Ex: email/texts Characterized by LOW reach and HIGH intimacy Between people that already know each other 2. Public level 1: "Known, Limited Public" More reach than private comm, less intimacy Audience limited to known people (like FB friends) Ex: groups or social network friends 3. Public Level 2: "Unknown, limited public" May shift from level one to level 2 quickly and without your awareness Audience still limited, but including unknown people Ex: friends of friends in social networks, forwarded group texts More reach, less intimacy than level 1 4. Public Level 3: "General Public" Unlimited audience of unknown others Ex: strangers online who are unconnected to the communicator Highest reach, Lowest Intimacy

The Environmental Defense Fund (case study)

Formed in 1967 with goal to ban DDT (killed mosquitoes...but had bad problems) Solicited individuals to give them money (monthly membership) and dues were used to hire lawyers to sue the gov and stop the spread of DDT Had about 3000 members of people paying dues BUT, in 1999, ED was one of the first companies to take advantage of the Web. Collected info about people cheaply, looked at demographic info, got email addresses, built a database of peoples interests and desires. No longer focused just on big issues, but started focusing also on localized issues. Help a small group that needs you, and they join your cause. Now ED just tries to get a group of people that are interested in a certain thing to help them once. If they help you more, thats just icing on the cake. Use marketing databases to email those that they think will be interested in some issue to solicit help. So now, there is a weak attachment by people to environmental defense, and a strong attachment to issues at hand.

Screen Time effects on nonverbal cue recognition

If you make kids stay away from all screens, (study took kids away from all this at a camp for 5 days) They were compared against kids that were allowed to use whatever screens they wanted. Kids who went away to summer camp were immense better an recognizing nonverbal cues and emotions.

Ways in which the internet has had a positive impact on civic and political engagement

Info flow is no longer top-down, now everyone can engage Most common uses of the internet are for social reasons People are engaging in groups heavily (contrary to Bowling Alone), online and in their communities. (recent studies show that people that are in groups online are more likely to be involved in groups offline) Internet activates the predisposed.... Those that are interested in something can become active through internet use. Mobilizes Inactive Populations In addition to those that are predisposed, those that are not also have a higher probability of becoming involved.

Internet vs Web

Internet is infrastructure (physical) Web is a use for the internet

What is the Internet?

Physical network (a thing that you can point to that is tangible. Consists of stuff...computers, cables, and other devices) Serves as the infrastructure for global communication Thus, a network of networks or "internetwork" known simply as the "internet" or "net"

Changes to brain circuitry due to internet

1. Alteration of deep reading skills (disrupts their development) These are not innate, but are developed. We can lose them if we don't use them 2. Internet search experience affects information processing skills Appears to engage a greater extent of neurocircuitry that is not activated in other ways (such as reading) You can tell those with more internet search experience just by looking at brains ***One study looked at the elderly. Compared those with internet search experience against those who did not have that experience. There was a difference in their brain. Those with the experience had more activity in certain areas of their brain. Those that had no experience, experienced the same effects as those who had after 5 hours of training.

Access, Viewing Devices, and Software

1. Browsers/ Graphical User Interface (GUI) Examples: Mosaic, Netscape, Explorer, Firefox Before a GUI, you had to type specific commands into a search bar, such as "go find file "x" at location "x" with the following perameters "x" Now, we can just search a name or thought and go where we need to go...because of GUI's. 2. Programming Tools Examples: Java, JavaScript, ActiveX Allow us to do a lot of things that we couldn't priorly do online 3. Plug-ins and other software Examples: real player, QuickTime, Media Player, Flash, and Shockwave Help us to run programs more efficiently

Demographics of Internet Users...access and use of the internet vary by

1. Education...the more educated you are the more internet you use (college grads...nearly 100%) 2. Income: the more money you make, the more likely you are to be on the internet 3. Race/Ethnicity: White=most, but in 2016, there are hardly any discrepancies. **note that Asians are even higher than whites on some charts 4. Age: Younger: more access, OLDER, less access (Big drop off at 65 to 75yrs). (this also rings true for social networking sites) 5. Sex: virtually no difference today, though originally was almost all men (even in just 1995, 90%male.) Types of gadgets used: 1. All gadgets going up or stable except for desktops...which are in decline. 2. More broadband than dial up now 3. People who use the phone jack for access are usually young, low income, minorities. **Note that minorities use the internet differently than whites C. Region/Location 1. South are less connected 2. Upper midwest and west coast is very connected 3. Rural and suburban are about the same. North America is about 88% online, Europe: 77%, Africa: 28% ***50% of world is online *US users only account for 9% of overall population online...mostly those in Asia.

Selected Internet Applications (things you can do with the Internet)

1. File Transfer Protocol (FTP) An early application on the internet which allowed you to connect any computer to another computer and share files. This is partially outdated, because storage is not such an issue, plus we have online storage Out computers still have this...just now commonly used 2. Usenet/ Newsgroups/ Groups / Forums People share information about some specific issue online in groups 3. Electronic Mail (email) 4. Chat and Instant Messaging (IM) Synchronous, real-time communication 5. World Wide Web (WWW or Web) Not the same thing as the internet. The internet is the infrastructure, the web is a use for the infrastructure

What are the top internet sites today?

1. Google 2. Facebook 3. Youtube 4. Yahoo 5. Amazon ***note that many on the continuation of this list (including Facebook, didn't exist in 2010)

Web Protocols and Control

1. Hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) The rules that govern how to effectively share linked files. These make sharing info physically possible. Ex: how one computer makes a request and how another responds to that request 2. Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) A coding languge that exists to format a webpage. This is a standard set of symbols and codes that are used to program a website ex: what is bolded, how pictures appear, where text appears, etc.

Internet Data Connections (part of infrastructure guided by protocols)

1. Internet Backbone (like the interstate freeway system...high speed long distance channels that carry the bulk of data...they do not however get you to your specific destination) These are privately owned by companies like Verizon and Sprint and consist of fiber optic lines and the like. 2. Network Access Points (NAP's) The second tier of data travel...smaller than internet backbone. (like state highways instead of interstate freeways). There are more of these than there are backbone pieces 3. Points of Presence (PoP's) The next stage in the internet hierarchy system Typically maintained by internet service providers (ISP's) 4. Internet Service Providers (ISP's) The final stage in the system. These are local providers In our area, this is COX This is the place in which we actually connect to the internet *Traceroute.org allows us to send a message to ourselves from any server around the world so that we can see how long it takes for the message to reach us/the efficiency of the system.

Research findings on the relationship between the internet and political and civic engagement

1. Small-donor funding levels. While campaigns have traditionally relied on huge donations, campaigns can now receive at least 20% of their donations from the little guys like us. 2. Partisan Differences in the use of Internet Tools (parties use em differently) ***Democrats showcase supportive community engagement tools (solicit feedback, make it easier for people to connect.) for example, there is no Republican equivalent to MoveOn.org. 3. Increasing use of Internet for News/Campaigns As well as for activities such as donating 4. Internet and Civic Decline The finding is that there is very LITTLE evidence that the internet is leading to civic decline. This proves that Putnam's "Bowling Alone" was wrong. 5. Internet and Civic Engagement Effect of Internet Use on Civic Engagement is usually not significant WHEN political interest is controlled for. Meaning: The relationship between the internet and engagement is DUE TO political interest. Another question: Does engagement cause internet use or does internet use cause engagement? We don't know. 6. Changes over Time (is there any indication that this is going to continue to evolve?) The greater convenience of the internet as a method of getting political information...means people actually don't care that much about politics and that's why they go to the internet. Many of these people don't vote. Younger internet users seem to be more engaged in spite of their political interests (so increasing effects of internet use on engagement regardless of politics)

Transmission Control Protocol/ Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) (continuation of infrastructure guided by protocols)

1. TCP Breaks up data into small "packets" , each of which travels separately Upon arrival, reassembles packets in proper sequence -- retransmits if errors are found *This is what "packet loss" refers to, is a failure in the system *The message is broken up, becuase small pieces of information travel faster 2. IP (ensures that data gets where it needs to get) Assigns an address to each packet Chooses best path for transmission by routing (what route is the least busy right now/most straightforward) **this is what routers do...choose the best path.

Future questions/potential issues associated with the internet:

1. Technical Issues Whether the existing system is technically capable of handling future trafffic to be had on the system? "The internet wasn't designed for people to watch TV. I know because I designed it" --Larry Roberts 2. Legal Issues Property rights, licensing, pirating. What can people create legally? 3. Social Issues How do all of these things affect people? Is the net free-speech oriented? Does it bring people together or drive them apart?

Reasons Traditional CMC vs F2F research findings were questioned

1. Temporal Factors: traditional studies were done at one point in time If you gave online groups more time, the negative effects started to go away This suggests that neither of the original explanations for research results were completely accurate. Note: groups that were told that they were to meet more than once experienced less conflict and problems altogether. So...the expectation of future interaction matters! 2. Amount vs Rate of Communication The amount of communication is a consequence of the rate of communication which is dependent on the medium. Aka: you can talk a lot faster than you can type. When given as much time as they would like however, CMC groups had the same amount of communication in the end...even though the rate of communication was slower. 3. Behavioral and Communicative Adaptation You make adjustments to being online that make things different...people find ways to cope with the environment (ex: you expect more typos/mistakes to be made, use emojis) Expectations are also changed...people might be more patient online. 4. Nature of Groups The way groups were put together in labs is not a realistic communication environment....we are almost never thrown together with random people for one day, from different backgrounds, who we will never see again, given tasks that we may not care about

On average, how much time do Americans spend per month online?

40 hours...though self-reporters often forget to include things like email because they seem so common.

What is the current percentage of Americans Online/ what is the trend?

87%. Thats 280 million people. Continues to increase

Ways people use the internet

91% use search engine to find info 88% use email 84% look up directions/maps

What is the transcontinental railroad representative of?

A network. Networks are systems that link things together.

The World Wide Web

A system of computers (servers), utilizing graphical user interfaces and accessed via the Internet, that provides access to documents, multimedia files, and Web sites, that are connected by hyperlinks to other documents, multimedia files, and Web sites OR A service that uses the Internet to allow computers to access files and pages that are hosted on other computers

Importance, Advantage, and Effects of the Advent of the Internet (4)

A. Greater interconnection among people in different locations 1. Globalization 2. Millions of people now connected that were not previously connected B. Development of Standards Standardized language (all computers read HTML in the same way) This allows all computers to communicate with each other. C. Economies of Network Scale: Greater Utility with more locations linked (network nodes) 1. Being the first person with email is pointless, but if millions of people have email, you now have a great advantage by having email. It is more useful as more people connect D. Development of unforeseen opportunities and Problems 1. Loss of Privacy 2. E-Commerce 3. Copyright/Intellectual Property issues

What % diffusion is typically required for technology to succeed? How long did it take the internet to get to that percentage?

About 30% . Took the internet 7 years...which was a lot faster than other techs

Cold War Culture and Nuclear Fear led to the establishment/development of what in the 40's-60's?

Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) ARPA research: mission was to fund defense related projects that would keep the US at a technological advantage. We needed a communication network/infrastructure that would NOT fail due to the EMP effect of a nuclear warhead. We needed something that would withstand a nuclear attack Worked with the RAND corporation to conceptualize the idea of a decentralized network that would be feasible given a nuclear attack. Note that the prior telephone system was centralized....all lines went to a hub and were then sent out to the target. The internet is decentralized, so if part of it is destroyed, other parts still work. ARPANET created in 1969. Nodes at UCLA, UCSB, Stanford, and University of Utah At first, it ran on pretty unstable software, but overall it worked and was proof of concept!

Social Information Processing Model (SIP)

Assumption that people are social and that they want to have relationships Cues-filtered-out perspective is legit. There are definitely less cues to be had online Comm Channels don't have fixed relational qualities (just because you are online doesn't mean that you are going to have positive or negative qualities. Nothing is fixed/guaranteed. The medium is not deterministic) Impressions are formed and refined online...just like F2F. We have an initial impression that we then modify as we get more information. Normal, albeit 'temporarily retarded (slowed down because of the timeline)', interpersonal development occurs. So the same stuff that happens F2F happens online, it might just take longer. So the argument is that CMC is not better or worse than F2F, just different.

Hyperpersonal Model of CMC

CMC that surpasses the level of affection and emotion in parallel face-to-face communication. (is considered "hyperpersonal") There are reduced cues available online, but rather than saying that they create negative reactions, they may indeed make us closer to our relational partners. We have an idealized perception of others when we lack cues (if we think we have something in common with them, we tend to think of them very highly) CMC provides optimized self-presentation (we can avoid revealing negatives and provide extreme positives. We can also manage our first impressions) Behavioral Confirmation: people tend to behave in ways consistent with how they're treated When people are told online that their comm partners are attractive, they treated them that way. In return the partner treated the original speaker the same way. People who are treated better tend to behave better Behavioral Confirmation is magnified in this environment Ex: Barry and Trish...the posterchildren for hyperpersonal comm.

Circuit Switching vs Packet Switching

Circuit Switching: think old telephone lines. Info is sent on a direct route from sender to central hub to receiver. Since there is only one route along the way, this is subject to frequent disruptions (such as fallen lines) Packet Switching: Separates data into small packets that can be transported individually through a number of circuits (instead of one). A header in each packet identifies its source, destination, and relationship to other packets. Routers use algorythms to decide on the best route for packets to take. Packets are reassembled in their proper order at their destination. ***Because this does not rely on any single path, it is the solution to circuit switching. It is very very hard to bring the whole system down.

What is "cognition" and what are the processes involved?

Cognition = the mental processes of knowledge acquisition and understanding through thought, experience, and the senses that prompt adaptive responses. Attention Judgment Knowledge Memory Reasoning Problem solving Decision making Comprehension How we decide what is dangerous in the world/where we find it/how we might avoid it Varies by person and the situation Can be conscious or subconscious Concrete or Abstract process Concrete understanding: avoiding a specific neighborhood you know to be dangerous when walking at night Abstract: there are some general situations which are dangerous that should be avoided.

What internet trend began in the late 90's and persists into today?

Commercialization of the WWW The first banner ad (along the top of a page...or side) Rise of the .com's Most fortune 500 companies in 1997 did not have websites...but this began to shift Also, oddly enough, there were a lot of internet companies which were valued like crazy (too much so...speculated wild success, but had no proof) but weren't actually making any money...yet. Those that didn't go bankrupt ended up making bank. About 220 big companies folded in 2000 74,199 jobs cut January thru June in 2001 Some survivors....Amazon.com, Ebay, buy.com, priceline.com.....basically those with a good business model that comprised more than just an idea.

Relational Intimacy vs Social Attraction (between F2F and Online dating)

Compared groups that started out f2f and then went online vs those that did the opposite. What happens when you switch modalities? Online groups that remain online show greater intimacy and social attraction than any other condition. (they never switched modality) If you have an online group that goes f2f: 1. If you switch early you do better 2. If you switch late you do worse (you are more likely to be disappointed if you have more time to create idealized expectations)

Social Identity Model of Deindividuation Effects (SIDE)

Concerned with situations in which there is some degree of Online Anonymity (i.e. lack of info about communication partner) Self Concept & Identity (social vs personal) We all have both self concept and identity. For each, we have a social and a personal identity. Social Identity: Where I belong...who I am affiliated with. We each have hundreds of these. "I am a UCSB student. A Californian. An American" Individual Identity: The special skills or traits that we have that make us different from others. "I am an adept UCSB student" Under conditions of relative anonymity online, the impact of the social self concept is strengthened. When online, we tend to have salient social identities. We cling to groups. (because we know we have this in common...assuming most other info is missing because of anonymity) Social influence is Stronger (we are influenced strongly by those that share the group that we identify with...even if they do nasty things.) Salient PERSONAL identities tend to produce less social influence, because we behave according to our own values rather than the group's. Effects can be positive and Negative. If those that we are emulating are making great decisions, than we will experience positive effects. The opposite is also true.

BitCoin

Created in 2009 by an unknown person. There is no physical coin, but other than that it is a currency. Tied to no specific country, completely International All physical currencies are based on faith...and value is assigned by the gov in which they reside....but it doesn't have to be that way. Credit and Debit are technically digital as it is, so maybe bitcoin isn't that out there. How's it work? Blockchain/ledger: keeps track of the owners of bitcoin. Then blockchain tracks the transactions as blocks. People on the network compete to be the first one to validate a transaction. The first one to validate gets paid in bitcoin. Everyone self-checks each other. The ledger is then updated as to who has "x" amount of bitcoin. Popularity and Pricing It is going up very strong right now....but it is also quite volatile. It jumps up and down a lot. Right now, 1 bitcoin is worth $1300 Advantages Reduced transaction fees...between 0 and 2% Anonymity (your bitcoin account cannot be traced directly back to you) Uncertainty, Volatility and the Future Anonymity has led to bitcoin being used for all sorts of illicit purposes

Rapid Internet Growth in the 80's led to what issue?

Domain Names. Governance was needed to regulate this. When there were 4 locations, it was no problem, but when there are suddenly hundreds, and then thousands, each network can no longer keep its own addresses. Originally used ONLY the IP Number System (eg: 207.171.191.255) People would have to memorize these to send messages to each other Needed new ways to categorize things,and thus, in 1984, The Domain Name system was created (ex: Amazon.com). As humans, it was way easier for us to remember words than long strings of numbers. This new system made the internet more accessible and popular Domain Name Registration: SRI NIC--- Stanford research institute Network Information center (originally), a private company that kept this info was overwhelmed by demand, so gov created, then InterNIC, then ICANN (which is used today). *** ICANN is a gov sponsored organization that coordinates domain names, private orgs like GoDaddy can register you and your site name, but they have to work with ICANN and get them cleared first. Top Level Domains/ Domain Name Extenders: 1985: .com, .org, .net, .gov, .edu, .mil, .int (1998). There are problems though, like .org is not well controlled, and often for-profit companies register this way through loopholes. 2001: .biz, .info, .name, .aero, .coop, .museum, .pro (all created, because there needed to be extensions...supposed to create more distinct opportunity for people) ...NOTE that this did not work...so adding even more doesn't make much sense in 2002. 2002-2011: .asis, .cat, .jobs, .mobi, .tel, .travel, .xxx, .post 2012: 1,000+ more... Generic Top Level Domain (gTLD) ...these are ones that come at a low fee (if any) and anyone can register them Country Code Top Level Domain (ccTLD) ....each country has its own code. BUT sometimes people extrapolate these domains for other uses... Brand Top Level Domain (brandTLD) ...such as .APPLE, .LEGO, .GOOGLE. These are pricey. BUT, recall that some companies lease you a site in return for your putting up with ads on your site. You don't actually own the domain name.

Face to Face vs CMC (early research findings)

Effectiveness: Groups using the technologies were more effective at certain tasks Task Orientation: "How focused on the task are you? How much stuff are you doing apart from the task?" Surprisingly, those using technologies were MORE task oriented Equality Among Participants: "who talks the most? Is it fairly even? What groups get the most attention?" CMC groups have higher equality among participants. Participation: Measuring who talks and how much they talk in each group. Often in F2F there are some people who say virtually nothing...this was not the case in CMC groups. There was more even participation. Socioemotional Usage: "Do people talk in a way that is more highly emotional and relational?" People online tend to not socialize very much. Those in F2F do...there is more friend-making. This correlates to being more (or less) task-oriented...CMC is more task oriented, so is less social Conflict Flaming: more of this online (this is saying negative things to others or being rude) Time to Reach Decisions Took longer in CMC groups Consensus Reaching: Very difficult online. Much more likely to occur in F2F groups Group Cohesion F2F groups felt much more cohesive.

Originally only researchers sought to use ARPNET, what development changed that?

Email. This made the network suddenly viable for the general public (beyond the researchers that were the main users) By 1977, 75% of ARPANET traffic was email.

Business to Consumer E-commerce

Ex: Amazon Part of Amazon's genius...started as a book dealer, but that was never the end goal. Books allowed them to gather data on their audience. They realized that data mining is the real gold industry Official definition of B2C: Interactions relating to the purchase and sale of goods and services between a business and consumer -- i.e., retail transactions Transactions taking place over the internet About $350 billion annually in the US (about 9% of commercial activity...note that there are countries like the UK, which ecommerce is already 18% of commercial activity) Predicted to continue to grow Estimated that 70% of retail sales will INVOLVE the Internet by 2020 ("involve" means that at some point in the decision making or purchasing process the internet will be used) Historical perspective on alternatives to location retailing......This has been happening a long time...just differently. In 1886, a telegraph operator (Richard Sears) started a catalog company, where he'd purchase things and have no physical store, but would market his products to other telegraph operators. 1. Revenue Models: Sell goods and services for a profit (this model hasn't changed) 2. Sell advertising

URL's and Domain Names (types and examples of each)

Ex: http://www.cnn.com ".com" is a "Top Level Domain name". (others are .com, .org, .edu, .gov., and many many more) Domain Name (ex: "CNN") Web File Name (ex: "www") Web Server (ex: "http://") Note that there may also be subdomains like "comm" in the www.comm.ucsb.edu" Note that there are also specific directories like ("faculty/flanagin/classes") in www.comm.ucsb.edu/faculty/flanagin/classes

MoveOn.org (case study)

Existed only on the Web About the Lewinski scandal....action group that said that the people should move on and not focus on the President's impeachment or adultery. There were more important things to look at. It was created by two people who put up a page, not affiliated with any party There are now 10,000,000 members, and MoveOn builds electronic advocacy networks to do certain things Each year members vote on what MoveOn will do that year. It is democratic, and only made possible via the internet.

Howard Dean---2004 presidential nominee (case study)

First presidential candidate who really exploited the potential of the internet and web. He had online forums and blogs, had people tell him what was most important to them, and made that part of his platform Used meet up, so that those geographically close could meet up over certain issues.

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C)

Group of folks that make sure that there is standardization...i.e. There is one type of HTML, etc so that nothing falls apart. Everyone uses the same system, and there is one standard out there for how things are to work.

Challenges to Successful E-Commerce

High "customer acquisition costs" (how much do companies have to spend to get you to be a customer on their site?) Amazon: $29 a person, E*Trade: $257, average: $15 Low "customer switching costs" (it is easy for us to switch over to other sellers..not much loyalty) Fierce Competition across Marketing Segments Search engine optimization (SEO) as a response to competition. This is which results pop up at the top of the screen when you perform a search through a search engine. Google uses a formula for this, so companies need to do a lot of networking to get their site at the top. It is illegal for Google to take any money from businesses for this, however, it is legal to hire an independent company to promote/network your company well to get you to the top of the search page.

Web effects on Self-esteem, related to memory

How people view themselves. How capable do you think your own memory is? Asked people trivia questions and let them answer with and without Google. Cognitive self-esteem was higher for those that were allowed to use the web to look up answers. So...if you research online, you think you are smarter than you are. Researchers also gave people who didn't use the web false feedback telling them they did great on their response....but these people STILL had lower cognitive self esteeem.

Research Findings on Online Dating

Importance of long-term F2F relationships... those that find this important are more honest They also tell you more about themselves People see themselves as more successful in relationships if they disclose more...and they disclose more because they place high valence on long term F2F relationships More online dating experience makes you better/more successful at online dating People are also more successful at making a positive impression if they self-disclose more People are also more likely to make a positive impression if they are dishonest*** (you can lie about stuff and it works) How do you discover if someone is lying? You ask the people they dated! Begs the question, how realistic are peoples self-presentations? 86% of people on Match.com state that people that they dated had lied online in some way about their physical appearance 49% felt that the other had lied about their relational goals online 46% felt that the other had lied about their age 40% felt that they had been lied to about the person's marital status

The Knowledge Gap Hypothesis (another reason why demographics matter)

Information is a resource that has value but is not distributed evenly. The information-poor are often less-informed about social issues and opportunities and are less likely to take advantage of the internet. Low SES individuals have worse comm skills on average, which is an issue, because most companies require competent communicators who can use the internet. This may cause the underprivledged to fall further behind.

Business to Business Ecommerce

Interactions relating to the purchase and sale of goods and services between businesses Examples include: ordering goods from suppliers, receiving invoices, and making payments High Volume (greater even than Business to Consumer) "lots of transactions" ... Ex: making a car. There are so many parts that need ordering. $400 billion annually in the U.S. Ex: Alibaba ---asks businesses what they seek and then matches them up with other businesses that have what they need.

What does cognition have to do with the internet?

Internet may reinforce or reshape cognitive processes (aka it may change how your brain works) We are finding new ways to pay attention and to remember things Internet based interaction and information introduces us to many new environments, such as social networks---how do those affect self-esteem?. How do those affect us? Also, what does more screen-time do to us?

Intranet vs Extranet

Intranet: a set of webpages for people with a certain affiliation Companies have this. You cannot access the information unless your IP address is one that is owned by your company Data included in this would be something like "names of employees" Another example: the GOLD system at UCSB Extranet: a stockpile of information or set of webpages that a company wants specific people outside of the company to have access to. Ex Ford Motor Company password protects a part of their website for specific others for a specific reason...such as number and type of brake pads used so that companies can bid on a replacement part.

Medium of Presentation (print vs web) differences/ theories explaining

Learning from Print vs Learning from the Web. (same info different medium) Structural Isomorphism Theory Similarities between the organization of human memory and of hypermedia (Web) increase learning Argues that because they are organized the same, the web should actually increase learning Learner Control Theory User controls the pace, order, and content, which leads to more personalized learning Therefore, when we can control what we learn and how we learn it, we learn more. This also argues that the web is better. Cognitive Load Theory There is so much mental effort required to make sense of web-based information that we are overwhelmed and learn less. Argues that we better process print-based information. Some studies show that Web use leads to greater elaboration which leads to greater content knowledge. ****Other studies show that web use leads to greater selective scanning which leads to less content knowledge. The negative effects of scanning are greater than the positive effects of elaboration. Therefore studies altogether find that print is the greater medium for learning.

What is MOSAIC/who created it? What was created to compete with it?

Marc Andreesen introduces graphical web browser (MOSAIC)...a new interface for web browsing. You can point and click on images, or search bar at the top of the page...completed in 1993. Made things even easier to use. Web grew at 340,000% per year at this point in time!!!!! In 1994, Marc and friends created Netscape Navigator, a better version of MOSAIC, and made a billion dollars. In 1995, Bill Gates created Internet Explorer to compete. Netscape continued to win UNTIL, Microsoft gave away Internet Explorer for free when assimilated systems were purchased and everyone started making the switch. This was a violation of anti-trust laws, but the Governement actually ran out of money in the lawsuit. Internet explorer kept growing until it had 95% of the market.

Effects of Multitasking

Media-multitasking & Internet-related multitasking (idea is that more stuff can get done when we do multiple things at once) But...the opposite is true. It inhibits memory function We can focus on one task at a time less well Tasks that get done are done more poorly Research in the Area: *People who multitask heavily are much worse at blocking out irrelevant information. Lots of breadth of attention with little depth. *Heavy multitaskers are also more stressed, and even after multitasking sessions end, that stress persists However, people with specific types of multitasking have positive effects. Those who regularly play action-online-video games, can attend to more things simultaneously well. Interruptions: multitasking is actually rewarding in some ways. Dopamine is released when we are interrupted. People love attending to things that interrupt them. Argues that there is an evolutionary rationale for this, however we don't use our brain for this anymore. However, this is negative long term. People who regularly receive emails on their phones have increased stress levels.

How does the internet affect cognition?

Neuroplasticity: brain reshaping from various technologies. Our brains adapt to our environments. Parts of the brain that are frequently used grow while others that are seldom used shrink. Lifelong process affected by environment and actions Is most prevalent with children, though is frequently used throughout life. A strange example: London Taxi drivers have larger hippocampuses than London Bus Drivers, because bus drivers just follow a route whereas taxis have to navigate a complicated place. Remember that Socrates was worried about the invention of writing...but that seemed to work out okay. Some argue that the internet breeds "Shallow Information Processing" Rapid Attention Shifts Non-linear paths....we jump from site to site Increased scanning behaviors, keyword spotting, and selective reading Decreased sustained attention Greater Cognitive Load...there is so much to pay attention to, we can't pay attention to everything. The sheer amount can cause us stress, and there is actually less learning involved.

Why is E-commerce Successful?

Note: historically, a 1)Manufacturer would sell goods to a 2)wholesaler/distributer, who sold to a 3)retailer, who sold to a 4)consumer ....this is like Target, for instance. But, is this traditional model the best for the consumer? Probably not....what if you cut out the middlemen? You could go straight to any of the middlemen (or the manufacturer) and save money. This process is known as "Disintermediation" "Portal Aggrigators" come into play as an additional middleman when we buy things online. These are companies like Yahoo that compile a bunch of info in one central hub to draw you in. By using their services, you help them generate ad revenue. Because of the addition of Portal Aggrigators, we are seeing a sort of "Reintermediation". The reintroduction of a lost step.

The strange effect of looking up info online (on who we attribute knows that info)

People tend to believe that information that they just got from the web already existed in their own minds. "I knew that". This affect is most pronounced when people look up information that they feel like they should know but can't recall. People are less likely to make this attribution if you slow down the search process...giving people a moment to think about the fact that they did not priorly know something.

Role of the Internet in Politics

Politics is fundamentally a phenomenon of communication and information 1. We communicate our preferences by voting 2. Protest groups and PACs are all about expression and communication 3. Democratic Accountability in general is a type of communication 4. So politics comes down to....who is best at communicating their points Role of the Internet 1. Decreases the cost of communication (it is cheap to get your message out there to a lot of people) 2. Increases access to information (most people have internet) 3. Increases flow of info and comm (for a long time...info flowed from gov to us, but now, there are ways that we can organize and contact those in gov). Info flow now goes both ways***

Zapatista Movement (case study)

Protested policies that would further hurt indigenous peoples of Mexico Mexican gov decided to ignore/not pursue this BUT, journalists and aide workers in the area began to disseminate info about the zapatista movement, and the movement took off. They would write handwritten notes and fax it to people back home who would then put it on the internet. Even though the protesters themselves did not have internet access, their issue was then spread throughout the world. "Zapatista Effect" ---around the world, issues that would otherwise not be known are now known because of the internet.

How the Web Affects Human Memory (part 1): Recall of Memorable Facts study

Recall of Memorable Facts. In this study, researchers told people to copy down memorable facts that they gave em into a computer. Half the people were told that their info would be saved in the computer, the other half were told that it would be erased. Those that were told it would be saved were much much worse at remembering the information. Suggests that people were offloading their own memory into the computer, and that it affected their own thoughts. So apparently we use the web as a source of external memory.

Adolescent Peer Influence and Social Media findings

Researchers created a tool that is just like Instagram, had teens use it, and took MRI scans of their brains as they used it. Kids were more likely to like photos that were shown to have many likes from others...even if the photos featured really negative stuff. And the brain responded to this positively. Viewing photos with many likes activated parts of the brain that had to do with imitation. Suggests that adolescents respond in a very specific way to information that is sponsored by their peers.

Obtaining info on the web affects cognitive processing how? (Stroupe test)

Researchers used the stroupe test...presents people with words in different colors. Participants are to ignore the word and write the colors they say. It is actually pretty hard to ignore the words, especially if they are relevant to you. If you're hungry when you take the test and one of the words is "pizza", you take more time to answer the color. Taking more time to answer the question suggests more cognitive processing. If you are asked difficult questions before the test and then items on the test are things like "Google" and "Yahoo", then people will pause longer. They do this because these are ways in which we would discover information that we don't know.

What was the #1 biggest contributer to the sudden, rapid growth of the internet?

Restrictions on commercial use were lifted in 1991...allowing for true growth.

Revenue Models for Online Ads

Revenue Models for Online Ads 1. "Number of Impressions" : How many times does the user cause the advertisers content to be displayed? 2. "Click Through": How many times does the user click on the ad to go to the advertiser's site? (typically advertisers pay more for this) 3. "Pay-per Sale": How many times does the user click through and then buy something? 4. Charge Transaction Fees For example, eBay charges fees to sellers for completing your transaction. 5. Sell Digital Content Directly thru subscription For example, Wall Street Journal, Spotify, etc

Web Search Engines

Search Engine Components 1. "Spider" or "bot" or "crawler" ....a piece of software that creates 2. An index or catalog (list of words and notes about where they came from) 3. That can then be searched by keyword 4. There can also be human intervention / augmentation ...humans may adjust algorythms and modify search results slightly to help people find what they think they want to find. Google has roughly 80% of the search engine market at the moment Search query types 1. Concept based searching "keyword searching" (ex: english pointer dog) 2. Some sites, such as "Ask" say that for natural language queries, they are the best (ex: Where can i find a bathroom?) 3. Specialized Search Engine (for specific databases) **Such as USA.gov which gives all government info **There are also Medical databases and the like Also engines like dogpile which search thru multiple engines and gives results from both

Social Support Online

Social Support Online: there are many opportunities to support each other online All sorts of support groups: Gamerwidow, Internet addiction, AA Potential advantages: Info can be shared anonymously More likely to be honest Lots of informational support as well as emotional support Disadvantages: Theres a lot of deception in these groups...such as bolemic girls going on bolemia support groups to learn how to hide it from others

Sex Differences in Virtual Teams (can you identify the sex of those you're working with?)

Student groups that worked together online for an entire quarter...they had no idea who they were working with/their genders. Women enjoyed anonymity more than men .....They didnt want to be judged based on their sex Men wanted to divulge their personal identifying information more than women Women are more likely to misrepresent their sex...wanted to act like men. No men did this. ***All-female groups reported greater group trust, cohesion, and task interdependence than when in mixed groups.

The Digital Divide (one reason why demographics matter)

Technology haves and have-nots. Age matters, but so does income and race (these often coincide) Types of digital divide: 1. Access divide: (no diff except age) 2. Skills divides 3. Usage Divides: (gaming, news, etc) 4. Info production/consumption: (supply is done unequally) **note that access divide is pretty much gone in US

What is NSFNET (1984)?

The National Science Foundation created their own internet system. Used for email, file transfer protocol, BBS (threaded discussions) Rules: 1) anyone can link 2) no commercial use Most ARPANET people began to switch over to NSFNET (becuase it was faster)...but also, the two linked, so they became synonymous. This is about the time when it began to be referred to as the "internet". 1995 is the real beginning of the Internet (when it got super popular) Upgraded Infrastructure: T1 to T3 (different types of fiber optic lines) When Commercial use bans were lifted in 1991, this really took off

Ways in which the internet has shown a negative impact on civic and political engagement (Bowling Alone)

The internet and web leads to declines in civic participation. As people use the internet more, the focus on their local communities less. "Bowling Alone" --book on social participation and capital 1. Decline of social capital (skills that we have that we can use for a cause...."the collective value of social networks") ****Can be measured by the amount of trust in a community, degree of reciprocity (how likely are you to do something for someone else in a community?) 2. Privatization of Leisure Time ---we now do things alone that take away time from things we used to do with others...such as PACs, social groups, sports groups, etc. The screen takes you away from social life. 3. Decline in Civic Participation -- People are less civically involved (also decline in membership from everything from PTA's to sports clubs...and this seems to correlate with the emergence of the internet and web Role of the Internet and web? 1. The Digital Divide ---those most likely to be online (most educated, skilled, modern) are those that otherwise would be most likely to belong to action groups. 2. Lack of social cues online leads to a decreased trust in others online. Lack of trust leads to less social capital. ****But...do note that there are theories which contradict this...such as SIP and Hyperpersonal Model. These theories, which are more recent, are probably more accurate. ****Cyberbalkanization-- separation of people from each other online. Because it is so easy to go online and find people who agree with us, we are less likely to communicate with those who have differing opinions. Diversity is severely harmed. (this probably still rings true)

Internet Effects on Political Group Affiliation

The internet is weakening the boundaries of political groups We can belong to multiple action groups simultaneously....people tend to affiliate more with the issues that are important to them rather than to specific political parties. Interests can be diverse...some conservative, some liberal...but the same person belongs to both. Informal Sx is changing More flexible, less dependent on organizations. People have less clear political affiliation, and belong to more groups

Passive vs Active Social Media Use effects

There are negative relationships between passively viewing social media sites and subjective well being (viewing but not contributing = passive). These negative effects are stronger than positive ones. Positive relationship with social media use and SWB if social media use is ACTIVE. So...either contribute a lot, or get off social media.

Development of TCP/IP in the 80's...why is it important?

These protocols facilitated the communication between multiple computers on the same network. Established a common language. Developed by Vint Cerf, "father of the internet" Allowed for more reliable and efficient transfer of data. It was so effective in fact, that we are still using it today. ARPANET switches to TCP/IP in 1983. The other networks that were around also switched to these protocols. So, for the first time, all the computers were operating on the same protocol. Because of this, individual networks could communicate over ARPANET ***Global communication infrastructure is truly born.

What do Tang (the beverage), Velcro, and the Internet have in common?

They are all created as part of government projects. They are the byproduct of U.S. defense development.

Creation of the World Wide Web/who founded it?

Tim Berners-Lee at CERN: wanted a better way to share information with researchers around the globe. He envisioned a network of interconnected documents and data Invents Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)..the format. This is the first time you can search something, click on a link and open something up. This made things much much more user friendly and allowed easy linking technology. And graphics and the like can be easily created for websites. Became known as the "father of the WWW"

Consumer to Consumer E-Commerce

Transactions take place "directly between consumers" Ex: Craigslist (make money through transaction fees) "Mediated Transactions"... the middleman is standing quite literally in the middle. They stand aside and let people interact. Ex: StubHub, Skillshare "Cottage Industries" Individuals act as commercial enterprises Example: Etsy (sell your art) "Online Auctions" Person to person sales transactions in auction format, facilitated by third party Ex: Ebay...founded in 1995. Man's wife had a PEZ dispenser collection so he created a place for her to buy and trade with others. It grew from there. "Online trading community"...of approximately 233 million users worldwide. Over 1 million items added each day. Make about $14 billion in sales annually. Sellers pay fee (about 10 cents to $300) per listed item, and eBay takes a cut (9% or less) of some sales. Buyers and sellers handle exchange and payment Ebay has no inventory, transportation, no costs except employees and servers. Online Auctions: Issues and Research Online auction environements are high risk and high trust (you pay someone you don't know before you receive an item) Feedback Ratings: they matter a whole lot to consumers. Those with high ratings get more bids on their item and sell their items for more money. Negative vs. Positive feedback. Negative feedback hurts you much more than positive feedback helps you. "Reputation Gaps"...the difference in reputation between one seller and another. People go with the better reputed seller...more bids, more money "Feedback Reciprocation": buyers and sellers on ebay tend to give the feedback they get. Most likely to do nothing...cause there isn't much feedback. Auction Features: Starting price, commodoty information, and minimum bids and reserve prices. Length of auction can also be adjusted (longer auctions = more bids and higher bids)

Traditional Information Control Patterns (prior to internet)

Transmission Model: ex, Broadcast TV. There were a few channels to choose from...TV network chooses programming and decides when you can see it. There is no individual control here. (Central source to Central Source) Specification: (individuals are specifying which information they want). Ex: Encyclopedias. Info provided/created by a central source, but then people can choose what do with the information that is included. (the distribution) Representation: Distribution by central source that represents the interests (content) of individuals. Ex: Interest Groups....people join the NRA because they want to protect their 2nd amendment rights. People create a group that represents their wants, but then, the group itself takes those wants and does things with it...such as distributing the information to leverage it for some goal...like taking it to congress. Interaction: (Individual to Individual...control content and distribution). People are communicated directly with each other. Ex: small groups, F2F

Contemporary Information Control Patterns (post internet)

Transmission: Youtube (users control the content and its distribution....what on the outside appears to be a traditional transmission model is now something entirely different) Representation: MoveOn (you want to start something and do what you want to do with it...no longer a different group decision) Specification: Wikipedia (both sides controlled by individuals...instead of only one of them) Interaction: Various groups, online (many more means with many more people about pretty much any topic you can think of) *****The main thing here....lines are now blurred. Central sources no longer control everything....NOW control is in the hands of Individuals....everything has pretty much become an Interactive Model as the others become somewhat obsolete.

Final Mile or "last mile" technologies (this is where things usually fall down)

Usually the slowest part of the transmission process..... This is where user error occurs Outdated technology exists Our internet is only as fast as this last part Defined as final part of the internet connection, from the ISP directly to the consumer 1. Telephone system (original method...we sent internet thru pre-existing copper wires) 2. ISDN --integrated digital service network 3. DSL -- digital subscriber line (along with ISDN, still uses copper wires, just more efficiently) 4. Local Area Networks (LAN's) 5. WIreless Networks 6. COAXial cable (what COX provides...most common in SB. Cable comes into house and then wirely transmits. Unfortunately, this is affected by traffic, if others in the neighborhood are online, then your internet will be slower)) 7. Satellite Technology 8. Fiber Optics (the fastest...but also most expensive)

Who creates and who is inactive on the web?

Young teens and youth tend to be creators, while Gen X to seniors tend to be inactives. Critics are more likely youth to Gen X as well. Joiners of social network sites: Young Teens to GenY

The Client-Server Model

Your browser connects to a server and requests a page The server sends back the requested message *Note that any computer can technically be both *a server and a client Every machine is technically a source of info for another machine How this actually works: 1. Your computer uses a Uniform Resource Locator (URL) to get to a webpage 2. Then, your computer is going to connect to your ISP (Cox, in our case)...Local, regional, and national service providers then utilized) 3. Then, ISP sends out a request to a Domain Name System Server to identify what we are looking for (ex: Yahoo.com). This server provides the specific IP address for Yahoo.com. Computers would rather speak in the language of numbers than works...."Yahoo.com" vs 216.115.108.243 (both are the same) 4. Then Domain Name Server System sends info back to your ISP 5. Then, your ISP takes you to the Destination Web Server (ex: where Yahoo's files reside) 6. Then, the system is reversed and the info is sent back to us.

Internet 2

independent consortium that develops new uses and technologies for the internet. This is a nonprofit organization of people who test new things to use for the internet. THIS is NOT a new version of the internet!!! It is a group of people

Cyberbalkanization

separation of people from each other online. Because it is so easy to go online and find people who agree with us, we are less likely to communicate with those who have differing opinions. Diversity is severely harmed. (this probably still rings true)