Comm & Society
The giving up of one culture's ways for those of another culture
Assimilation
A casual account that explains why a thing happened or why someone acted in a certain way
Attribution
The number of constructs used, how abstract they are, and how elaborately they interact to create perceptions
Cognitive Complexity
Evolving and changing overtime
Dynamic
Defines the beginning and ending of an interaction
Punctuation
A word or phrase that limits the scope of a claim. (most, usually, and in general are examples)
Qualifier
Removed from concrete reality. Symbols are this because they are influences and generalizations derived from a total reality.
Abstract
Subject to more than one interpretation. Meanings vary from person to person and context to context.
Ambigious
Listening carefully in order to attack a speaker
Ambushing
Random; not determined by necessity. Symbols are _____ because there is no particular reason for any one symbol to stand for a certain referent.
Arbitrary
A type of nonverbal communication concerned with time
Chronemics
An assertion. Requires grounds and warrants.
Claim
_____ refers to the number, abstractness, and elaborateness of constructs we use to perceive phenomena
Cognitive Complexity
A decision to remain with a relationship. On of three dimensions of enduring romantic relationships. _____ has more impact on relational continuity than does love alone.
Commitment
The systematic process in which people interact with and through symbols to create and interpret meanings
Communication
Shared understanding of what communication means and what behaviors are appropriate in various situations
Communication Rules
Communication rules that define what communication means by specifying how certain communicative acts are to be counted. Often grow from habits/norms
Constitutive Rules
A theory that claims we organize and interpret experience by applying cognitive structures called schemata
Constructivism
One of two levels of meaning in communication. The _____ (level of meaning) is the literal, or denotative, information in a message
Content (level of meaning)
The perception that a person is informed and trustworthy.
Credibility
Attending to communication to analyze and evaluate the content
Critical Listening
Examining ideas reflectively and carefully to decide what you should believe/think/do
Critical Thinking
The idea that cultures vary in how they think, act, and behave as well as in what they believe and value. Not the same as moral relativism.
Cultural Relativism
Beliefs, understandings, practices, and ways of interpreting experience that are shared by a number of people
Culture
A form of reasoning in which a general premise followed by a specific claim establishes a conclusion.
Deductive Reasoning
Perceiving personal attacks, criticisms, or hostility in communication where there is no offense intended
Defensive Listening
The expertise and trustworthiness that listeners attribute to a speaker as a result of how the speaker communicates during a presentation.
Derived Credibility
The ability to understand another person's perspective, beliefs, throughs, or feelings
Dual Perspective
The fallacy of suggesting or assuming that only two options or courses of action exist when there could be more
Either-Or Logic
The ability to feel with or what another person is feeling
Empathy
The tendency to regard ourselves and our way of life as superior to other people
Ethnocentrism
The perceived personal character of the speaker
Ethos
Responses to a message are called
Feedback
The tendency to assume that an expert in one area is also an expert in other unrelated areas
Halo Effect
Nonverbal communication that involves physical touch
Haptics
The physiological activity that occurs when sound waves hit our eardrums. It is a passive process
Hearing
The indirect and undetailed communication favored in collectivist cultures
High-Context Communication Style
Cognitive awareness of experiences and ideas that are not part of the concrete, present situation
Hypothetical Thought
The recognition and enlargement of common ground between communicators
Identification
A guide to action based on rules for living and identity. Initially communicated in families, _____ define our roles, how we are to play with them, and basic elements in the plot of our lives.
Identity Script
A technique of noting that statements reflect specific times and circumstances and may not apply at other times or circumstances
Indexing
Refers to the extent of which members of a culture understand themselves as part of and connected to their families, groups, cultures. One of five dimensions of variation among cultures.
Individualism/Collectivism
A form of reasoning that begins with specific instances and forms general conclusions based on them
Inductive Reasoning
Listening to gain knowledge and understand information; tends to focus on content level of meaning
Informational Listening
The expertise and trustworthiness that listeners attribute to a speaker before they even begin presenting based on the speaker's titles, positions, experiences, or achievements known to the listener prior to hearing the presentation.
Initial Credibility
Communication between people, usually in close relationships such as friendship and romance.
Interpersonal Communication
Something put into a relationship that cannot be recovered should the relationship end. Increase commitment
Investments
Body position or body motions, including those of the face
Kinesics
A complex process that consists of being mindful, physically receiving messages, selecting and organizing information, interpreting, responding, and remembering
Listening
Listening only to the content level of meaning and ignoring the relational level of meaning
Literal Listening
An extreme form of evaluative language that relies on words that strongly slant perspectives
Loaded Language
Rational or logical proofs
Logos
The direct, precise, and detailed communication favored in individualistic cultures
Long-Term/Short-Term Communication Style
Refers to the extent to which a culture values aggressiveness, competitiveness, looking out for yourself, and dominating others and nature. One of five dimensions of variation among cultures.
Masculinity/Feminity
Assuming we understand how another person thinks or perceives without asking that person is _____
Mind Reading
Being fully present in the moment, the first step of listening, and the foundation of all other steps. Zen Buddhism
Mindfulness
Communication that, by expressing interest in hearing more, gently invites the other person to elaborate
Minimal Encourages
Involves balancing or finding a compromise between two dialectal poles. One of four responses to relational dialects.
Neutralization
_____ is anything that interferes with intended communication
Noise
Ways of thinking, acting, and understanding work that are shared by members of an organization that reflect an organizations distinct identity.
Organizational Culture
Vocal communication that does not include actual words. Ex. Sounds, vocal qualities, accents, and inflection
Paralanguage
A response to cultural diversity in which people incorporate some practices, customs, and traditions of other groups into their own lives
Participation
One source of social perspectives that people use to define themselves and guide how they think, act, and feel. Viewpoints of people who are significant to the self.
Particular Other
Intensely positive feelings and desires for another person. Based on the rewards of involvement and is not equivalent to commitment
Passion
Emotional proofs for claims
Pathos
_____ is the process of selecting, organizing and interpreting people, objects, events, situations, and activities
Perception
The ability to perceive another as a unique and distinct individual apart from social roles and generalizations
Person-Centered Perception
A bipolar mental yardstick that allows us to measure people and situations along specific dimensions of judgement
Personal Construct
A relationship defined by uniqueness, rules, and relational dialects, and commitment and affected by contexts. These are irreplaceable.
Personal Relationship
The collection of rules, roles, and attitudes endorsed by the whole social community in which we live
Perspective of the Generalized Other
Refers to the size of the gap between people with high and low power and the extent to which that gap is regarded as normal. One of five dimensions of variation among cultures.
Power Distance
Something that is ongoing and continuously in motion, the beginnings and endings of which are difficult to identify. Communication is a _____
Process
A knowledge structure that defines the clearest or most representative example of some category
Prototype
Space and how we use it
Proxemics
The responsibility for remembering, planning, and coordinating domestic work and childcare. In general women assume this position
Psychological Responsiblity
A response to listeners' reservations about a claim made by the speaker.
Rebuttal
Our perceptions of others' views of us
Reflected Appraisal
The _____ response transcends the apparent contradiction between two dialectical poles and reinterprets them as not in tension. One of four responses to relational dialects.
Reframing
Specify when, how, where, and with whom to talk about things.
Regulative Rules
A private world of rules, understandings, and patterns of acting and interpreting that partners create to give meaning to their relationship; the nucleus of intimacy
Relational Culture
Opposing forces or tensions that are normal parts of all relationships. The three dialects are autonomy/connectedness, novelty/predictability, and openness/closedness
Relational Dialects
Listening to support another person or to understand another person's feelings and perceptions. Focuses on the relational level of meaning as much on the content level of meaning
Relational Listening
One of two levels of meaning in communication; expresses the relationship between communicators
Relationship Level of Meaning
A response to cultural diversity in which the cultural practices of others are attacked or the superiority of one's own cultural traditions is proclaimed.
Resistance
Patterned ways of behaving and interpreting behavior; all relationships develop _____.
Rules
Cognitive structures we use to organize and interpret experiences. 4 types: prototypes, personal constructs, stereotypes, and scripts.
Schemata
A _____ defines an expected or appropriate sequence of action in a particular setting.
Script
_____ responses meet one dialectal need while ignoring or not satisfying the contradictory dialectal need. One of four responses to relational dialects.
Segmentation
Focusing only on selected parts of communication. Screen out parts of a message that don't interest us.
Selective Listening
A multidimensional process in which the individual forms and acts from social perspectives that arise and evolve in communication with him/herself
Self
Revelation of information about ourselves that others are unlikely to discover on their own
Self-Disclosure
An expectation or judgement of ourselves brought about by our own actions
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
Self-talk that communicates that we're no good, we can't do something, we can't change, etc. Undermines belief in ourselves and motivation to change and grow
Self-Sabotage
The tendency to attribute our positive actions and successes to stable, global, and international influences that we control and to attribute negative actions and failures to unstable, specific, external influences beyond our control.
Self-Serving Bias
The fallacy of suggesting or assuming that once a certain step is taken, other steps will inevitably follow that will lead to some unacceptable consequence.
Slippery Slope
Groups of people who live within a dominant culture yet who also have common distinctive experiences and patterns of communicating
Social Communities
Comparing ourselves with others to form judgements of our own talents, abilities, qualities, etc.
Social Comparason
The theory that culture influences a number of social groups that differently shape the knowledge, identities, and opportunities of members of those groups.
Standpoint Theory
Assessments that suggest something is unchanging or _____. "Bob is impatient"
Static Evaluation
A predictive generalization about people and situations
Stereotype
Refusal to discuss issues that are creating tension in a relationship. ______ is especially corrosive in relationships because it blocks the possibility of resolving conflicts.
Stonewalling
Abstract, arbitrary and ambiguous representations for other things.
Symbols
A group of interrelated elements that affect one another. Communication is _____(-atic)
System
The cumulative expertise and trustworthiness listeners attribute to a speaker as the result of the speaker's initial and derived credibility; may be greater or less than initial credibility, depending on how effectively a speaker communicates.
Terminal Credibility
A response to diversity in which one accepts differences even though one may not approve or understand them
Tolerance
Responding to people as if one aspect of them were the sum total of who they are
Totalizing
Refers to the extent of which people try to avoid ambiguity and vagueness. One of five dimensions of variation among cultures.
Uncertainty Avoidance
A response to cultural diversity in which it is assumed that differences are rooted in cultural teachings and that no traditions, customs, and behaviors, are intrinsically more valuable than others
Understanding
The subjective process of evaluating and explaining perceptions
interpretation