Communication - Public Speaking

The four goals or functions of speeches?

Informing, Persuading, Entertaining, Specialized goals

A speech that focuses on a consumable product and has the goal of behavioral change is called a(n):

advertisement

The key to brainstorming is:

avoiding the tendency to reject ideas early.

When speaking to persuade, the goal is to

change attitudes, beliefs, or behavior

A ________ speech is delivered without varying the vocal pitch, rate, or volume.

monotone

Compared to all other types of persuasion __________ are highly crafted, thoroughly tested, and well rehearsed

political speeches

The purpose of the summary is to:

review major points for audience retention.

Which of the following is NOT a goal of informative speaking?

to change an attitude or opinion

Giving a fair hearing to an argument refers to

using two-sided messages

three essential objectives of an introduction to a speech.

(1) It establishes your credibility in relation to your topic (2) it compels your audience to listen (3) it previews the remainder of your speech

three goals of informative speaking

(1) to communicate new and unfamiliar information to an uninformed audience, (2) to extend what the audience already knows, or (3) to update old information about a topic or issue. Figure 11-1 gives examples of each of these goals.

The Source

A person, group, or organization with a meaning it tries to share with a receiver or an audience

Hecklers

A speaker's worst nightmare is a handful of hecklers in an audience who are determined to disrupt the speech and make the speaker look bad.

Advantages and disadvantages associated Memorized

Advantages Unlikely to overlook major points. Enhances your ability to be accurate, precise, and convincing. Can look at the audience. Disadvantages: very difficult to do well. Limited opportunities for change or deviation and answer questions.

Advantages and disadvantages associated Manuscript

Advantages: Unlikely to overlook major points. Allows Enhances your ability to be accurate, precise, and convincing. Disadvantages: very difficult to simulate a natural normal conversation. Difficult to look at audience while reading your speech. Limited opportunities for change or deviation.

Advantages and disadvantages associated Extemporaneous

Advantages: less formal style. Empowers you to adapt flexibly o audience feedback. Allows you to ask questions. Disadvantages: easier to slip of the tongue, deviate from proper grammar, and fumble for words or phrases.

Advantages and disadvantages associated Impromptu

Advantages: no lead time or formal preparation. Disadvantages: may not stay on point. Miss important information.

Interjectors

Audience members who occasionally insert a brief comment during the presentation

List the steps involved in preparing a speech for public presentation

Analyze your audience, select your topic, research your subject, organize and outline, rehearse your speech.

Questionnaires

Analyzing your audiencewith questionnaires is the second formal method of obtaining demographic and psychographic information.

the four types of informative speeches

Briefings or reports Lectures Demonstrations Training Presentations

three goals of persuasive speaking

Changing Behavior Changing Beliefs Changing Attitudes

demographics

Classifying an audience into social categories

Questions that limit the range of possible answers are called

Closed Ended

strategies that will prevent or at least manage potential audience resistance to your persuasive intent

Conceal the Intent to Persuade Don't ask for to much Avoid Inflammatory Phrases use a Two Sided Message with Refutation Inoculated Against Counter arguments Keep Objections to a Minimum Combine Reason with Emotion Use Fear Appeals when appropriate Repeat Your Message

An informative speech with a historical account of the settlement of the West based on Native American interpretation emphasizes what goal of informative speaking?

communicating old information in a new way

Referring to the women in an audience as "girls" might erect which of the following listening barriers to audience reception?

Connotative meanings

strategies to make your speech easily understood by your audience

Keep it Simple Keep it Concrete Be Repetitive and Redundant Elicit Active Responses Use Familiar and Relevant Examples Use Transitions and Signposts

seven strategies you can use to grab the audience's attention

Personal Stories, Emotional Appeals, Humor, Repetition, Famous Quotations, Startling Facts and Statistics, Dramatic Illustrations

five types of persuasive speeches

Political Speeches Speeches advocating social change Advertisements Spiritual or religious messages Motivational speeches

Questioners

Sometimes it is difficult to determine if questions from the audience are intended to heckle and disrupt or if they are truly legitimate and warrant a response.

Hostile Audiences

The most fundamental reason audience members might be hostile is that they think they know what you are going to say and they don't like your message.

five types of linear organizational patterns

The speaker lays out the basic argument or thesis by providing a preview of each of the main points. The speaker discusses the main points in detail, one at a time. These points are organized in some linear pattern—chronological, spatial, topical, problem-solution, or cause and effect. The speaker relies heavily on facts and data to clarify, illustrate, and support each main point. The speaker uses phrases—called transitions and signposts—to connect each of the main points or supporting ideas. The speaker concludes with a summary of the main points and, if applicable, an explicit call for some kind of action or response on the part of audience members.

People living in urban, industrialized societies are often preoccupied with:

Time

The first step in speech preparation is:

analyzing the audience.

A highly organized speech results in:

audience comprehension. audience perceptions of speaker credibility. effective extemporaneous speaking. speaker ability to stay on course.

The objective of informative speeches is to:

change the audience's factual beliefs

A speech organized in terms of the past, present, and future uses the logic pattern known as:

chronological.

The first step in organizing a speech is:

discarding irrelevent information

A rhetorical strategy that paints a picture of the emotions the speaker wants to express refers to

dramatic illustrations.

Former Vice President Joe Biden started a cancer research foundation. Because his own son, Beau, died of cancer, he is able to:

establish his credibility.

Facts or opinions attested to or endorsed by someone other than the speaker are:

evidence

Delivering a speech from an outline or notecards describes which mode of speech delivery?

extemporaneous

The automatic physiological process in which the ear receives sound is:

hearing

To be perceived as a good listener, a person must exhibit a combination of activities associated with:

high effort and motivation

Words and phrases that appeal to the senses are called

imagery

Adaptation

improves listening at all stages; it helps promote and maintain attention, which in turn improves message comprehension and communication accuracy.

best-known forms of questionnaire is the self-report

in which respondents are given a list of questions and asked to answer them in writing.

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

is a working scheme for motivating people to accept and even welcome change

Human communication

is defined as a process by which sources use both verbal and nonverbal symbols to transmit messages to receivers in such a way that similar meanings are constructed and understood by one another.

Linear Logic

is predominant organization structure in most western cultures but it is also the norm in many professions such as science and engineering.

The Message

is what the source says to the audience. The source must encode messages carefully and strategically to inform and influence the audience.

Passive listening is most often the result of:

lack of interest

"Do you believe that helpless animals should be tortured for the sake of medical science?" is an example of a(n):

leading question

According to the "keep it simple" strategy, a speaker should help the audience remember by:

limiting the speech to just a few points

Logic that follows a step-by-step organizational theme can be termed:

linear

The mode of speech delivery allows the speaker to use gestures and eye contact and move around the room. Unfortunately, it can sound monotonous and prevents the speaker from adapting to the audience.

memorized

Unintentional hand, arm, leg, or other bodily movements used to reduce stress or relieve boredom are called:

nonverbal adaptors

Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "I Have A Dream" speech is a good example of using _________ to be remembered.

repetition

Active Listening

occurs when substantial effort is exerted by the listener for the purpose of maximizing attention to and comprehension of what is being communicated by the speaker.

The success of Monroe's Motivated Sequence relies heavily on identifying

people's needs.

A speech introduction should

preview what's ahead in the speech. give the audience a reason to listen. establish speaker credibility. help the audience follow along with the speech.

"I intend to inform the audience about the importance of research in political campaigns" is a:

purpose statement

Psychographic

questions focus on an audience's attitudes, opinions, and beliefs.

One of the most commonly used audience-analysis surveys is referred to as a:

self-report measure.

The seven components of the communication process

source (speaker), message (actual speech), channel (face-to-face or mediated), receivers (audience), feedback (audience response), context (time, place, and occasion), and culture (speaker and audience identities).

When each party in a public speaking event engages simultaneously in both adaptation and feedback, they are engaging in:

speaker-audience member reciprocity

__________ support the main points in a speech outline.

subpoints

An advantage of extemporaneous speaking is:

the ability to respond to audience feedback.

Public speaking

the art of effective oral communication with an audience

Focus Group Interviews

usually consist of a small group of people randomly selected from the audience itself or from a similar population. Group size ranges anywhere from 6 to 12 members. Smaller groups of 6 to 8 are optimal simply because members feel freer to talk more.

Passive Listening

when the listener exerts little or no effort in attending to what is being communicated.