Communication - Public Speaking
The four goals or functions of speeches?
Informing, Persuading, Entertaining, Specialized goals
A speech that focuses on a consumable product and has the goal of behavioral change is called a(n):
advertisement
The key to brainstorming is:
avoiding the tendency to reject ideas early.
When speaking to persuade, the goal is to
change attitudes, beliefs, or behavior
A ________ speech is delivered without varying the vocal pitch, rate, or volume.
monotone
Compared to all other types of persuasion __________ are highly crafted, thoroughly tested, and well rehearsed
political speeches
The purpose of the summary is to:
review major points for audience retention.
Which of the following is NOT a goal of informative speaking?
to change an attitude or opinion
Giving a fair hearing to an argument refers to
using two-sided messages
three essential objectives of an introduction to a speech.
(1) It establishes your credibility in relation to your topic (2) it compels your audience to listen (3) it previews the remainder of your speech
three goals of informative speaking
(1) to communicate new and unfamiliar information to an uninformed audience, (2) to extend what the audience already knows, or (3) to update old information about a topic or issue. Figure 11-1 gives examples of each of these goals.
The Source
A person, group, or organization with a meaning it tries to share with a receiver or an audience
Hecklers
A speaker's worst nightmare is a handful of hecklers in an audience who are determined to disrupt the speech and make the speaker look bad.
Advantages and disadvantages associated Memorized
Advantages Unlikely to overlook major points. Enhances your ability to be accurate, precise, and convincing. Can look at the audience. Disadvantages: very difficult to do well. Limited opportunities for change or deviation and answer questions.
Advantages and disadvantages associated Manuscript
Advantages: Unlikely to overlook major points. Allows Enhances your ability to be accurate, precise, and convincing. Disadvantages: very difficult to simulate a natural normal conversation. Difficult to look at audience while reading your speech. Limited opportunities for change or deviation.
Advantages and disadvantages associated Extemporaneous
Advantages: less formal style. Empowers you to adapt flexibly o audience feedback. Allows you to ask questions. Disadvantages: easier to slip of the tongue, deviate from proper grammar, and fumble for words or phrases.
Advantages and disadvantages associated Impromptu
Advantages: no lead time or formal preparation. Disadvantages: may not stay on point. Miss important information.
Interjectors
Audience members who occasionally insert a brief comment during the presentation
List the steps involved in preparing a speech for public presentation
Analyze your audience, select your topic, research your subject, organize and outline, rehearse your speech.
Questionnaires
Analyzing your audiencewith questionnaires is the second formal method of obtaining demographic and psychographic information.
the four types of informative speeches
Briefings or reports Lectures Demonstrations Training Presentations
three goals of persuasive speaking
Changing Behavior Changing Beliefs Changing Attitudes
demographics
Classifying an audience into social categories
Questions that limit the range of possible answers are called
Closed Ended
strategies that will prevent or at least manage potential audience resistance to your persuasive intent
Conceal the Intent to Persuade Don't ask for to much Avoid Inflammatory Phrases use a Two Sided Message with Refutation Inoculated Against Counter arguments Keep Objections to a Minimum Combine Reason with Emotion Use Fear Appeals when appropriate Repeat Your Message
An informative speech with a historical account of the settlement of the West based on Native American interpretation emphasizes what goal of informative speaking?
communicating old information in a new way
Referring to the women in an audience as "girls" might erect which of the following listening barriers to audience reception?
Connotative meanings
strategies to make your speech easily understood by your audience
Keep it Simple Keep it Concrete Be Repetitive and Redundant Elicit Active Responses Use Familiar and Relevant Examples Use Transitions and Signposts
seven strategies you can use to grab the audience's attention
Personal Stories, Emotional Appeals, Humor, Repetition, Famous Quotations, Startling Facts and Statistics, Dramatic Illustrations
five types of persuasive speeches
Political Speeches Speeches advocating social change Advertisements Spiritual or religious messages Motivational speeches
Questioners
Sometimes it is difficult to determine if questions from the audience are intended to heckle and disrupt or if they are truly legitimate and warrant a response.
Hostile Audiences
The most fundamental reason audience members might be hostile is that they think they know what you are going to say and they don't like your message.
five types of linear organizational patterns
The speaker lays out the basic argument or thesis by providing a preview of each of the main points. The speaker discusses the main points in detail, one at a time. These points are organized in some linear pattern—chronological, spatial, topical, problem-solution, or cause and effect. The speaker relies heavily on facts and data to clarify, illustrate, and support each main point. The speaker uses phrases—called transitions and signposts—to connect each of the main points or supporting ideas. The speaker concludes with a summary of the main points and, if applicable, an explicit call for some kind of action or response on the part of audience members.
People living in urban, industrialized societies are often preoccupied with:
Time
The first step in speech preparation is:
analyzing the audience.
A highly organized speech results in:
audience comprehension. audience perceptions of speaker credibility. effective extemporaneous speaking. speaker ability to stay on course.
The objective of informative speeches is to:
change the audience's factual beliefs
A speech organized in terms of the past, present, and future uses the logic pattern known as:
chronological.
The first step in organizing a speech is:
discarding irrelevent information
A rhetorical strategy that paints a picture of the emotions the speaker wants to express refers to
dramatic illustrations.
Former Vice President Joe Biden started a cancer research foundation. Because his own son, Beau, died of cancer, he is able to:
establish his credibility.
Facts or opinions attested to or endorsed by someone other than the speaker are:
evidence
Delivering a speech from an outline or notecards describes which mode of speech delivery?
extemporaneous
The automatic physiological process in which the ear receives sound is:
hearing
To be perceived as a good listener, a person must exhibit a combination of activities associated with:
high effort and motivation
Words and phrases that appeal to the senses are called
imagery
Adaptation
improves listening at all stages; it helps promote and maintain attention, which in turn improves message comprehension and communication accuracy.
best-known forms of questionnaire is the self-report
in which respondents are given a list of questions and asked to answer them in writing.
Monroe's Motivated Sequence
is a working scheme for motivating people to accept and even welcome change
Human communication
is defined as a process by which sources use both verbal and nonverbal symbols to transmit messages to receivers in such a way that similar meanings are constructed and understood by one another.
Linear Logic
is predominant organization structure in most western cultures but it is also the norm in many professions such as science and engineering.
The Message
is what the source says to the audience. The source must encode messages carefully and strategically to inform and influence the audience.
Passive listening is most often the result of:
lack of interest
"Do you believe that helpless animals should be tortured for the sake of medical science?" is an example of a(n):
leading question
According to the "keep it simple" strategy, a speaker should help the audience remember by:
limiting the speech to just a few points
Logic that follows a step-by-step organizational theme can be termed:
linear
The mode of speech delivery allows the speaker to use gestures and eye contact and move around the room. Unfortunately, it can sound monotonous and prevents the speaker from adapting to the audience.
memorized
Unintentional hand, arm, leg, or other bodily movements used to reduce stress or relieve boredom are called:
nonverbal adaptors
Martin Luther King, Jr.'s "I Have A Dream" speech is a good example of using _________ to be remembered.
repetition
Active Listening
occurs when substantial effort is exerted by the listener for the purpose of maximizing attention to and comprehension of what is being communicated by the speaker.
The success of Monroe's Motivated Sequence relies heavily on identifying
people's needs.
A speech introduction should
preview what's ahead in the speech. give the audience a reason to listen. establish speaker credibility. help the audience follow along with the speech.
"I intend to inform the audience about the importance of research in political campaigns" is a:
purpose statement
Psychographic
questions focus on an audience's attitudes, opinions, and beliefs.
One of the most commonly used audience-analysis surveys is referred to as a:
self-report measure.
The seven components of the communication process
source (speaker), message (actual speech), channel (face-to-face or mediated), receivers (audience), feedback (audience response), context (time, place, and occasion), and culture (speaker and audience identities).
When each party in a public speaking event engages simultaneously in both adaptation and feedback, they are engaging in:
speaker-audience member reciprocity
__________ support the main points in a speech outline.
subpoints
An advantage of extemporaneous speaking is:
the ability to respond to audience feedback.
Public speaking
the art of effective oral communication with an audience
Focus Group Interviews
usually consist of a small group of people randomly selected from the audience itself or from a similar population. Group size ranges anywhere from 6 to 12 members. Smaller groups of 6 to 8 are optimal simply because members feel freer to talk more.
Passive Listening
when the listener exerts little or no effort in attending to what is being communicated.