Communication second exam

politeness

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catastrophizing

taking a problem even a minor one and making it into a catasrophe, "if I dont do well on this test,i'll never get into law school"

extensional orientation

tendency to look at the actual people/objects before looking at labels. Guided by what you see happening rather than by the way something or someone is talked about.

theories of gender difference development

Heterosxism development (p.124) heterosexism-"attitudes, behaviors, and language that disparage gay men and lebians and include the belief that all sexual behavior that is not heterosexual is unnatural and deserving of criticism and condemnation." believe that Gays would most likely commit crimes compared to heterosexual even though there's no difference believe that gays would most likely to molest children more heterosexual tend to do this institutional heterosexism- Handled by the institution states banning or approving gay marriage heterosexist language-"derogatory terms used for lesbian and gay men" Sex and Gender (p.129) Boy v. Girl only used for young males or females they are not used for people who are adults Lady has a negative connotation as well as stereotypes and women is preferred Transgender defined as "people who identify themselves as members of the sex opposite to the one they were assigned at birth and may be gay or straight, male or female." They should address by the sex that they identify with. Transvestites defined as "people who prefer at times to dress in clothing of the sex other than the one they were assigned at birth and who may be gay or straight, male or female." addressed based on the gender they dress as i.e if they dress as a female they are addressed as a woma

How messages are packaged

Both nonverbal and verbal signals occur simultaneously. Usually, these nonverbal and verbal behaviors reinforce each other. This blending of verbal and nonverbal messages helps you to think and remember. For example, when you express anger or fear, your face and body posture communicates it too. You don't smile to show anger or fear. Additionally, sometimes we fail to see this packaging of messages in others. A person might say they are happy to have finally see you after being home all summer but they say this without making eye contact or smiling (Pg. 107 - 108).

dyssemia

The inability to engage in emotional communication as send and as reveiver is party of this learning disability. i.e fail to return smiles, using facial expressions that are inappropriate at certain times55

civil inattention

Polite ignoring of others (after a brief sign of awareness) so as not to invade their privacy. You may do this when you see a couple arguing in the streets by turning your eyes away as if to say "I don't mean to intrude. I respect your privacy."

politeness/positive face

Politeness involve behavior that allows others to maintain both positive and negative face. To interact politely requires one to attack neither the positive nor negative face of the other person. Generally, politeness is maintained better with indirect messages and inclusive messages. i.e its getting late when you are bored. Positive face- Maintaining a positive face is the idea that each person whishes to be viewed positively by others and to be thought of favorably

pupil dilation

Pupil dilation: The extent to which the pupil of the eye widens --> generally, large pupils indicate POSITIVE reaction. Functions below the level of conscious awareness. Pupil size also reveals interest and level of emotional arousal. Pupils enlarge when you're interested in something or when you're emotionally aroused

S C R E A M

SElf- your angry because something matters to you and should identify how angry Context-is this the best time and place to be angry and express it Receiver- is this the person to express your anger- should you express anger to wife about boss not giving you a promotion Effect- What do you want to achieve or happen Aftermath- what is in it for longterm will this hurt your relationship Message- what messages would be appropraite

gender-neutral/sexist words

Sexist languge- language that put down someone because of his or her ender. i.e. use of man gnerically- instaead of mankin say humanity "instead of average student worried about his grades/ average sutdent is worried about grades use of sex role stereotyping hypothetical elementary school teach-femeale male- doctor

ventilation hypothesis

"Ventilation hypothesis" is the notion that expressing emotions allows you to ventilate your negative feelings, having a beneficial affect on your physical and mental health, as well as your interpersonal relationship. express anger

the worst excuse-what is it?

"i didn't do it" -worst excuse of al

elements of the best excuses

1. demonstrate that you really understand the problem and that your partner's feelings are legitimate and justified. Avoid minimizing the issue of your partner's feelings 2. acknowledge your responsibility if you did something wrong, avoid qualifying your responsibility 3. acknowledge your own displeasure at what you did, your unhappiness for having done what you did 4. Make it clear that your misdeed will never happen again

adaptors (self-,alter-, object-

Adapters: A type of nonverbal communication that satisifies some need and typically occurs without conscious awareness. Self-Adapters: These types of adapters usually satisfy a physical need and they are often used to make oneself more comfortable. An example of a self-adapter would be brushing the hair out of your face. When speaking in public, these adapters will likely be more subtle and abbreviated than they would be while in private. Alter-Adapters: These types of adapters are body movements that serve as a response to a current interaction with another person. An example of an alter-adapter would be extending out your arms in a welcoming, hugging manner when seeing a longtime friend. Object-Adapters: These types of adapters are movements that utilize objects and are often an indication of the speaker having negative feelings. An example of an object-adapter would be fiddling with a ring on your finger while having a conversation with someone that makes you nervous.

artifacts

Artifacts are the physical objects that individuals use to participate in artifactual communication, and are objects made by human hands. Artifacts can vary in their meaning and physicalities as well. The interpretations and purposes of artifacts are different as well. Space decoration, color communication, clothing and body adornments, and scent are the categories which artifacts can fall under and can be used to attract others, ais in taste or memory, and create an imag

artifactual communication (4 types

Artifactual Communication: Consists of messages conveyed by objects that are made by human hands, including aesthetics, color, clothing, jewelry, hairstyle and scents. Space Decoration-The way a space is decorated says something about the place (hospital, for example), or something about the person who decorated the space (bedroom, for example). People will form opinions about your personality based on your room decorations. Color Communication-Colors affect us physiologically. For example, respiratory movements increase in the presence of right light, and decrease in the presence of blue light. Color also influences the expectation of taste sensation. Colors vary greatly in their meanings from one culture to another. Clothing and Body Adornment-Clothing can communicate your position within the hierarchy in the business world as well as your willingness to conform to the clothing norms of the organization. It can communicate your professionalism, your socioeconomic status, and your cultural and subcultural affiliations. Clothing also influences your own behavior in that people who dress more casually act more informally, which is why people dress up at business meetings. Jewelry (shows whether you're married or not), body piercings (shows political/social beliefs) and your hairstyle (shows concern for being up to date) also all communicate something about who you are. Scent: Smells including perfume and cologne are used to attract others, aid taste, aid memory and create an image.

self-disclosure

Communicating information about yourself to another person" (211) this could be about 1.Your values, beliefs and desires 2.Your behaviors 3. Your self-qualities or characteristics i.e. obama posters in room It helps people understand who you are, you culture ,your gender, your listeners and topic. It increase self-knowledge and physiological wellbeing Risks to self disclosure- personal, relational, and professional Guidelines Disclose appropritate motivation Disclose appropriate context Disclose gradually Disclose without imposing burdens

cowboy syndrome

Cowboy syndrome is the attitude that discourages the expression of emotion. It is more common for men to act this way, as he tries to be "strong, but silent". Cowboy syndrome inhibits honest expression because it prevents males from expressing "soft" emotions, such as: fear, self pity, saddness, etc.

directness of messages

Directness is usually less polite and may infringe on a person's need to maintain negative face, such as "write me a recommendation" or "lend me $100". While indirectness allows one to be atunomous. It's getting late and I ahve to get up early

disconfirmation

Disconfirmation is a pattern of communication where you tend to ignore a person's presence as well as that person's communication. Disconfirming responses show that you don't care about the person and what he or she has to say. Therefore, disconfirming responses can lead to negative affects on the person's self worth. For example, when you get into an argument with another person, you may give him/her the silent treatment. You ignore that person's presence entirely and don't care for what he/she has to say. or "stop screaming. I'm not intersted in what you're babling about. I'll do what I want when I want "

emotional appeals

Emotional attempts to persuade someone. A popular appeal is fundraising for needy children; appealing to the emotion of pity. Showing images of starving or abused animals to make people more inclined to donate money. Ex. ASPCA commercials

Emotional Contagion

Emotions pass from one person to another; womaen are especially prone to this process. Storng emotions of one person are contagious to another view of this process: 1. You perceive an emotional expression of another 2. You mimic this emotional expression perhaps unconcoiusly 3. the feedback you get from expressing the emotion creates in you a replication of the other person's feeling

facial management

Facial Management techniques are used as nonverbal descriptors in communication. You can use facial management to: - intensify: exaggerate an emotion such as feeling surprised - deintensify: covering up an emotion, such as happiness when a friend is sad - neutralize: covering up an emotion, such as saddness to prevent saddening others - mask: expressing one emotion to cover up another, such as acting happy when you are actually sad - simulate: expressing an emotion that you don't feel. Facial management techniques allow you to display emotions in socially acceptable manners. They are often deceptive, but required in politeness.

kinesics

Kinesics- The study of communication through body movement. Identifies 5 different types of body movements/gestures: Emblems: directly translate words or phrases, substitutes for words. (EXAMPLE: "OK" sign, "Come here" wave, hitchhiker's sign) Illustrators: accompany and literally "illustrate" verbal messages, make your communication more vivid and help maintain listener's attention. (EXAMPLE: Circular hand movements when talking of a circle, hands far apart when talking of something large) Affect Displays: communicate emotional meaning, movements of the face that convey emotions. (EXAMPLE: Expressions of happiness, surprise, fear, anger, sadness, disgust) Regulators: monitor, maintain, or control the speaking of another individual. Regulators are culture-bound, and are developed within each culture. (EXAMPLE: Facial expressions and hand gestures indicating "Keep going", "Slow down", or "What else happened?") Adaptors: satisfy some need and usually occure without conscious awareness; they're unintentional movements that usually go

negative face

Maintaining a negative face is the idea that each person desires to be autonomous and to do what he/she whishes

message meaning

Meaning depends not only on the packaging of messaged,but also on the interaction of these messages and the receiver's own thoughts and feelings. You don't receive meaning, you create meaning;you construct meaning out of the messages you receive combined with your own social and cultural perspectives. Words don't mean, people mean. For example, when someone says "best food", he might thinking about beef steak. However, when I hear that word, I am thinking of dumplings

emotional expression and gender

Men and women express emotions differently. Men and women have different gender display rules for what is and what isn't appropriate to express. Women talk more about feelings and use communication for emotional expression more than men. Women are also more likely to express socially acceptable emotions than are men. Ex. Women smile a lot more than men. They are more effective at communicating happiness than men. Men are more likely than women to express anger and expression. They are more effective at communicating anger than women. Women cry more than men. An extensive survey of emotions in the workplace, found that 47% of women surveyed cried on the job while only 9% of men did.

metacommunication

Metacommunication is when you communicate about communication. For example you can write about your writing or talk about your talking. Examples include: "I'm not sure about this, but..." "I'm just kidding" You can increase this by explain the feelings that go with your thoughts give clear feedforward to help the other person get a general picture of the messages that will follow paraphrase your own complex messages so as to make you meaning clear ask for clarifcation use meta com when you want to clarify commpatterns

netiquette

Netiquette refers to how you effectively and politely communicate online. There are various guidelines that make up netiquette including: 1.amiliarize yourself with the website before communicating/contributing 2.Be brief 3Be gentle 4.Do not shout 5.Be discrete 6. Do not spam or flame- 7. Avoid offensive language 8. Be considerate 9. Do not advertise 10. Do not plagiarize 11. Do not brag

touch communication/haptics

Tactile communication, also referred to as haptics, is the most primitive form of communication. Because it is the first sense that is employed by infants and young children, they being to learn about and understand the world through touch. Touch varies with relationship stages, in the early stages little touch is used, in the intermediate stages (involvement and intimacy) touching is frequent, and at stable or deteriorating stages little touch is used. Touch communicates five major meanings: 1. Positive emotions- Frequently between people who have close relationships. The most important among the positive emotions are; support, appreciation, inclusion, sexual interest or intent, and affection. Touch facilitates self-disclosure. 2. Playfulness- Often communicates a desire to play, either affectionately or aggressively. When playful touch is used it tells the other person that it is not to be taken seriously, in that sense it lightens interactions 3. Control- Touch also seeks to control the behaviors, attitudes, or feelings of another individual. Touching to control may also communicate status and dominance. 4. Ritual- Most touching is ritual centered, for example handshakes and hugs. They are often associated with greetings and departures. 5. Task-related- Touching is also associated with the performance of a function; for example, helping someone out of a car, checking someone's forehead for fever. Task-related touching is frequently regarded positively.

denotation

The "denotation" of a word is its objective definition. "Death" can literally mean the moment when the heart stops beating, but to someone who has experienced someone close to them dying, the word evokes a different set of emotions.

praise

The desire to be liked we go beyond to praise everything. Wow dress is really ogod with your eys. Facial match the praise. Cal

spiral of silence

The spiral of silsence is a thoery that states that you are more likely to voice your opinion if it agrees with those around you. The reason it is called the spiral of silence is that the majority opinion is expressed making it stronger and the minority opinion is kept internal making it socially weaker. This spirals until only the majority opinion is left. It is typically applied to conventional and social media. As the majortiy opinion get bigger minority weaker and more silent

intentional orientation

The tendency to view people/objects/events in terms of how they are talked about, rather than how they actually exist. person scarred of spiders sweats when he sees spiders

phatic communication

an opening message that creates a connection between the two people conversing, and opens up the channels for further, more meaningful interaction. An example of phatic communication is saying something like "Hi. How are you?" to instigate a conversation (pg. 198). approaches to opening convos self-references- my name is jonathna other-references- didnt we meet charlies i like the sweater relational- may I buy you a drink context- are you free? opening lines cute flippants openers- humours indirect, and ambiguous :is that really your hair innocuous- "what do oyu think of lcass direct- "Ifee a little emabrrassed but your cute.

emotional expression and fundamental attribution errors

influenced by mind body fundamental attribution expression-twhen we assess someone's behavior but overvalue the contribution of internal factors and undervalue the influence of external factors. . To avoid this fundamental attribution error from occurring, one needs to implement effective emotional expression. One needs to be specific and describe the emotions they are having. They need to describe the reasons you are feeling the way you are, address any mixed feelings they have, anchor your emotions in the present, take responsibility for your own feelings, ask for what you want, and respect emotional boundaries. Example: When someone tells you something that makes you mad, you need to assess their entire situation and understand why they behaved the way they did. Then, you need to accurately express your feelings to them so that they know exactly how you feel and why. (Pg: 186-

conversational expressiveness

is the skill of communicating an involvement in the conversation. Essentially, through the course of a conversation, you are taking responsibility for your thoughts and feelings, encouraging expressiveness in others, and providing appropriate feedback. These are qualities that are necessary to keep a conversation going. It can include verbal and nonverbal messages as well as the revealment of your emotions and hidden self. In order to successfully communicate expressiveness: 1) Vary your vocal rate, pitch, volume, and rhythm to convey involvment and interst. 2) Use appropriate gestures like maintaining eye contact and leaning towards the other person. 3) Give verbal and nonverbal feedback to show that you are listening. 4) Smiling will show the other person that you care, which will be much appreciated. 5) Communicate expressiveness in ways that are culturally sensitive. Be cognizant of culture's beliefs, values, and gestures. For example, toddlers sometimes burst out in a tantrum because they are unable to communicating what they want or need. The parent tries to figure out what the child needs, but the toddlers fails to communicate expressiveness properly.

conotation

its subjective or emotional meaning s you would expect, snarl words have negative connotations ("He's a jerk") verses purr words which are more affirmative ("He's nice"). These types of words or phrases are always connotative, meaning they convey the speaker's feelings about the subject as opposed to simply describing the subject.

polychromic

latin american, mediterranean, arabs: schedule multiple things at the same time. eating, conducting business with several different people, and taking care of family matters all may occur at the same time. treats time schedules and plans as usefull not sacred tools; feels they may be broken for a variety of causes. considers the family and intepersonal relationships more important than the job. is actively involved with others; works in the presence of and with lots of people at the same time.

monochronic

monochronic people or cultures (US, switzerland) scheudle one thing at a time. in these cultrues time is categorized so that there is time for everything. treats time schedules and plans very seriously; feels they may be broken only for the most serious of reasons. consideres the job the most important part of life, ahead of even family. considers privacy extremely important; seldom borrows or lends to others; works indepentently

Conversational Maxims (quality/quantity/manner/relation)

principles that speakers and listeners follow in a conversation. Conversational maxims may differ among cultures or regions; this list below follows conversational maxims pertaining to speakers and listeners in the US. Quantity- To include information that makes the meaning clear but omit what does not. Therefore, you give neither too little nor too much. Not chain message-too much info Quality- To say what you know or assume to be true, and do not say what you know to be false. The maxim of quality is often violated with habitual liars, so the listener distrusts which portions of information are true. Relation- To talk about what is relevant to a conversation. We assume in a conversation that a listener will react to the speaker's message with a related response rather than by bring up a new topic. Manner- To be clear, avoid ambiguities, be relatively brief, and organize your thoughts into a meaningful sequence. We should tailor our vocabulary and manner of speaking to the correct occasion (ie: the way you talk to a child vs. the way you talk to your boss).

proxemics

refers to the area of communication that focuses on space 1. Intimate Distance: Ranging from the close phase of actual touching to the far phase of 6-18 inches, the presence of the other person is unmistakable. You experience the sound, smell, and feel of the other's breath. Close phase: for lovemaking, wrestling, comforting, protecting. Far phase: allows people to touch each other by extending their hands. 2. Personal Distance: Ranges from 18 inches to about 4 feet, allows you to stay protected and untouched by others. People can still hold/grasp each other, but only by extending their arms. You may detect breath odor, but etiquette generally demands you direct breath to neutral area. 3. Social Distance: Ranging from 4 to 12 feet, you lose the visual detail you had at the personal distance. Close phase: distnce at which you conduct impersonal business or interact at a social gathering. Far phase: distance at which you stand when someone says, "Stand away so I can look at you." Far phase makes eye contact essential otherwise communication is lost and voice is generally louder. 4. Public Distance: Ranging from 12 to more than 25 feet. Close phase: person seems protected by space, able to take defensive action should you feel threatened. Far phase: you see others not as separate individuals but as part of the whole setting. People automatically establish a space of approximately 30 feet around important public figures.

time orientation

the amount of things you schedule or the amount culture acts ont a time period. differs by region Socioeconomic class has a huge imapct on your personal time orientation. For example, those that are raised under teachers, managers or other porfessionals usually learn think forward in the future. This ultimately leads to a higher income, on average. On the other hand, those raised through unskilled and semiskilled occupations are likely to think about the present. Because there is no ample form of planning, these individuals tend to have lower incomes. two types are monochronic and polyc hronic

territories (primary, secondary , public)

the possessive reaction to an area or to particular object primary/home- area you call your own- bed room seconday- area that don't belong to you but have occupied- table at cafeteria, classroom seat public- area that are open to all people restaurant

criticism

used to help change behaviors especially in profession but can be used excessive or inappropriately. Claim own thought.

static evaluation

when you retain an evaluation of a person, despite the inevitable changes in the person.. view sister as little young 10 year old at 30 years old. Way to end this is mentally date your statements and evalutions: facts adn infenrences, sameness and differences , extremes and middle ground and constant change.