Communications 103-313

False Cause

("post, hoc, ergo propter hoc, After this, therefore because of this") A fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second.

Hasty Generalization

("the most common fallacy") A fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence

Know how to properly cite a source orally

(name of publication and date)

Understand the guidelines for using visual aids.

-Display Visual Aids Where Listeners Can See Them -Avoiding Passing Visual Aids Among the Audience -Display Visual Aids Only While Discussing Them -Explain Visual Aids Clearly and Concisely -Talk to Your Audience, Not to Your Visual Aid -Practice with Your Visual Aids -No extraneous images

Know the book's tips for using statistics

-Use statistics sparingly(don't put too much stats or it bores or confuses audience) -Identify the sources of your statistics-Say where your stas are from -Explain your statistics-They need to be interpreted and related to listeners, espellicaly with large numbers. -Round of complicated statistics-rounding -Use visual aids to clarify statistical needs

What does each kind do for a speech (I mean, why use statistics? Why use examples? Etc)

-Using statistics is a way to clarify or strengthen a speaker's points because you can measure what you are speaking about. -Using examples Research has shown that vivid, concrete examples have a strong impact on the listener's beliefs and actions. Without examples, ideas often seem vague, impersonal, and lifeless. -Using testimony because agencies tend to respect the opinions of people who have special knowledge or experience on the topic

Know how to reduce speaker nervousness

1. Acquire speaking experience(ex. Practice in front of others) 2.Prepare(x3)(Two hours of prep, proper prep can reduce stage fright by 75%. ) 3.Think Positively-Use confidence to think positively, speakers with negative thinking experience more stage fright. For every negative thought, come up with 5 positive ones.

*Chapter 1* Know the similarities and differences between conversation and public speaking

1. Public speaking is more highly structured. Imposes strict time limitations on the speaker. Situation doesn't allow listeners to interrupt with questions or commentary. Speaker must accomplish their purpose in the speech itself. Public speaking demands much more detailed planning and preparation than ordinary conversation. 2. Public speaking requires more formal language. Slang, jargon, and bad grammar have little place in speeches. Language should rise to the level of occasion no matter the occasion. Listeners usually react negatively to speakers who do not elevate and polish their language when addressing the audience. A speech should be "special". 3. Public speaking requires a different method of delivery. In conversation, Most people talk quietly and use vocal pauses. Effective speakers adjust their voices to be heard clearly throughout the audience. They assume erect posture, distracting mannerisms, and verbal habits.

Ad Hominem

A fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute.

Either-or-Fallacy

A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist

Red Herring

A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion

Bandwagon

A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular it is therefore good, correct, or desirable

Appeal to Novelty

A fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old

Appeal to Tradition

A fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new

Slippery Slope

A fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented

Problem-Solution Order

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution

Monroe's Motivated Sequence ANSVA

A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seeks immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.

Know the strategic ways to order main points chronological

A method of speech organization in which the main points follo a time pattern.

Spatial Order *D-P*

A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern

Casual Order

A method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship

Be able to recognize and define verbal pause, articulation, pronunciation. Verbal Pause

A momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech

What is a periodical database? How can you tell if a source is biased?

A periodical database-A research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of magazines, journals, and newspapers. You can tell if a source is biased by checking if the author is qualified, if there is sponsorship, and it's recency

Know the Types of Persuasive Speeches (fact, value, policy) Question of fact

A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion

Question of value

A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action

Question of policy

A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken

Example

A specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like.

Internal Preview

A statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next.

Internal summaries

A statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding points.

Signposts

A very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas.

*Chapter 9* Transitions

A word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another.

Explain the causes of poor listening all the steps to promote better listening

A. Not concentrating- Don't let your brain wonder. Spare Brain Time-the difference between the rate at which most people talk(120-180 words a minute) and the rate at which the brain processes language(400-500) words a min. B. Listening too hard-we try so hard trying to soak everything that we barely remember anything. Focusing too much on the details makes you miss the point of a speech. Efficient listeners concentrarte on main points and evidence. C. Jumping to conclusions- putting words into the speaker's mouth, rejecting the speaker's ideas as boring or misguided. To promote better listening D.Be an active listener-which is giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker's point of view. E. Resist Distractions-When you find your mind wondering, make an effort to pull your mind back to what the speaker is saying. Then force it to stay there.One way to this is to think ahead of the speaker. F. Don't be diverted by appearance or delivery-Willing to set asie preconceived judgements based on looks or a person's manner of speech. G. Suspend judgement-We should hear people out before making a final judgement H. Focus your listening-focus on specific things in the speech. Like listening for main points, evidence, and technique. Develop note taking skills-use keyword outlines to write down the speaker's main points and supporting evidence in rough outline form.

Understand how to recognize a specific purpose statement and how to properly phrase one

A. Specific purpose-A single infinitive phrase that states precisely what a speaker hopes to accomplish in their speech B. Be full infinitive sentence C. Worded as a statement, not a question D. Avoid figurative language E. Concentrate on one distinct idea F. Not be vague or general Ex. To inform, to persuade, to entertain,etc.

Invalid Analogy

An analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike "employees are like nails. Just as nails must be hit on the head to get them to work, so must employees"

Know each fallacy speakers should beware of Fallacy

An error in reasoning

Interface

Anything that impedes the communication of a message. It can be internal or external. (Like interruptions, static, outside noise, etc.)

Demographic Audience analysis

Audience analysis that focuses on demographic factors such as, age, religion, racial, ethnic, and cultural background; gender or sexual orientation; group membership, and the like.

Situational audience analysis

Audience analysis that focuses on situational factors such as the size of the audience, the physical setting for the speech, and the disposition of the audience towards the topic, the speaker, and the occasion.

Explain what it means to be an "audience centered" speaker

Audience centered-Keeping the audience foremost in mind at every step of speech preparation and presentation.

Read the part about who is responsible for ethical communication (is it the speaker or listener, both or neither?)

Both are responsible for ethical communication

Understand how to recognize a central idea statement and how to properly phrase one

Central idea-One sentence statement that sums up or encapsulates major ideas of the speech.(What you expect to say, similar to a thesis) It should be expressed in a full sentence Should not be in a form of a question Should avoid figurative language Should not be vague or overly general

*Chapter 13* Nonverbal communication

Communication based on a person's use of voice and body rather than on the use of words

*Chapter 12* Explain the relationship between "words" and thoughts. Connotative

Connotative meaning is more variable, figurative, and subjective. (What the word suggests or implies; connotative meaning of the word "school" includes all the feelings, associations, and emotions that the word touches off in different people.

Denotative

Denotative meaning is precise, literal, and objective. (Describes the object, person, place, idea, or event to which the word refers).

*Chapter 6* What does it mean to be egocentric? Also, explain "identification."

Egocentrism-The tendency of people to be concerned above all with their own values, benefis, and well-being Identification-What something is viewed or sees themselves as

*Chapter 2* Explain "ethics" and the guidelines for ethical speaking; why do speakers have an obligation to avoid abusive language?

Ethics-The branch of philosophy that deals with issues of right and wrong in human affairs. Not only does it demean the dignity of the groups or individuals being attacked, but it undermines the right of all groups in the United States to be fairly heard.

Incremental plagiarism

Failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people.

Feedback

Feedback-The messages, usually non-verbal, sent from a listener to a speaker. (This can be shown through their facial expressions and body movements. Ex. looking around, shuffling, etc.)

*Chapter 7* What do you look for to determine the credibility of an Internet source? Authorship

If author is identified look at qualifications, are they biased, it is an opinion, or are they experts on the subject

What figures of speech could a speaker use to add vivid imagery to his/her speech?

Imagery-The use of vivid language to create mental images of objects, actions, or ideas By using concrete words, simile, and metaphor

*Chapter 15* Define "informative speaking" and be able to identify an informative speech from a persuasive one

Informative Speaking- Speaking to an audience to inform them of a certain topic Informative Speech- A speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding Persuasive Speech- Speaking to an audience to persuade them of a certain topic

Sponsorship

Is the sponsoring organization objective in its research and fair minded in it's statements? Is it economically unbiased? Does it have a history of accuracy and nonpartisanship?

Know the guidelines for "inclusive language"

Language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors.

The ways to organize an informative speech

Limit your speech to between two and five main points Keep main points separate Try to use the same pattern of wording for all main points Balance the amount of time devoted to each main point Chronological order Spatial order Causal order Problem-Solution order Topical order

Be able to define and recognize the types of listening Appreciative listening

Listening for pleasure or enjoyment

Empathic listening

Listening to provide emotional support for a speaker.

Comprehensive listening

Listening to understand the message of a speaker.

Recency

Look for copyright date, if the source is found in a campus library you can be sure of it's currency, as well objectivity and reliability.

Know the obstacles to effective listening

Not concentrating, listening too hard, jumping to conclusions.

*Chapter 8* Know each kind of supporting material—(Statistic - Testimony - Example) Statistic

Numerical Data

*Chapter 16* Define & explain persuasion

Persuasion- the process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people's beliefs or actions The ability to speak (and write) persuasively will benefit you in every part of your life, from personal relations to community activities to career aspirations

Testimony

Questions or paraphrases used to support a point.

Open ended questions

Questions that allow respondents to answer however they want.

What are the different kinds of questions on audience questionnaires? Fixed alternative questions

Questions that offer a fixed choice between two or more alternatives.

Scale questions

Questions that require responses at fixed intervals along a scale of answers.

Be able to define the 4 methods of delivery.

Reading verbatim from a manuscript Reciting a memorized text Speaking impromptu Speaking extemporaneously

Analogical reasoning

Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second

What is the difference between abstract and concrete language? Abstract

Refer to general concepts, qualities, or attributes "Carrot", "pencil", "nose", and "door" "Humility", "science", "progress", "philosophy"

What figures of speech could a speaker use to add rhythm to his/her speech?

Rhythm- the pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words

How to cite sources as you speak (what information do you say about the source?

Saying the date and name of the source In text citations

What is the main purpose of a conclusion? *remember everything you had to do for your speeches

Signals the end of speech Reviews central idea Refers back to attention getter

The kinds of informative speeches (process, event, etc)

Speeches about Objects Speeches about Processes Speeches about Events Speeches about Concepts

Types of plagiarism Global plagiarism

Stealing a speech entirely from a single source and passing it as one's own.

Patchwork plagiarism

Stealing ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them as one's own.

Pronunciation

The accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language .

Ethnocentrism

The belief that one's own group or culture is superior to all other groups or cultures

Channel

The means of which a message is communicated. (ex. When you get a phone call, the telephone is the channel.)(Ex. When the president gives a speech the channel is TV and radio.)

Logos

The name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning.

Know the Persuasive Strategies (ethos, pathos, logos) Ethos

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility

Pathos

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal

Know the "communication elements model" (sender, message, channel, feedback, etc) *Speaker*

The person presenting an oral message to a listener.

Articulation

The physical production of particular speech sounds

target audience

The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade

Frame of reference

The sum of a person's knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. No two people can have exactly the same frame of reference.

Situation

The time and place in speech communications occurs.

Understand the guidelines or criteria for using language effectively.

Use Familiar Words Choose Concrete Words Eliminate Clutter

Message

Whatever a speaker communicates to someone else. (The goal is to send an intended message, done by narrowing the topic, facial expressions, gestures, eye contact, etc.)

Topical

When you divide the speech topic into subtopics, each of which becomes a main point in the speech

*Chapter 3* Is it true that most employers rank listening as the most important communication skill?

Yes

*Chapter 10* What is the main purpose of an introduction? What are common parts of introductions and conclusions?

a. Get the attention and interest of your audience b. Reveal the topic of your speech c. Establish credibility and goodwill d. Preview the body of the speech Conclusion a. To let the audience know you are ending the speech b. To reinforce the audience's understanding of, commitment to, the central idea

Critical listening

listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it.

Reasoning from principle

reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion

Reasoning from Specific Instances

reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion

Causal reasoning

reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects

Concrete

refer to tangible objects- people, places, and things.

*Chapter 17* Know the different kinds of reasoning (analogy, causal, etc) Reasoning

the process of drawing a conclusion based on evidence

*Chapter 5* The three "general purposes" or "general goals" of all public speaking

to inform, to persuade, to entertain. Know it when you see it.