Communications 3-5

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you-language

attributes intentions and motives onto another person

perception

active process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting people, objects, events, situations, and activities

static evaluation

an assessment that suggests that something is unchanging

mind reading

assuming we understand what another person thinks or feels (bad)

empathy

ability to feel with another person

inference

deduction that goes beyond what you know or assume to be a fact

reappropriation

a group reclaims a term used by others to degrade its members and treats that term as a positive self-description

stereotypes

a predictive generalization about a person or situation

indexing

a technique to remind us that our evaluations apply only to specific times and circumstances

constructivism

a theory that holds that we organize and interpret experience by applying cognitive structures called cognitive schemata

person-centeredness

ability to perceive another as a unique individual

attributions

act of explaining why something happens or why a person acts a particular way

judgment

belief or opinion that is based on observations, feelings, assumptions, or other phenomena (not facts)

constitutive rules

define what a particular communication means or stands for

I-language

identifies the speaker's or perceiver's thoughts and feelings

prototypes

knowledge structures that define the clearest or ideal examples of some category

verbal communication

language

ambiguous

language doesn't have clear-cut, precise meanings

institutional facts

meanings of brute facts based on human interpretations

personal constructs

mental yardstick that allows us to measure aperson or situation along a bipolar dimension of judgment (intelligent-not intelligent, kind-not kind)

cognitive complexity

number of personal constructs used, how abstract they are, and how elaborately they interact to shape perceptions

brute facts

objective, concrete phenomena and activities

influences on perception

physiological factors, expectations, cognitive abilities, membership in cultures and social communities, social roles

monitoring

process of calling behaviors or other phenomena to our attention so that we can observe and regulate them

four schematas

prototypes, personal constructs, stereotypes, scripts

regulative rules

regulate interaction by specifying when, how, where, and with whom to communicate about certain things

symbols

representations of people or things

totalizing

responding to a person as if one label totally represents that person

scripts

sequence of activities that spells out how we and others are expected to act in a specific situation

communication rules

shared understandings among members of a particular culture or social group about what communication means and what behaviors are appropriate in various situations

nonverbal communication

symbols that aren't words (facial expressions, posture, tone)

interpretation

the subjective process of creating explanations for what we observe and experience

selection

the things we naturally pay more attention to

hypthetical thought

thinking about experiences and ideas that are not part of your concrete, daily reality

arbitrary

verbal symbols are not intrinsically connected to what they represent

self-serving bias

we tend to construct attributions that serve our personal interests

abstract

words are not the concrete or tangible phenomena to which they refer

loaded language

words that slant perception and meanings exceedingly


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