Communications
Article 82 - Solicitation
(a) Any person ... who solicits or advises another or others to desert in violation of Article 85 or mutiny in violation of Article 94 shall, if the offense solicited or advised is attempted or committed, be punished with the punishment provided for the commission of the offense, but, if the offense solicited or advised is not committed or attempted, he shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. (b) Any person ... who solicits or advises another or others to commit an act of misbehavior before the enemy in violation of Article 99 or sedition in violation of Article 94 shall, if the offense solicited or advised is committed, be punished with the punishment provided for the commission of the offense, but, if the offense solicited or advised is not committed, he shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. •This article makes it illegal to encourage fellow Service members to desert, mutiny, commit an act of misbehavior, or to incite rebellion against government authority
Procedures
1. POSSESSION AND DISTRIBUTION OF PRINTED AND ELECTRONIC MATERIALS ON POST a. A commander is not authorized to prohibit the distribution of a specific issue of a publication distributed through official outlets such as post exchanges and military libraries. Prohibiting the sale or rental of sexually explicit material on DoD property is governed by DoD Instruction 4105.70 (Reference (f)). (1) A commander may require prior approval of publications to be distributed on a military installation through other than official outlets to determine if the publication would: (a) Create a clear danger to the loyalty, discipline, or morale of military personnel; or (b) Materially interfere with the accomplishment of the military mission. (2) Distribution of any publication determined to be a danger in any of the areas in paragraphs 1.a.(1)(a) and 1.a.(1)(b) of this enclosure shall be prohibited. b. While the mere possession of unauthorized printed material may not be prohibited, printed material that is prohibited from distribution shall be impounded if the commander determines that an attempt will be made to distribute it. c. The fact that a publication is critical of government policies or officials is not, in itself, a ground on which distribution may be prohibited. 2. OFF-POST GATHERING PLACES. Commanders have the authority to place establishments off-limits in accordance with established procedures when, for example, the activities taking place at these establishments include, but are not limited to, counseling, encouraging, or inciting Service members to refuse to perform duty or to desert; pose a significant adverse effect on Service members' health, morale, or welfare; or otherwise present a clear danger to the loyalty, discipline, or morale of a member or military unit. 3. SERVICE MEMBER ORGANIZATIONS. Commanders are not authorized to recognize or to bargain with any union representing or seeking recognition to represent Service members. 4. PUBLICATION OF PERSONAL WRITING MATTERS (TO INCLUDE WEB SITES, WEB LOGS (BLOGS), AND OTHER ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS). Service members may not pursue personal writing for publication whether by traditional written or by electronic means (Web sites, BLOGS, and other electronic communications) during duty hours, nor may they use Government or non-appropriated fund property for this purpose, on or off duty, unless it is for official use or authorized purposes only pursuant to section 2-301 of DoD 5500.7-R (Reference (g)). Publication of such matters by military personnel off-post, on their own time, and with their own money and equipment is not prohibited; however, if such a publication contains language the utterance of which is punishable under Federal law or otherwise violates this Instruction or other DoD issuances, those involved in printing, publishing, or distributing it may be disciplined or face appropriate administrative action for such infractions. 5. ON-POST DEMONSTRATIONS AND SIMILAR ACTIVITIES a. The commander of a military installation or other military-controlled facility under the jurisdiction of the United States shall prohibit any demonstration or activity on the installation or facility that could: (1) Result in interference with or prevention of orderly accomplishment of the mission of the installation or facility; or (2) Present a clear danger to the loyalty, discipline, or morale of the troops. b. It is a crime for any person to enter a military reservation for any purpose prohibited by law or lawful regulations, or for any person to enter or re- enter an installation after having been barred by order of the commander pursuant to section 1382 of Reference (d). 6. OFF-POST DEMONSTRATIONS BY SERVICE MEMBERS. Members of the armed forces are prohibited from participating in off-post demonstrations under any of these circumstances: a. They are on-duty. b. They are in a foreign country. c. The activities constitute a breach of law and order. d. Violence is likely to result. e. They are in uniform in violation of DoD Instruction 1334.1 (Reference (h)). 7. GRIEVANCES. The right of members to complain and request redress of grievances against actions of their commanders is protected by section 938 (article 138) of Reference (c). In addition, a member may petition or present any grievance to any member of Congress or an inspector general, among other officials, pursuant to section 1034 of Reference (c). An open-door policy for complaints is a basic principle of good leadership. Commanders should personally ensure that adequate procedures exist for identifying valid complaints and taking corrective action. 8. PROHIBITED ACTIVITIES a. Military personnel must not actively advocate supremacist, extremist, or criminal gang doctrine, ideology, or causes, including those that advance, encourage, or advocate illegal discrimination based on race, creed, color, sex, religion, ethnicity, or national origin or those that advance, encourage, or advocate the use of force, violence, or criminal activity or otherwise advance efforts to deprive individuals of their civil rights. b. Military personnel must reject active participation in criminal gangs pursuant to section 544 of Public Law 110-181 (Reference (i)) and in other organizations that advocate supremacist, extremist, or criminal gang doctrine, ideology, or causes; including those that attempt to create illegal discrimination based on race, creed, color, sex, religion, ethnicity, or national origin; advocate the use of force, violence, or criminal activity; or otherwise engage in efforts to deprive individuals of their civil rights. Active participation in such gangs or organizations is prohibited. Active participation includes, but is not limited to, fundraising; demonstrating or rallying; recruiting, training, organizing, or leading members; distributing material (including posting on-line); knowingly wearing gang colors or clothing; having tattoos or body markings associated with such gangs or organizations; or otherwise engaging in activities in furtherance of the objective of such gangs or organizations that are detrimental to good order, discipline, or mission accomplishment or are incompatible with military service. c. Commanders have the authority to employ the full range of administrative and disciplinary actions, including administrative separation or appropriate criminal action, against military personnel who engage in activity prohibited in paragraphs 8.a. or 8.b. of this enclosure. d. The functions of command include vigilance about the existence of such activities; active use of investigative authority to include a prompt and fair complaint process; and use of administrative powers such as counseling, reprimands, orders, and performance evaluations to deter such activities. e. The Military Departments shall ensure that the policy and procedures on prohibited activities in this Instruction are included in initial active duty training, precommissioning training, professional military education, commander training, and other appropriate Service training programs. 9. PREVENTIVE ACTIVITIES a. Commanders should remain alert for signs of future prohibited activities. They should intervene early, primarily through counseling, when observing such signs even though the signs may not rise to active advocacy or active participation or may not threaten good order and discipline, but only suggest such potential. The goal of early intervention is to minimize the risk of future prohibited activities. b. Examples of such signs, which, in the absence of the active advocacy or active participation addressed in paragraphs 8.a and 8.b are not prohibited, could include mere membership in criminal gangs and other organizations covered under paragraph 8.b. Signs could also include possession of literature associated with such gangs or organizations, or with related ideology, doctrine, or causes. While mere membership or possession of literature normally is not prohibited, it may merit further investigation and possibly counseling to emphasize the importance of adherence to the Department's values and to ensure that the Service member understands what activities are prohibited.
General Policy
3. POLICY. It is DoD policy that: a. The Department of Defense shall safeguard the security of the United States. b. A Service member's right of expression should be preserved to the maximum extent possible in accordance with the constitutional and statutory provisions of titles 10 and 18, United States Code (U.S.C.) (References (c) and (d), respectively) (examples of which are set forth in Enclosure 2 of this Instruction) and consistent with good order and discipline and the national security. c. No commander should be indifferent to conduct that, if allowed to proceed unchecked, would destroy the effectiveness of his or her unit. d. The proper balancing of these interests depends largely upon the calm and prudent judgment of the responsible commander. ... 5. PROCEDURES. The procedures set forth in Enclosure 3 provide guidelines that shall be applied to handling dissident and protest activities among Service members. Specific problems shall be resolved only on the basis of the particular facts of the situation and in accordance with the provisions of Enclosure 3; other applicable DoD issuances; chapter 47 Reference (c) [Title 10, United States Code ]; and other applicable laws and regulations.
Members May
4.1.1. A member of the armed forces on active duty may: 4.1.1.1. Register, vote, and express a personal opinion on political candidates and issues, but not as a representative of the armed forces. 4.1.1.2. Promote and encourage others to exercise their voting franchise, if such promotion does not constitute use of their official authority or influence to interfere with the outcome of any election. 4.1.1.3. Join a partisan or nonpartisan political club and attend its meetings when not in uniform, subject to the restrictions of subparagraph 4.1.2.4. (See DoD Instruction 1334.1 (Reference (c).) 4.1.1.4. Serve as an election official, if such service is not as a representative of a partisan political party, does not interfere with the performance of military duties, is performed when not in uniform, and the Secretary concerned has given prior approval. The Secretary concerned may NOT delegate the authority to grant or deny such permission. 4.1.1.5. Sign a petition for a specific legislative action or a petition to place a candidate's name on an official election ballot, if the signing does not obligate the member to engage in partisan political activity and is done as a private citizen and not as a representative of the armed forces. 4.1.1.6. Write a letter to the editor of a newspaper expressing the member's personal views on public issues or political candidates, if such action is not part of an organized letter-writing campaign or a solicitation of votes for or against a political party or partisan political cause or candidate. If the letter identifies the member as on active duty (or if the member is otherwise reasonably identifiable as a member of the armed forces), the letter should clearly state that the views expressed are those of the individual only and not those of the Department of Defense (or Department of Homeland Security for members of the Coast Guard). 4.1.1.7. Make monetary contributions to a political organization, party, or committee favoring a particular candidate or slate of candidates, subject to the limitations under section 441a of title 2, United States Code (U.S.C.) (Reference (d)); section 607 of title 18, U.S.C. (Reference (e)); and other applicable law. 4.1.1.8. Display a political bumper sticker on the member's private vehicle. 4.1.1.9. Attend partisan and nonpartisan political fundraising activities, meetings, rallies, debates, conventions, or activities as a spectator when not in uniform and when no inference or appearance of official sponsorship, approval, or endorsement can reasonably be drawn. [Per paragraph 11003 of MCO P1020.34G, members of the Navy and Marine Corps (including retired members and members of Reserve components) are prohibited from wearing uniforms of the naval service while attending or participating in, or continuing to attend or participate in, a demonstration, assembly, or activity with knowledge that a purpose of such demonstration, assembly, or activity is the furtherance of personal or partisan views on political, social, economic, or religious issues except in connection with official duties or as otherwise authorized in advance by competent authority.] 4.1.1.10. Participate fully in the Federal Voting Assistance Program.
Members Shall Not
4.1.2. A member of the armed forces on active duty shall not: 4.1.2.1. Participate in partisan political fundraising activities (except as permitted in subparagraph 4.1.1.7.), rallies, conventions (including making speeches in the course thereof), management of campaigns, or debates, either on one's own behalf or on that of another, without respect to uniform or inference or appearance of official sponsorship, approval, or endorsement. Participation includes more than mere attendance as a spectator. (See subparagraph 4.1.1.9.) 4.1.2.2. Use official authority or influence to interfere with an election, affect the course or outcome of an election, solicit votes for a particular candidate or issue, or require or solicit political contributions from others. 4.1.2.3. Allow or cause to be published partisan political articles, letters, or endorsements signed or written by the member that solicits votes for or against a partisan political party, candidate, or cause. This is distinguished from a letter to the editor as permitted under the conditions noted in subparagraph 4.1.1.6. 4.1.2.4. Serve in any official capacity with or be listed as a sponsor of a partisan political club. 4.1.2.5. Speak before a partisan political gathering, including any gathering that promotes a partisan political party, candidate, or cause. 4.1.2.6. Participate in any radio, television, or other program or group discussion as an advocate for or against a partisan political party, candidate, or cause. 4.1.2.7. Conduct a political opinion survey under the auspices of a partisan political club or group or distribute partisan political literature. 4.1.2.8. Perform clerical or other duties for a partisan political committee or candidate during a campaign, on an election day, or after an election day during the process of closing out a campaign. 4.1.2.9. Solicit or otherwise engage in fundraising activities in Federal offices or facilities, including military reservations, for any political cause or candidate. 4.1.2.10. March or ride in a partisan political parade. 4.1.2.11. Display a large political sign, banner, or poster (as distinguished from a bumper sticker) on a private vehicle. 4.1.2.12. Display a partisan political sign, poster, banner, or similar device visible to the public at one's residence on a military installation, even if that residence is part of a privatized housing development. 4.1.2.13. Participate in any organized effort to provide voters with transportation to the polls if the effort is organized by or associated with a partisan political party, cause, or candidate. 4.1.2.14. Sell tickets for or otherwise actively promote partisan political dinners and similar fundraising events. 4.1.2.15. Attend partisan political events as an official representative of the armed forces, except as a member of a joint armed forces color guard at the opening ceremonies of the national conventions of the Republican, Democratic, or other political parties recognized by the Federal Elections Committee or as otherwise authorized by the Secretary concerned. 4.1.2.16. Make a campaign contribution to, or receive or solicit (on one's own behalf) a campaign contribution from, any other member of the armed forces on active duty. Any contributions not prohibited by this subparagraph remain subject to the gift provisions of sections 2635.301-2635.304 of title 5, Code of Federal Regulations (Reference (f)). See subparagraph 4.1.2.1. for general prohibitions on partisan fundraising activity.
Other Policy
4.1.3. Commissioned officers shall not use contemptuous words as prohibited by section 888 of Reference (b) [Chapter 47 of title 10, United States Code] or participate in activities proscribed by DoD Directives 5200.2 and 1325.6 (References (g) and (h), respectively). [Note that DoDD 1325.6 was replaced with DoDI 1325.06. Also, note that section 888 of reference (b) is the source for Article 88 of the UCMJ.] 4.1.4. Subject to any other restrictions in law, a member of the armed forces not on active duty may take the actions or participate in the activities permitted in subparagraph 4.1.1., and may take the actions and participate in the activities prohibited in subparagraph 4.1.2, provided the member is not in uniform and does not otherwise act in a manner that could reasonably give rise to the inference or appearance of official sponsorship, approval, or endorsement. 4.1.5. Activities not expressly prohibited may be contrary to the spirit and intent of this Directive. Any activity that may be reasonably viewed as directly or indirectly associating the Department of Defense or the Department of Homeland Security (in the case of the Coast Guard) or any component of these Departments with a partisan political activity or is otherwise contrary to the spirit and intention of this Directive shall be avoided.
Definition
A definition is the precise meaning or significance of a word or phrase. In an argument, it can be helpful to establish a common frame of reference for important or ambiguous words, so don't underestimate the importance of definitions.
Fact
A fact is a tested piece of data. It is something that is known to exist or to have happened. Often, facts can be confirmed by observation or by talking to commonly accepted authorities. •A fact should be distinguished from an inference which is an interpretation or explanation of the facts that may be reasonably doubted. •It is recommended that inferences be handled as testimony.
USE PREWRITING TECHNIQUES Mind Mapping
A mind map is a diagram used to represent words, ideas, tasks, or other items linked to and arranged around a central keyword or idea. One simple way to understand a mind map is by comparing it to a tree. The tree trunk represents the main idea; the main branches leading from the tree trunk represent the key thoughts in your thinking process; the twigs or smaller branches represent your secondary thoughts (subheadings), and so on. Special images, colors, or shapes can represent landmarks of interest or particularly relevant ideas. Characteristics of a mind map: •The main idea, subject, or focus is formed in a central image, word, or phrase. •The main points or ideas radiate from the center as branches or subtopics. •The branches are comprised of a key image or key word drawn or printed on its associated line. •Subtopics are represented as twigs or ideas related to the branch. •The branches form a connected nodal structure. After completing a mind map, simply cut out any unnecessary information and determine the order the ideas are going to be presented in your presentation.
SELECT THE TOPIC
A well-chosen topic is the first step to a successful presentation. In the military, often, the topic of the presentation is directed from higher authority. If you can choose the topic, begin by asking yourself several questions. Your answers will help you select a topic. •What topics are you experienced with? •What are you interested in talking about? •Does the occasion or situation suggest a topic? The following questions will help you narrow your subject. •What does your audience already know about the topic, and what do they expect to learn? •Which topics will interest the audience the most? •How much time do you have to research the topic? •How much time do you have to deliver the presentation?
PREPARE AN OUTLINE Organize the Presentation
After you have conducted research, you should begin to see a pattern emerging from the information. Before you create an outline for your presentation, you will want to arrange your material in a logical manner. Approaching your presentation in an organized manner is important for the following reasons: •Your listeners learn more from an organized presentation. •An organized presentation is easier to present. •You will appear more credible and more persuasive if your presentation is organized. •Good organization lowers the frustration for you and your audience.
PLANNING CONSIDERATIONS
All good speeches or presentations are audience- centered, not speaker-centered. Communication is a two-way street. That means you should consider your audience by looking at the presentation from their viewpoint. When you are planning for a presentation, consider both your audience and the situation surrounding the presentation.
POLITICAL ACTIVITIES OF THE ARMED FORCES
All members of the armed forces—including members on active duty, members of the reserve components not on active duty, and retired members—are subject to the restrictions of DoD Directive 1344.10. This policy can be broken down into three broad categories: •Political activities that members may do •Political activities that members shall not do •Other policy matters or restrictions
Example
An example is a specific instance chosen to represent a larger fact to clarify an abstract idea or support a claim. Good examples must be appropriate, brief, and attention arresting. Quite often, they are presented in groups of two or three for impact
Article 88 - Contempt towards officials
Any commissioned officer who uses contemptuous words against the President, the Vice President, Congress, the Secretary of Defense, the Secretary of a military department, the Secretary of Homeland Security, or the Governor or legislature of any State, Territory, Commonwealth, or possession in which he is on duty or present shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. •This article specifically deals with contemptuous language directed at U.S. officials. Contemptuous Facebook posts or Twitter tweets can fall under this article.
Article 89 - Disrespect toward a superior commissioned officer
Any person subject to this chapter who behaves with disrespect toward his superior commissioned officer shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. •Marines may believe that once they leave a formation or the company area, they can say whatever they please about their leadership; some Marines even take to a social media platform (such as Facebook) to "vent." •Although social media is not specifically mentioned in the UCMJ, posting disrespectful comments about leadership on your Facebook page falls under the category of disrespect toward a superior commissioned officer and leaves you subject to punishment under the UCMJ.
Article 117 - Provoking speeches or gestures
Any person subject to this chapter who uses provoking or reproachful words or gestures towards any other person subject to this chapter shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. •This article prohibits "provoking or reproachful words or gestures" toward another military member.
Article 92 - Failure to obey order or regulation
Any person subject to this chapter who— (1) violates or fails to obey any lawful general order or regulation; (2) having knowledge of any other lawful order issued by a member of the armed forces, which it is his duty to obey, fails to obey the order; or (3) is derelict in the performance of his duties; shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. •This article specifically deals with Service members knowingly disobeying general and lawful orders, and Service members who are negligent and derelict in the completion of assigned duties.
Which article of the Uniform Code of Military Justice can apply if a commissioned officer posts contemptuous words against the President?
Article 88 - Contempt towards officials
Article 91 - Insubordinate conduct toward warrant officer, noncommissioned officer, or petty officer
Article 91 - Insubordinate conduct toward warrant officer, noncommissioned officer, or petty officer Any warrant officer or enlisted member who— (1) strikes or assaults a warrant officer, noncommissioned officer, or petty officer, while that officer is in the execution of his office; (2) willfully disobeys the lawful order of a warrant officer, noncommissioned officer, or petty officer; or (3) treats with contempt or is disrespectful in language or deportment toward a warrant officer, noncommissioned officer, or petty officer while that officer is in the execution of his office; shall be punished as a court-martial may direct. •For the purposes of social media, the third point is the primary focus; this article is similar to Article 89 but it includes warrant and noncommissioned officers.
Articulation
Articulation is the delivery of particular speech sounds. Sloppy articulation is the failure to form particular speech sounds distinctly and carefully. •Poor articulation occurs when the speaker is lazy or mumbles. Often, the speaker will habitually chop, slur, run together, or mumble, rather than enunciate words distinctly and clearly. •Although we know that "let me" is not "lemme," "going to" is not "gonna," and "did you" is not "didja," we continue to articulate these words improperly. •If articulation is a problem for you, work on identifying and eliminating common errors so you can effectively express your thoughts and ideas.
Which of the following should you consider when planning for a presentation?
Audience needs, values, and knowledge Situation factors such as time to speak, audience size, etc.
USE PREWRITING TECHNIQUES Brainstorming
Based upon your topic research, you may want to rethink your main point or central idea before writing an outline for your presentation. To generate a new idea or modify your original idea, you may want to use the prewriting technique of brainstorming. Brainstorming is used to generate new ideas, promote creative thinking, and to develop creative solutions to problems. One popular brainstorming technique is called mind mapping. Mind mapping is a creative way for taking notes, solving problems, or developing a process. In this case, you can use it to modify your main point or further develop your topic. Mind maps show not only facts, but also the overall structure of a subject and the relative importance of individual parts of it. Mind maps help you associate ideas and make connections that you might not otherwise make. A mind map literally allows you to "map out" your ideas.
Appearance
Be smart in personal appearance. Make sure your uniform and overall appearance are top-notch; you will be the focus of attention. •You should have a cleaned and pressed uniform, fresh haircut, spotless shoes, and bright ribbons—we expect all military members to look sharp. •Poor personal appearance is unprofessional and can distract the audience from your message. •Knowing you look sharp can help your confidence and reduce the distraction of worrying about your appearance.
COMMUNICATION DEFINED
Communication is defined as the imparting or interchange of thoughts, opinions, or information by speech, writing, or signs. An effective communicator will consider the three parts of any form of communication: the speaker/writer, the subject/message, and the audience. •Speaker/Writer: Consider who you are or your position, what you feel, and your experiences. •Subject/Message: Consider what you already know about a subject, what you need to know, and determine the kind of evidence or proof that is most useful. •Audience: Consider the listener's or reader's expectations, prior knowledge, and disposition with regards to the subject.
NONVERBAL COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES
Communication is not complete without the nonverbal signals that complement verbal communication. Nonverbal cues can enrich the message that comes through words. Just as your voice can add dimension to your message, your physical behavior carries messages through the visual channel. Speakers use both their voice and body to create a better understanding of their message. The nonverbal communication techniques include: appearance, posture, movement, gestures, facial expressions, and eye contact.
Which of the following are characteristics of social media?
Community,Connectedness,Conversation
GUIDANCE FOR LEADERS
Conduct Just as Marine Corps leaders may interact and function in the local community alongside their Marines, similar conduct holds true for leaders interacting in the same social media spaces as their subordinates. Leaders set the tone for these communications by the way they handle the connections and interactions that take place. Simply put, online Marine Corps relationships should function in the same manner as any professional relationship would. Violations If you come across evidence of a Marine violating policy or the UCMJ, you should respond in the same manner you would if you witnessed the infraction in any other environment.
PERSONAL PRIVACY
Criminals can piece together information provided on different web sites to, among other things, steal your passwords and identity, stalk you, harm you, or harm your family and your fellow Marines. You should be extremely careful when disclosing personal details on the Internet. Security Measures: •Set the privacy settings on social media accounts to limit access to your personal information. •Don't post personally identifiable information (PII) such as social security number, home address, birthday, birth place, driver's license number, etc. •Don't post sensitive, family-related information within your profile. •Don't post information that would infringe upon the privacy of others. •Keep your plans, schedules, and location information to yourself. •Tell friends to be careful when posting photos and information about you and your family.
COMPUTER/NETWORK SECURITY
Cyber criminals use the Internet to gain information for unscrupulous activities. Always be cautious and guard against cyber-attacks by following sound security procedures. Security Measures: •Always use strong passwords to protect your social media accounts. •Change your passwords frequently for added protection. •Review your social media accounts daily for possible use or changes by unauthorized users. •Install and maintain current anti-virus, anti-malware, and anti-spyware software on your personal computers. •Don't click on links, start downloads, or open e-mail attachments unless the source can be trusted. •Beware of "apps" or "plug-ins" written by unknown third parties since these may be used to access your data. •Be watchful for scams online and avoid anything that doesn't look legitimate or appears out of context. If it sounds too good to be true—it probably is.
Which of the following are planning considerations for a presentation? Select all that apply.
Determine the demographics of your audience such as age range, gender, group membership, and education level.,Get to know the current knowledge and experience level of your audience.,Determine the time you will have to speak, the size of the audience, and the capacity of the room you will use for your presentation.
Explanation
Explanation makes a point plain or understandable, or gives the cause of some effect, and can be used to clarify your position or provide additional evidence to help make your case. The following four techniques can be used as part of an explanation: •Analysis: The separation of a whole into smaller pieces for further study, clarifying a complex issue by examining one piece at a time. •Comparison and Contrast: Use comparison to dramatize similarities between two objects or situations, and contrast to emphasize differences. •Description: Used to explain something in detail, to paint a picture with words—typically more personal and subjective than a definition.
Facial Expressions
Facial expressions can reinforce, modify, or even contradict the spoken word. Facial expressions can reveal your feelings. •Speakers that appear relaxed and express enthusiasm for the topic create a bond with their audience and make them feel comfortable. •Expressionless speakers are usually unprepared or nervous, focusing too hard on their delivery vice the audience, or uninterested in the topic. The audience wants to feel that you care about what they are saying, so avoid a blank expression. •Facial changes provide listeners with cues that help them interpret the contents of your message. Are you being ironic or sarcastic? Is this a harsh or a pleasant message? Of course, you can't control your face completely—but practice animating your face in ways that feel natural to you.
Gestures
Gestures are purposeful and expressive movements of the speaker's head, shoulders, arms, or hands. Gestures should appear natural and spontaneous, help to clarify or reinforce ideas, and be suited to the audience. •Gestures should not draw attention to the speaker or distract from the message. Gestures tend to work themselves out as experience is acquired. •Avoid flailing arms about, rubbing hands, cracking knuckles, slapping legs, toying with rings, playing with hair, or any other distracting motions. •Let your arms hang comfortably at your sides when you are not using them for deliberate gestures. •Think about communicating with listeners, and gestures will take care of themselves just as they do in conversation.
PREPARE AN OUTLINE Importance of Outlining
Great speeches or presentations start with great writing, and outlines provide the framework for your ideas or main points. The outline is not designed to be read aloud when delivering the presentation but should be used as an aid in rehearsal. Outlining is an important tool for two reasons: •Testing: An outline is a testing device. It allows you to see your ideas so you can discover which ideas you have overemphasized and which you have excluded or underdeveloped. •Guiding: A good outline can be used during rehearsal to show you where you have been, where you are, and where you want to get before you are done. The amount of time you spend in preparing a good outline will be reflected in the quality of your presentation and the organization of your material.
PREPARE AN OUTLINE Proofread & Revise
Great writing is revised many times before it becomes final. One of the keys to an effective revision is setting your draft aside for a while. Take a break between writing and proofreading. A good technique to proofread is to read the text out loud. One recommended sequence for proofreading is: •Check format: Is it formatted correctly? Are any of the required parts missing or incomplete? •Check for grammatical errors: Improper punctuation, misspelled words, run-on sentences. •Read for content: Are my ideas clearly stated and written in a logical order? Is there enough material to fill the time allowed to speak?
DoD INSTRUCTION 1325.06, HANDLING DISSIDENT AND PROTEST ACTIVITIES AMONG MEMBERS OF THE ARMED FORCES
It is DoD policy that a Service member's "right of expression should be preserved to the maximum extent possible... consistent with good order and discipline and the national security." However, there are limitations related to these rights. This instruction also provides DoD policy on the personal writings of Service members including websites, blogs, and other electronic communications. This instruction can be divided into two broad categories: •General policy •Procedures
Eye Contact
Making eye contact with your audience is one of the most important factors in nonverbal communication. Making eye contact shows that the speaker is interested in the audience, helps establish the speaker's credibility, and will help express confidence. If you don't make eye contact, your audience will lose interest. •Try to establish eye contact with the whole audience. Make brief eye contact with as many members of the audience as possible. First, look at one part of the audience, then another. The rule of thumb is to hold the eye contact until communication occurs. Don't stare, of course, and don't look out a window, at the ceiling, or down at the floor either. •Be alert for audience reactions. Can they hear? Do they understand? With this knowledge, make adjustments to your delivery.
DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE (DoD) POLICY
Marines are encouraged to carry out their obligations as citizens. However, as a member of the armed forces, there are limitations to your political activity. •You must adhere to DoD and Marine Corps policy when posting political content or your political opinion online. •You must not express or imply Marine Corps endorsement of any opinions, products or causes other than those already officially endorsed by the Marine Corps. This topic covers guidelines from the following DoD directives, MARADMIN 603/15, and describes select UCMJ articles
Which of the following are guidelines from the DoD policy for political activities by members of the armed forces?
Members may display a political bumper sticker on their private vehicle.,Members should not conduct a political opinion survey under the auspices of a partisan political club.,Members may attend partisan political fundraising activities, meetings, or rallies as a spectator when not in uniform and when no inference of official endorsement can be drawn.
Which of the following are guidelines from DoD policy for political activities by members of the armed forces?
Members should not participate in any radio, television, or other program or group discussion as an advocate for or against a partisan political party, candidate, or cause. Members should not use their official authority or influence to interfere with an election, affect the course or outcome of an election, or solicit votes for a particular candidate or issue.
PREPARE AN OUTLINE Presentation Outline Parts
Most presentations are structured in three basic parts—the introduction, the body, and the conclusion. In addition, every presentation should include transitions that serve as bridges, linking one thought to the next. Prepare a full-sentence outline following the format described within the three main parts.
Movement
Move with a purpose. Are your movements excessive? Is there a reason for your movements? Movement can attract the attention of the audience. •Move to convey a thought or to aid in transitions. The basic rule for the use of movement is moderation. •Avoid moving constantly, staying anchored to the podium, standing in one spot, blocking media, dragging feet, and swaying back and forth. Remember that nervous bouncing or aimless and continuous pacing is distracting. •Position yourself towards the audience. As a speaker you can, for instance, move from one end of a table to the other to indicate a change in topic or move toward the audience when making an especially important point.
Updates About Injured Marines
Never use social media to notify families that their Marine has been injured or has died. •Making sure that families are properly notified is the job of casualty assistance calls officers. Let the professionals that the Marine Corps has assigned handle delivery of official notices. Notifying families that their Marine has been injured or has died is not the job of social media. •This type of information should NEVER be shared through social media channels. Remember, once information is posted, there is no bringing it back and it will spread extremely fast—to others, to strangers, and to the media.
GIVE THE PRESENTATION
On the day of the presentation, arrive early and become familiar with the surroundings (if you have not done so already) where you will give the presentation. During delivery, use your note cards as a guide for the presentation. Your presentation should follow your written outline: start with a solid introduction, move to the body of your presentation, and finish with an unforgettable conclusion. •First impressions are lasting. Your audience will determine how they feel about you in the first eight or ten seconds. For this reason, you need to start your presentation strong and with clarity. •After the introduction transition to the body of the presentation where you will address your main points and supporting elements. •Finally, transition into your conclusion where you will summarize your main points and reinforce your message. Your closing statement should be like your introduction—refined and practiced. Your closing should be strong, memorable, and leave the audience wanting more.
DETERMINE THE PURPOSE
Once tasked with making a presentation, the speaker will need to determine the purpose for giving the presentation. The most common purposes for public speaking include: •To persuade: This approach is used to sell the audience on a new idea, or a change in operations. The goal is to influence audience beliefs or actions. •To inform: Use this approach when you need to pass on new or additional information. The goal is to expand audience knowledge. The emphasis is clear, direct communication with accurate and adequate information tailored to audience education and skill levels. Audience feedback may be needed in some situations to make sure the message is received. •To entertain: The goal of entertaining speeches is to amuse the audience and provide enjoyment. This method is used on special occasions but is rarely used alone. The purpose of entertaining is often secondary to either the purpose of informing or persuasion. The focus of this method of communication is delivery. People will likely be more interested in what the speaker has to say when the presentation provides enjoyment
DETERMINE THE MAIN POINT OR CENTRAL IDEA
Once the topic and purpose are determined, the next step is to determine the main point or central idea. This will be the main idea or message you convey in your presentation. The central idea, or thesis statement, includes one or more declarative sentences that sum up the major ideas that you will present to your audience. It provides focus and clearly indicates direction. It is often considered the most difficult to write; however, it should not be. Remember that the central idea for the informative speech is objective and forecasts the direction of the speech, and the central idea of the persuasive speech provides insight into the speaker's position on the topic. The central idea you develop will guide your research and ultimately the preparation of your presentation.
PREPARE SPEAKER NOTES
Once you have completed your presentation outline, prepare speaker notes to use during rehearsals and the actual delivery of your presentation. Prepare the speaker notes on note cards—rather than paper. Speaker notes use key words or phrases to jog your memory when you deliver the presentation. Follow these guidelines as you prepare speaker notes: •Use key words or phrases: A word or two should be enough to trigger your memory, especially if you've practiced adequately. •Fully write/type out the ideas that must be stated precisely: You don't want to make mistakes with people's names, statistics, or exact quotations. •Give direction: Include directions for delivery, such as "SHOW GRAPH." •Add emphasis to easily catch your eye, show the relationship of ideas, and jog your memory during delivery: You might use capital letters, white spaces, underlining, indentation, dashes, and highlighting to emphasize important ideas.
REHEARSE THE PRESENTATION Reasons for Rehearsing
Once your outline and speaker notes are prepared, you are ready to rehearse. The key to successful delivery is practice. The two reasons for extensive rehearsal are: •To become familiar with the presentation material •To be comfortable with your communication skills The benefits of rehearsing for a presentation include: •It will reveal the most effective wording to ensure a smooth flow of the presentation. •It allows the speaker to be familiar with the main points and reduces the need to refer to speaker notes. •It allows the speaker to identify areas that are not in logical order and helps find awkward transitions. •It allows the speaker to test the timing of the presentation, thus keeping within the time limit. The indicators of effective rehearsal include a presentation that flows smoothly and a speaker that appears knowledgeable, comfortable, and remains within the time limit.
What You Know Best
Only discuss Marine Corps issues related to your professional expertise, personal experiences, or personal knowledge. •You should talk about what you know best. Only discuss matters of which you have direct knowledge. •Avoid speculation or hypothetical situations; do not comment on matters beyond your cognizance or responsibility ("Stay in your lane.").
OPERATIONS SECURITY
Operations security (OPSEC) measures are those measures taken to deny critical information about friendly forces to our adversaries. Critical information includes specific facts about friendly intentions, capabilities, and activities needed by adversaries to plan and act effectively against friendly mission accomplishment. Critical information also includes but is not limited to: tactics, troop movements, unit location, force size, force protection measures, specific numbers of equipment, and weapon system details. All Marines are responsible for protecting critical information by practicing security at the source. Security Measures: •Never post critical information on social media or other web sites. •Turn off the Global Positioning System (GPS) function of your digital devices when deployed since photos and location-based social media applications can reveal your geographic location. •Don't report your specific location on social media while deployed. •Don't share information that is not approved for public release to include memos, meeting notes, e-mails, message traffic, personnel lists, phone numbers, e-mail addresses, etc. •Ensure family members understand the importance of protecting operations security when posting to social media sites.
Pause
Pauses are the intervals of silence between words, phrases, or sentences. Pauses enhance the meaning of a speech—providing a type of punctuation for the audience. Learning how and when to pause can be a challenge, but as you gain confidence you will discover how useful the pause can be. •Short pauses usually divide points within a sentence and longer pauses note the end of a thought or sentence. •Both the speaker and the audience need pauses. Pauses give the audience a chance to absorb the material, give a speaker an opportunity to concentrate on the next point, and lend dramatic impact to a statement. •Often, we cover pauses with vocal fillers such as "um," "uh," "hmm," "okay," "like," "you know," "I mean," and "anyway." These should be avoided as they are a distraction from the presentation. - To minimize the use of vocal fillers, be familiar with the material; be well rehearsed; and make an effort to use a silent pause in its place.
Pitch
Pitch refers to the range of sounds, higher or lower, in a speaker's voice. The rising and falling of the pitch in your voice is called intonation or inflection. •Changing the pitch of your voice can completely change the meaning of a sentence. Changes in the pitch of your voice reveal whether a question is being asked, a statement is being made, or if you are being sincere or sarcastic. •As you speak, your pitch conveys your mood, reveals your level of enthusiasm, expresses your concern for the audience, and signals your overall commitment to the occasion. •Without pitch or an inflection in your voice, speaking becomes monotone, which is a major failure for any speaker. Using inflection can make the difference between just saying words and making ideas meaningful.
Posture
Posture refers to the relative relaxation or rigidity and vertical position of the body. Posture is very important; it can show enthusiasm for the subject. The speaker's posture should be comfortable without being slouchy. •Stand erect with confidence—stand square on both feet but not rigidly. Your posture should be comfortable without being slouchy. Do not lean on a podium or lectern. •The speaker, who leans forward, physically reaching out to the audience, is saying silently "I'm interested in you. I want you to understand and accept my ideas." •The speaker who sits casually on the front edge of a table and assumes a relaxed posture suggests informality and a readiness to engage in dialogue with listeners. The speaker, who stands stiffly without uttering a word, is saying "This is a formal occasion."
Which of the following are nonverbal communication techniques you can practice to improve the delivery of your presentation?
Posture,Eye contact,Gestures
BETTER PUBLIC SPEAKING SKILLS CAN IMPROVE YOUR LIFE
Professional speaker and author Lenny Laskowski feels that improving your speaking skills will improve every area of your life. The following are examples of how public speaking can positively influence your everyday life, your career, your relationships, and much more. •Build success in your professional life - Most presidents and CEOs of companies possess strong speaking skills. Often, their success and their companies' success have been related to their ability to communicate effectively. •Communicate with others more clearly - Many mistakes or misinterpretations are a result of not properly communicating your ideas. Great public speaking skills help you articulate ideas and make them come alive for the listener. •Build overall confidence - As you become better at organizing and communicating your ideas effectively, you will start to exhibit more confidence. •Increase your comfort level in social situations - Social situations are, in fact, the perfect opportunity to practice your public speaking skills. •Speak more confidently on the telephone - Whether you call to request information, make a cold call at work, communicate with a client, or just leave a phone message, others can hear your confidence level in the tone of your voice. •Establish trust and respect from others with greater ease - The ability to convince people with words is vital to establishing trust and respect. This can include not only what you say, but how you say it.
Pronunciation
Pronunciation is the accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language. In other words, if you say words correctly, you are using the proper pronunciation. •Few things distract an audience more than improper pronunciation of words. Some people may consider mispronunciation of a word as a reflection on the speaker's intelligence. •You do not want your mispronunciation of a word to distract from your message, so check a dictionary or listen to someone say the word properly. Another tip is to write the word out phonetically in your speaker notes as a reminder on how to say it. •A few commonly mispronounced words may include
Rate
Rate is the number of words spoken per minute. The normal rate of speech is about 120 words per minute. The faster you speak, the more incoherent it becomes. •The best rate of speech depends partly on the mood the speaker is trying to create. If the rate is too fast, the audience may lose track of the ideas that the speaker is trying to convey. •Speak too slowly and the audience will lose interest. •Varying your rate of your speaking is an effective way to hold the attention of your audience and to add emphasis when needed. •The rate of speech should be governed by the complexity of the subject and the emotion to be expressed.
Choose Your "Friends" Wisely
Realize that social network "friends" and "followers" may potentially constitute relationships that can affect your ability to hold a security clearance. •Only make online connections with people you know well. •Verify, through other channels, that a "friend" request was actually from your friend. •Sort "friends" into groups and set access permissions accordingly. Add "untrusted" people to the group with the lowest permissions and accesses.
Which of the following are personal privacy security measures to take when using social media?
Set privacy settings on social media accounts to limit access to personal information.,Don't post personally identifiable information on social media sites.,Don't post sensitive, family-related information within your profile.
OPERATIONS SECURITY AND FAMILIES
Social media can be used to keep families and their Marines connected. The downside is that there are more opportunities for our nation's enemies to use posted information to compromise the safety of Marines and their family members. The Social Corps mentions the following guideline for Marines. •Talk to family and friends about operations security and what can and cannot be posted.
CHARACTERISTICS OF SOCIAL MEDIA
Social media is best understood as a group of online media that share most or all of the following characteristics: •Participation - Social media encourages contributions and feedback from everyone who is interested. •Openness - Most social media services are open to feedback and sharing. Voting, comments, and sharing of content are encouraged. •Conversation - Whereas traditional media is about broadcasts, social media is better seen as a two-way dialogue. •Community - Social media allows communities to form quickly and communicate effectively; these communities share common interests, such as a love of photography, an environmental issue or a favorite TV show. •Connectedness - Social media thrives on its connectedness, making use of links to other sites, resources, and people.
CONDUCT RESEARCH
Start your research by using the information you already know about the topic. If you need more information, only use reliable resources that will provide information that is credible, accurate, and relevant to your audience. Keep in mind that the goal of gathering information is to find information that supports your main point or central idea. The types of evidence you could use as support may include definitions, examples, testimony, statistics, facts, or explanations. Select each type of evidence to learn more. After conducting research, you may need to modify your original main point or central idea based upon what you discovered during your research.
Statistics
Statistics provide a summary of data that allows your audience to better interpret information. Statistics can be very persuasive and can provide excellent support. Keep them simple and easy to understand. Also, remember to round off your statistics whenever possible and document the exact source of your statistics.
REHEARSE THE PRESENTATION How to Rehearse
Success depends on how prepared and practiced you are. It can mean the difference between an adequate effort and an outstanding presentation. The keys to remember when rehearsing include practicing aloud, rehearsing the presentation repeatedly, avoiding memorization, rehearsing in parts, rehearsing the whole presentation, and rehearsing for criticism. During rehearsals, you should work on the verbal and nonverbal communication skills that are covered in the next topic. If you are well-prepared and have rehearsed your delivery, then you can present with confidence. The more you practice, the more natural your delivery will appear.
PRINCIPLES OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
Successful presentations (e.g., speeches) start with a well-structured foundation, that is, your written outline. To be an effective speaker, remember the principles of effective communication as you plan, prepare, and deliver your presentation. •Focused: Stay focused; address the issue, the whole issue, and nothing but the issue. •Organized: Present your information and ideas in an organized and logical manner. •Clear: Communicate with clarity and make each word count. •Understanding: Understand your audience, their expectations, and interests. •Supported: Use logic and compelling information to support your main point.
Testimony
Testimony uses the comments of recognized authorities to support the claim. These comments can be direct quotations or paraphrases, but direct quotations tend to carry more weight with listeners or readers. When using testimony as support, make sure the individuals being quoted are both generally credible and knowledgeable in the field under discussion.
THE BOTTOM LINE
The Marine Corps encourages Marines to explore and engage in social media at a level they feel comfortable with. However, all Marines must follow established policy, directives, and guidance related to online media in every public setting. You are responsible for your actions. Anything you post online that violates a regulation, order, or law, or which can potentially tarnish the Marine Corps' image, is your responsibility. Your mistake could result in a charge for violating the UCMJ.
UNIFORM CODE OF MILITARY JUSTICE
The UCMJ is the foundation of military law in the United States. If a Service member violates the UCMJ while using social media, the member can be charged with a violation of one or more of the punitive articles of the UCMJ (Articles 77 through 134). Several UCMJ articles may potentially apply to situations involving social media.
Body
The body should include the following components. •Main point or idea: This statement tells your audience specifically what you will be speaking about and what supporting elements or evidence you will present to justify your claim. •Supporting elements or evidence: These statements provide credible support for the main point or idea. Write multiple supporting element statements based upon what is needed to support your main point or idea.
COMMUNICATION PROCESS
The communication process is the act of sending messages and receiving feedback on those messages. How a speaker or writer presents information can influence audience understanding and retention of the material conveyed. Effective communicators should have an understanding of the five basic elements involved in the communication process
Conclusion
The conclusion is the final opportunity to reinforce the main point and provide closure. •Summary of main point: This is a restatement of the main point or idea presented within the introduction and body. Remind the audience why the main point is relevant. •Closing statement: The closing statement should be the last part of the conclusion and signals the audience that you have completed your presentation. The closing statement should be memorable.
GUIDANCE FOR UNOFFICIAL INTERNET POSTS
The following are some of the guidelines that apply when Marines make unofficial Internet posts as taken from two Marine Corps references: •Social Media Guidance for Unofficial Posts •The Social Corps: The U.S.M.C. Social Media Principles.
Introduction
The introduction should include the following four elements. •Attention gainer: The attention gainer is a statement that gains the attention of the audience. A speaker can begin a presentation in numerous ways to include using a quote, telling a story, asking a question, or making a bold statement. The attention gainer must be relevant to your main point/idea. •Credibility statement: The credibility statement shows the audience that you are qualified to speak on a subject. In the military, rank alone can act as a credibility statement. Marines have credibility to speak about subjects they have experienced throughout their careers and lives. •Relevancy statement: The relevancy statement tells the audience why the topic is relevant to them. The speaker needs to clearly articulate what the audience will get out of the presentation. •Preview of main point: For this portion, state the main point or idea that will be covered in the presentation.
WHAT ARE THE RISKS?
The risks can be loosely broken down into operations security, personal privacy, and computer or network security. •Operations Security (OPSEC) - Posting what you might consider to be trivial information on Facebook, Twitter, or blogs can be pieced together by America's enemies who scour social media and use the information against us. •Personal Privacy - Criminals use the Internet to gain information for unscrupulous activities. By piecing together information you provide on different web sites, they can impersonate you, steal your passwords, steal your identity, and bring harm to you, your fellow Marines or family members. •Computer/Network Security - Cyber criminals try to deceive you into performing actions that launch cyber- attacks, download viruses, and install malware or spyware onto computers.
Audience
The speaker should consider a number of factors about the audience so they can relate to them during the presentation. •Demographics: Get to know your audience. Analyzing the audience helps the speaker adapt their message to the listeners more effectively. If possible, determine their age range, gender, group membership, education, and cultural and ethnic background. •Values: Get to know the values and interests of your audience since audiences pay closer attention to messages that are tailored to their values, beliefs, and interests. •Audience Needs: Know the needs of your audience. Audiences value their time and cease to listen when they feel their time is not being used wisely. •Audience Knowledge: Get to know the current knowledge and experience level of your audience. Audiences hear and evaluate what a speaker says on the basis of what they already know and believe, so it is easier to build a presentation that reinforces rather than convinces.
Situation
The speaker should consider a number of factors when analyzing the situation surrounding a planned presentation. •Time: How long does the speaker have to speak? •Size: What is the expected size of the audience? •Facilities: What is the capacity of the room/space and the seating arrangements? •Equipment: What equipment is available and needed? •Physical conditions: What are the environmental factors of the location such as temperature, ventilation, noise distractions, and lighting
COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES
This topic focuses on delivery—a word suggesting the transfer of information and understanding from one person to others. While planning and preparation are important, an effective speaker must also understand and apply good communication techniques. To effectively deliver a presentation or speech, the speaker must maintain the attention of the audience and ensure there is a maximum transfer of information. The speaker enhances the delivery of their message by using both their voice and body. In other words, to be effective, the speaker must skillfully employ both verbal (voice) and nonverbal (body) communication techniques during delivery.
Article 134 - General article
Though not specifically mentioned in this chapter, all disorders and neglects to the prejudice of good order and discipline in the armed forces, all conduct of a nature to bring discredit upon the Armed Forces, and crimes and offenses not capital, of which persons subject to this chapter may be guilty, shall be taken cognizance of by a general, special, or summary court-martial, according to the nature and degree of the offense, and shall be punished at the discretion of that court. •Under Article 134, a Service member can be disciplined for any offense not specifically covered in any other article of the UCMJ, but involve "the prejudice of good order and discipline in the armed forces." or offenses which involve "conduct of a nature to bring discredit upon the armed forces." •The proof required for conviction of an offense under Article 134 depends upon the nature of the misconduct charged. However, generally, the following proof is required: that the accused did or failed to do certain acts; and that the accused's conduct was to the prejudice of good order and discipline in the armed forces or was of a nature to bring discredit upon the armed forces.
BENEFITS FOR THE MARINE CORPS
Throughout the Corps' history, people have discussed, debated, and embraced the United States Marine Corps and our Marines. These discussions continue today through online conversations and social networks. The Corps recognizes the importance of participating in these conversations. The Marine Corps benefits when Marines use social media, since Marines are often in the best position to share the Marine Corps' story with the domestic and foreign publics, which the Corps relies on for mission success.
What are the reasons for extensive rehearsal?
To become familiar with the presentation material,To be comfortable with your communication skills
Which of the following are common purposes for public speaking? Select all that apply.
To persuade,To inform
IS IT OFFICIAL OR UNOFFICIAL?
Unofficial Internet posts are considered any content about the Marine Corps or related to the Marine Corps that are posted on any Internet site by Marines in an unofficial and personal capacity. These unofficial posts are not initiated by any part of the Marine Corps or reviewed within any official Marine Corps approval process. Marines must also be thoughtful about the non- Marine-related content they post since the lines between Marines' personal and professional lives often blur in the online space. Official Internet posts involve content released in an official capacity by public affairs Marines, Marine Corps Community Services marketing directors, or commanders designated as releasing authorities.
Force
Use force by emphasizing correct words or syllables. Without this vocal stress, you can sound like a computer. •Placing emphasis on different words or syllables can change the meaning of a sentence. •Practice placing emphasis on the words in bold font in the following sentences: Why did you join the Marine Corps? Why did you join the Marine Corps
The principles of effective communication include which of the following? Select all that apply.
Use logic and compelling information to support your main point.,Communicate with clarity and make each word count.,Understand your audience, their expectations, and interests.
PREPARE AN OUTLINE Transitions
Use transitions to create a sense of flow as your presentation unfolds. Transitions serve as links for listeners, alerting the audience to the speaker's path through the presentation. They help the listener by focusing their attention. Transitions can refer back to where the speaker has already been or forward to where the speaker is going next. Transitions are normally found between the introduction and the main body, between the supporting elements, and between the body and conclusion. Types of transitions include: •Internal previews or forecasts that allow the listener to know what the speaker will cover next. •Internal summaries that briefly summarize the speaker's preceding points. •Signposts that link words or phrases that move the audience from one idea to another.
Volume
Volume is the loudness or softness of a speaker's voice. Be sure to adjust your voice to the acoustics of the room, the size of the audience, and the level of background noise. Remember: your voice will carry further when the room is empty versus full. •A speaker who talks too loud could be perceived as overbearing. •If a speaker talks too softly, the audience will have difficulty hearing the material and may perceive the speaker as timid or unsure of the content. •If the audience must strain to hear a speaker, they may eventually tune the speaker out. •If members of the audience look puzzled, are leaning forward in their seats, or are otherwise straining to hear, then the speaker needs to talk louder.
STEPS TO FOLLOW FOR A PRESENTATION
When tasked with making a presentation, follow the three basic steps of plan, prepare, and deliver. The steps will be described further in this lesson. •Plan - Determine the purpose. - Select the topic. - Determine the main point or central idea. - Conduct research. •Prepare - Prepare a written outline. - Prepare speaker notes. - Rehearse the presentation . •Deliver - Use effective communication techniques. - Understand the principles of effective communication.
VERBAL COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUES
When you speak before an audience, your voice becomes an important asset. How you use your voice will determine if you gain and maintain the attention of your audience. The verbal communication techniques that you can practice to improve your delivery are: volume, articulation, pronunciation, rate, pitch, force, and pause.
Your Responsibility
You are personally responsible for all content you post on social media and other web sites. Some things to remember: •Ensure any Marine Corps content you post is accurate and appropriate. Be thoughtful about the non-Marine related content you post, since the lines between your personal and professional life often blur in the online space. •Remember that once content is posted you lose control over it. Most social media sites own the content posted on their systems. You may have posted it, but once posted, they own it. •Always assume that all information you post or share will be made public. Ensure that the information you are about to post is information that you want to be available forever to everyone, everywhere.
Which of the following guidelines apply when you make unofficial Internet posts?
You must follow federal law, as well as Department of Defense and Marine Corps regulations and policies.,Don't post anything that could be considered offensive or illegal.,Never post any information that is classified or sensitive.
Don't Break the Law
You must follow federal law, as well as Department of Defense, Department of Navy, and Marine Corps regulations and policies. •As with other forms of communication, you are responsible for adhering to federal law, military regulations and governing policies when making unofficial Internet posts. •You must abide by certain restrictions and policies to ensure good order and discipline. Federal law, regulations and policies that directly impact your conduct mandate personal standards of conduct, operations security, information assurance, protection of personally identifiable information, ethics regulations, and the release of information to the public. •If you violate federal law, regulations, or policies through inappropriate personal online activity, you are subject to disciplinary action under the UCMJ.
Personal Opinion
You must make it clear that you are speaking for yourself (when making a personal post) and not on behalf of the Marine Corps. •You should use a disclaimer such as: "the postings on this site are my own and don't represent the Marine Corps' positions or opinions." •If you make unofficial posts about the Marine Corps, you may identify yourself as a Marine by your rank, billet, MOS, and status (active or reserve). •If you decide not to identify your affiliation with the Corps, you should not disguise, impersonate, or otherwise misrepresent your identity.
Article 90 - Assaulting or willfully disobeying superior commissioned officer
ny person subject to this chapter who— (1) strikes his superior commissioned officer or draws or lifts up any weapon or offers any violence against him while he is in the execution of his office; or (2) willfully disobeys a lawful command of his superior commissioned officer; shall be punished, if the offense is committed in time of war, by death or such other punishment as a court-martial may direct, and if the offense is committed at any other time, by such punishment, other than death, as a court-martial may direct. •This article specifically deals with contemptuous language and physical acts of violence directed at commissioned officers. Contemptuous Facebook posts or Twitter tweets can fall under this article, along with physical attacks.
Rehearse for Criticism
•After completing individual rehearsals, rehearse for the sake of criticism in front of a small audience. The audience could be your friends or peers who can offer pointers and ask questions. •This method allows you to practice looking at a live audience and speaking so you can be heard
Rehearse the Whole Presentation
•After you feel comfortable with the different parts, the presentation should be rehearsed from start to finish several times to ensure that it flows smoothly. A speaker can get a false sense of security when rehearsing only specific parts. •Time yourself to ensure you can cover the material within your time limit.
Rehearse in Parts
•If there is any part of the presentation that feels uncomfortable or needs more practice, rehearse that part separately until you gain confidence with the material and delivery.
Practice Aloud
•Initially, read your full-sentence outline and if necessary, change the wording to present your ideas in a clear, accurate, and logical manner. •Practice aloud to further refine the ideas and phrasing of your presentation. •Don't just give your presentation in your head, or you may skip over the hardest parts and then have difficulty expressing them in the actual presentation. •Rehearse in private initially, perhaps in front of a mirror, or record your speech, or both.
Avoid Memorization
•Never memorize the presentation verbatim. Besides being difficult, reciting the presentation verbatim may cause the speaker to appear robotic. •It is best to know the outline, sequence, and the points to be covered.
Rehearse the Presentation Repeatedly
•Rehearse repeatedly to build confidence in knowing the presentation material, and with your communication skills. •Practice with your speaker notes until you are comfortable with your transitions and with the main ideas you want to present.
BASIC FORMS OF SOCIAL MEDIA
•Social networks - allow people to build personal web pages and then connect with family and friends to share content and to communicate. One popular example is Facebook. •Blogs - are online journals, with the most recent entries appearing first. Examples include Blogger and WordPress. •Micro-blogs - are blogs that contain small amounts of content (or "updates") distributed to mobile devices. A prime example is Twitter. •Wikis - are websites that allow people to add or edit content which is contained in what amounts to a communal document or database. The best known wiki is Wikipedia. •Content communities - are communities of interest which organize and share particular kinds of content. The most popular content communities tend to form around photos (Flickr), and videos (YouTube).
Don't Violate Property Rights
•You may use the Eagle, Globe, and Anchor; coat of arms (EGA in the center, encircled with words "United States - Marine Corps"); and other symbols in unofficial posts as long as the symbols are used in a manner that does not bring discredit upon the Corps, does not result in personal financial gain, and does not give the impression of official or implied endorsement. •Contact the Headquarters Marine Corps Division of Public Affairs Trademark and Licensing office for further clarification or your local legal office for an ethics determination prior to engaging in Internet activity that could violate the standards of conduct.
Don't post anything that could be considered offensive or illegal.
•You should not post any defamatory, libelous, vulgar, obscene, abusive, profane, threatening, racially or ethnically hateful, or otherwise offensive or illegal content. If you wouldn't say it in front of a formation, don't say it online. •Don't post content that could bring discredit upon you, your unit, or the Marine Corps. Remember, your "private" post may be shared. Never post any information that is classified or sensitive. •Do not post any information that is classified, controlled unclassified information, sensitive but unclassified, for official use only, law enforcement sensitive, sensitive homeland security information, security sensitive information, critical infrastructure information, etc. •Never post information that violates operations security, such as tactics, troop movements, force size, weapon system details, etc