Communications Final
what are transitions
"A word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another."
what is a reference work
"A work that synthesizes a large amount of related information for easy access by researchers."
how would you achieve your intended message to be the message that is actually communicated
"Achieving this depends both on what you say (the verbal message) and on how you say it (the nonverbal message"
what is a hypothetical example
"An example that describes an imaginary or fictitious situation"
what is research interview
"An interview conducted to gather information for a speech"
what is a sponsoring organization
"An organization that, in the absence of a clearly identified author, is responsible for the content of a document on the Internet."
what is an event
"Anything that happens or is regarded as happening"
what is interference
"Anything that impedes the communication of a message. Interference can be external or internal to listeners."
what is an object
"Anything that is visible, tangible, and stable in form"
" How can you use Google and other search engines systematically to find what you need?"
"Develop a search strategy that will allow you to zero in precisely on the information required for your speech"
what skill was more important and harder to find than any other
"Effective communication"
what is the Academic One File academic database
"Provides access to millions of scholarly articles in areas from economics and sociology to science and medicine."
what is strategic organization
"Putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience"
what is testimony
"Quotations or paraphrases used to support a point"
what is quoting out of context
"Quoting a statement in such a way as to distort its meaning by removing the statement from the words and phrases surrounding it"
what is peer testimony
"Testimony from ordinary people with firsthand experience or insight on a topic"
what is expert testimony
"Testimony from people who are recognized experts in their fields"
what is a direct quotation
"Testimony that is presented word for word"
what are main points
"The major points developed in the body of a speech."
what is a supporting material
"The materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony"
what are supporting materials
"The materials used to support a speaker's ideas. The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples, statistics, and testimony."
what is situation
"The time and place in which speech communication occurs"
what is personalize
"To present one's ideas in human terms that relate in some fashion to the experience of the audience."
what is paraphrasing
"To restate or summarize an author's ideas in one's own words"
"What is critical thinking?"
"To some extent, it's a matter of logic—of being able to spot weaknesses in other people's arguments and to avoid them in your own. " *"critical thinking is focused, organized thinking—the ability to see clearly the relationships among ideas"*
what is public speaking defined as
"a way of making your ideas public—of sharing them with other people and of influencing other people"
what is the JSTOR academic database
"allows you to search images, letters, and other primary documents"
what is public speaking a vital means of
"civic engagement. It is a way to express your ideas and to have an impact on issues that matter in society. "
what are 4 major types of reference works
"encyclopedias, yearbooks, quotation books, and biographical aids"
"Because a speaker and a listener are different people, they can never have "
"exactly the same frame of reference. "
librarians can help
"find your way, locate sources, even track down a specific piece of information"
feedback is affected by ones
"frame of reference."
"When the President addresses the nation on television, he is engaged"
"in one-way communication."
what should the ratio of negative to positive thoughts be
5:1
"proper preparation can reduce stage fright by up to"
75 percent
experts advice that you use the internet to supplement, not to _____ library research
replace
what are some steps to take after the interview
review your notes as soon as possible transcribe your notes
what is the key to finding materials on the internet
search engines
what organizational order should be used in a speech about an object
spatial, chronological
Speech communication begins with the
speaker
what are the 7 elements of communication
speaker message channel listener feedback interference situation
what is another vehicle for finding information that is provided by the internet
specialized research resources
should you be general, less general, or specific with supporting material
specific
your body paragraphs are composed of
specific purpose central idea main points
what are the different types of informative speeches
speeches about objects speeches about processes speeches about events speeches about concepts
what are some tips while doing research
start early make a preliminary bibliography take notes efficiently think about your materials as you research
"experts advise that you use the Internet to"
supplement
what is integrated into the body of the speech
supporting materials
what are some tips in note taking
take plenty of notes record notes in a consistent format distinguish among direct quotations, paraphrases, and your own ideas
what is another method can support your ideas
testimonies
what is the channel
the means by which a message is being communicated
what is feedback
the messages, usually nonverbal sent from a listener to a speaker
when regarding main points it is important to keep in mind
the number of main points strategic order of main points
what is a speaker
the person who is presenting an oral message to a listener
what is the listener
the person who receives the communicated message
what are some different kinds of examples
brief examples extended examples hypothetical examples
what organizational order should be used in a speech about a concept
topical
what organizational order should be used in a speech about a process
topical, chronological
what are the 4 types of speech connective
transitions internal previews internal summaries signposts
most situation involve
two way communication
what are some tips for using examples
use examples to clarify your ideas use examples to reinforce your ideas use examples to personalize your ideas make your examples vivid and richly textured practice delivery to enhance your extended examples
what are some tips for using statistics
use statistics to quantify your ideas use statistics sparingly identify the sources of your statistics explain your statistics round off complicated statistics use visual aids to clarify statistical trends
what are the 5 basic patterns of organization
chronological order spatial order causal order problem solving order topical order
what organizational order should be used in a speech about an event
chronological, topical
what is another way to avoid abstractions
comparisons
contrast can put an idea into
concrete terms
"Besides building confidence, a course in public speaking can develop your skills as a
critical thinker
what are 5 steps that should be taken before an interview
define the purpose of the interview decide whom to interview arrange the interview decide whether to record the interview prepare your questions
what is one way to avoid abstractions
descriptions
what is a message
whatever a speaker communicates to someone else
in a public speaking class, what is the channel
you
you should avoid ______ when using supporting material
generalizations
what is an example of a search engine
what are some examples of specialized research resources
government resources wikipedia
examples of internal reference would be
headache toothache worry
examples of external interference would be
loud traffic a hot room people talking
In two way communication, listeners send back
messages of their own (feedback)
what must be done in order to send the right verbal message
narrow down your topic to something you can discuss in adequate time, research and choose supporting details to make your ideas clear and concise, organize your points so that listeners can follow without getting lost, express your message in words that are clear, accurate, vivid, and appropriate
what is a statistic
numerical data
"You should never cite an article in your speech on the basis"
of the abstract alone
what is very vital in a speech
organization
organizing your speech helps
organize your thoughts
what are some skills that conversation and public speaking share
organizing your thoughts logically tailoring your message to the audience telling a story for maximum impact adapting for listener feedback
In a speech you should use
outside knowledge (books and other sources) but also your personal knowledge
what are some tips for using testimony
quote or paraphrase accurately use testimony from qualified sources use testimony from unbiased sources identify the people you quote or paraphrase
what is a google scholar academic base
" A fast and easy way to search a broad range of scholarly literature. Advanced search tools let you narrow your search by author, publication, date, and subject matter."
what is the standard rule of thumb that you should spend practicing
" A standard rule of thumb is that each minute of speaking time requires one to two hours of prepara-tion time"
catalogues allow you to search for works by
" author, title, subject, or key word."
what is an abstract of an article
" is only a summary of the article"
nonverbal message includes the message you send with
" your tone of voice, appearance, gestures, facial expression, and eye contact."
why is communication important to an employer
""ability to verbally communicate with persons inside and outside the organization.""
an example of a channel would be
". When you pick up the phone to call a friend, the telephone is the channel. "
what is a concept
"A belief, theory, idea, notion, principle, or the like."
what is an academic database
"A database that catalogues articles from scholarly journals"
what is a preliminary bibliography
"A list compiled early in the research process of works that look as if they might contain helpful information about a speech topic"
what is a catalogue
"A listing of all the books, periodicals, and other resources owned by a library."
what is problem solving order
"A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem"
what is topical order
"A method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics."
what is spatial order
"A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern"
what is chronological order
"A method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern"
what is causal order
"A method of speech organization in which the main points show a cause-effect relationship"
what is the call number
"A number used in libraries to classify books and periodicals and to indicate where they can be found on the shelves"
What are newspaper and periodical databases?
"A research aid that catalogues articles from a large number of magazines, journals, and newspapers"
what is a brief example
"A specific case referred to in passing to illustrate a point."
what is an example
"A specific case used to illustrate or represent a group of people, ideas, conditions, experiences, or the like"
what are internal previews
"A statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next"
what are internal summaries
"A statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speaker's preceding point(s)"
what is a contrast
"A statement of the differences among two or more people, events, ideas, etc"
what is a comparison
"A statement of the similarities among two or more people, events, ideas, etc"
what are descriptions
"A statement that depicts a person, event, idea, or the like with clarity and vividness"
what is an extended example
"A story, narrative, or anecdote developed at some length to illustrate a point."
what is a process
"A systematic series of actions that leads to a specific result or product"
what are signposts
"A very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas"
what is a connective
"A word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationships among them."
you should aim to transform nervousness to
"positive nervousness—"a zesty, enthusiastic, lively feeling with a slight edge to it"
what is the key to finding books on shelves
"the call number."
"Because people have different frames of reference, a public speaker must take great care to adapt the message to"
"the particular audience being addressed."
what is a frame of reference
"the total of his or her knowledge, experience, goals, values, and attitudes. "
what is the goal in publish speaking regarding the message
"to have your intended message be the message that is actually communicated."
because the frame of reference will be different between a speaker and listener, the meaning of a message
"will never be exactly the same to a listener as to a speaker."
what is a difference between the internet and a library
"you cannot always find the same range and depth as in a good library"
what are some tips to help deal with nervousness
- be at your best physically and mentally, get good sleep - "quietly tighten and relax your leg muscles, or squeeze your hands together and then release them. Such actions help reduce tension by providing an outlet for your extra adrenaline." - take deep slow breaths - work especially hard on your introduction - make eye contact with audience members - concentrate on communicating with the audience - use visual aids
what skills does critical thinking involve
- distinguishing fact from opinion - judging the credibility of statements - assessing the soundness of evidence
what do oral speech citations typically have
-"The book, magazine, newspaper, or Web document you are citing -The author or sponsoring organization of the document -The author's qualifications with regard to the topic -The date on which the document was published, posted, or updated"
what is another method used that can support your ideas
a statistic
peer reviewed journals of colleges and universities can be found in
academic databases
what are some steps to take to improve nervousness
acquire speaking experience prepare, prepare, prepare (pick speech topics you truly care about) think positively use the power of visualization know that most nervousness isnt visible dont expect perfection
"To be an effective speaker, you must be"
audience centered
what are some things to look at in order to establish credibility of a source
authorship sponsorship Recency
catalogues tell you whether a book is
available or already checked out
what are some guidelines for informative speaking
dont overestimate what an audience knows relate the subject directly to the audience dont be too technical avoid abstractions personalize your ideas be creative
what are some steps you should take during an interview
dress appropriately and be on time repeat the purpose of the interview set up the recorder, if you are using one keep the interview on track listen carefully dont overstay your welcome
as a speaker, it is your job to
establish personal credibility, your knowledge of the subject, your preparation of the speech, your manner of speaking, your sensitivity to the audience and the occasion. But successful speaking also requires enthusiasm"
what are the different kinds of supporting materials
examples, statistics, and testimony
what are the different kinds of testimonies
expert testimony peer testimony
what are the two types of interference
external internal
what is the first step in developing a strong sense of speech organization
is to gain command of the three basic parts of a speech—introduction, body, and conclusion"
what are some tips for preparing main points
keep main points separate try to use the same pattern of wording for main points balance the amount of time devoted to main points
what are some resources that you should use to conduct research
library, librarians, the catalogues, reference works, databases
what are some differences between conversation and public speaking
public speaking is more highly structured public speaking requires a formal language public speaking requires a different method of delivery
what is everything that a speaker is saying filtered through in the a listener
their frame of reference
