communications test 2: Chapters 5-8

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personal language function

Express yourself, personality (more in private than public; humor or sarcasm)

Turn-taking

Most basic rule of conversation. Only one person should talk at a time, there can be no silence. Transcends culture.

Types of listening styles

Action-oriented, content-oriented, people-oriented, time-oriented

Types of listening

passive and active

Homophily

perceived similarity between individuals increases levels of attraction

4 components of language

phonology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics

time-oriented listening

prefers brief concise speech because time is consequential. Ineffective listening style.

content-oriented listening

reflects on interest in detailed and complex information. Requires informational listening along with additional critical listening skills

Jargon

the specialized language or vocabulary of a particular group or profession

Kinesics

the study of body motions to communicate. (Illustrators, adaptors, emblems, regulators, posture, movement)

Semantics

the study of meaning in language

Phonology

the study of sounds that compose individual languages and how those sounds communicate meaning

Haptics

the study of the communicative function of touch

Androcentrism

the use of the male experience as normative for humanity and female experiences as emphasizing gender differences

nonverbal communication

All of the messages that people transmit through means other than words; the sending and receiving of information through appearances, objects, the environments and behavior

Nominalist

Believe any idea can be expressed through language

Physical appearance/artifacts

Body shape, clothing, makeup, height, hair

Hearing/sensing

Detecting sound waves

stages of listening

Hearing/Sensing, understanding, evaluating, responding

Seven functions of language

Instrumental, Regulatory, Informative, Heuristic, Interactional, Personal language, Imaginative

Understanding

Interpreting the message

Evaluating

Prioritizing based on importance or urgency

action-oriented listening

Reflects a preference for error-free and well-organized speaking with emphasis on active responding. Requires informational listening skills.

Turn-maintaining

Remain in role of speaker. done through audibly inhaling breath, continuing a gesture, sustaining the intonation pattern, and vocalizing pauses

Responding

Simple or elaborate, depending on understanding and evaluation

Soundscapes

The everyday sounds in our environment. Can help establish a community identity

Conflicting objectives barrier

Understanding and reacting to other's communicative attempts based in part on our own objectives.

Turn-yielding

Wishes to exchange the role of the speaker and listener.

verbal communication

Words, pronunciation, meanings, linguistic variation. Written or oral words we exchange

Listening Styles

a set of attitudes, beliefs and predispositions about the how, when, who and what of the information reception and encoding process

Paralinguistics

all aspects of spoken language except the words themselves; includes rate, pitch, rhythm, vocal tone, articulation

nonverbal behavior

all the nonverbal actions people perform

Territoriality

altering spaces through personalization, makers, labels

Relativist

believe language is not just a way to express ideas, but it is the shaper of ideas and the guide for mental activity

Psychological barriers to listening

boredom and preoccupation

Functions of nonverbal communication

communicate information, regulate interaction, express and manage intimacy, social control, service-task functions

4 influences on nonverbal communication

culture, relationships, how well you know someone, gender

nonverbal codes

distinct, organized means of expression that consists of symbols and rules for their use

imaginative function

expressing creativity or artistic ability

pragmatics

field of study that emphasizes how language is used in specific situations to accomplish goals.

Interpersonal context

friendly listening

Heuristic function of language

gain knowledge and understanding

Instrumental function of language

gets you what you need or what you want

Regulatory function of language

helps you control the behavior of others

Interactional function of language

helps you start and maintain relationships

disconfirming messages

make others feel devalued and can hurt self-concept

confirming messages

make others feel valued, helps self-concept

polychronic

multiple activities simultaneously

physical/physiological barriers to listening

noisy environment, physical discomforts, fatigue, ability to hear

people-oriented listening

often associated with friendly, open communication and an interest in establishing ties with others rater than in controlling them. Involves supporting listening skills, focusing on understanding information, but also listening to other's feelings

Monochronic

one task at a time

Chronemics

study of how we use and perceive time

Proxemics

study of personal space

Professional context

task vs. relative listening

Informative function of language

teach or share knowledge

denotative meaning

the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase

connotative meaning

the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase

Code Switching

the practice of changing language or dialect to accommodate to the communication situation

co-cultural theory

the process by which co-cultural group members strategically select different communication styles and how favoring certain styles of communication express the role of power in daily interactions.

syntax

the rules that govern word order

Hate Speech

use of verbal communication to attack others based upon some social category

direct speech act

utterance that performs its function in a direct and literal manner (i.e. "Drive me to the store")

indirect speech act

utterance whose meaning depends on context rather than on literal meaning (i.e. "Do you think you could drive me to the store?")

poor listening habits

wandering, rejecting, judging, predicting, rehearsing

Speech Act Theory

we don't just say things with words, we do things with words


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