communications test 2: Chapters 5-8
personal language function
Express yourself, personality (more in private than public; humor or sarcasm)
Turn-taking
Most basic rule of conversation. Only one person should talk at a time, there can be no silence. Transcends culture.
Types of listening styles
Action-oriented, content-oriented, people-oriented, time-oriented
Types of listening
passive and active
Homophily
perceived similarity between individuals increases levels of attraction
4 components of language
phonology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics
time-oriented listening
prefers brief concise speech because time is consequential. Ineffective listening style.
content-oriented listening
reflects on interest in detailed and complex information. Requires informational listening along with additional critical listening skills
Jargon
the specialized language or vocabulary of a particular group or profession
Kinesics
the study of body motions to communicate. (Illustrators, adaptors, emblems, regulators, posture, movement)
Semantics
the study of meaning in language
Phonology
the study of sounds that compose individual languages and how those sounds communicate meaning
Haptics
the study of the communicative function of touch
Androcentrism
the use of the male experience as normative for humanity and female experiences as emphasizing gender differences
nonverbal communication
All of the messages that people transmit through means other than words; the sending and receiving of information through appearances, objects, the environments and behavior
Nominalist
Believe any idea can be expressed through language
Physical appearance/artifacts
Body shape, clothing, makeup, height, hair
Hearing/sensing
Detecting sound waves
stages of listening
Hearing/Sensing, understanding, evaluating, responding
Seven functions of language
Instrumental, Regulatory, Informative, Heuristic, Interactional, Personal language, Imaginative
Understanding
Interpreting the message
Evaluating
Prioritizing based on importance or urgency
action-oriented listening
Reflects a preference for error-free and well-organized speaking with emphasis on active responding. Requires informational listening skills.
Turn-maintaining
Remain in role of speaker. done through audibly inhaling breath, continuing a gesture, sustaining the intonation pattern, and vocalizing pauses
Responding
Simple or elaborate, depending on understanding and evaluation
Soundscapes
The everyday sounds in our environment. Can help establish a community identity
Conflicting objectives barrier
Understanding and reacting to other's communicative attempts based in part on our own objectives.
Turn-yielding
Wishes to exchange the role of the speaker and listener.
verbal communication
Words, pronunciation, meanings, linguistic variation. Written or oral words we exchange
Listening Styles
a set of attitudes, beliefs and predispositions about the how, when, who and what of the information reception and encoding process
Paralinguistics
all aspects of spoken language except the words themselves; includes rate, pitch, rhythm, vocal tone, articulation
nonverbal behavior
all the nonverbal actions people perform
Territoriality
altering spaces through personalization, makers, labels
Relativist
believe language is not just a way to express ideas, but it is the shaper of ideas and the guide for mental activity
Psychological barriers to listening
boredom and preoccupation
Functions of nonverbal communication
communicate information, regulate interaction, express and manage intimacy, social control, service-task functions
4 influences on nonverbal communication
culture, relationships, how well you know someone, gender
nonverbal codes
distinct, organized means of expression that consists of symbols and rules for their use
imaginative function
expressing creativity or artistic ability
pragmatics
field of study that emphasizes how language is used in specific situations to accomplish goals.
Interpersonal context
friendly listening
Heuristic function of language
gain knowledge and understanding
Instrumental function of language
gets you what you need or what you want
Regulatory function of language
helps you control the behavior of others
Interactional function of language
helps you start and maintain relationships
disconfirming messages
make others feel devalued and can hurt self-concept
confirming messages
make others feel valued, helps self-concept
polychronic
multiple activities simultaneously
physical/physiological barriers to listening
noisy environment, physical discomforts, fatigue, ability to hear
people-oriented listening
often associated with friendly, open communication and an interest in establishing ties with others rater than in controlling them. Involves supporting listening skills, focusing on understanding information, but also listening to other's feelings
Monochronic
one task at a time
Chronemics
study of how we use and perceive time
Proxemics
study of personal space
Professional context
task vs. relative listening
Informative function of language
teach or share knowledge
denotative meaning
the literal or dictionary meaning of a word or phrase
connotative meaning
the meaning suggested by the associations or emotions triggered by a word or phrase
Code Switching
the practice of changing language or dialect to accommodate to the communication situation
co-cultural theory
the process by which co-cultural group members strategically select different communication styles and how favoring certain styles of communication express the role of power in daily interactions.
syntax
the rules that govern word order
Hate Speech
use of verbal communication to attack others based upon some social category
direct speech act
utterance that performs its function in a direct and literal manner (i.e. "Drive me to the store")
indirect speech act
utterance whose meaning depends on context rather than on literal meaning (i.e. "Do you think you could drive me to the store?")
poor listening habits
wandering, rejecting, judging, predicting, rehearsing
Speech Act Theory
we don't just say things with words, we do things with words
