Community Nursing - EXAM 2 (Evolve)
Which statement indicates that further teaching is needed for a patient involved in family planning? A) "I can't get human papilloma virus (HPV) from my boyfriend because he doesn't have genital warts." B) "I need to use condoms to prevent transmission of sexually transmitted diseases." C) "Even though I have no signs or symptoms, I still may have Chlamydia." D) "I can give my unborn baby warts during childbirth."
A) "I can't get human papilloma virus (HPV) from my boyfriend because he doesn't have genital warts." Option 1 indicates the patient needs more teaching. HPV is viral, and the virus may shed or transmitted with or without the presence of warts. The other statements are true.
HIV primarily affects women in which of the following ethnic populations? A) African Americans B) Hispanics C) Asians D) Caucasians
A) African Americans The HIV/AIDS epidemic represents a growing and persistent health threat to women in the United States, especially young women and African American women. HIV infection was the third leading cause of death for African American women ages 25 to 44 years and was among the fourth leading cause of death for those ages 45 to 54 years. HIV disease among Hispanic women aged 25 to 44 years was the fifth leading cause of death.
Public health policy in the United States is influenced by two types of justice, market justice and social justice. Examples of market justice include which of the following? (Select all that apply.) A) All people are entitled to the status they create for themselves. B) All people are entitled to a livable minimum wage. C) All people are entitled to happiness if they put forth enough effort. D) All people are entitled to the income they work for. E) All people are entitled to access to health care.
A) All people are entitled to the status they create for themselves. C) All people are entitled to happiness if they put forth enough effort. D) All people are entitled to the income they work for. Market justice has been the dominant model in the United States and purports that people are entitled to valued ends (i.e., status, income, and happiness) according to their own individual efforts. Moreover, this model stresses individual responsibility, minimal collective action, and freedom from collective obligations other than respect for another person's fundamental rights. In contrast, under a social justice model, all people are equally entitled to key ends (i.e., access to health care and minimum standards of income).
The community health nurse is working in an emergency shelter with displaced families. Which of the following clients have risk factors for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)? (Select all that apply.) A) An 18-year-old client with a previous gunshot wound B) A 50-year-old client who saw people die in the disaster C) A 23-year-old client experiencing extreme fear D) A 60-year-old client who had little social support before the event E) A 35-year-old client with a history of schizophrenia
A) An 18-year-old client with a previous gunshot wound B) A 50-year-old client who saw people die in the disaster C) A 23-year-old client experiencing extreme fear E) A 35-year-old client with a history of schizophrenia Risks for PTSD include living through dangerous events or traumas; having a history of mental illness; getting hurt; seeing people hurt or killed; feeling horror, helplessness, or extreme fear; having little or no social support after the event; and dealing with extra stress after the event, such as loss of a loved one, pain and injury, or loss of a job or home.
Which of the following characteristics is demonstrated by healthy or energized families? (Select all that apply.) A) Communication is appropriate and clear. B) Support and respect are evident and appreciated. C) Roles are static and change only in times of crisis. D) Common beliefs and values are shared. E) Members play and share leisure time appropriately.
A) Communication is appropriate and clear. B) Support and respect are evident and appreciated. D) Common beliefs and values are shared. E) Members play and share leisure time appropriately. Healthy or energized families communicate, support, teach values, share a religious core, have flexible roles and power, engage in family decision making, foster responsibility and service to family and community, have a sense of humor and play, and grow from problem solving.
The public health nurse is working with a specific population and is preparing to participate in a descriptive epidemiology study. Which of the statements apply to descriptive epidemiology? (Select all that apply.) A) Descriptive epidemiology seeks to answer questions about the amount of disease in a given population. B) Descriptive epidemiology seeks to answer questions about the cause of disease in a given population. C) Descriptive epidemiology seeks to answer questions about the cure for disease in a given population. D) Descriptive epidemiology seeks to answer questions about the distribution of disease in a given population.
A) Descriptive epidemiology seeks to answer questions about the amount of disease in a given population. D) Descriptive epidemiology seeks to answer questions about the distribution of disease in a given population. The study of the amount and distribution of disease constitutes descriptive epidemiology. Patterns identified through descriptive epidemiology may indicate possible causes. When these possible causes are investigated with different and more advanced epidemiologic methods, this is analytic epidemiology.
The community health nurse assesses the family as a system within the context of their environments using which approach? A) Ecological framework B) Social network framework C) Transaction model D) General systems theory
A) Ecological framework The ecological framework is a blend of systems and developmental theory that focuses on the interaction and interdependence of humans (families) as biological and social beings with the environment. Using this framework the community healh nurse would assess the family as a system within the context of their environments. The social network framework involves all the connections and ties within a group. In the transactional model, the term transaction refers to a system that focuses on process as opposed to a linear approach. General systems theory is a way to explain how the family as a unit interacts with larger units outside the family and with smaller units inside the family.
Which of the following factors causes primary vaccine failure? (Select all that apply.) A) Inefficient storage B) An intramuscular vaccine injection given subcutaneously C) Waning immunity in immunocompromised patients D) Light-sensitive vaccines exposed to light E) Seroconversion
A) Inefficient storage B) An intramuscular vaccine injection given subcutaneously D) Light-sensitive vaccines exposed to light E) Seroconversion Primary vaccine failure is the failure of a vaccine to stimulate any immune response. It can be caused by improper storage that renders the vaccines ineffective, an improper administration route, or light-sensitive vaccines exposed to light. Additionally, some immunized persons never seroconvert, either because of failure of their own immune system or for some other unknown reason. Secondary vaccine failure is the waning of immunity after an initial immune response.
The composition of the family is an example of which of the following? A) Internal structure B) External structure C) Subsystem D) Large system
A) Internal structure Family composition, gender, and rank order are all examples of internal structure. External structure refers to the extended family and larger systems.
Which of the following statements about homicide in the United States is false? A) Most homicides are caused by stabbings. B) Homicide is the third leading cause of death for 1- to 4-year-old children. C) Blacks are more likely to be the victims of homicide than whites. D) Over 50% of homicide victims are killed by someone they knew.
A) Most homicides are caused by stabbings. Most homicides are caused by firearms. The other statements are true.
A community health nurse participating in planning programs for the coming year considers incidence rates to better understand the needs of the community. Which statement below is the most accurate explanation of incidence rates? A) New cases of a disease or condition in a community over a period of time are included in incidence rates. B) The number of all cases of a specific disease or condition in a population at a given point in time relative to the population at the same point in time is included in incidence rates. C) Incidence rate refers to the number of new cases of a disease in those exposed to the disease. D) The term incidence rate refers to the percentage of deaths in a specific period of time from a specific cause.
A) New cases of a disease or condition in a community over a period of time are included in incidence rates. Incidence rates describe the occurrence of new cases of a disease or condition in a community during a period of time relative to the size of the population at risk for that disease or condition during that same time period. In calculating this rate, the numerator is the number of new cases during the specific period of time, and the denominator consists only of those who are at risk for developing the disease or condition during the specific period of time. A prevalence rate is the number of all cases of a specific disease or condition in a population at a given point in time relative to the population at the same point in time. Attack rates document the number of new cases of a disease in those exposed to the disease. The percentage of deaths in a specific period of time from a specific cause refers to the mortality rate.
You teach a community disaster preparedness class on how to find shelter during and after a disaster situation. This is an example of what kind of prevention? A) Primary B) Secondary C) Tertiary D) Disaster
A) Primary Primary prevention occurs in the nondisaster and predisaster stages. Actions during these stages includes developing local, state, and federal disaster plans; conducting drill tests; training volunteers and health care providers; and providing educational programs. Secondary measures are those taken after the disaster has occurred and tertiary measures are aimed at rehabilitation. Disaster prevention is a broad term covering all types.
Through epidemiologic investigations, effective prevention measures are often identified. When the nurse is engaged in providing prevention for the community before disease has developed, the prevention activities meet the definition for what level of prevention? A) Primary B) Secondary C) Tertiary D) Pathogenic
A) Primary Primary prevention occurs when intervention activities take place before disease development. Immunization is an example of primary prevention that provides specific protection. Secondary prevention occurs after pathogenesis, namely screening and physical examinations that are aimed at early diagnosis. Tertiary prevention focuses on rehabilitation and limitation of disability. Pathogenic does not describe a type of prevention.
The percentage of deaths resulting from a specific cause provides the nurse with information about areas in which public health programs might make significant contributions in reducing deaths. Select the statistic often used for this purpose. A) Proportionate mortality rate B) Crude death rate C) Age-adjusted death rate D) Standardized mortality rate
A) Proportionate mortality rate Proportionate mortality rate is calculated using the number of deaths resulting from a specific cause in a specific time period as the numerator and the total number of deaths in the same time period as the denominator. In crude death rates, the numerator is the number of deaths, and the denominator is the average population size or the population size at midyear multiplied by a constant. Age adjustment or standardization reduces bias when there is a difference between the age distributions of two populations.
Mr. K, age 35 years, is in the nursing clinic for a follow-up health visit. Additional gender-specific educational information should be offered about which of the following subjects? A) Seat belt usage B) Falls C) Digital rectal exams D) Immunizations
A) Seat belt usage Men remain three times less likely to use a seat belt as women of the same age despite aggressive legislative action for seatbelt usage. The other options are not gender specific.
Which model supports upstream thinking with the purpose to improve homelessness through reduction of structural conditions contributing to homelessness? A) Social justice B) Market justice C) Physical justice D) Mental justice
A) Social justice The social justice model seeks to reduce the structural conditions contributing to homelessness through collective action, thus supporting upstream thinking.
Mr. H, an 85-year-old-man, has recently lost his wife. He comes to the local health department to have his blood pressure checked quite often. The nurse should recognize that Mr. H is at greater risk for what? A) Suicide B) Homicide C) Accidental injury D) HIV infection
A) Suicide Men are five times more likely than women to commit suicide. Men older than age 85 years are 11 times more likely to die as a result of suicide. Men age 15 to 64 years are two to three times more likely to die as a result of unintentional injury than women of the same age. African American men between ages 45 and 64 years are eight times as likely to die of HIV infection as white men. Among men age 15 to 24 years, African American men are seven times more likely to die of homicide.
Which of the following individuals should be evaluated for intimate partner violence (IPV)? (Select all that apply.) A) The 24-year-old white woman with low self-esteem B) The 33 year-old black divorced single mother C) The 18-year-old Hispanic gay man with multiple sexual partners D) The 50-year-old Asian man who is addicted to methamphetamine E) The 48-year-old black woman who was recently hospitalized for depression
A) The 24-year-old white woman with low self-esteem C) The 18-year-old Hispanic gay man with multiple sexual partners D) The 50-year-old Asian man who is addicted to methamphetamine E) The 48-year-old black woman who was recently hospitalized for depression IPV crosses all ethnic, racial, socioeconomic, and educational lines. Risk factors for victims of IPV include low self-esteem, poverty, risky sexual behavior, eating disorders or depression, substance abuse, and trust and relationship issues.
Jane, who is 12 weeks' pregnant, has been having preterm complications with her pregnancy, and her physician has placed her on bed rest. As a result, she will be unable to return to work. Which of the following laws will protect her future employment? A) The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) B) Affordable Health Care Act (ACA) C) Social Security Act D) Public Health Service Act
A) The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) FMLA allows an employee a minimum provision of 12 weeks of unpaid leave each year for family and medical reasons such as pregnancy. The FMLA guarantees the employee the same job with the same pay and benefits upon the employee's return to work. The ACA, in part, protects women from being denied coverage by insurance companies and being charged more for health care services because of their gender. The Social Security Act provides monthly retirement and disability benefits to workers and survivor benefits to families of workers covered by Social Security. The Public Health Service provides biomedical and health services research, information dissemination, resource development, technical assistance, and service delivery.
Which of the following assessment findings by the community health nurse would suggest that an elderly client may be the survivor of physical abuse by a caregiver? (Select all that apply.) A) The client has a laceration on her forehead that was sutured. B) The client has a flat affect. C) The client has bruises on her forearms in various stages of healing. D) The client withdraws from soft touch. E) The client is not sexually active but has a diagnosis of Chlamydia.
A) The client has a laceration on her forehead that was sutured. C) The client has bruises on her forearms in various stages of healing. E) The client is not sexually active but has a diagnosis of Chlamydia. Signs of physical abuse include bruises, lacerations, fractures, dislocations, untreated injuries in various stages of healing, and STDs in sexually inactive clients. The other options are not indications of physical abuse
Which of these statements is true regarding income insufficiency in the United States? A) The poverty rate increased between 2007 and 2010. B) People who make minimum wage would not be categorized as impoverished. C) Alcoholism is the major reason for lack of employment. D) The median household income in 2011 was around $40,000.
A) The poverty rate increased between 2007 and 2010. The poverty rate increased from 2007 to 2010. The median income in 2011 was greater than $50,000. The economy and related issues are the most common reasons for unemployment. Working at minimum wage places a person below the poverty line.
Seven cases of hepatitis A are diagnosed in a community over a period of 2 weeks. An investigation results in a determination that all of the infected individuals ate at a local restaurant. Which of the following statements explains the possible connection between hepatitis A and a restaurant? A) The route of transmission for hepatitis A is fecal-oral. B) A food worker likely coughed on the customers. C) A food worker may have a bleeding wound. D) Hepatitis A is transmitted where people congregate.
A) The route of transmission for hepatitis A is fecal-oral. Hepatitis A is transmitted by fecal-oral route. Coughing or bleeding would not transmit hepatitis A. Option D does not have enough information to form a conclusion about hepatitis A transmission.
Chemical warfare agents such as pulmonary agents and cyanides are classified as which of the following? A) Weapons of mass destruction B) Computer-based attack weapons C) Recovery agents D) Prevention medications
A) Weapons of mass destruction Weapons of mass destruction refer to any weapon that is designed or intended to cause death or serious bodily injury through release, dissemination, or impact of toxic or poisonous chemicals or their precursors. Chemical warfare agents are classified as nerve agents, vesicants, pulmonary agents, and cyanides.
The U.S. Department of Education defines a homeless child as: A) a child abandoned in a hospital. B) a child in foster care. C) a child in a group home. D) a child living with a grandparent.
A) a child abandoned in a hospital. The definition of a homeless child according to the U.S. Department of Education includes children and youth who are: ? Sharing the housing of other persons because of loss of or inadequate housing ? Abandoned in hospitals ? Awaiting foster care placement
A 50-year-old male client should be counseled to receive the following preventive health screenings: (Select all that apply.) A) blood pressure check every 2 years. B) dental examination every year. C) eye examination every 3 to 5 years. D) colorectal screening every 3 to 5 years. E) abdominal aortic aneurysm screening every 2 to 3 years.
A) blood pressure check every 2 years. B) dental examination every year. C) eye examination every 3 to 5 years. D) colorectal screening every 3 to 5 years. One-time abdominal aortic aneurysm is recommended for all men older than age 65 years who have smoked. Blood pressure check every 2 years, dental examination every year, eye examination every 3 to 5 years, and colorectal screening every 3 to 5 years are recommended preventive health screenings for men older than the age of 50 years.
Physiological gender differences that may account for increased mortality rates for men include all of the following except: (Select all that apply.) A) male immune systems are weaker than women's. B) men have higher levels of stored iron than women. C) men have fat stores in their abdomen. D) men's testosterone levels are cardiac protective. E) men's brain cells die faster than women's
A) male immune systems are weaker than women's. B) men have higher levels of stored iron than women. C) men have fat stores in their abdomen. E) men's brain cells die faster than women's Physiological gender differences that may account for increased mortality rates include the following: (1) Some evidence supports the hypothesis that men's higher testosterone levels contribute to lower high-density lipoprotein levels. (2) Body fat distribution may also contribute to sex differences in ischemic heart disease risk, specifically the tendency for men in Western countries to accumulate abdominal body fat versus the tendency for women to accumulate fat on the buttocks and thighs. (3) Men's higher levels of stored iron may also contribute to risk for ischemic heart disease. (4) Male immune systems are weaker than women's. (5) During the process of aging, men's brain cells die faster than women's brain cells. This may explain why men are more often hospitalized for serious mental disease.
The community health nurse's commitment to health for all requires an increased awareness of men's health issues; however, men are less likely than women to be seen by a community health nurse. This is because: A) maternal and child care are the major focus of many public health departments. B) preventative reproductive health care is the only service available for men. C) community health nurses do not have the competencies to focus on men's health care needs. D) health department hours are flexible.
A) maternal and child care are the major focus of many public health departments. Not only is maternal and child health a major focus of many health departments, but neither a medical nor a nursing specialty within a health department routinely exists to specifically address men's health. Preventive reproductive health care (i.e., family planning, prenatal care, and cancer screening) and associated general screening are not routinely available for men. The hours of services offered by health departments usually do not provide convenient access for men. The community health nurse's commitment to health for all requires an increased awareness of men's health issues in their social and cultural context and individual and group action that will improve men's physical, psychological, and social well-being.
Many barriers exist that prohibit positive male health behavior. One barrier that may exist for men is illness orientation. This is because: A) men may be aware of being ill, but they make a conscious decision not to seek health care to avoid being labeled as "sick." B) men do not have routine reproductive health checkups that include screening. C) men may be less willing to talk, may not recall health problems, and may lack a health vocabulary. D) male health concerns are addressed by specialists and generalists who have not received gender-specific training that would enable them to focus on men's health needs.
A) men may be aware of being ill, but they make a conscious decision not to seek health care to avoid being labeled as "sick." llness orientation is the ability to note symptoms and take appropriate action. However, the stereotypical view of men as strong and invulnerable is incongruent health promotion. Option B is a barrier health protection behavior. Option C is a barrier to reporting health behavior. Option D is a factor related to medical care access that impedes men's health.
A 35-year-old woman came to her appointment for her yearly mammogram and Pap smear. Her physician discussed with her the risk factors for developing breast cancer. The following are risk factors for breast cancer: (Select all that apply.) A) personal or family history of breast cancer. B) early age of menarche. C) late age at menopause. D) fibrocystic breast disease. E) multiparous.
A) personal or family history of breast cancer. B) early age of menarche. C) late age at menopause. Personal or family history of breast cancer, early age of menarche, late age at menopause, never having children, having first child after the age of 30 years, and aging are all risk factors for breast cancer. Fibrocystic breast disease is not a risk factor for breast cancer.
Despite nursing activities and public awareness campaigns on this topic, many women face barriers to good health throughout their lives. The barriers to good health women face include the following: (Select all that apply.) A) racism. B) poverty. C) violence. D) living in a suburban area. E) lack of access to health care.
A) racism. B) poverty. C) violence. E) lack of access to health care. Unfortunately, many women face barriers to good health throughout their lives, including racism, violence, poverty, and lack of access to health care. Those living in suburban areas and most outer urban areas experience superior access to health care services compared with those living in rural areas and inner cities, especially if they are poor.
Public health nurses should be aware that factors that impede men's health include: (Select all that apply.) A) risk-taking behaviors. B) infrequent use of the health care system. C) gaps in preventative health behaviors. D) lack of male health care providers. E) financial ability.
A) risk-taking behaviors. B) infrequent use of the health care system. C) gaps in preventative health behaviors. E) financial ability. Although there are many male health care providers, there are not many health care providers that specialize in men's health. Little effort has been made to create a male-specific health care climate. Risk-taking behaviors, infrequent use of the health care system, gaps in preventative health behaviors, and financial ability are all factors that impede men's health.
Keeping in mind the Healthy People 2020 objectives, the community health nurse is aware that education and actions focused on one specific risk factor may result in a significant reduction in childhood deaths. This is because the leading cause of death for all children older than the age of 1 year is: A) unintentional injuries. B) drowning. C) choking. D) motor-vehicle related injuries.
A) unintentional injuries. After the first year of life, unintentional injury is the leading cause of death in children. The leading cause of injury death for children younger than 1 year of age is accidental suffocation caused by choking or strangulation. For children younger than 5 years of age, drowning is the leading cause of death. From age 5 to 14 years, motor vehicle-related injuries are the cause of most deaths.
As a school nurse, you know the leading reason cited as the cause of school violence is: A) use of violence to handle disputes. B) an unhappy home life. C) overly protective parental situations. D) poor communication with authority figures.
A) use of violence to handle disputes. Adolescents and children increasingly use violence to settle disputes. Children are often not taught peaceful ways of resolving differences and learn by what they observe at home, on television, and in movies. Consequently, schools have become a common site for violence. The reasons for violence are complicated and multilayered, but the most common reason cited is use of violence to handle disputes.
Nurses, including public health nurses, are at increased risk for workplace violence. Risk factors for violence in the workplace include all of the following except: A) working in pairs. B) access to medications. C) increased number of mentally ill patients. D) inadequate security.
A) working in pairs. Risk factors for violence in the workplace include increasing number of acute and chronically mentally ill patients, working alone, availability of drugs at worksite, low staffing levels, poorly lit parking areas and corridors, long waits for service, inadequate security, increasing number of substance abusers, and access to firearms.
Children living below the poverty threshold account for what percentage of the U.S. population? A) 8% B) 22% C) 35% D) 44%
B) 22% In 2013, approximately 22% of American children lived below the poverty line. Many more children (about 44%) live in low-income families that are close to the poverty level and unable to meet basic living expenses.
Which of the following clients is at highest risk for elder abuse? A) A 75-year-old nursing home client who is alert and has osteoporosis B) A 70-year-old client being with dementia cared for at home C) A 65-year-old client who has just had a hip replacement D) A 72-year-old client on a rehabilitation unit with bilateral above-the-knee amputations
B) A 70-year-old client being with dementia cared for at home The most likely victims of elder abuse are individuals 70 years of age and older who are in poor physical or mental health and dependent on others for physical or financial support; these clients are often confused and depressed.
The nurse working in the community is aware that there are different models for studying the epidemiology of a health condition in a population. One model of investigation of the interrelationships and characteristics of disease is the epidemiologic triangle. This model analyzes what three elements? A) Incidence, prevalence, and etiology B) Agent, host, and environment C) Person, place, and time D) Virus, bacteria, and fungus
B) Agent, host, and environment The epidemiologic triangle considers the extent of the host's exposure to the agent, the virulence of the agent, and the host's genetic or immunologic susceptibility to the agent. Environmental conditions at the time of exposure are also considered. Examination of these three elements allows assessment of the problem, determination of protective factors, and evaluation of the vulnerability of the host to disease. The person-place-time model organized epidemiologists' investigations of the disease pattern in the community. Answers A and D do not represent an epidemiologic model.
Two unrelated heterosexual adults that share a housing unit with their three children is an example of which of the following? A) Nuclear family B) Cohabitation C) Internal structure D) External structure
B) Cohabitation Cohabitation is defined as a living arrangement in which an unmarried couple live together in a long-term relationship that resembles a marriage. A nuclear family is composed of a husband, wife, and their immediate children. Internal and external structure of a family refer to the family and their relationships within the immediate family and the extended family.
A family of five people presented to a hospital after the flooding of their urban home. These family members are classified as which of the following? A) Poverty victims B) Displaced persons C) Indirect victims D) Mass casualties
B) Displaced persons Displaced persons are those who have to evacuate their home, school, or business as a result of a disaster. An indirect victim may be a family member or friend of the victim or a first responder. A mass casualty event is one in which 100 or more individuals are involved. Poverty is not considered a disaster classification.
A client provides information regarding medical and health history. This is an example of which of the following assessment tools? A) Genogram B) Family health tree C) Ecomap D) Ancestry mapping tool
B) Family health tree A family health tree provides a mechanism for recording the family's medical and health histories. The genogram is a tool that helps the nurse outlines the family's structure. The ecomap is used to depict a family's linkages to their suprasystems. Option D is not an assessment tool used by the community health nurse.
Which phase of the community response to disaster includes medical personnel contributing long hours of volunteer work helping unfamiliar people after a disaster? A) Honeymoon phase B) Heroic phase C) Reconstruction phase D) Disillusionment phase
B) Heroic phase The heroic phase of a community's reaction to a disaster involves people feeling the need to rush to help people survive the disaster. Medical personnel may volunteer to work long hours without sleep and in dangerous conditions to care for patients. During the honeymoon phase, people who have survived the disaster get together to talk about their experiences. People begin to look to the future during the reconstruction phase and during the disillusionment phase people recognize that many things are different, and much needs to be done to adjust to the current situation.
A community nurse is reviewing health statistics to gain a better understanding of a population's health needs. Crude rates are available for several health occurrences. What statement accurately describes crude rates? A) In calculating a crude rate, the numerator is the size of the population at risk. B) In calculating a crude rate, the average population size may be used as denominator. C) The denominator in a crude rate represents the population at risk for the event. D) Crude rates are used frequently because they avoid bias in interpretation.
B) In calculating a crude rate, the average population size may be used as denominator. Crude rates are calculated by using the number of events as the numerator. The denominator used may be the average population size or the population size at midyear and not the population at risk. Crude rates are subject to certain biases in interpretation.
A 41-year-old pregnant black client, who is at 35 weeks of gestation, has not seen a physician throughout her pregnancy. Which of the following factors places her most at risk for maternal mortality? A) Sexually transmitted infections and disorders B) Lack of prenatal care and advanced maternal age C) Cultural and ethnic influences D) Socioeconomic status and urban dwelling
B) Lack of prenatal care and advanced maternal age Major risk factors for maternal death include lack of antepartal care and family planning services, inadequate health education, and poor nutrition. An additional risk factor, regardless of race, is advancing age. Women age 40 years and older have over three times the risk of dying from a pregnancy-related cause as women age 30 to 39 years. Sexually transmitted infections and disorders and socioeconomic status and urban dwelling may contribute to maternal morbidity. DIF: Cognitive level: Analysis
Which of the following statements comparing health risks between men and women is true? A) Men have a higher incidence rate for acute infective and parasitic diseases, digestive system conditions, and respiratory conditions than women. B) Men are at greater risk for higher morbidity and mortality rates for conditions that are the leading causes of death (e.g., heart disease, cancer, stroke) compared with women. C) Men are less likely than women to die from unintentional injuries. D) Men are less likely than women to be involved in criminal activities.
B) Men are at greater risk for higher morbidity and mortality rates for conditions that are the leading causes of death (e.g., heart disease, cancer, stroke) compared with women. Men have higher morbidity and mortality rates for conditions that are the leading causes of death. Women have a higher incidence of acute infective and parasitic diseases, digestive conditions, and respiratory conditions than men. Men are more likely to die from unintentional injuries and to be involved in criminal activities.
What is the purpose of the Homeless Information Management System (HIMS)? A) Provides means to feed homeless people B) Obtains national data on homeless individuals C) Serves as a screening tool to obtain any history of criminal activity D) Provides homeless individuals with educational materials
B) Obtains national data on homeless individuals The intent of the HIMS is to obtain national data, including the number of and demographic information on the homeless population. Providing means to feed homeless people, serving as a screening tool to obtain any history of criminal activity, and providing homeless individuals with educational materials are not functions of the HIMS.
A school nurse performs all of the following activities. Which one demonstrates primary prevention? A) Establishing an after-school group for latch-key children B) Reviewing immunization records C) Obtaining grant funding to test for serum lead levels D) Vision and hearing screening
B) Reviewing immunization records The only option above that represents primary prevention is reviewing immunization records. This is a teachable opportunity for the nurse to stress the importance of maintaining immunizations for the child. The other options are secondary or tertiary prevention activities.
Investigating all contacts of a person infected with a sexually transmitted disease is an example of what? A) Primary prevention B) Secondary prevention C) Tertiary prevention D) Initial prevention
B) Secondary prevention Secondary prevention includes the investigation of contacts to sexually transmitted disease cases. Secondary prevention includes activities to ensure early detection of infection and effective treatment of persons who are infected. Not only does this prevent progression of the infectious disease, but it also prevents transmission of the pathogen to others. Primary prevention of communicable diseases involves measures to prevent transmission of an infectious agent and to prevent pathology in the person exposed to an infection. Tertiary prevention includes activities involved in caring for persons with an infectious disease to ensure that they are cured or that their quality of life is maintained.
Preterm birth and low birth weight are the most important predictors of infant health. Factors associated with preterm birth and low birth weight include: (Select all that apply.) A) age younger than 25 years. B) chronic stress. C) poverty. D) minority status. E) first pregnancy.
B) chronic stress. C) poverty. D) minority status. Factors associated with preterm birth and low birth weight include minority status, chronic stress, maternal age of younger than 17 years and older than 35 years, chronic health problems, lack of prenatal care, multiple births, certain problems with the uterus or cervix, low socioeconomic status, and unhealthy maternal care involvoing smoking or drug use.
The Brown family is being evicted from their home and will be moving into a homeless shelter in 3 days. Under the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) definition, the Brown family is: A) literally homeless. B) in imminent risk of homelessness. C) homeless under other federal statutes. D) fleeing or attempting to flee domestic violence.
B) in imminent risk of homelessness. Imminent risk of homelessness defines those who will imminently lose their primary nighttime residence. The literally homeless have no fixed, regular, or adequate nighttime residence. Unaccompanied youth and families with children who are defined as homeless under other federal statues but do not fit into the other HUD defined categories of homeless may be defined as homeless under this HUD definition. Finally, individuals and families who are fleeing or attempting to flee domestic violence or other life-threatening conditions that relate to violence against the individual or family are defined as homeless.
A pathogen lives and multiplies in a __________ and transfers from one host to another by a __________. A) host, susceptible portal of entry B) reservoir, mode of transmission C) infectious agent, portal of exit D) mode of transmission, reservoir
B) reservoir, mode of transmission A pathogen lives and multiplies in the reservoir and transfers from one host to another by a mode of transmission.
The school nurse is interviewing a student who has been assaulted by another student. Both students proclaim to be gang members. The nurse understands the reasons most youth give for joining a gang include the following: (Select all that apply.) A) financial gain. B) sense of belonging. C) peer pressure. D) relative is in a gang. E) need for respect.
B) sense of belonging. C) peer pressure. E) need for respect. Reasons that young people give for joining gangs include the belief that gangs will protect them, peer pressure, the need for respect, and a sense of belonging.
American Cancer Society (ACS) (2012) recommendations for breast self-exam (BSE) include: (Select all that apply.) A) BSE should be taught to women beginning their 40s. B) the correct technique for BSE should be taught to improve detection of abnormalities. C) BSE should be performed monthly. D) women at higher risk of breast cancer may benefit from regular BSE. E) it is acceptable for women to choose not to perform BSE.
B) the correct technique for BSE should be taught to improve detection of abnormalities. D) women at higher risk of breast cancer may benefit from regular BSE. E) it is acceptable for women to choose not to perform BSE. Studies support that BSE contributes to awareness, helping women be alert to changes in their breasts. The ACS (2012) recommendations for BSE are: · BSE benefits and limitations should be taught to women beginning their 20s. · The correct technique for BSE should be taught to improve detection of abnormalities. · Recommendations for the frequency of BSE are no longer specified. · It is acceptable for women to choose to perform BSE, and this practice should not be discouraged. · It is acceptable for women to choose not to perform BSE. · There may be an added benefit for the woman at higher risk of breast cancer to perform regular BSE.
Which of the following describes a NA-TECH (natural technological) type of disaster? A) A flood covering crops and recreational areas of a geographic area B) A terrorism attack causing major interruption of communication technologies C) A tornado resulting in flood and destruction of electrical systems for a community D) A nuclear accident at a power plant causing evacuation of people in an urban community
C) A tornado resulting in flood and destruction of electrical systems for a community A NA-TECH disaster is a natural disaster that creates or results in a widespread technological problem. A flood covering crops and recreational areas of a geographic area does not mention a technological problem, and a terrorism attack and a nuclear accident are not natural disasters.
What group of homeless individuals is known for their involvement in survival sex? A) Young adult gay men B) Middle-aged women C) Adolescents D) Elderly men
C) Adolescents Runaway or homeless adolescents make up a large percentage of all youth involved in prostitution. Many become involved because they need money to meet subsistence needs, hence the term survival sex.
Which agency has a mission to support citizens and first responders to ensure that as a nation everyone works together to build, sustain, and improve the capacity to prepare for, protect against, respond to, recover from, and mitigate all? A) American Red Cross (ARC) B) National Institute for Health (NIH) C) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) D) Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
C) Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) FEMA's mission is to support citizens and first responders to ensure that as a nation everyone works together to build, sustain, and improve the capacity to prepare for, protect against, respond to, recover from, and mitigate all. The other agencies may be peripherally involved in national disasters but it is not their primary focus.
Katie, a 2-year-old child, is brought to the doctor's office after 2 days of vomiting and diarrhea. Upon completion of the medical history, the mother tells the nurse that several of the other children at the daycare who played with the same toys as Katie have the same symptoms. The mode of transmission for the pathogen more likely was which of the following? A) Vector B) Direct C) Indirect D) Airborne
C) Indirect The stem of the question indicates that the children played with the same toys. This would indicate the indirect mode of transmission. The other modes of transmission do occur through the sharing of toys.
In the 1850s, a researcher studied a cholera epidemic among people living in different sections of London. The researcher who used epidemiologic methods to study the epidemic and used rates as an epidemiologic tool was: A) Joseph Lister. B) William Farr. C) John Snow. D) Edward Jenner.
C) John Snow. John Snow is recognized as the researcher who applied epidemiologic methods in the investigation of a cholera epidemic in London in the 1850s. Joseph Lister is considered the pioneer of antiseptic surgery. William Farr was a 19th century British epidemiologist who is regarded as a founder of medical statistics. Edward Jenner developed the smallpox vaccine.
Higher mortality rates for male infants may be explained by which of the following? A) Male infants have a lower risk for prematurity. B) Male infants have a lower rate of respiratory distress syndrome. C) Male infants have a higher rate for infectious diseases. D) Male infants have a higher rate for musculoskeletal disorders.
C) Male infants have a higher rate for infectious diseases. Male infants may a have higher mortality rate because of their higher rates of infectious disease, prematurity, respiratory distress syndrome, and certain types of musculoskeletal disorders.
Which of the following statements is true? A) Women experience fewer disabilities resulting from chronic conditions than men do. B) Most women do not actively seek information that will allow them to be in control of their own health. C) Many factors that lead to morbidity and mortality among women are preventable. D) Women report a lower incidence of acute conditions than do males.
C) Many factors that lead to morbidity and mortality among women are preventable. Most factors that lead to morbidity and mortality among women are preventable. The other statements are incorrect: women are more likely than men to be disabled from chronic conditions, and women experience higher incidence of acute conditions than males. Finally, most women do actively try to control and manage their own health.
The health literature accessed by the community health nurse often addresses the probability of an adverse event. What term refers to the likelihood that healthy people exposed to a specific factor will experience a specific health condition? A) Prevalence B) Rates C) Risk D) Incidence
C) Risk The term risk refers to the probability of an adverse event. Prevalence is the number of all cases of a specific disease or condition in a population. Rates are arithmetic expressions that help practitioners consider a count of an event relative to the size of the population from which it is extracted. Incidence describes the occurrence of new cases of a disease or condition in a community over a period of time.
When chronic disease became a more important cause of death in developed countries, different epidemiologic models were developed to study the many factors involved in the development of these health conditions. Which of the following is an example of such a model? A) Person-place-time model B) Epidemiologic triangle C) Web of causation D) Wheel model
C) Web of causation Chronic disease is marked by a complexity of relationships among causal factors. The web of causation model illustrates the interrelationships. The person-place-time model organized epidemiologists' investigations of the disease pattern in the community. The epidemiologic triangle considers the extent of the host's exposure to the agent, the virulence of the agent, and the host's genetic or immunological susceptibility to the agent. The wheel model is an example of a model that stresses the multiplicity of host and environmental interactions.
A community health nurse may work in a collaborative role with which program that provides nutritious foods, nutrition education, and referral to millions of American pregnant and nursing women and infants and small children? A) Medicaid B) School-based health services C) Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) D) Maternal and Child Health (MCH) Block
C) Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) WIC is a federally funded program that provides highly nutritious foods, nutrition education and counseling, and referral to millions of low-income pregnant and breastfeeding mothers and their infants and small children. Medicaid is a health insurance program for poor and low-income people. School-based health centers typically provide a combination of screening and preventive services, primary care, mental health and substance abuse counseling, dental health, nutrition education, and other health promotion activities. The MCH Block Grant program allocates federal funds to the states, and the states must contribute their own funds for maternal and child health services.
Transmission of an infectious disease can be efficiently controlled by: A) breaking all links in the transmission chain. B) destroying all reservoirs of infectious agents. C) breaking only one link in the transmission chain. D) maintaining high levels of herd immunity.
C) breaking only one link in the transmission chain. Breaking just one link of the chain can control transmission of an infectious agent. Destroying all reservoirs of infectious agents and maintaining high levels of herd immunity are two of several ways to break a link in the chain of transmission.
All of the following contribute to obesity among lower income communities except: A) the high cost of healthy foods. B) food insecurity. C) decreased availability of fast food. D) lack of access to places to exercise.
C) decreased availability of fast food. The higher cost of healthy foods, food insecurity, and the lack of access to safe places to exercise contribute to obesity in lower income communities. Fast food tends to be cheap and readily available in lower income communities.
Health prevention activities targeting the 13- to 18-year-old population must be based on the knowledge that a priority health threat faced by adolescents is: A) inadequate problem solving and coping skills. B) avoidance of preventive health services. C) engaging in risk-taking behaviors. D) sexual activity.
C) engaging in risk-taking behaviors. The major developmental goal of adolescence is establishing independence. When coupled with adolescents' view of themselves as invincible, this often leads to risk-taking behaviors. Although early and unprotected sexual activity is one example of risk-taking behavior, the best (more comprehensive) answer is engaging in risk-taking behaviors. Generally, adolescence is a time of emotional maturity that includes learning problem-solving and coping skills. Adolescents are generally healthy, and it is common that they rarely use preventive health services.
Family interviewing requires the community health nurse to understand or develop specific skills. All of the following demonstrate appropriate family interviewing skills or techniques except: A) introducing oneself by name and addressing the client appropriately, such as "Mr. Jones." B) planning the focus for the family visit in advance and engaging all family members present during the home visit. C) establishing the nursing goals based exclusively on the physician's orders. D) including time to identify family strengths and commend the family on these during the family assessment.
C) establishing the nursing goals based exclusively on the physician's orders. Family interviewing skills include social skills (manners), therapeutic conversations, use of tools such as the genogram or ecomap, use of therapeutic questions, and commending family and individual strengths. Assessment, goals, and interventions are completed and planned in collaboration with the family.
Mr. C, age 40 years, has recently sustained an injury at work. The occupational health nurse knows that based on gender-specific socialization processes, Mr. C would more than likely comply with his medical regimen if he were to: A) remain off work for several weeks. B) retire from his job. C) go back to work in an altered capacity. D) start a new job.
C) go back to work in an altered capacity. Men should be encouraged to return to work in an altered capacity rather than remaining off work, retiring, or starting a new job. Occupational accommodation for treatment regimen will help ensure compliance.
Women have a higher risk of contracting a sexually transmitted disease (STD) than men because: A) women usually have more sexual partners. B) women are less likely to use protection methods against STDs. C) the anatomical structure of women promotes transmission of STDs. D) treatment for STDs in women is usually ineffective.
C) the anatomical structure of women promotes transmission of STDs. Women are at higher risk for contracting STDs than men because they have anatomical differences that enhance transmission of disease and make diagnosis difficult. The other statements are not true.
Based on the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) definitions of homelessness, which one of the following individuals would be considered homeless? A) An individual whose residence lacks access to public water and electricity B) An individual who has a permanent nighttime residence in the housing for mentally ill people C) An individual imprisoned or detained under an act of Congress or state law D) An individual who spends most nights at public or private places not designed for regular sleeping accommodations
D) An individual who spends most nights at public or private places not designed for regular sleeping accommodations HUD defines homelessness in four categories: (1) literally homeless, (2) imminent risk of homelessness, (3) homeless under other federal statutes, and (4) fleeing/attempting to flee domestic violence. An individual who spends most nights at public or private places not designed for regular sleeping accommodations is considered literally homeless. Literally homeless is defined as individuals and families who lack a fixed, regular, and adequate nighttime residence and includes a subset for an individual who resided in an emergency shelter or a place not meant for human habitation and who is exiting an institution where he or she temporarily resided. An individual whose residence lacks access to public water and electricity, an individual who has a permanent nighttime residence in the housing for mentally ill people, and an individual imprisoned or detained under an act of Congress or state law are not considered homeless under the HUD definition
An epidemic is occurring in a public health nurse's community, and the nurse is working with the epidemiologist and other health professionals seeking to identify the causative agent. What phrase best describes such efforts? A) Cohort study B) Descriptive epidemiology C) Point prevalence study D) Analytic epidemiology
D) Analytic epidemiology Analytic epidemiology may be defined as close examination of identified possible causes of disease using advanced epidemiologic methods. Cohort studies obtain information about the cause of disease by establishing a relationship between the presumed causal factors and the effect. The study of the amount and distribution of disease constitutes descriptive epidemiology. When prevalence rates describe the number of people with the disease at a specific point in time, they are sometimes called point prevalences.
What element of a community disaster plan investigates the citizen's reliance on telephone systems or cell phones during disasters? A) Authority B) Logistical C) Rescue D) Communication
D) Communication Communication is one of the biggest problems during a disaster. The reliance on telephone systems or cell phones should not be the only plan for communication during a disaster. Authority focuses on the people in charge, logistical includes focuses on storage of equipment and location of key responders, and search and rescue focuses on the search and rescue of victims.
A community health nurse needs to understand that most families in today's society can be described as which of the following? A) Blended B) Nuclear C) Extended D) Defined by its members
D) Defined by its members The families of today are defined by the members because of the numerous definitions of family. Many different types exist, such as single-parent families, second families or grandparents raising children, gay or lesbian families, or traditional families.
What official national organization provides financial housing assistance to low-income families? A) World Health Organization (WHO) B) Federation of National Organizations Working with the Homeless (FEANTSA) C) Robert Wood Johnson Foundation D) Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD)
D) Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) HUD, in cooperation with state and local governments and nonprofit housing organizations, operates programs that provide financial housing assistance to low-income families. The WHO is an organization that is concerned with international public health. FEANTSA is a European organization that works to prevent and alleviate poverty and homelessness in Europe. The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation provides funding for nursing education.
The community health nurse understands that events such as divorce, remarriage, or separation of parents have the potential to affect the family and individuals within the family. This demonstrates the nurse's understanding of which family theory? A) Structure-function family theory B) Family systems theory C) Family communication theory D) Developmental theory
D) Developmental theory Developmental theory is based on stages of family development and family life cycles. A basic premise of developmental theory is the understanding that specific life events, such as separation of parents, divorce, and remarriage, can affect the functioning of each family member and the entire family. Options A, B, and C do not focus on family development and life cycles.
As a visiting community health nurse, you must take precautions to avoid unsafe situations. To avoid putting yourself in danger, you would do which of the following? A) If you enter a house where a violent act is occurring, call 911 and wait inside for the police to arrive. B) Expect the client to control angry family members. C) Repeat the reason for your visit and stay and continue your task. D) Do not enter a home if you hear sounds of fighting.
D) Do not enter a home if you hear sounds of fighting. When approaching a home, as a community health nurse, you should notice the environment, animals, fences, activities, possible indicators of crime, and places you could go for assistance if necessary. Walk with confidence and maintain a professional attitude. Listen for signs of fighting before knocking. If you hear sounds of fighting, leave. Do not enter a home if you suspect an unsafe situation.
Which of the following is the leading cause of maternal death in the first trimester of pregnancy? A) Spontaneous abortion B) Hydatidiform mole pregnancy C) Hyperemesis gravidarum D) Ectopic pregnancy
D) Ectopic pregnancy Ectopic pregnancies are the leading cause of maternal death in the first trimester because of hemorrhage. Spontaneous abortion, hydatidiform mole pregnancy, and hyperemesis gravidarum are not major causes of maternal mortality.
Four-month-old Lucy is in for immunizations at the local health department. The Vaccine Information Sheet is given to Lucy's mother, and informed consent is obtained. However, the mother then states, "Lucy did have a temperature around 99.1 degrees the night of her last immunizations." After this statement, the nurse should do which of the following? A) Consult the child's pediatrician. B) Delay the immunizations. C) Do not give the immunizations because of the contraindication. D) Give the immunizations.
D) Give the immunizations. A low-grade fever is not a contraindication to immunizations. The nurse should give the immunizations. It is not necessary to contact the child's pediatrician. Vaccination should be postponed in cases of moderate or severe febrile illness to avoid any confusion between a vaccine side effect and an unknown underlying cause.
The nurse at the disaster site is using the SMART triage system. What color triage tag would be provided to an ambulatory individual with a superficial cut on the left elbow and bruise to the right hand? A) Red B) Yellow C) Black D) Green
D) Green Green is for the wounded or individuals with minor injuries who are able to walk and to wait several hours before receiving medical treatment. Red is for those with life-threatening injuries but have a high probability of survival, yellow is for those with systemic but non-life-threatening complications, and black is for the deceased or those with non-survivable injuries
A client is having difficulty performing his activities of daily living. This means he is having difficulty with which of the following? A) Expressive functioning B) Affective functioning C) Emotional functioning D) Instrumental functioning
D) Instrumental functioning Difficulty with activities of daily living is an example of instrumental functioning. Expressive functioning refers to affective or emotional aspects of function.
Which of the following is classified as a vector of disease? A) Humans B) Door handles C) Water and food D) Mosquitoes
D) Mosquitoes Vectors can be animals or arthropods and can transmit disease through biological and mechanical routes. The other options are not vectors.
What is the greatest threat to child health? A) Accidents B) Racism C) Burns D) Poverty
D) Poverty Poverty is the greatest threat to child health. Child poverty in the United States is higher than in most other industrialized countries and the rate is rising. Low socioeconomic status contributes to most factors associated with childhood mortality.
Chronic stress characterizes the lives of people living with domestic violence. As the community health nurse, you recognize which of the following as a long-term effect of violence? A) Spontaneous disclosure of abuse to health care provider B) Not complaining of physical symptoms C) Having disturbed eating patterns, but sleeping well D) Suffering chronic fatigue and tension
D) Suffering chronic fatigue and tension When subject to repeated abuse, the victim experiences a variety of responses, including shock, denial, confusion, withdrawal, psychological numbing, and fear. He or she lives in anticipatory terror and experiences chronic fatigue and tension, disturbed sleeping and eating patterns, and vague gastrointestinal and genitourinary complaints. The other options are not symptoms of chronic violence.
Which legislative act prohibits discrimination against pregnant women or conditions involving childbirth or pregnancy? A) The Affordable Care Act (ACA) B) The Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA) C) The Occupational Safety and Health Act D) The Civil Rights Act
D) The Civil Rights Act The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits discrimination based on sex, race, color, religion, or national origin in determining employment or eligibility or termination, wages, and fringe benefits, as well as discrimination against pregnant women or conditions involving childbirth or pregnancy. The ACA, in part, protects women from being denied coverage by insurance companies and being charged more for health care services because of their gender. FMLA allows an employee a minimum provision of 12 weeks unpaid leave each year for family and medical reasons. The Occupational Safety and Health Act helps ensure safe and healthful working conditions for workers.
Which of the following is the purpose of the staging area in a disaster plan? A) A triage area outside the hospital, supplying first aid and transport to medical facilities B) A stage for entertainment to cheer up disaster victims C) To provide sheltered area for displaced victims to sleep, eat, and bathe D) To act as command station for disaster responders to report to and get assignments
D) To act as command station for disaster responders to report to and get assignments The staging area is the onsite command station. Dispatch responders should report to this area and check-in. This allows everyone to be accounted for and to gather assignments. The other options are not appropriate uses for the staging area in a disaster.
Which of the following descriptions does NOT reflect a current definition of family? A) A social unit interacting with the larger society B) Individuals living together related by kinship, marriage, or choice C) Mother, father, and children interacting with extended family D) Two or more persons living together who share common interests
D) Two or more persons living together who share common interests Current families are diverse in composition and relationships and vary in reasons for living together. Formerly, families were defined by how closely they resembled the "nuclear family" of parents and children, but this is no longer the case. "Family" means any person or persons who play a significant role in an individual's life.
According to the vulnerability index, the individual at highest risk for death is: A) a 46-year-old person who has been homeless for 2 months and has HIV. B) a 22-year-old person who lives in a homeless shelter and is addicted to heroin. C) a 65-year-old person who is being evicted from his home after living there for 25 years. D) a 60-year-old person who has been homeless for 9 months.
D) a 60-year-old person who has been homeless for 9 months. Those at high risk for death are individuals who have been homeless for 6 months or more with one or more of the following conditions: ? More than three hospitalizations or emergency department (ED) visits in 1 year ? More than 3 ED visits in the previous 3 months ? 60 years or older ? Cirrhosis of the liver ? End-stage renal disease ? History of frostbite, immersion foot, or hypothermia ? HIV/AIDS ? Co-occurring psychiatric, substance abuse, and chronic medical conditions
Child maltreatment cases are most frequently attributed to: A) sexual abuse. B) physical abuse. C) psychological abuse. D) neglect.
D) neglect. Seventy-one percent of all child maltreatment cases are classified as neglect. Approximately 9% of child abuse cases are sexual abuse. Physical abuse accounts for 16% of all child maltreatment cases. Emotional abuse accounts for 7% of child maltreatment cases.
The community health nurse is aware that one of the five leading causes of infant death in the United States is: A) respiratory distress. B) circulatory system disease. C) neonatal infections. D) sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
D) sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The five leading causes of infant death are congenital defects, disorders related to short gestation or low birth weight, sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), maternal complications of pregnancy, and accidents such as suffocation. These five factors account for close to 60% of all infant deaths. Respiratory distress of the neonate, diseases of the circulatory system, and neonatal sepsis are in the top 10 leading causes of neonatal mortality in the United States.