Community Relations Chapter 10 Final Study Guide Part I
94%
__% of crashes can be attributed to human choice or error
Torrey Dale Grady v North Carolina
court case where USSC expanded the Jones ruling and held that a government's attachment of a tracking device to a person, car, or any other personal effect amounts to a search, and is thus protected by the 4th amendment
United States v Jones
court case where USSC held that placing a GPS tracker on a suspect's car was a search that requires a warrant
Cocoon Neighborhood Watch
focus only on those living around high-risk places rather than the entire neighborhood
Opportunity Blocking
making crime more difficult, riskier, less rewarding, or less excusable to prevent crime
Target Hardening
making objectives of potential criminals more difficult (security cameras, improved locks, alarm systems)
Contagion (opposite of diffusion)
offenders notice one criminal opportunity in an area, and they may find other opportunities previously overlooked
Broken Windows
Allowing neighborhood disorder to go unchecked created what? This attracts more disorder, crime, criminals (including gangs), and other destructive elements
1
An average of __ person per day dies in the U.S. from a police pursuit
Traffic calming devices
An example of this is speedbumps and traffic circles that are designed to slow traffic to keep citizens, (especially children) safer and neighborhoods quieter
"Click It or Ticket"
Annual nationwide program for the use of seat belts
Organize communities, Brings sense of order, Helps residents take pride in their neighborhoods
Cleaning up trash, landscaping, and planting flowers and trees in neighborhood and business district helps to do what?
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
Combines street map and crime data with data about features such as schools, liquor stores, warehouses, and bus stops (places crimes within a grid system on maps to allow law enforcement agencies to locate hotspots and identify types of crimes in those areas so they can strategize)
Weeding
Community policing and police strategy to identify, arrest, and prosecute "Weed Out" (drug traffickers and other criminals) in target areas
Keep communities safer, Reduce crime and neighborhood disorder, Reduce fear of crime, Reduce traffic issues
Community policing emphasizes police-citizens partnerships and problem solving to do what things?
Partnerships and problem solving
Community policing stresses ______ and _____ ________ to make neighborhoods and communities safer
Violent Crimes
Crashes caused by drunk driving are now treated as ____ ______.
Communities clean up the neighborhood, Citizens report crime, Police and community improve security, Look out for each other, Work cooperatively
Crime, disorder problems, and fear of crime begin to disappear (or are reduced) when...
Yes
Do citizens in the United States expect police to keep roads safe and traffic moving?
Yes
Does each community have specific/unique needs and problems?
True
True or False... Community policing officers adapt to specific community needs and find creative solutions for unique needs
Drunk or drugged driving, Distracted (texting) or drowsy driving, Failure to use seat belts and child seats, speeding
What are some driver behaviors to consider?
Ray Jeffrey
Who coined "Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design" (CPTED)
Natural Surveillance, Access management, Territoriality, Physical maintenance, Order maintenance
Five Underlying CPTED Principles to Prevent School Violence
The Community Policing Consortium
Funded and administered by COPS within DOJ that provides training throughout the U.S.; Training and materials emphasize community policing
Aggressive enforcement, Targeted enforcement in school and work zones, NHTSA should sponsor national high-visibility enforcement campaign and support public awareness, NHTSA should promote best practices in strategies, NHTSA should sponsor a National Forum on Speeding and Aggressive Driving
GHSA 2012 "Speeding and Aggressive Driving" report recommendations
The Risk Factor Prevention Paradigm
If a person has certain risk factors, they are more likely to become a criminal
True
In UTAH, the blood alcohol content limit is .05
Community building
Increase residents' sense of neighborhood ownership and sense of who does and does not belong there. Social events (fairs, neighborhood beautification projects)
Changes to Physical Environment
Increased lighting, Removing dense/high vegetation, walls and fences, Clear glass storefronts - no posters or coverings, Plexiglass around bus stop seating areas
Synergism
Individuals channel their energy toward a common purpose and accomplish together what they could not accomplish alone
NO
Is crime prevention efforts easily measured?
Yes (difficult because other crime prevention interventions often occur simultaneously)
Is establishing whether video surveillance reduces crime difficult to determine?
True
It is important to promise only security services that can be provided
Displacement
Offenders change crime location
Diffusion (prevention benefit)
Opportunity blocking one crime causes criminal to believe the blocking is also aimed at other crimes
Red Means Stop Coalition
Organization that parents formed after their children were killed due to red-light runners
Seeding
Police work with citizens to provide services (youth after school, weekend, and summer activities; adult literacy classes; parent counseling; substance abuse services; neighborhood revitalization, etc.) to prevent and deter future crime
CPTED
Popular crime strategy strategically building an environment to reduce crime and fear of crime (thereby improving quality of life)
Weed and Seed Program
Program whose purpose is to prevent, control, and reduce violent crime, drug abuse, and gang activity in three high crime neighborhoods; Community-based strategy- an innovative and comprehensive multi-agency approach to law enforcement, crime prevention, and community revitalization; Improves quality of life by collaboration, coordination, community participation, and providing resources
Ignition interlocks, Passive alcohol sensors, Secure Continuous Remote Alcohol Monitor (SCRAM) devices
Promising and potentially effective technologies to monitor drivers
POP Center
Provides information for police to effectively address specific crime and disorder problems
True
Red light cameras are helping reduce the fatal crash rate because police cannot monitor every intersection
Statistical Tests
Statistical software to determine whether an area with high crime is a hot spot or whether crime clusters are a random occurrence
IACP, NOBLE, NSA, PERF, PF
The Community Policing Consortium is composed of 5 partnered police organizations... What organizations are they?
90%
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) estimates that over ___% seat belt wearing prevents 15,700 fatalities and 350,000 serious injuries per year
True
The United States introduced ATM's in the late 1960's... they are convenient but not safe
$67 billion
The United States saves $______ in economic costs by seatbelt-wearing
Midnight to 4 a.m.
The highest risk for ATM robberies was during which times?
1 billion to 4 billion
There is an estimated $______ - $______ in materials, tools and construction equipment stolen every year in the United States
STARCHASE
This device shoots GPS projectiles during high speed chases with 75% accuracy
Target Hardening, Changes to physical environment, Community building
Three major components of CPTED
Waze app
Traffic app that is used by motorists to seek alternative routes for congested freeways; The routes take people through less congested residential neighborhoods; App users speed, drive recklessly and negligently, and juggle hand-held devices while people on quiet streets are likely to be vigilant
True
True or False.. In addition to traffic concerns, citizens are often more concerned about MINOR OFFENSES (disorders) than crime and violence
True
True or False... Americans worry about ID theft more than any other crime
True
True or False... As of 2005, laws setting a legal blood alcohol content (BAC) of .08 have taken effect in all 50 states, DC, and Puerto Rico
True
True or False... CPTED is not a panacea, but it is a promising prevention strategy to reduce school violence and make schools safer
True
True or False... Cameras gather intelligence and monitor offenders' behavior in public places
True
True or False... Crime control is a main mission of the police (need help from the community). When there is a crime problem, people blame police, and it affects police-community relations.
True
True or False... Crime is a major problem in communities. It is traumatic, expensive, and disruptive to citizens, families, schools, businesses, etc.
True
True or False... Crime is not usually the greatest concern of a neighborhood... traffic-related problems are a greater concern
True
True or False... Crime itself is usually not the greatest concern of a neighborhood
True
True or False... Crime prevention is (or should be) a collaborative effort between police and community. It is difficult to know how much influence/effectiveness the police vs. the community have over the crime rate (too complicated)
True
True or False... In Red Light Running incidents, the majority killed were occupants of other vehicles or passengers of the red-light running vehicles
True
True or False... Many high risk pursuits are precipitated by low-level offense such as non-violent crimes and traffic infractions
True
True or False... Many witnesses are reluctant to report crime or to assist in investigations
True
True or False... Most crime is concentrated in and around small number of places
True
True or False... NHTSA data shows more people are killed every year by police pursuits than floods, tornadoes, hurricanes, and lightning combined
True
True or False... NHTSA defines a safe community as: "A community that promotes injury-prevention activities at the local level to solve local highway and traffic safety and other injury problems. It uses a 'BOTTOM UP' approach involving citizens in addressing key injury problems."
True
True or False... Police should establish relationship with builders, so builders can share information about *burglary patterns and problems, *improve local building practices, and *engage in loss/prevention efforts
True
True or False... Policies and guidelines should be established as to when videos may be released to media, police, or other agencies, and the videos should only be used to enhance criminal justice
True
True or False... Reducing crime and fear of crime are major goals of community policing
True
True or False... Regardless of crime rate fluctuations, the community must be involved in staving off crime and disorder
True
True or False... The Civil Liberty Unions argue that people's 4th Amendment rights are violated when cameras detect red-light runners... this argument is invalid there is no reasonable expectation of privacy in public places
True
True or False... The Risk Factor Paradigm" is a PUBLIC HEALTH model
True
True or False... We need to focus efforts on improving human behavior while promoting vehicle technology to protect people in crashes AND to prevent crashes
True
True or False... the use of technology is becoming increasingly scrutinized by the courts
True
True or False...Many people that are killed during police pursuits are occupants of other cars, bicyclists, pedestrians, and passengers in vehicles chased
Crime Stat III and GeoDa
Two crime analysis computer software programs used to identify hot spots
Biometric Identification Systems
Uses fingerprints, palmprints, hand and finger geometry, facial recognition, iris and retinal scans, voice identification and DNA analysis
Restrict pedestrian access and movement, Target-hardening, Make burglary targets unattractive to offenders, Focus on previously burglarized residents
What are prevention strategies to prevent burglary in PUBLIC HOUSING?
John Eck
Who studied the importance of place to crime and disorder
Infrared sensing helps officers determine an offender's alcohol level, Devices detect blood-alcohol level through hand placed on steering wheel, Algorithms detect a vehicle's weaving, Driver Alcohol Detection System for Safety (DADSS) to prevent drunk drivers from starting their vehicles
What are some other Emerging Technologies to consider for helping to prevent impaired people from driving
Speeding in residential areas, Street racing, Red light running, Non-use of seat belts, Impaired drivers, Police pursuits, Keeping communities safe
What are some traffic enforcement safety problems?
Displacement, Public responds negatively to cameras, Crime reporting will increase for low-reported offenses
What are some unintended consequences of video surveillance in public places?
Hire parking attendants, Improve surveillance, Hire security protocols, Install CCTV, Improve lighting, Secure the perimeter
What are some ways to prevent theft of and from vehicles?
Comprehensive injury control system, Community-based coalition/task force, Complete problem identification using estimating techniques, Assess programs, Specific strategies, Evaluate programs
What are the 6 elements of safe communities
Most by lone offenders using weapons against lone victims, Most at night, Most involve robbing people of cash after withdrawal, Robberies somewhat more likely at walk-up ATM
What are the ATM robbery research conclusions?
CCTV
What can help police detect crimes in progress and provide evidence such as visual ID of offenders
Driver Alcohol Detection System for Safety (DADSS)
What emerging technology helps to prevent drunk drivers from starting their vehicles
Speed Racing
What has been a very dangerous American tradition since the 1950s? Innocent bystanders are often killed and social media is often involved even though it warns racers an others to avoid patrolled areas
Video Surveillance of Public Places
What has been an increasingly popular way to reduce crime and fear of crime?
Crime prevention
What is a large part (a cornerstone), of community policing
Traffic-related problems
What is the greatest concern of most neighborhoods
Problem solving
What is the key to community policing?
Passive Alcohol Sensors (PASs)
What technology device help agencies enforce driving while intoxicated (DWI) restrictions
Traffic flow, Public meetings, Demonstrations
What things do cameras monitor?
Crime mapping
used to identify hot spots - often the first step in proactive policing