Community Relations Chapter 10 Final Study Guide Part I

94%

__% of crashes can be attributed to human choice or error

Torrey Dale Grady v North Carolina

court case where USSC expanded the Jones ruling and held that a government's attachment of a tracking device to a person, car, or any other personal effect amounts to a search, and is thus protected by the 4th amendment

United States v Jones

court case where USSC held that placing a GPS tracker on a suspect's car was a search that requires a warrant

Cocoon Neighborhood Watch

focus only on those living around high-risk places rather than the entire neighborhood

Opportunity Blocking

making crime more difficult, riskier, less rewarding, or less excusable to prevent crime

Target Hardening

making objectives of potential criminals more difficult (security cameras, improved locks, alarm systems)

Contagion (opposite of diffusion)

offenders notice one criminal opportunity in an area, and they may find other opportunities previously overlooked

Broken Windows

Allowing neighborhood disorder to go unchecked created what? This attracts more disorder, crime, criminals (including gangs), and other destructive elements

1

An average of __ person per day dies in the U.S. from a police pursuit

Traffic calming devices

An example of this is speedbumps and traffic circles that are designed to slow traffic to keep citizens, (especially children) safer and neighborhoods quieter

"Click It or Ticket"

Annual nationwide program for the use of seat belts

Organize communities, Brings sense of order, Helps residents take pride in their neighborhoods

Cleaning up trash, landscaping, and planting flowers and trees in neighborhood and business district helps to do what?

Geographic Information Systems (GIS)

Combines street map and crime data with data about features such as schools, liquor stores, warehouses, and bus stops (places crimes within a grid system on maps to allow law enforcement agencies to locate hotspots and identify types of crimes in those areas so they can strategize)

Weeding

Community policing and police strategy to identify, arrest, and prosecute "Weed Out" (drug traffickers and other criminals) in target areas

Keep communities safer, Reduce crime and neighborhood disorder, Reduce fear of crime, Reduce traffic issues

Community policing emphasizes police-citizens partnerships and problem solving to do what things?

Partnerships and problem solving

Community policing stresses ______ and _____ ________ to make neighborhoods and communities safer

Violent Crimes

Crashes caused by drunk driving are now treated as ____ ______.

Communities clean up the neighborhood, Citizens report crime, Police and community improve security, Look out for each other, Work cooperatively

Crime, disorder problems, and fear of crime begin to disappear (or are reduced) when...

Yes

Do citizens in the United States expect police to keep roads safe and traffic moving?

Yes

Does each community have specific/unique needs and problems?

True

True or False... Community policing officers adapt to specific community needs and find creative solutions for unique needs

Drunk or drugged driving, Distracted (texting) or drowsy driving, Failure to use seat belts and child seats, speeding

What are some driver behaviors to consider?

Ray Jeffrey

Who coined "Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design" (CPTED)

Natural Surveillance, Access management, Territoriality, Physical maintenance, Order maintenance

Five Underlying CPTED Principles to Prevent School Violence

The Community Policing Consortium

Funded and administered by COPS within DOJ that provides training throughout the U.S.; Training and materials emphasize community policing

Aggressive enforcement, Targeted enforcement in school and work zones, NHTSA should sponsor national high-visibility enforcement campaign and support public awareness, NHTSA should promote best practices in strategies, NHTSA should sponsor a National Forum on Speeding and Aggressive Driving

GHSA 2012 "Speeding and Aggressive Driving" report recommendations

The Risk Factor Prevention Paradigm

If a person has certain risk factors, they are more likely to become a criminal

True

In UTAH, the blood alcohol content limit is .05

Community building

Increase residents' sense of neighborhood ownership and sense of who does and does not belong there. Social events (fairs, neighborhood beautification projects)

Changes to Physical Environment

Increased lighting, Removing dense/high vegetation, walls and fences, Clear glass storefronts - no posters or coverings, Plexiglass around bus stop seating areas

Synergism

Individuals channel their energy toward a common purpose and accomplish together what they could not accomplish alone

NO

Is crime prevention efforts easily measured?

Yes (difficult because other crime prevention interventions often occur simultaneously)

Is establishing whether video surveillance reduces crime difficult to determine?

True

It is important to promise only security services that can be provided

Displacement

Offenders change crime location

Diffusion (prevention benefit)

Opportunity blocking one crime causes criminal to believe the blocking is also aimed at other crimes

Red Means Stop Coalition

Organization that parents formed after their children were killed due to red-light runners

Seeding

Police work with citizens to provide services (youth after school, weekend, and summer activities; adult literacy classes; parent counseling; substance abuse services; neighborhood revitalization, etc.) to prevent and deter future crime

CPTED

Popular crime strategy strategically building an environment to reduce crime and fear of crime (thereby improving quality of life)

Weed and Seed Program

Program whose purpose is to prevent, control, and reduce violent crime, drug abuse, and gang activity in three high crime neighborhoods; Community-based strategy- an innovative and comprehensive multi-agency approach to law enforcement, crime prevention, and community revitalization; Improves quality of life by collaboration, coordination, community participation, and providing resources

Ignition interlocks, Passive alcohol sensors, Secure Continuous Remote Alcohol Monitor (SCRAM) devices

Promising and potentially effective technologies to monitor drivers

POP Center

Provides information for police to effectively address specific crime and disorder problems

True

Red light cameras are helping reduce the fatal crash rate because police cannot monitor every intersection

Statistical Tests

Statistical software to determine whether an area with high crime is a hot spot or whether crime clusters are a random occurrence

IACP, NOBLE, NSA, PERF, PF

The Community Policing Consortium is composed of 5 partnered police organizations... What organizations are they?

90%

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) estimates that over ___% seat belt wearing prevents 15,700 fatalities and 350,000 serious injuries per year

True

The United States introduced ATM's in the late 1960's... they are convenient but not safe

$67 billion

The United States saves $______ in economic costs by seatbelt-wearing

Midnight to 4 a.m.

The highest risk for ATM robberies was during which times?

1 billion to 4 billion

There is an estimated $______ - $______ in materials, tools and construction equipment stolen every year in the United States

STARCHASE

This device shoots GPS projectiles during high speed chases with 75% accuracy

Target Hardening, Changes to physical environment, Community building

Three major components of CPTED

Waze app

Traffic app that is used by motorists to seek alternative routes for congested freeways; The routes take people through less congested residential neighborhoods; App users speed, drive recklessly and negligently, and juggle hand-held devices while people on quiet streets are likely to be vigilant

True

True or False.. In addition to traffic concerns, citizens are often more concerned about MINOR OFFENSES (disorders) than crime and violence

True

True or False... Americans worry about ID theft more than any other crime

True

True or False... As of 2005, laws setting a legal blood alcohol content (BAC) of .08 have taken effect in all 50 states, DC, and Puerto Rico

True

True or False... CPTED is not a panacea, but it is a promising prevention strategy to reduce school violence and make schools safer

True

True or False... Cameras gather intelligence and monitor offenders' behavior in public places

True

True or False... Crime control is a main mission of the police (need help from the community). When there is a crime problem, people blame police, and it affects police-community relations.

True

True or False... Crime is a major problem in communities. It is traumatic, expensive, and disruptive to citizens, families, schools, businesses, etc.

True

True or False... Crime is not usually the greatest concern of a neighborhood... traffic-related problems are a greater concern

True

True or False... Crime itself is usually not the greatest concern of a neighborhood

True

True or False... Crime prevention is (or should be) a collaborative effort between police and community. It is difficult to know how much influence/effectiveness the police vs. the community have over the crime rate (too complicated)

True

True or False... In Red Light Running incidents, the majority killed were occupants of other vehicles or passengers of the red-light running vehicles

True

True or False... Many high risk pursuits are precipitated by low-level offense such as non-violent crimes and traffic infractions

True

True or False... Many witnesses are reluctant to report crime or to assist in investigations

True

True or False... Most crime is concentrated in and around small number of places

True

True or False... NHTSA data shows more people are killed every year by police pursuits than floods, tornadoes, hurricanes, and lightning combined

True

True or False... NHTSA defines a safe community as: "A community that promotes injury-prevention activities at the local level to solve local highway and traffic safety and other injury problems. It uses a 'BOTTOM UP' approach involving citizens in addressing key injury problems."

True

True or False... Police should establish relationship with builders, so builders can share information about *burglary patterns and problems, *improve local building practices, and *engage in loss/prevention efforts

True

True or False... Policies and guidelines should be established as to when videos may be released to media, police, or other agencies, and the videos should only be used to enhance criminal justice

True

True or False... Reducing crime and fear of crime are major goals of community policing

True

True or False... Regardless of crime rate fluctuations, the community must be involved in staving off crime and disorder

True

True or False... The Civil Liberty Unions argue that people's 4th Amendment rights are violated when cameras detect red-light runners... this argument is invalid there is no reasonable expectation of privacy in public places

True

True or False... The Risk Factor Paradigm" is a PUBLIC HEALTH model

True

True or False... We need to focus efforts on improving human behavior while promoting vehicle technology to protect people in crashes AND to prevent crashes

True

True or False... the use of technology is becoming increasingly scrutinized by the courts

True

True or False...Many people that are killed during police pursuits are occupants of other cars, bicyclists, pedestrians, and passengers in vehicles chased

Crime Stat III and GeoDa

Two crime analysis computer software programs used to identify hot spots

Biometric Identification Systems

Uses fingerprints, palmprints, hand and finger geometry, facial recognition, iris and retinal scans, voice identification and DNA analysis

Restrict pedestrian access and movement, Target-hardening, Make burglary targets unattractive to offenders, Focus on previously burglarized residents

What are prevention strategies to prevent burglary in PUBLIC HOUSING?

John Eck

Who studied the importance of place to crime and disorder

Infrared sensing helps officers determine an offender's alcohol level, Devices detect blood-alcohol level through hand placed on steering wheel, Algorithms detect a vehicle's weaving, Driver Alcohol Detection System for Safety (DADSS) to prevent drunk drivers from starting their vehicles

What are some other Emerging Technologies to consider for helping to prevent impaired people from driving

Speeding in residential areas, Street racing, Red light running, Non-use of seat belts, Impaired drivers, Police pursuits, Keeping communities safe

What are some traffic enforcement safety problems?

Displacement, Public responds negatively to cameras, Crime reporting will increase for low-reported offenses

What are some unintended consequences of video surveillance in public places?

Hire parking attendants, Improve surveillance, Hire security protocols, Install CCTV, Improve lighting, Secure the perimeter

What are some ways to prevent theft of and from vehicles?

Comprehensive injury control system, Community-based coalition/task force, Complete problem identification using estimating techniques, Assess programs, Specific strategies, Evaluate programs

What are the 6 elements of safe communities

Most by lone offenders using weapons against lone victims, Most at night, Most involve robbing people of cash after withdrawal, Robberies somewhat more likely at walk-up ATM

What are the ATM robbery research conclusions?

CCTV

What can help police detect crimes in progress and provide evidence such as visual ID of offenders

Driver Alcohol Detection System for Safety (DADSS)

What emerging technology helps to prevent drunk drivers from starting their vehicles

Speed Racing

What has been a very dangerous American tradition since the 1950s? Innocent bystanders are often killed and social media is often involved even though it warns racers an others to avoid patrolled areas

Video Surveillance of Public Places

What has been an increasingly popular way to reduce crime and fear of crime?

Crime prevention

What is a large part (a cornerstone), of community policing

Traffic-related problems

What is the greatest concern of most neighborhoods

Problem solving

What is the key to community policing?

Passive Alcohol Sensors (PASs)

What technology device help agencies enforce driving while intoxicated (DWI) restrictions

Traffic flow, Public meetings, Demonstrations

What things do cameras monitor?

Crime mapping

used to identify hot spots - often the first step in proactive policing