COMP. I REVIEW

clustering

(mapping) highlights relationships among ideas. write your subject in the center of a sheet of paper, draw a circle around it, and surround the circle with related ideas connected to it with lines.

Ad hominem arguments

(to the man) attack the character of a person rather than the claims he or she makes.

points on how to write sources:

-Quote or reproduce materials that readers will find especially convincing, purposeful, and interesting. -Don't forget the double quotation marks [" "] that must surround a direct quotation in American usage. If theres a quote within a quote, it is surrounded by a pair of single quotation marks [' '] -When using quotation in your argument, introduces its authors and follow the quotation with commentary of your own that points out its significance. -Keep quoted material relatively brief. -If the quotation extends over more than one page in the original source, note the placement of page breaks in case you decide to use only part of the quotation in your argument. -In your notes, label a quotation you intend to use with a note that tells you where you think you'll use it. -Make sure you have all the info. necessary to create an in-text citation as well as an item in your works cited list or references list. -Copy quotations, reproducing the punctuation, capitalization and spelling exactly as the original. - Quoted phrases, sentences, or passages fit smoothly into your own language. -Use square brackets if you introduce words of your own into the quotation or make changes to it. [more] -Use ellipsis marks if you omit material. (...) -If you're quoting a short passage, it should be worked into your text, enclosed by quotation marks. -Never distort your sources or present them out of context when you quote from them.

questions evaluating online sources

-Who has posted the document or message or created the site? An individual? Interest group? Company? Government Agency? For Web sites, does the URL offer any clues? -What can you determine about the credibility of the author or sponsor? Can the information in the document or site be verified in other sources? How accurate and complete is this? -Who can be held accountable for the information in the document or site? How well and throughly does it credit its own sources? Who can edit or add to its materials? -How current is the document or site? -What perspectives are represented? If only one perspective is represented, how can balance or expand this point of view? Is it a straightforward presentation, or could it be a parody or satire?

cause and effect

-a paragraph may move from cause to effects or from an effect to its causes. the topic sentence in the following paragraph mentions an effect; the rest of the paragraphs list several causes.

strategies for drafting a conclusion:

-briefly summarize your essay's key points -propose a course of action -offer a recommendation -discuss the topic's wider significance or implications -redefine a key term or concept -pose a question for future study

tips on how to participate in class:

-do the required reading in a class. -listen carefully and purposefully, jot down important points. -speak briefly to the point under discussion so all comments are relevant. -ask questions about issues that bother you. -summarize points that have already been made sure that everyone is "on the same page" -respond to questions or comments by others in specific rather than vague terms. -learn the names of people in the discussions. -join others in the discussion.

using reviewers comments:

-don't take criticism personally. the readers responding to the essay, not you. -pay attention to ideas that contradict your own. responding to the readers objections may make your essay more persuasive. -look for global, big-picture concerns. focus on comments about thesis, organization, and evidence rather than commas or spelling. -weigh feedback carefully. -keep a revision and editing log to note the concerns that come up repeatedly in reviewer's comments.

analogy

-draw comparisons between items that appear to have little in common. use analogies to make something abstract or unfamiliar easier to grasp or to provoke fresh thoughts about a common subject.

tips on how to present/prepare a presentation:

-make sure they know their subjects thoroughly -pay attention to the values, ideas, and needs of their listeners use patterns and styles that make their spoken arguments easy to follow they appreciate that most oral presentations involve visuals, and they plan accordingly. -they practice a lot

writing paragraphs/main point/topic:

-paragraphs are clusters of info. supporting an essay's main point. -a paragraph should be unified around a main point, the main point should be clear to readers and every sentence in the paragraph should relate to it. -a good topic sentence is a one-sentence summary of the paragraph's main point, acts as signpost pointing in two directions: backward toward the thesis of the essay and forward toward the body of the paragraph.

proof read final manuscript notes:

-remove distractions and allow yourself 10-15 minuets of pure concentration. -proofread out loud -proofread your sentences in reverse order. -proofread hard copy pages -don't rely to heavily on spell checkers and grammar checks. -ask a volunteer to proofread after you.

combining paragraphs:

-to clarify the essay's organization -to connect closely related ideas -to bind together text that looks too choppy

compare and contrast

-to compare two subjects is to draw attention to their similarities. -to contrast is to focus only on differences.

reasons to begin a paragraph:

-to mark off the intro. and the conclusion -to signal a shift to a new idea -to indicate an important shift in time or place -to emphasize a point (by placing it at the beginning or the end, not in the middle, of a paragraph) -to highlight a contrast -to signal a change of speakers -to provide readers with a needed pause -to break up text that looks to dense

guidelines for peer reviews:

-view yourself as a coach, not a judge. work with the writer to identify and strengths and limitations of the draft. -restate the writer's thesis and main ideas. it helps the writer to know if you understand the main point of the essay. -where possible, give specific compliments. vague comments are not helpful. -ask questions about passages that you find confusing or interesting.

3 points accused of plagiarism:

1. Common knowledge, which is specific piece of info. most readers in your intended audience will know. 2. Facts available from a wide variety of sources. If for instance, you search for a piece of info. and find the same info. on different reputable Web sites. 3. Your own findings from field research (observations, interviews, experiments, or surveys you have conducted) which should be presented on your own.

8 paraphrasing notes:

1. Identify the source of the paraphrase, and comment on its significance or the authority of its author. 2. Respect your sources. Cover all the main points and any details following the same order the author uses. 3. If you're paraphrasing material that extends over more than one page in the original source, note the placement of the page breaks since it is highly likely that you will use only part of the paraphrase in your argument. Need the page number to cite the specific page of material you want to cite. 4. Use the paraphrase in your own words and sentence structures. If you want to include memorable or powerful language from the original source, enclose it in quotation marks. 5. Keep your own comments, elaborations, or reactions separate from the paraphrase itself. 6. Connect all the info. necessary to create an in-text citation as well as an item in your works cited list or references list. 7. Label the paraphrase with a note suggesting where and how you intend to use it in the argument. 8. Recheck to make sure that the words and sentence structures are your own and that they express the author's meaning accurately.

Points on what you need to cite:

1. direct quotations 2. facts that are not widely known 3. arguable statements 4. judgements, opinions, and claims that have been made by others 5. images, statistics, charts, tables, graphs, or other illustrations that appear in any source 6. collaboration- that is, the help provided by friends, colleagues, instructors, supervisors, or others

3 acts considered plagiarism:

1. failing to cite quotations and borrowed ideas 2. failing to enclose borrowed language in quotation marks 3. failing to put summaries and paraphrases in your own words

3 main challenges w/ writing a MLA paper:

1. supporting a thesis 2. citing your sources and avoiding plagiarism 3. integrating quotations and other source material

MLA system works:

1. the source is introduced by a signal phrase that names its author. 2. the material being cited is followed by a page number in parentheses (unless the source is an unpaginated Web source) 3. at the end of the paper, a list of works cited (arranged alphabetically by author's last names) gives complete publication info. for the source.

2 reasons: comments on sources

1. to tell readers where your info. comes from- so that they can assess its reliability and, if interested, find and read the original source. 2. to give credit to the writers from whom you have borrowed words and ideas.

3 points integrating sources:

1. use sources as concisely as possible so that your own thinking and voice are not lost. 2. avoid dropping quotations into your paper without indicating the boundary between your words and the source's words. 3. integrate sources to show readers how each source supports your argument and how the sources relate to one another.

3 points using quotations:

1. when the wording expresses a point so well that you cannot improve it or shorten it without weakening it. 2. when the author is a respected authority whose opinion supports your own ideas powerfully. 3. when an author or authority challenges or seriously disagrees with others in the field.

paraphrase

A restatement of a text or passage in other words.

ellipses and brackets:

E: to condense a quoted passage (three periods, with spaces between) to indicate you have words left out. what remains must be grammatically complete. B: allow you to insert your own words into quoted material. to clarify a confusing reference or to keep a sentence grammatical in your context. also can use it to indicate that you are changing a letter from capital to lower case to fit in your sentence.

MLA and Works Cited Page format:

Modern Language Association -writer's last name and page number in upper right corner of each page. -writer's name, instructor's name, course title, date flush left on first page; title centered. -double-spacing throughout -quotations from source cited with page numbers in ( ) -a long quotation is set off by indenting; no quotation marks are needed; ellipsis dots indicate a sentence omitted from the source. Works Cited: -heading centered -list alphabetized by author's last names or by title for works with no author. -first line of each entry at left margin; extra lines indented 1/2" -double-spacing throughout; no extra space between entries

assessing print sources

Relevance Credentials of the author Stance of the Author Credentials of the publisher or sponsor Stance of the publisher or sponsor Currency Accuracy Level of specialization Audience Length Availability Omissions

description

a descriptive paragraph sketches a portrait of a person, place, or thing by using concrete and specific details that appeal to one or more of the senses- sight, sound, smell, taste, and touch.

argument

a fact or assertion offered as evidence that something is true

signal phrases

a signal phrase usually names the author of the source and often provides some context for the source material. introductory words.

convincing

able to persuade somebody to believe that something is true or to act

hasty generalization

an inference drawn from insufficient evidence.

proposal argument

answering the question

fallacies of emotional argument

appeal to emotion, characterized by the manipulation of the recipients emotions to win the argument.

fallacies of logical argument

appeal to evidence or examples that are not relevant to the argument at hand.

rogerian argument

approaches audiences in similarly nonthreatening ways, finding common ground and establishing trust among those who disagree about issues.

non sequitur

argument whose claims, reasons, or warrants don't connect logically.

precedent

arguments both involve comparisons.

rhetoric

art of persuasion, classifying arguments based on their perspective on time- past, future, and present.

begging the question

assuming as true the very claim that's disputed- is a form of circular argument that goes nowhere.

transitions

bridges between what has been read and what is about to be read. they help readers move from sentence to sentence; they also alert readers to more global connections of ideas- those between paragraphs or even larger blocks of text.

either/or choices

can be well-intentioned strategies to get something accomplished.

statis theory

categorizing arguments is to consider their status or stasis, provides questions designed to help citizens and lawyers work their way through legal cases

red herring

changes the subject abruptly or introduces an irrelevant claim or fact to throw readers or listeners off the trail.

plagiarism

claiming as your own words, research or creative work of others.

pie chart

compare a part or parts to the whole, represent percentages of the whole.

ethos

credibility

forensic argument

debates about what happened in the past.

deliberative argument

debates about what will or should happen in the future.

syllogism

deductive reasoning

enthymeme

describe an ordinary kind of sentence that includes both a claim and a reason but depends on the audiences agreement with an assumption that is left implicit rather than spelled out.

karos

describes the most suitable time and place for making an argument and the most opportune ways of expressing it.

table

displays numbers and words in columns and rows. can be used to organize complicated numerical info. into an easily understood format.

testimonies

evidence, statement of a witness

invitational arguments

explorations of ideas that begin by trying to understand another's perspective.

ceremonial argument

explore the current values of society, affirming or challenging its widely shared beliefs and core assumptions.

straw man

fallacy attack arguments that no one is really making or portrays opponents positions are more extreme than they actually are.

slippery slope

fallacy portrays today's tiny misstep as tomorrow's slide into disaster.

facts

gathering factual information and transmitting it factually.

pathos

generate emotions that the writer hopes will lead the audience to accept a claim.

equivocations

half truths or arguments that give lies an honest appearance, usually based on tricks of language.

bar graph

highlight trends over a period of time or compare numerical data. the data are graphed as points, and the points are connected with lines.

map

illustrate distances, historical info. or demographics and often use symbols for geographic features and points of interest.

invoked readers

imagined and fashioned by writers within their texts.

faulty analogy

inaccurate comparisons between objects or concepts.

fallacies of ethical argument

instead of facts and figures in support of an argument, tries to show that certain actions or policies are either ethical or not.

what makes an effective thesis statement?

is a central idea that requires supporting evidence; it's scope is appropriate for the assigned length of the essay; and it is focused and specific. -your answer to a question you have posed. -the resolution for a problem you have identified. -a statement that announces your position on a debatable topic.

faulty casualty

known as post hoc, ergo propter hoc, which translates as "after this, therefore because of this"- the assumption that because one event or action follows another, the first causes the second.

brainstorming

listing ideas in the order in which they occur to you. helps narrow down a subject and identify a position.

logos

logic; often given prominence and authority in U.S. culture.

free writing

nonstop writing, set aside 10 minuets or so and write whatever comes to mind without pausing to think about word choice, spelling, or even meaning. lets you ask questions without feeling you have to answer them.

statistics

practice of collecting and analyzing numerical data in large quantities.

arguments of evaluation

present criteria and then measure individual people, ideas, or things against those standards.

infographic

presents data in a visually engaging form. usually numerical, represented by a graphic element instead of by bars or by lines.

circumstantial evidence

proof of facts offered as evidence from which other facts are to be inferred

blogging

public writing space rather than a private one. you might express opinions, make observations, recap events, play with the language, or interpret an image.

definition

puts a word or concept into a general class and then provides enough details to distinguish it from other members in the same class.

summary

records the gist of a source or key idea- enough information to identify a point you want to emphasize.

deductive reasoning

sets out a general principle (the major premise of a syllogism) and applies to a specific case (the minor premise) in order to reach a conclusion.

flowchart

show structures or steps in a process and their relation to one another.

inductive reasoning

specific examples and draws a conclusion from them.

arguments of definition

statement or series of statements going for or against something.

patchwriting

stitching together material from Web or other sources without properly paraphrasing or summarizing and with little or no documentation.

sentimental appeals

tender emotions excessively to distract readers from facts.

evaluating sources

the effectiveness of an argument often depends on the quality of the sources or prove it.

narratives

the order it was told

intended readers

the people writers hope and expect to address.

bandwagon appeals

urge people to follow the same path everyone else is taking.

epideictic

used to praise or blame during ceremonies.

scare tactics

used to stampede legitimate fears into panic or prejudice.

diagram

useful in scientific and technical writing, concisely illustrate processes, structures, or interactions.

argument of fact

usually involves a statement that can be proved or disproved with specific evidence or testimony.

photograph

vividly depict people, scenes, or objects discussed in text.

paragraph coherent

when sentences and paragraphs flow from one to another without bumps, gaps, or shifts, they are said to be coherent. it can be improved by strengthening the ties between old info. and new.

stack the deck

when they show only one side of the story- the one in their favor.

appeals to false authority

when writers offer themselves or other authorities as sufficient warrant believing a claim.

setting off long quotations:

when you quote more than 4 typed lines of prose or more than 3 lines of poetry, set off the quotation by indenting it one-half inch from the left margin. long quotations should be introduced by an informative sentence, usually followed by a colon.

academic english:

when you state your point as directly as possible, you show that you understand your topic and value your readers time.

dogmatism

writer who asserts or assumes that a particular position is the only one that is conceivably acceptable is expressing.