Comprehensive Reading - 5 and 6

18) During endochondral bone formation, A) osteoclasts erode the center of the new bone to form a marrow cavity. B) cells of the perichondrium differentiate into osteoblasts. C) the matrix of the cartilage model becomes calcified. D) capillaries and osteoblasts migrate into the heart of the cartilage. E) all of the above happen.

E) all of the above happen.

10) Typical movement at a hinge joint includes A) extension. B) flexion. C) gliding. D) rotation. E) both A and B.

E) both A and B

4) Which of the following may contribute to the breaking of a bone? A) stresses from unusual directions B) low circulating levels of calcium C) sudden impacts D) extremely large loads E) all of the above

E) all of the above

9) Bone structure is determined by which of the following? A) mechanical stress B) diet C) hormones D) muscle attachments E) all of the above

E) all of the above

Cartilage with little ground substance, matrix is dominated with collagen fibers. Found in areas of high stress (ie. between spinal vertebrates)

Fibrous cartilage

Vertebral column bending sideways

Lateral flexion

Long and slender bones. Have diaphysis, two metaphyses, two epiphyses, and a medullary cavity. (ie. humerus, radius, ulna)

Long bones

22) Which of the following is (are) true of the growth of the skeleton? A) It begins to ossify at six weeks of gestational age. B) Calcification of bones does not occur until an infant begins to learn to walk. C) All bone growth ceases immediately after the end of adolescence. D) All of the above are true. E) A and B only are true.

A) It begins to ossify at six weeks of gestational age.

25) What is the fate of the chondrocytes that are present where bone is forming? A) They die and are replaced by bone cells. B) They remain within the bone matrix. C) They move to a different region where bone has not yet formed. D) They line the central canals of the growing bone. E) They do none of the above.

A) They die and are replaced by bone cells.

21) Which of the following is best for viewing bones? A) X- rays B) MRI C) ultrasound D) PET E) CAT

A) X- rays

2) A joint that permits free movement is called A) a synovial joint. B) a hinge joint. C) an amphiarthrosis. D) a synarthrosis. E) a diarthrosis.

A) a synovial joint. E) a diarthrosis (a synovial joint is known as a diarthosis)

5) Acromegaly is A) abnormal thickening of the bones without stress. B) a thickening of bone that occurs normally under the influence of added stress. C) a process that begins after the age of fifty. D) a normal aspect of the aging process. E) diagnosed by the loss of over 10 percent of the skeletal mass per year.

A) abnormal thickening of the bones without stress.

5) Which of the following is an example of a pivot joint? A) atlantoaxial B) intervertebral C) atlanto- occipital D) sacroiliac E) vertebrocostal

A) atlantoaxial

1) A special type of angular motion is A) circumduction. B) elevation. C) abduction. D) adduction. E) flexion.

A) circumduction.

22) Layers of bone are referred to as A) lamellae. B) osteons. C) central canals. D) canaliculi. E) osteoclasts.

A) lamellae.

7) Regulatory functions of the skeletal system include A) maintaining blood calcium levels. B) facilitating transmission of nerve impulses. C) absorbing the shock of unexpected rapid body movements. D) cushioning abdominal organs such as the kidneys. E) all of the above.

A) maintaining blood calcium levels.

16) In monaxial articulation A) movement can occur in one plane. B) movement can occur in all planes. C) movement can occur in three planes. D) movement can occur in two planes. E) none of the above can occur.

A) movement can occur in one plane.

12) Which of the following is an example of angular motion? A) opposition B) protraction C) eversion D) gliding E) depression

A) opposition

**23) Which of the following is most important in bone homeostasis? A) parathyroid hormone B) thyroid hormone C) calcitonin D) growth hormone E) calcitriol

A) parathyroid hormone

18) Which of the following is a classification of a cartilaginous joint? A) symphysis B) gliding C) pivot D) ball and socket E) hinge

A) symphysis

Movement away from longitudinal axis (ie. swinging UE away from side)

Abduction

Movement towards longitudinal axis (ie. swinging UE towards the side)

Adduction

Slightly movable joint fibrous (syndesmosis) ie. ligament between tib/fib cartilaginous (symphysis) pad of fibrous cartilage ie. between hip bones and pelvis or adjacent vertebral bodies

Amphiarthosis

Abduction, adduction, flexion, extension

Angular Motion

15) Why must a surgeon repairing a damaged joint be certain to maintain the shape of the articulating surfaces? A) This will only be a problem initially, as the joint will alter its shape to adapt to the new configuration. B) Incorrectly apposed articulating surfaces might develop abnormal ankyloses. C) This is not a problem because rapidly growing cartilage will fill in areas that do not match correctly. D) Nonmatching articulating surfaces are not a problem; most joints have surfaces that do not match. E) None of the above are applicable.

B) Incorrectly apposed articulating surfaces might develop abnormal ankyloses.

15) If a long bone found at an archeological dig contained functional epiphyseal plates, what inference is most accurate? A) The person had many injuries. B) The person was prepubertal. C) The person was elderly. D) The person was a male. E) None of the above was the case.

B) The person was prepubertal.

11) An example of angular motion in the coronal plane is A) rotation. B) adduction. C) extension. D) flexion. E) none of the above occur in the coronal plane.

B) adduction.

21) The period of time when bone remodeling is most likely is A) during aging. B) after injury. C) during embryologic development. D) during youth. E) never.

B) after injury

1) The scapula is an example of what type of bone? A) irregular B) flat C) sutural D) long E) short

B) flat

10) A ten year- old gymnast has been injured in a fall off the balance beam, and complains of severe pain in the left shin region. An X- ray shows that she fractured the tibia. What is the most likely type of fracture to have occurred here? A) compound fracture B) greenstick fracture C) displaced fracture D) Colles' fracture E) none of the above

B) greenstick fracture

**19) Interphalangeal joints are A) gliding joints. B) hinge joints. C) ellipsoidal joints. D) ball and socket joints. E) none of the above

B) hinge joints.

17) Endochondral ossification begins with A) elastic cartilage. B) hyaline cartilage. C) fibrocartilage. D) articular cartilage. E) none of the above.

B) hyaline cartilage.

24) Which of the following is a classification of bone? A) indefinite B) long C) square D) round E) triangular

B) long

13) Bones have a vascular supply that is A) poor, therefore healing is very limited. B) very extensive, including many arteries and veins branching throughout the bone. C) supplied simply by one or two arteries. D) very poor; bones are not living, so blood is not needed. E) none of the above.

B) very extensive, including many arteries and veins branching throughout the bone.

20) In the skeletal system, compact bone is located A) in direct contact with articular cartilages. B) where bones are most heavily stressed. C) in a ring around the perimeter of long bones. D) where stresses arrive from many directions. E) in all of the places listed above.

B) where bones are most heavily stressed.

6) Which of the following associations is most accurate? A) Synarthroses : slightly movable B) Amphiarthroses : freely movable C) Diarthroses : synovial D) Diarthroses : immovable E) All of the above are accurate.

C) Diarthroses : synovial

9) A dislocation, in which the articulating surfaces of a joint are forced entirely out of position, is called (a) A) subluxation. B) symphysis. C) luxation. D) congenital abnormality. E) none of the above.

C) luxation.

20) The degenerative effects of osteoporosis are most likely to affect A) young, active men. B) young, active women. C) older women. D) older men. E) both A and D.

C) older women.

11) In osseous tissue, which of the following occupy the lacunae? A) capillaries B) osteoclasts C) osteocytes D) osteons E) nerves

C) osteocytes

23) Which type of cell divides readily after a bone is damaged? A) osteoblast B) osteoclast C) osteoprogenitor D) osteocyte E) red marrow cell

C) osteoprogenitor

12) The connective tissue covering the outer surface of a bone is (the) A) osteon. B) endosteum. C) periosteum. D) matrix. E) none of the above.

C) periosteum.

Twisting motion of foot that turns the sole inward

Inversion

What are bones mostly made of (2/3 of the weight of bone)

Calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2

7) A small, synovial fluid- filled pocket in connective tissue, which may be connected to a joint cavity, is a A) gomphosis. B) fat pad. C) meniscus. D) bursa. E) retinaculum.

D) bursa.

17) An accessory structure of a joint that subdivides a synovial cavity, channels the flow of synovial fluid, or allows for variations in the shapes of the articular surfaces is a A) fat pad. B) tendon. C) ligament. D) meniscus. E) bursa.

D) meniscus.

3) Treating a compound fracture differs from other fractures most significantly due to A) potential nerve damage. B) vascular damage. C) compound fractures' severity. D) risk of infection. E) none of the above.

D) risk of infection.

8) The joint that permits the greatest range of motion in the entire body is the A) hip. B) knee. C) elbow. D) shoulder. E) neck.

D) shoulder.

8) A fracture of a bone that is the result of a twisting of the bone is called a(n) A) comminuted fracture. B) Pott's fracture. C) compression fracture. D) spiral fracture. E) greenstick fracture.

D) spiral fracture.

16) Which is a major function of the skeletal system? A) storage of glucose B) production of ATP C) maintenance of interstitial fluid composition D) support of the body E) none of the above.

D) support of the body

6) Which of the following occurs during endochondral ossification? A) osteoblasts differentiate within a mesenchymal or fibrous connective tissue. B) blood vessels enter the spaces between bone spicules to supply the growing tissues. C) osteoblasts secrete the organic component of the matrix. D) the bone growths in length. E) none of the above occur during endochondral ossification.

D) the bone growths in length.

2) Which of the following is a solid structure? A) medullary cavity B) central canal C) lacuna D) trabecula E) canaliculus

D) trabecula

Freely movable joint Monaxial (one plane) ie. elbow, ankle Biaxial (two planes) ie. ribs, wrist Triaxial (three planes) ie. shoulder, hip

Diarthosis (synovial)

"Digging in the heel"

Dorsiflexion

14) Which of the following contribute to the limitation of movement of a joint? A) the joint capsule B) presence of muscle, other bones, etc., near the joint C) tendon attachments D) shape of the articular surface E) All of the above contribute to limiting range of motion.

E) All of the above

19) Which of the following statements characterizes bones and bone tissue? A) It may have both compact and spongy regions. B) It can undergo remodeling during life. C) It can be changed by hormonal stimuli. D) It contains openings for nutrient blood vessels. E) All of the above apply to a living bone.

E) All of the above apply to a living bone

4) Which of the following is a function of synovial joints? A) act as shock absorbers B) provide lubrication C) prevent bone- on- bone contact D) contribute to the height of an individual E) All of the above are functions of synovial joints.

E) All of the above are functions of synovial joints.

14) Which of the following may occur within a living bone? A) red marrow B) yellow marrow C) red blood cells D) white blood cells E) all of the above

E) all of the above

13) A joint that permits free movement in only two directions is a A) triaxial joint. B) suture. C) biaxial joint. D) syndesmosis. E) monaxial joint.

E) monaxial joint.

3) A joint that allows only rotational movements is called a A) circumductive joint. B) gliding joint. C) ball and socket. D) pronation joint. E) pivot joint.

E) pivot joint.

24) Spongy bone is made up of a network of bony spines called A) canaliculi. B) osteons. C) lamellae. D) perforating canals. E) trabeculae.

E) trabeculae.

Cartilage that contains elastic fibers, which makes it resilient and flexible (ie. external ear, epiglottis, larynx cartilage)

Elastic cartilage

Structure of bones (EMD)

Epiphysis Metaphysis Diaphysis

Twisting motion of foot that turns the sole outward

Eversion

Movement in anterior/posterior plane that increases the angle between articulate elements

Extension

Thin, roughly parallel surfaces of compact bone (ie. roof of the skull, ribs, scapula)

Flat bones

Movement in anterior/posterior plane that reduces the angle between articulate elements

Flexion

Two opposing surfaces slide past one another (ie. articulating carpal or tarsal bones, clavicle and sternum)

Gliding

Most common type of cartilage, made of closely packed collagen fibers. Tough, but somewhat flexible and therefore the weakest type of cartilage. (ie. connections between ribs and sternum, respiratory tract)

Hyaline cartilage

Pad to pad movement of the thumb and another finger

Opposition

**Cuboidal shaped cells found in a single layer on inner or outer surfaces of the bone. Secrete an organic component of the bony matrix called osteoid. Responsible for production of new bone, osteogenesis

Osteoblasts

Large, multinucleate cells found at sites where bone is being removed. Erosion process is called osteolysis, and increases the calcium and phosphate concentrations in body fluids. Weakens bones.

Osteoclasts

Mature bone cells - found in small chambers called lacunae

Osteocytes

**Flattened/squamous shaped bone tissue found in innermost layer of periosteum and endosteum lining of medullary cavities.

Osteoprogenitor cells

"tip toe"

Plantar flexion

Bones that are hallow or contain numerous air pockets (ie. ethmoid)

Pneumatized bones

Palm side down

Pronation

ie. sticking the jaw outwards/inwards

Protraction/Retraction

Palm side up

Supination

Small, flat, oddly shaped bones found between flat bones of skull in the suture line

Sutural (Wormian) bones

Immovable joint fibrous-(suture, gomphosis) ie. skull bones cartilaginous (synchondrosis) ie. epiphyseal cartilege bony fusion (synostosis) ie. skull

Synarthosis