Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System

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What grade of sprain is define as mild sprain of MCL?

1

What grade is defined as a moderate sprain with hematoma?

2

How long does the fibrocartilaginous callus formation take?

2-3 weeks

What grade is defined as severe with total disruption of the ligament?

3

What curve degree in scoliosis warrants bracing?

30-40

What grade is severe with avulsion of femoral condyle at insertion of MCL

4

What curve degree in scoliosis warrants surgery?

40-45

What percentage of osteosarcomas occur in patients younger than 20?

75%

What might an osteosarcoma present as?

A sudden fracter

What is the most common cause of toxic myopathies?

Alcohol abuse

What are the three types of deformities in long bones?

Angulation Shortening Rotation

What does RANKL do?

Induces osteoclast activity

What is associated with localized osteonecrosis of an apophyseal or epiphyseal center and abnormalities in ossification of cartilaginous tissue?

Juvenile Osteochondroses

What type of bone tissue is strong/mature, formed slowly and highly organized?

Lamellar

What are the most serious knee injuries?

Ligamentous

What sex is rhabdomyolysis more common?

Males

What complication is a deformity or angulation on x-ray?

Malunion

Due to rotational injury from a sudden or sharp turn or a direct blow to the knee. Associated with ACL

Meniscus injury

In the long bone, what is the widening before the end of the bone?

Metaphysis

What two parts of the long bone form the growth plate?

Metaphysis and epiphysis

What are symptoms of toxic myopathies?

Muscle weakness pain swelling

What type of bone cancer is malignant tumors of cartilaginous lineage, slow growing and metastasize late, often painless?

Chondrosarcoma

What condition is seen with a hallmark feature of sequestrum with the involucrum formed over it?

Chronic osteomyelitis

What is treatment for a contusion or hematoma?

Cold Elevation Compression

What type of fracture is more than two pieces that communicate to a single point

Comminuted

What is referred to as cortical bone, outer shell, densely packed, calcified intercellular matrix

Compact

What type of bone replaces spongy bone in fracture healing remodeling phase?

Compact

What fracture type is in the vertebral body, two bones crushed or squeezed together?

Compression

What is the third phase of bone remodeling?

Control

An injury from direct trauma, microscopic rupture of blood vessels and damage to muscle cells, swelling and inflammation

Contusion

What blood levels are elevated in rhabdomyolysis?

Creatine phosphokinase and myoglobin

What is an inflammation of muscular tissue with calcification and ossification of the muscle?

Myositis Ossificans

What is the most commonly affected site in osteonecrosis?

Femoral head

Infants and children with lax ligaments might be predisposed to what two problems?

Femoral/Tibial torsion Intoeing/Outtoeing

What type of rhabdomyoma occurs in males younger than 3 years, around head and neck?

Fetal

The hematoma in fracture healing facilitates formation of what type of meshwork?

Fibrin

What type of cartilage is dense, less flexible, more suitable for wear and tear?

Fibrocartilage

What is the second step in fracture healing?

Fibrocartilaginous callus formation

What type of bone cells are mature, and for maintenance?

Osteocytes

What is a brittle bone disease, hereditary disorder caused by deficiencies in the synthesis of type I collagen?

Osteogenesis imperfecta

What is caused by direct penetration and contiguous spread?

Osteomyelitis

Aseptic destruction of a segment of bone due to an interruption in blood flow

Osteonecrosis

What is lamellar bone tissue made up of?

Osteons

What is the second phase in bone remodeling?

Formation

What is a characteristic of osteosarcoma?

Formation of bone by the tumor cell

What type of bone cell is undifferentiated found in periosteum, endosteum, and epiphyseal growth plate?

Osteoprogenitor

What type of bone cancer is aggressive and highly malignant, represents one fifth of all primary bone tumors?

Osteosarcoma

What type of knee injury is common in young adults?

Patellar subluxation and dislocations

What are the three types of rhabdomyosarcoma?

Pleomorphic Embryonal Alveolar

What is defined as a small curve that corrects with bending?

Postural Scoliosis

What is the formation of granulation tissue called in bone healing formation?

Procallus

Disruption in the continuity of a bone. occurs when more stress is placed on bone

Fracture

What are the two common mechanical causes of osteonecrosis?

Fracture Legg-Calve-Perthes disease Blount Disease

What are the three major categories of fractures?

Fractures due to sudden injury Fatigue stress fractures Pathologic stress fractures

What are the different locations for a fracture?

Proximal Midshaft Distal

What type of bone infection is staphylococcus aureus the most common cause?

Pyogenic

What do osteoblasts release during the formation phase?

RANKL

What three things are included in the bone remodeling phase?

RANKL RANKL receptor Osteoprotegerin

What is the treatment acronym for strains and sprains?

RICE

What are the two subtypes of cancellous bone?

Red marrow Yellow marrow

What is the last phase in fracture healing?

Remodeling

What might toxic myopathies lead to?

Gene dysregulation Initiation of apoptosis

What type of rhabdomyoma has polypoid growth of the cervix, with cross-striations?

Genital

What is defined as decreased space between the knees or knock-knees?

Genu Valgum

What is defined as the outward bowing of knees greater than 1 inch when the medial malleoli of the ankles are touching

Genu Varum

What type of bone cancer metastasizes through the bloodstream and recurs locally after excision?

Giant cell tumor/Osteoclastoma

What fracture type is most commonly seen in children, and is a partial break in bone continuity?

Greenstick

What type of canal forms the central structure of the lamellar bone tissue?

Haversian

Where are rhabdomyoma found in adults?

Head and neck,

What type of bone infection originates with infectious organisms that reach the bone through the bloodstream?

Hematogenous

What is a large area of local hemorrhage, exerts pressure on nerve endings?

Hematoma

What is the first step in fracture healing?

Hematoma formation

What type of cartilage is pliable and contributes to endochondral bone formation?

Hyaline

What fracture type is bone fragments wedged together?

Impacted

What are some causes of rhabdomyolysis?

Renal failure, fatal heart arrhythmias, shock, electrolyte imbalance, metabolic acidosis, hyperthermia, DIC

In what phase of bone remodeling is a tunnel-like space formed in removal of organic and inorganic components?

Resorption

What is the first step in bone remodeling?

Resorption

Striated muscle dissolution or disintegration causing tissue damage rapidly

Rhabdomyolysis

What is defined as a malignant tumor of striated muscle, usually involving the tongue, neck, larynx, nasal cavity, axilla, vulva, and heart?

Rhabdomyosarcoma

What is an example of a synchondroses joint?

Ribs

What is a fixed deformity of the spine that can be congenital, neuromuscular, or idiopathic?

Scoliosis

What is the treatment for osteonecrosis?

Short-term immobilization, NSAIDS, exercises, and limitation in weight bearing exercises

What are the two common thrombosis causes of osteonecrosis?

Sickle cell disease Nitrogen bubbles

What is an example of a synostoses joint?

Skull bones

What is defined as due to abnormal or excessive movement of a joint and involves joint ligaments or capsule?

Spain

In the bony callus formation what is the fibrocartilage converted to?

Spongy bone

What is defined as a stretching or partial tear in a muscle or muscle tendon, includes inflammatory response, and fibrous tissue replacement?

Strain

What type of joint lack a joint cavity and move a little or not at all

Synarthroses

What type of joint is freely movable and articulating bone ends?

Synovial

Inflammation of a tendon

Tendinitis

What are the fracture line directions?

Transverse Oblique Spiral

What are some signs of scoliosis?

Uneven shoulders prominent scapula asymmetry of flanks prominence when forward bending

What are the common vesicular injury causes of osteonecrosis?

Vasculitis Lupus Radiation Gaucher disease Corticosteroid therapy Biphosphonate therapy

What is an example of a syndesmoses joint?

Vertebrae

What type of bone tissue is deposited rapidly, low tensile strength, temporary scaffolding for support?

Woven

What are common sites for a sprain?

ankle, knee, elbow

Is hematogenous seen mostly in adults or children?

children

In the long bone, the epiphysis is the....

end

The osteoblasts begin to deposit osteoid into what during the formation phase?

osteon canal

What is one of the only sites of osteonecrosis?

pain

What is the main symptom of a fracture?

pain

What is the most common anomaly of the toes or fingers?

polydactyly

In the long bone, the diaphysis is the...

shaft

How is a fracture diagnosed?

x-ray

What is the third step in fracture healing?

Bony Callus formation

Inflammation of a bursa

Bursitis

What is referred to as spongy bone, made of trabecular or spicules to form a lattice like pattern?

Cancellous

What type of rhabdomyoma is usually in infancy, and fatal by 5 years with tuberous sclerosis?

Cardiac

What complication is a failure of fracture to heal within predicted time?

Delayed union

What type of cartilage is made up of a network of elastic fibers?

Elastic

Inflammation of a tendon where it attaches to a bone

Epicondylitis

What type of bone cancer is a primitive neuroectodermal tumor, it is a disease of children and young adults, common in the femur?

Ewing Sarcoma

What complication is a failure of bone to heal before bone repair?

Nonunion

What is chronic osteomyelitis secondary to?

Open wound

Soluble factors released during resportion phase of remodeling aid in the recruitment of what cell type to the site?

Osteoblasts

What type of bone cell is bone-building cells that synthesize and secrete the organic matrix of bone?

Osteoblasts

What type of bone cell originates from mononuclear hematopoietic progenitor cells?

Osteoclasts


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