Disorders of the Musculoskeletal System
What grade of sprain is define as mild sprain of MCL?
1
What grade is defined as a moderate sprain with hematoma?
2
How long does the fibrocartilaginous callus formation take?
2-3 weeks
What grade is defined as severe with total disruption of the ligament?
3
What curve degree in scoliosis warrants bracing?
30-40
What grade is severe with avulsion of femoral condyle at insertion of MCL
4
What curve degree in scoliosis warrants surgery?
40-45
What percentage of osteosarcomas occur in patients younger than 20?
75%
What might an osteosarcoma present as?
A sudden fracter
What is the most common cause of toxic myopathies?
Alcohol abuse
What are the three types of deformities in long bones?
Angulation Shortening Rotation
What does RANKL do?
Induces osteoclast activity
What is associated with localized osteonecrosis of an apophyseal or epiphyseal center and abnormalities in ossification of cartilaginous tissue?
Juvenile Osteochondroses
What type of bone tissue is strong/mature, formed slowly and highly organized?
Lamellar
What are the most serious knee injuries?
Ligamentous
What sex is rhabdomyolysis more common?
Males
What complication is a deformity or angulation on x-ray?
Malunion
Due to rotational injury from a sudden or sharp turn or a direct blow to the knee. Associated with ACL
Meniscus injury
In the long bone, what is the widening before the end of the bone?
Metaphysis
What two parts of the long bone form the growth plate?
Metaphysis and epiphysis
What are symptoms of toxic myopathies?
Muscle weakness pain swelling
What type of bone cancer is malignant tumors of cartilaginous lineage, slow growing and metastasize late, often painless?
Chondrosarcoma
What condition is seen with a hallmark feature of sequestrum with the involucrum formed over it?
Chronic osteomyelitis
What is treatment for a contusion or hematoma?
Cold Elevation Compression
What type of fracture is more than two pieces that communicate to a single point
Comminuted
What is referred to as cortical bone, outer shell, densely packed, calcified intercellular matrix
Compact
What type of bone replaces spongy bone in fracture healing remodeling phase?
Compact
What fracture type is in the vertebral body, two bones crushed or squeezed together?
Compression
What is the third phase of bone remodeling?
Control
An injury from direct trauma, microscopic rupture of blood vessels and damage to muscle cells, swelling and inflammation
Contusion
What blood levels are elevated in rhabdomyolysis?
Creatine phosphokinase and myoglobin
What is an inflammation of muscular tissue with calcification and ossification of the muscle?
Myositis Ossificans
What is the most commonly affected site in osteonecrosis?
Femoral head
Infants and children with lax ligaments might be predisposed to what two problems?
Femoral/Tibial torsion Intoeing/Outtoeing
What type of rhabdomyoma occurs in males younger than 3 years, around head and neck?
Fetal
The hematoma in fracture healing facilitates formation of what type of meshwork?
Fibrin
What type of cartilage is dense, less flexible, more suitable for wear and tear?
Fibrocartilage
What is the second step in fracture healing?
Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
What type of bone cells are mature, and for maintenance?
Osteocytes
What is a brittle bone disease, hereditary disorder caused by deficiencies in the synthesis of type I collagen?
Osteogenesis imperfecta
What is caused by direct penetration and contiguous spread?
Osteomyelitis
Aseptic destruction of a segment of bone due to an interruption in blood flow
Osteonecrosis
What is lamellar bone tissue made up of?
Osteons
What is the second phase in bone remodeling?
Formation
What is a characteristic of osteosarcoma?
Formation of bone by the tumor cell
What type of bone cell is undifferentiated found in periosteum, endosteum, and epiphyseal growth plate?
Osteoprogenitor
What type of bone cancer is aggressive and highly malignant, represents one fifth of all primary bone tumors?
Osteosarcoma
What type of knee injury is common in young adults?
Patellar subluxation and dislocations
What are the three types of rhabdomyosarcoma?
Pleomorphic Embryonal Alveolar
What is defined as a small curve that corrects with bending?
Postural Scoliosis
What is the formation of granulation tissue called in bone healing formation?
Procallus
Disruption in the continuity of a bone. occurs when more stress is placed on bone
Fracture
What are the two common mechanical causes of osteonecrosis?
Fracture Legg-Calve-Perthes disease Blount Disease
What are the three major categories of fractures?
Fractures due to sudden injury Fatigue stress fractures Pathologic stress fractures
What are the different locations for a fracture?
Proximal Midshaft Distal
What type of bone infection is staphylococcus aureus the most common cause?
Pyogenic
What do osteoblasts release during the formation phase?
RANKL
What three things are included in the bone remodeling phase?
RANKL RANKL receptor Osteoprotegerin
What is the treatment acronym for strains and sprains?
RICE
What are the two subtypes of cancellous bone?
Red marrow Yellow marrow
What is the last phase in fracture healing?
Remodeling
What might toxic myopathies lead to?
Gene dysregulation Initiation of apoptosis
What type of rhabdomyoma has polypoid growth of the cervix, with cross-striations?
Genital
What is defined as decreased space between the knees or knock-knees?
Genu Valgum
What is defined as the outward bowing of knees greater than 1 inch when the medial malleoli of the ankles are touching
Genu Varum
What type of bone cancer metastasizes through the bloodstream and recurs locally after excision?
Giant cell tumor/Osteoclastoma
What fracture type is most commonly seen in children, and is a partial break in bone continuity?
Greenstick
What type of canal forms the central structure of the lamellar bone tissue?
Haversian
Where are rhabdomyoma found in adults?
Head and neck,
What type of bone infection originates with infectious organisms that reach the bone through the bloodstream?
Hematogenous
What is a large area of local hemorrhage, exerts pressure on nerve endings?
Hematoma
What is the first step in fracture healing?
Hematoma formation
What type of cartilage is pliable and contributes to endochondral bone formation?
Hyaline
What fracture type is bone fragments wedged together?
Impacted
What are some causes of rhabdomyolysis?
Renal failure, fatal heart arrhythmias, shock, electrolyte imbalance, metabolic acidosis, hyperthermia, DIC
In what phase of bone remodeling is a tunnel-like space formed in removal of organic and inorganic components?
Resorption
What is the first step in bone remodeling?
Resorption
Striated muscle dissolution or disintegration causing tissue damage rapidly
Rhabdomyolysis
What is defined as a malignant tumor of striated muscle, usually involving the tongue, neck, larynx, nasal cavity, axilla, vulva, and heart?
Rhabdomyosarcoma
What is an example of a synchondroses joint?
Ribs
What is a fixed deformity of the spine that can be congenital, neuromuscular, or idiopathic?
Scoliosis
What is the treatment for osteonecrosis?
Short-term immobilization, NSAIDS, exercises, and limitation in weight bearing exercises
What are the two common thrombosis causes of osteonecrosis?
Sickle cell disease Nitrogen bubbles
What is an example of a synostoses joint?
Skull bones
What is defined as due to abnormal or excessive movement of a joint and involves joint ligaments or capsule?
Spain
In the bony callus formation what is the fibrocartilage converted to?
Spongy bone
What is defined as a stretching or partial tear in a muscle or muscle tendon, includes inflammatory response, and fibrous tissue replacement?
Strain
What type of joint lack a joint cavity and move a little or not at all
Synarthroses
What type of joint is freely movable and articulating bone ends?
Synovial
Inflammation of a tendon
Tendinitis
What are the fracture line directions?
Transverse Oblique Spiral
What are some signs of scoliosis?
Uneven shoulders prominent scapula asymmetry of flanks prominence when forward bending
What are the common vesicular injury causes of osteonecrosis?
Vasculitis Lupus Radiation Gaucher disease Corticosteroid therapy Biphosphonate therapy
What is an example of a syndesmoses joint?
Vertebrae
What type of bone tissue is deposited rapidly, low tensile strength, temporary scaffolding for support?
Woven
What are common sites for a sprain?
ankle, knee, elbow
Is hematogenous seen mostly in adults or children?
children
In the long bone, the epiphysis is the....
end
The osteoblasts begin to deposit osteoid into what during the formation phase?
osteon canal
What is one of the only sites of osteonecrosis?
pain
What is the main symptom of a fracture?
pain
What is the most common anomaly of the toes or fingers?
polydactyly
In the long bone, the diaphysis is the...
shaft
How is a fracture diagnosed?
x-ray
What is the third step in fracture healing?
Bony Callus formation
Inflammation of a bursa
Bursitis
What is referred to as spongy bone, made of trabecular or spicules to form a lattice like pattern?
Cancellous
What type of rhabdomyoma is usually in infancy, and fatal by 5 years with tuberous sclerosis?
Cardiac
What complication is a failure of fracture to heal within predicted time?
Delayed union
What type of cartilage is made up of a network of elastic fibers?
Elastic
Inflammation of a tendon where it attaches to a bone
Epicondylitis
What type of bone cancer is a primitive neuroectodermal tumor, it is a disease of children and young adults, common in the femur?
Ewing Sarcoma
What complication is a failure of bone to heal before bone repair?
Nonunion
What is chronic osteomyelitis secondary to?
Open wound
Soluble factors released during resportion phase of remodeling aid in the recruitment of what cell type to the site?
Osteoblasts
What type of bone cell is bone-building cells that synthesize and secrete the organic matrix of bone?
Osteoblasts
What type of bone cell originates from mononuclear hematopoietic progenitor cells?
Osteoclasts