CompTIA A+ Certification 901 chp 5 Computer Expansion

Composite Component Coaxial BNC Mini-DIN RCA

Additional video cables/connectors

TRUE

All blue USB ports are version 3.0, but not all USB 3.0 are blue. TRUE or FALSE

*In the 1980s for CRT displays. *Supported 8-bits display mode (2 to the power 8 or 256 colors) *640 x 480 pixel resolution *4:3 aspect ratio, and refresh rates at up 70Hz

Analog VGA (Video Graphics Array) interface standard

*Today's VGA standard *Supports 24-bit display mode (2 to the power 24 or 16,777,216 colors called True Color) *up to 7680 x 4800 pixel resolution *16:10 aspect ratio, and refresh rates up to 70 Hz *transmitting HD video-1080p *The VGA port is a three-row 15 socket. *Not designed for hot-swapping, but people do it all the time without adverse effects.

Analog VGA (Video Graphics Array) interface standard continues:

*Additional 1/8" (3.5 mm) speaker ports for 3-D/surround sound: *Lime Green Front left/right *Orange Center subwoofer *Black Surround left/right *Black Surround front/back *Sony/Philips Digital Interface (S/PDIF) audio input/output-coaxial/optical connections *Musical Instrument Digital Interface (MIDI) - to connect synthesizers/electronic instruments *FireWire/USB connections to connect digital audio/video recorders *Gray rear-channel

Audio cards Other ports a sound card might have:

*Optical audio to transmit digital audio signals *supporting stereo audio multichannel Dolby digital/DTS 5.1 audio surround sound *Optical audio can be in conjunction with a digital video card. but it is not necessary if you are using a dual video/audio transmission technology such HDMI. *Sound cards ship with a protective cover over the optical port. you need to remove the cover before you can plug in the cable.

Audio cards Other ports a sound card might have: additional:

*Two formats-Analog/Digital *Computers produce and manipulate audio in digital format. *Audio outside the computer is analog. *The sound card receives analog input from various devices and converts it into digital signal for the computer. *sound card 2 1/8" (3.5 mm) ports *Pink Input port for the mic/output port for speakers

Audio expansion interfaces

*uses short-wavelength UHF radio waves in 2.4GHz to transmit data/digital audio signals *creating a wireless personal area network (WPAN or piconet). *piconet, master BlueTooth device can communicate up to SEVEN BlueTooth slave devices and can automatically switch roles, a slave device can become th master. *radio waves DO NOT require line-of-sight, meaning the BlueTooth device can transmit data up 24 Mbits/sec through walls/other non-metal barriers.

Bluetooth (WPAN) called also "PICONET"

*Bi-directional-tansmit/receive data at the same time. *Daisy-chain up to 3 devices per port. *Can provide 10 W of power to each connected device. *Ability to create a peer-to-peer network of two Apple computers using a ThunderBolt connection. *Can connect DisplayPlay, DVI, HDMI, and VGA displays using adapters.

Characteristics of Thunderbolt: Data transfer rates:

*ThunderBolt 1 -20 Gbits/sec. 10 gbits/sec on each of the two data channels. *ThunderBolt 2 -20 Gbits/sec- in a single data channel. *ThunderBolt 3 -40Gbits/sec. 10Gbits/sec on each of the four data channels. *ThunderBolt 1 and 2 use the Mini DisplayPort (MDP) connector. ThunderBolt 3 uses USB Type C. *ThunderBolt 3 can support dual 4K 60 Hz displays. *ThunderBolt 3 provides up to 15 W.

Characteristics of Thunderbolt: Data transfer rates: continues:

*Inner conductor made of solid copper *copper plated steel wire *Tubular insulating layer/shield wrapped in a protective plastic jacket *coaxial variations rated by their impedance, core size, shielding, and attenuation. RG-6 and RG-59 are both common coaxial cable type *Compatible with a variety of connectors, such as the BNC. *RG-6 has a maximum cable length of 304 meters *RG-59 has a length of 228 meters

Coaxial video

FireWire, Modem, Network, Riser, Storage, Thunderbolt, TV Tuner, USB, Video, Video Capture, Wireless/Cellular

Common PC expansion cards include

*Universal Serial Bus (BUS) *FireWire *Serial AT Attachment (SATA) *Thunderbolt *Registered Jack (RJ) *VGA, DVI, and DisplayPort video *Analog and Digital audio *HDMI *Can also come together like: a USB and FireWire

Common physical "interfaces" (A boundary across which two independent systems meet and act on or communicate with each other) include:

*5 cables *3 of them carry the analog video signal *2 audio cables *Length up to 10 meters

Component video

Length can be up to 20 meters without noticable signal degradation

Composite video

Transition-minimized differential signaling (TMDS), a technology for transmitting high-speed serial data, is used by the DVI and HDMI video interfaces, as well as by other digital communication interfaces.

DVI cable connector Transition-minimized differential signaling (TMDS)

*DVI cables can carry either digital/analog signals *DVI-I/DVI-D cables come in both single-link/dual-link versions *You can use a single-link DVI cable in a dual-link port if you are using standard resolutions, such as 1920 x 1080 pixels or less. *DVI cables come in both copper/fiber optic *Copper DVI cable limits are appoximatley one meter for a resolution of 1600 x 1200 at 60Hz and 9 meters for a resolution of 1024 x 768 at 60Hx *Consumer-grade DVI cables use 28-gauge wire *this restricts the cable to lower resolutions and distances of 100 meters.

DVI cables and connectors

*"Single -Link" DVI-1920 x 1200 pixel resolution *Maximum 16:10 aspect rates/refresh rates up to 60 Hz *Maximum data transfer rate 4.95 Gbits/sec *"Dual-Link"used for higher-resolution display devixes *Supports up to 2560 x 1600 pixel resolution *Maximum 16:10 aspect rates/refresh rates up to 60 Hz *Maximum data transfer rate 9.90 Gbits/sec

DVI two links types single-link and dual-link

17-pin with analog single only with no dual -link option. *DVI-A connectors work with both DVI=A/DVI-I ports *DVI-D connector can fit in a DVI-A port, but it won't work as DVI-D cables carry only digital signals * DVI-A connectors are not common

DVI-A analog only

*24-pin connector allowing for two TMDS (transition-minimized differential signaling) *Can carry more than 10 Gbps of digital video information *Male connector, the pins are arranged in three horizontal rows of eight pins. *24 pins is a wide, flat pin called a ground bar

DVI-D Dual-link- digital only

18-pin connector *One TMDS link *Male connector, pin are arranged in two groups of nine pins, with the flat ground bar off to one side

DVI-D Single-link- digital only

28-pin connector *Carries both digital/analog *Two TMDS links *Male connector is almost identical to the DVI-D dual-link connector except it has a additional four pin that surround the flat offset ground bar

DVI-I Dual-link-digital/analog

*18-pin connector *Carry both digital/analog signals allowing for one TMDS link. *Male connector, pins arranged in to in two groups of nine pins, with 4 pins surrounding the flat ground bar off to one side

DVI-I Single-link-digital/analog

*supports four monitors at 1920 x 1200 resolution each *two monitors at 2560 x 1600 resolution *each display receiving independent audio/video streams using a daisy-chain configuration *maximum resolution 3,840 x 2,160 (4k) *60 Hz in version 1.2 ; up to 8192 x 4320 (8k) resolution, two simultaneous 4k streams in version 1.3. *support 3D video *Audio support for 1-8 channels, 16- or 24-bit uncompressed audio. *up to 63 video/audio streams *Data transfer rates of 1.62, 2.7, 5.4, or 8.1 Gbits/sec per lane across 1, 2, or 4 lines. 5.184, 8.64, 17.28, or 25.92 Gbits for 4-lane link

DisplayPlay and mini-DisplayPlay connector Characteristics:

*Connection interface used primarily to transmit video to a display device. *transmits digital audio and other form fo data. *has two different 20-pin connection types: DisplayPlay and mini-DisplayPlay

DisplayPlay and mini-DisplayPlay ports

TRUE

ExpressCards are hot-swappable TRUE or FALSE

FireWire 800 (1394b) characteristics: *Full-Duplex data transfer rates up to 800 Mbits/sec *Cable length up to 100 meters between devices *Both STANDARDS 400/800 allow devices from the FireWire port on the computer: 8 to 30 V, 150 mA maximum.

FireWire 800 (1394b)

*Can connect up to 63 devices in a tree or daisy-chain topology *Each chain can have a max of 16 devices *Commonly used to transfer data from digital video/audio devices. Developed by Apple/Mac PCs until replaced by THUNDERBOLT interface in 2014. *Supports hot-swapping/Plug n Play It is peer-to-peer. example: connect two FireWire cameras together and they can communicate with each other without a host PC.

FireWire IEEE 1394 replaced by the Thunderbolt:

DVI-D Dual-link- digital only DVI-D Single-link- digital only DVI-I Dual-link-digital/analog DVI-I Single-link-digital/analog DVI-A analog only

Five different DVI connectors

*Standard 1080i/720p *Standard with Ethernet 1080i/720p, plus a dedicated data channel for networking *High speed 1080p, 4K, 3D, and Deep Color. *High speed with Ethernet 1080p, 4K, 3D, and Deep Color,plus a dedicated data channel for networking. *No maximum length limit, but it's recommended to stay under 15 meters for 1080p

HDMI cables and connector types

FALSE

HDMI version 2.0 is the only video interface that supports 3D video. TRUE or FALSE

*if you want over the 100m range, you need class 1 on both ends *you can mix n match class 1 and class 2 but class 3 devices aren't commonly used *BlueTooth provides "authentication/encryption" technology to secure the connection between devices.

How can you mix/match the classes devices?

*Transferring a document from a laptop to a printer *Transferring photos from a digital camera to your computer. *Exchanging business cards between handheld personal computers *Synchronizing contacts and calendars between devices.

IR technology is ubiquitous in electronic device remotes

*Modulated signal to transmit digital data. *it similar to visible light, but has a longer wavelength *undetectable to the human eye *most common Modulate 38 kHz frequency IR data *other frequencies can be used as long as aren't using the same frequency as natural or ambient light sources.

Infrared (IR) focused ray of light

*TV tuners, network cards/extra USB ports *The ExpressCard expansion interface is hot-swappable

Installing a laptop expansion card

*Protect the PC components from electrostatic discharge. *Any time you install an expansion card with the same functionally as an on-board component, remember to disable the on-board component.

Installing and configuring an expansion card

False

Internal and external SATA interfaces are identical. TRUE and FALSE

TRUE

It is possible to adapt an HDMI connector to work with a VGA or a DVI port or device by using an adapter. TRUE or FALSE

*It's already built in due to space limitations and the need to have the proper cutouts in the case. *Newer laptops have an extra mini-PCIe slot *Older laptops have ExpressCard slot, but allow added functionality to your laptop *ExpressCards are older technology being replaced by the Thunderbolt interface in newer laptops.

Laptops and expansion capabilities

*Used to test expansion cards *It sends a signal out and direct them back into the port to test the physical expansion interface *It comes as a hardware device or software program. *Physical Loopback adapter connects the pins from the receiving channel to the pins of the transmitting channel. *Commonly used is an Ethernet loopback adapter

Loopback adapter

*A smaller form factor 7.4 mm wide x 4.5 mm tall *Primarily used by Apple and can connect to Thunderbolt ports (version 1.2)

Mini DisplayPort connector

FALSE

Mini-PCle cards that are contained in an externally accessible compartment are hot-swappable. TRUE or FALSE

SATA I SATA II SATA III

Name three generations of internal SATA interface controllers:

*Uses electromagnetic radio fields (compared to the radio waves used in other short-range wireless expansion technologies) *Establish a limited data transfer between two devices-the initiator and the target. *when the devices are within 20 cm of distance can be reduced for additional security. *a distance of 4 to 5 cm is common *NFC devices data communication is two-way secured/encrypted *Apple Pay, Google Wallet, Samsung Pay, and Skylander gaming figures are examples of NFC *Lower data transfer rate compared to BlueTooth, which is 424 kbits/sec *it uses less power and doesn't require pairing.

Near Field Communication (NFC)

FALSE

PCI and PCle expansion cards are hot-swappable. TRUE or FALSE

Some are designed to transmit *data only *video and audio signals *or all types of infom

Physical Expansion Interfaces:

*Ethernet over twisted pair networking applications with Category 5 cables *Used for high-speed modem applications. *Has an eight-conductor connector (8P8C) and uses all eight contacts.

RJ45

*Uses Alternating current with an antenna to produce an electromagnetic field that can broadcast analog data across a transmission area *any compatible device in the area can receive the signal *the lower frequency RF signals have a wider electromagnetic field than higher frequency RF signals *9 kHz RF signal can be transmitted approximately 33 kilometers *300 MHz RF is limited to 1 meter

Radio Frequency (RF)

"disk mirroring." With RAID 1, data is copied seamlessly and simultaneously, from one disk to another, creating a replica, or mirror. ... RAID 1 can be implemented through either software or hardware. A minimum of two disks is required for RAID 1 hardware implementations.

Raid arrays

*Standard telecommunication network interface. *Carries voice/data for a phone company *Was used in homes for analog voice phone service. *RJ11 has a six-position, two-conductor connector (6P2C) and it uses only the center two contacts

Registered Jack (RJ11) phone line and port

*remember to protect against electrostatic discharge *You can add additional storage/wireless networking *you can replace an old 2.4GHz single-band wireless card with a faster dual-band card. *Know what size card you need. Full/Half height mini-PCIe card *Only tool needed is a set of small screwdrivers

Replacing a Laptop Mini-PCIe wireless card

*SATA 1.5 Gbits /sec *First generation *Data transfer rate 150 MB/sec

SATA I

SATA 3 Gbits/sec *Second generation *Data transfer rate 300 MB/sec *SATA II is BACKWARDS compatible with ATA I

SATA II

*SATA 6 Gbits/sec *third generation *Data transfer rate 600 MB/sec SATA III revision 3.2 increase the interface speed to 16 GB/sec *BACKWARDS compatible with SATA I & II

SATA III

*Connects internal HDD, SSD, and optical to the PC *SATA expansion cards can include an internal/external connector or both. *Use an L shaped connector/port. *SATA controller cards are often used in RAID configurations

Serial AT Attachment (SATA)

Bluetooth Radio Frequency (RF) Infrared (IR) Near field communication (NFC)

Short-range wireless expansion interfaces:

*20-pin connector *Transmit high-bandwidth video/audio signals *Most have a locking mechanism preventing them from being accidentally disconnected

Standard DisplayPort connector

*Compatible with the VGA interface *DVI connections can be connected to VGA connections via a DVI to VGA adapter. *HDMI is based upon DVI, using the same TMDS protocol for transmitting uncompressed video signal. *DVI to HDMI adapter is needed to HDMI

The DVI specification

*Version 1.0 *8.64 Gbits/sec *2-meter cable *Aux channel channel allowing additional data transfer at 1 Mbits/sec

The versions of DisplayPort determines its bandwidth.

*Version 1.2 *32.4 Gbits/s in HBR3 mode *DisplayPort/mini-DisplayPort connectors can support a VGA, DVI, or HDMI interface using adapters.

The versions of DisplayPort determines its bandwidth. continues

*Version 1.2 *17.28 Gbits/s in High Bit Rate 2 (HBR2) mode

The versions of DisplayPort determines its bandwidth. continues...

*Standard HDMI (Type A) 19 pin connector *Mini-HDMI (type C) 19-pin connector 10.42 mm x 2.42 mm *Used for portable electronic devices *With an adapter, it can be used with a standard HDMI port *Micro-HDMI (type D) 19-pin 6.4 mm x 2.8 mm *Used in smaller form factor PCs/devices *With an adapter, it can be used with a standard HDMI port.

Three types of HDMI connector

*Combines PCle/DisplayPort into one serial bus *allowing it transmit/receive: *data *video *audio *network data *power *Video devices like: display devices/video-capture solutions *data peripherals *external disk drives/raid arrays *available in some high end-end PC workstations BIOS changes my need to made to make thunderbolt expansion card work.

Thunderbolt card

*FireWire 400 (1394a) characteristics: *Full-Duplex data transfer rates 100, 200, or 400 Mbits/sec *Limited cable length 4.5 meters between devices *Daisy-chain up to 16 devices using active repeaters *Maximum daisy-chained cable length 72 meters

Two most commonly used FireWire 400 (1394a) and 800 (1394b) standards before being replaced by thunderbolt:

*USB 1.0-transfer rate 1.5 Mbits/sec called "Low bandwidth" or "Low Speed" *1.5 is used for low data rate devices such as Keyboards/mice *USB 1.1-transfer rate 12 Mbits/sec called "Full Bandwidth" or "Full Speed" *USB 1.1 supports both transfer rates *Full Bandwidth" or "Full Speed" is used for higher-speed devices such as external disk drives *Both USB 1.0/1.1 support two types of connectors: Type A and B.

USB 1.x, USB 1.0, USB 1.1 standards:

*Transfer rate 480 Mbits/sec called High Speed *All connected USB devices SHARE 480 Mbits/sec *Supports Type A/B connectors *Supports four smaller connectors types: mini-or micro-A/B, and micro connectors *Supports battery charging low/high power variations *A unit load is 100 mA *A device may draw a maximum of 5 unit loads (500 mA) from the port. *Is backwards compatible with USB 1.x standard.

USB 2.0 standard

*Transfer speed 4.8 Gbits/sec (Super Speed) *Low/High power variations *A unit load 150 mA *A device may draw a max of 6 units loads (900 mA) *Supports Full-Size A/B connectors *Has its own micro standard *Both micro-A/B connectors go into a common USB 3.0 micro-AB port. *Does Not support mini-A/B connectors *Is BACKWARDS compatible with the USB 2.0 standard.

USB 3.0 (also called USB 3.1 Gen 1)

*Transfer rate speed 10 Gbits/sec (Super Speed +) *Supports Full-Size Type A/B connectors *micro-A/B connectors and a new type C connector *Standard is BACKWARD compatible with both USB 3.0/2.0

USB 3.1 (called USB 3.1 Gen2):

*Is a device that plugs into the USB port of a PC/provides an expansion interface. Like: *USB to RJ-45 dongle *USB to Wi-Fi dongle *USB to Bluetooth donlge *Simply plug it into USB port/install the SW that came with it, for some no sw is needs to be installed

USB dongles

*Blue USB port means 3.x, but not all 3.x ports are blue. *USB 3.x have a total 9 pins. 5 front/4 back

USB expansion ports identification/color

*Connects up to 127 peripheral devices *Supports hot-swapping *Plug-and-Play *It replaced parallel/serial expansion ports *An external power supply might be needed.

USB physical interface

3.x added SS to the symbol 2.x no SS but added a + sign instead 1.x just a plain USB symbol. see page 84

USB port identification

*A similar connector to the HD15 *Same pinout as the HD15, but DOES NOT omit the #9 pin. and can be used for VGA display devices.

VGA DE15

*A High Density DB-style connector with three rows of 5 of 5 pins. *Most manufacturer omit pin #9 in the middle row on the male connectors. *This pin isn't needed to carry any part of the video signal.

VGA HD15 also called HD DB15 connector

*Carries analog component RGBHV (red, green, blue, horizontal sync, vertical sync) video signals *VESA Display Data Channel (VESA DDC) data from a VGA-enable devices, such as a projector, or computer, to a monitor.

VGA HD15 cables and connector

*VGA is an analog signal, so the length of the cable determines the quality of the video signal. *A 100 foot cable can sufficiently provide low resolutions (up to 800 x 600) signals. *50 feet for mid-range resolution signals (1280 x 1024 and 1024 x 768) *25 feet for higher resolution signals (1600 x 1200 and 1920 x 1200).

VGA HD15 cables specs continues

*Transmit both video/audio signals *Used to transfer uncompressed video/compressed/uncompressed digital audio data to a computer monitor video projectors digital TV/digital audio device *most common digital connection *HDMI supports three different 19-pin connections type: Full-size (Tpye A), mini-HDMI (Type C), and micro-HDMI (Type D) Version 2.0 characteristics include: HD video formats such as 720p, 1080i, and 1080p

Video and audio HDMI/Display expansion interfaces:

*along with 480p enhanced definition format/standard definition formats such as: NTSC supports 3D video supports 48-bit display mode (2power 48 colors) 1920 x 1080 resolution 120 Hz/4K resolution 60 Hz/21:9 aspect ratio *Support for up to 2 separate video streams *connects two display monitors/the old specs supported just one video stream *Audio support for 32 channels at 1536 kHz-7.1 channel-192kHz surround sound. *Old specs were 8 channels of 192kHz, 24-bit uncompressed audio on a single cable *Support for up to 4 separate audio streams *Data transfer rate up to 18 Gbits/sec

Video and audio HDMI/Display expansion interfaces: continues:

*Generates the signal needed to output images on a display device. *different video terms: video cards video adapter display card graphics card display adapter graphics adapter graphics add-in-boards (AIB) *Video expansion cards often come with multiple physical interfaces and their own cooling system. *If you add a graphics card, you must disable the integrated one on the MB in the BIOS/UEFI *Laptops, LCD displays will have TTL (parallel) interface or an LVDS (serial) interface connection.

Video card with HDMI, VGA, and DVI-(dual-link) expansion card interfaces with an on-board cooling fan

PCIe or PCI slots Video cards are also manufactured for PCIe slots and maybe AGP slots.

What are PC expansion cards commonly manufactured for?

The power class

What determines the maximum transmission distance with BlueTooth deives?

*Sensitivity of the RF receiver *Power level of the transmitted signal *Amount of background noise within the transmission band. *Amount of signal dissipation and degradation as it travels through the air.

What factors do the quality of your RF signal and data transfer speed depend on?

the global term for technology used to protect copyrighted data, and some Bluethooth wireless devices are able to enforce the Serial Copy Management System (SCMS-T) scheme for digital rights management

What is (DRM) Digital Rights Management ?

*The transmitting IR device must be in a direct line with no obstructions to the receiving IR device. *In the IrDA-1.1 standard the maximum data transfer speed is 4 Mbits/sec

What is the meaning of line-of-sight in IR?

AGP PCle

What type of expansion slots can you to install an internal video card?

Wireless KB Hand-Held computer data links Remote controls Cordless telephones, ect

When RF signal is transmitted using low power (about less than 1 milliwatt) VHF frequency range with a data transfer speeds of 1 to 2 Mbits/sec, Are used what computer electronic devices?

in an empty PCIe, PC, AGP, or ExpressCard slots.

Where are PC and PCIe expansion cards typically installed?

RCA

Which connector type is used to connect both component and composite cables?

Lightning

Which device connector is proprietary and uses an authentication chip to prevent unauthorized manufacturing?

HDMI

Which display connection standard has the ability to also carry Ethernet network data?

Component

Which display connection type uses three cables to carry the video signal?

Lightning USB

Which of the following device cables allow for the maximum length between a single devices and the host port?

DVI-A VGA

Which of the following video interfaces are analog only?

FireWire

Which physical interface is being replaced on Apple computers by Thunderbolt?

MIDI

Which physical interface is used on sound cards to connect synthesizers and other electronic instruments?

NEAR field communication (NFC)

Which short-range wireless interface is used with smartphone technology for point-of-sale payments?

*digital-based standard *for video projectors *flat-panel displays (LCDs) *plasma screens *wide HD TVs *DVI transmit unccompressed digital video *DVI-D (digital only) *DVI-A (analog only *DVI-I (digital and analog)

different DVI connectors/ports

*Allows connection with external SATA HDD, SSD, and optical drive *External connector will be eSATA with a SATA expansion card. *Speeds of 1.5 Gbits/sec to 6 Gbits/sec *Data transfer rate 150 MB/sec to 600 MB/sec *Same standard as the internal SATA interface Standards *eSATA/SATA external cable are identical except eSATA is shield *eSATA connector and port are L shaped to prevent users from the unshielded internal SATA cable EXternally. *Maximum data cable length 2 meters

external eSATA connector expansion card

*Class 1 -Max power= 100m W -Max distance= 100 meters *Class 2 -Max power= 2.5m W -Max distance= 10 meters *Class 3 -Max power= 1m W -Max distance= 1 meters

name the three power classes of Bluetooth devices:

*Carries both digital/analog video/audio signals simultaneously, but each is optional, one can transmit without the other *Can carry multichannel digital audio *there isn't an audio return channel *Unlike HDMI, DisplayPort cable can't carry networking data *You can run a copper DisplayPort cable up to 50 feet with 1080p resolutions. *For a higher resolutions, a 6.5-foot copper displayPort cable can support extremely high data rates (resolutions up to 3840 x 2160)

two DisplayPort connectors