Connect Assignment: Chapter 11

which of the following options best represents a solution that is 1.80% mass/volume KCl in water

1.80g KCl / 100. mL of solution

24.5mL is isopropyl alcohol is dissolved in water to give a total solution volume of 1.30L. what is the percent by volume concentration of the isopropyl alcohol

1.88% 0.0245L isopropyl alcohol/1.30L solution x 100% = 1.88%

which of the options correctly represents the concentration unit percent by mass

grams of solute / grams of solution x 100%

which of the following options correctly represents the concentration unit mass/volume percent

grams of solute/volume of solution x 100%

match each term concerning the heat of the solution process to the correct description

heat of solution- energy change involved in the solution process exothermic- process that releases heat endothermic- process that absorbs heat

solubility is qualitatively defined as how readily one substance ___________ in another substance

dissolves

match each type of IV solution (in contact with blood cells) to the correct description

hypertonic IV solution- IV solution has a higher solute concentration than blood cells. water exits blood cells and enters the IV solution. blood cells may shrivel hypotonic IV solution- IV solution has a lower solute concentration than blood cells. water exits the IV solutions and enters the blood cells. blood cells may burst isotonic IV solution- IV solution has the same solute concentration as blood cells

the image shows the _____________ intermolecular attractive forces between solute and solvent particles

ion-dipole

match each term relevant to the dissolving process to the correct description

ion-dipole forces- the force of attraction between an ion and a polar molecule hydration- the process by which a solute particle is surrounded by solvent water molecules in solution solvation- the process by which a solute particle is surrounded by solvent molecules other than water in solution

match each type of solute to the type of solvent that it is expected to dissolve in based on the phrase "like dissolves like"

ionic solute- polar solvent nonpolar solute- nonpolar solvent solute molecule with a polar end and a nonpolar end (i.e soap)- polar or nonpolar solvent

match each type of solution to the correct descriptions

saturated solution- a solution that contains the maximum concentration of dissolved solute and is in equilibrium with excess solute unsaturated solution- a solution that contains less than the maximum possible amount of solute supersaturated solution- a solution that contains more than the expected maximum amount of solute

match each term relevant to vapor pressure lowering to the correct description

volatile- readily enters the gas phase vapor pressure- the partial pressure of gas molecules above a liquid when the two states are in equilibrium evaporation- a process by which molecules pass from the liquid state to the gaseous state nonvolatile- does not readily enter the gas phase

which of the following options correctly represents the concentration unit percent by volume

volume of solute / volume of solution x 100%

match each term relevant to solutions to the correct definition

solute- the substance being dissolved, which is usually present in lesser amount solvent- the substance doing the dissolving, which is usually present in greater amount aqueous solution- a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances in which the solvent is water

match each type of electrolyte to the correct description

weak electrolyte- a solute that dissociates only partially into ions in aqueous solution strong electrolyte- a solute that dissociates completely into ions in aqueous solution nonelectrolyte- a solute that does not dissociate into ions in aqueous solution

select the ionic compounds that are predicted to be soluble in water based on solubility rules. select all that apply

- (NH4)2SO4 - Na2S - K2CrO4

select all the substances that yield strong electrolyte solution(s) when dissolved in water

- KOH - (NH4)2SO4 - HI

select all the options that correctly describe boiling point

- a liquid boils when the vapor pressure of the substance equals the surrounding atmospheric pressure - the normal boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which a substance boils at 1 atm pressure

select all the options that correctly describe a phase diagram

- a phase diagram shows the physical state of a substance at a given temperature and pressure - the liquid-gas curve represents a set of temperatures and pressures at which the liquid states is in equilibrium with the gaseous state

select all the statements that correctly describe the solubility of gases in water. the figure shown is a plot of gas solubility vs temperature for three gases

- at any given temperature the solubility of a gas in water depends on the chemical nature of the gas - increasing temperature increases the kinetic energy of dissolved gas molecules and facilitates the escape of these molecules from the solution

select all of the options that correctly describe colligative properties

- colligative properties vary only with the number of solute particles - colligative properties refer to a solution's physical properties, which are different than those of the pure solvent

select all the statements that correctly describe or relate to entropy

- entropy is a measure of the tendency for matter to become disordered or random - a more randomized distribution of solute and solvent particles corresponds to increased entropy

select all the statements that correctly describe how strong electrolytes influence colligative properties

- for a given molal concentration of an aqueous strong electrolyte, the more ions present in the formula the higher the solute ion concentration - strong electrolyte solutions contain a greater number of solute particles than the number of complete molecular units of solute

select all of the following options that correctly describe how to prepare a solution with the goal of maximizing the boiling point. in all cases assume a nonvolatile solute is used and the solvent is water

- increase the molal concentration of the solute in the water - use a solute that dissociates to a large number of ions in aqueous solution

select all the statements that correctly describe the equation for boiling point elevation: △Tb=Kbm

- m represents the molal concentration of the solution - the more solute particles present in solution, the higher the solution boiling point

select all the options that correctly describe molality

- molality is expressed in units of mol/kg or m - molality does not depend on temperature because there is no volume term

which of the following options correctly describes/represents parts per billion? select all that apply

- parts per billion is calculated by dividing the mass of solute by the mass of solution and multiplying by one billion - parts per billion= grams of solute/grams of solution x 10^9 - parts per billion is abbreviated a ppb

which of the following options correctly describes/represents parts per million? select all that apply

- parts per million is often used to report the amount of pollutants in water - parts per million= grams of solute/grams of solution x 10^6

select all the statements that correctly describe solutions

- solutions can be mixtures of solids, liquids, or gases - solutions have variable compositions

select all the options that represent the intermolecular forces broken or formed when NaCl is dissolved in water

- some hydrogen bonding and dipole-dipole interactions in water are broken - ionic bonds are broken in the solute - ion-dipole interactions are formed between the solute and water

select all the options that correctly describe freezing pint and the colligative property freezing point depression

- the freezing point of a liquid is the temperature at which the liquid and solid states of a substance are at equilibrium - freezing point depression is proportional to the molal concentration of the solute

select all the statements that are correct with respect to the phrase "like dissolved like"

- the intermolecular forces formed must compensate for the forces broken in order for dissolving to occur - when the polarity of the solvent is similar to the polarity of the solute, the solvent will dissolve the solute - a nonpolar solute is predicted to be highly soluble in a nonpolar solvent

select all the statements that correctly describe how entropy relates to the formation of a solution

- the mixing of a solute and a solvent to a more disordered state involved an increase in entropy - an endothermic dissolving process may still occur because of increases in entropy

select all the statements that correctly describe how gas pressure relates to the solubility of a gas in a liquid

- the more gas particles above a liquid, the more a gas will dissolve in a liquid - the solubility of a gas in a liquid is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas above the liquid

select all the statements that correctly describe solubility rules for ionic compounds in water

- the rules used to predict the solubility of ionic compounds in water are based on experimental data - an ionic compound that is soluble according to solubility rules will dissociate into ions when dissolved in water

select all the statements that correctly describe the solubility of ionic solids in water

- the slope of the plot of solubility versus temperature can be used to determine how much solubility changes for a given temperature change - the solubility of most ionic solids increases in water as the temperature of the solution increases

select all the options that correctly describe the equation used to calculate the freezing point of a solution: △Tf=Kfm

- the units for Kf are ºC/m - Kf is a constant characteristic of the solvent

select all the options that correctly represent the units used in the equation for boiling point elevation: △Tb= Kbm

- ºC= ºCxkg/mol x mol/kg - ºC= ºC/m x m

what is the freezing point for a 2.4m solution of ethylene glycol in water? the freezing point of pure water is 0.00ºC and the freezing point constant (Kf) for water is -1.86ºC/m

-4.46ºC

a solution is made by dissolving 4.25g of KOH is enough water to give a total solution volume of 655 mL. what is the molarity of the KOH in solution? the molar mass of KOH moles 56.11 g/

0.118 M

1.35g of NH4Cl is dissolved in 155mL of H2O. what is the molality of the solution? the molar mass of NH3Cl is 53.49 g/mol and the density of H2O Is 1.00 g/mL

0.163m 0.0252 mol NH4Cl/0.155kg H2O = 0.163

list the following aqueous solutions in order of increasing boiling point. assume 100% dissociation for all soluble ionic compounds. the solution with the lowest boiling point belongs at the top of the list

1. 1.0 m C6H12O6 2. 1.0 m NaBr 3. 1.0 m Ba(NO3)2 4. 1.0 m Al(NO3)3

list the following aqueous solutions in order of increasing boiling point. assume 100% dissociation for all soluble ionic compounds. the solution with the lowest boiling point belongs at the top of the list

1. 1.0m C6H12O6 2. 1.0 m NaBr 3. 1.0 m Ba(NO3)2 4. 1.0 m Al(NO3)3

list the following concentrations in order of decreasing concentration. the most concentrated solution belongs at the top of the list

1. 25.5 ppm 2. 2.55 ppm 3. 25.5 ppb 4. 2.55 ppb

arrange the following compounds in order of increasing solubility in water. the compound with the highest solubility in water belongs at the top of the list

1. HOCH2CH2OH 2. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2OH 3. CH3CH2OCH3 4. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3

what mass of glucose is present in 8.50g of solution that is 22.5% by mass of glucose in water

1.91g glucose 8.50g solution x 22.5g glucose/100g solution

how many grams of C6H12O6 must be added to 350g of H2O to make a solution with a concentration of 0.30m? the molar mass of C6H12O6 is 180.16 g/mol

19g 0.350kg H2O x 0.30mol C6H12O6/ 1.0kg H2O = 0.105mol C6H12O6 0.105mol C6H12O6 x 180.16g/1mol = 19 g C6H12O6

match each letter in the figure shown to the correct description concerning the energy involved with dissolving an ionic compound in water

A + B- energy cost to overcome the solute ion-ion interactions and some of the hydrogen bonding of water C- energy released in the formation of ion-dipole interactions between the ions and the water D- overall heat of solution

match the aqueous solution to the number of solute particles per formula unit predicted to be in solution. assume 100% dissociation for all soluble ionic compounds

C6H12O6(aq) - 1 Na2SO4(aq) - 3 Al(NO3)3(aq) - 4 NH4NO3(aq) - 2

which of the following options best represents the balanced equation for dissolving Na3PO4(s) in water? although not shown in the chemical equation, each species is mixed with excess H20(l)

Na3PO4(s) -> 3Na+(aq) + PO4^3-(aq)

match each term concerning miscibility of a liquid solute in a liquid solvent to the correct description

completely miscible- a liquid state and a liquid solvent that form solutions over any range of compositions partially miscible- a liquid solute and a liquid solvent that form solutions over a limited range of compositions immiscible- a liquid solute and a liquid solvent that do not mix and are essentially insoluble in one another

match each term relating to concentration and solubility to the correct definition

concentration- relative amounts of the solute and solvent that make up a solution dilute- relatively small amount of solute per amount of solvent concentrated- relatively large amount of solute per amount of solvent solubility- a ratio that identifies the maximum amount of a solute that will dissolve in a particular solvent to form a stable solution under specific conditions

which one of the following options correctly represents molarity

moles of solute / liters of solution

which one of the following options correctly represents molality

moles of solute/kilograms of solvent

when representing the dissolving process in water with a balanced equation, the hydrated products are labeled with (aq). the ______________ solutes are presented as products by their molecular formulas, while the ______________ solutes are represented as products by their separate ions

nonelectrolyte, electrolyte

match each point or region of a phase diagram to the correct description

normal boiling point- the temperature at which the liquid-gas curve reaches a pressure of 1 atm normal freezing point- the temperature at which the solid-liquid curve reaches a pressure of 1 atm gas phase- the phase of matter present at temperatures and pressures sectioned off by the liquid-gas curve and the solid-gas curve liquid phase- the phase of matter present at temperatures and pressures sectioned off by the solid-liquid curve and the liquid-gas curve

match the following compounds to the solvent in which they would likely dissolve based upon the expression "like dissolves like"

octane, C8H18- carbon tetrachloride, CCl4 ethanol, C2H5OH- water, H2O

match each term concerning osmosis to the correct definition

osmosis- a process in which solvent particles diffuse through a barrier that does not allow the passage of solute particles semipermeable membrane- a membrane that allows the passage of some substances by not others osmotic pressure- the pressure required to stop osmosis reverse osmosis- the application of a pressure greater than the osmotic pressure to force solvent flow in the opposite direction from osmosis

is energy required or released upon the formation of the solute-solvent intermolecular forces as shown in the image

released

a solution is mixture that has a ____________ composition

uniform