Connect chapter 15

_____ is now the criterion for adopting medical standards.

Evidence-based medicine

_____ refers to the conscientious, explicit, judicious use of the best scientific evidence for making decisions about the care of individual patients.

Evidence-based medicine

_____ means that an increasing number of people will know that they have a risk for illness before they develop that illness.

Genetic testing availability

Identify the problems faced by the health care system in the Unites States. (Check all that apply.)

Health care consumers use health care services inappropriately. The system is grossly inequitable. Health care costs are high.

Identify the first important step that should be undertaken by health psychologists to improve health interventions.

Initial assessing during the acute period

Identify a true statement about the current status of international health.

Life expectancy has increased almost everywhere in the world, with substantial improvements in developing countries.

Identify the factors that are linked to low socioeconomic status. (Check all that apply.)

Low-birth-weight babies Risk of accidents Higher rates of chronic illnesses Infant mortality

True or false: The adverse effects of low socioeconomic status on health is true for both men and women, at all age levels and across most countries of the world.

True

A chief goal for health psychologists in the coming years is to _____, especially for the chronically ill.

develop cost-effective interventions to improve quality of life

Undergraduate students who are interested in pursuing health psychology are advised to _____.

develop knowledge about the biological bases of behavior by taking courses in biology

True or false: Health care and research should ideally focus on men because men are sick more than women.

false

True or false: Most poor people in the U.S can easily access the health care delivery system.

false

According to a study by Minkler et al., the overwhelming majority of diseases and disorders show an SES gradient, with _____.

poor people experiencing a greater risk compared to others

Maximizing the number of good years during which a person is free from the burdens of chronic illness _____.

produces a higher quality of life

Disorders such as heart disease in women have _____.

not received substantial attention from heath care workers and researchers

Behavioral immunization programs are in existence for _____.

smoking, drug abuse, and diet and eating disorders

One of the most significant advances in stress research is the discovery that _____.

social support can buffer stress

The mass media, youth prevention projects, educational interventions, and social engineering solutions to problems such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, and drug abuse can _____.

supplement programs that currently focus primarily on health risks that are already in place

When an individual's interest during graduate education lies even partly in health psychology research, he or she should _____.

take courses on research methodology and statistics

Disseminating the information provided by genetic testing both publicly through the media and individually to people at risk requires _____.

understanding of social communication

In the context of the population of the United States, _____ have poorer health at all ages as well as higher levels of depression, hostility, anxiety, and other emotional risk factors for chronic disease.

African Americans

_____ have prompted the development of interventions that are time limited, symptom focused, and offered on an outpatient basis.

Cost containment pressures

Identify a reason for the refocus of health promotion efforts toward morbidity.

Cost incurred due to chronic illnesses

Identify true statements about the relation between social influence and stress. (Check all that apply.)

Alleviating factors that promote toxic social ties such as high-strain work environments promote a more healthful social fabric. Fostering social support systems to offset social trends that isolate people should be a high priority for prevention.

Identify an example of a comprehensive intervention model.

An intervention model in which palliative management technologies and psychotherapeutic technologies are available to the dying patient.

Identify a true statement about health care and research on women.

Breast, ovarian, and other cancers of the sex or reproductive organs have received substantial attention.

Identify the conditions that are expected to increasingly affect the aging population. (Check all that apply.)

Osteoporosis Hearing loss Blindness Arthritis

Identify true statements about the use of nontraditional medicine by people. (Check all that apply.)

People are increasingly treating themselves in nontraditional ways. Nontraditional methods may help address psychological needs of patients.

Match the subfields of psychology that are offered during graduate education (in the left column) with their appropriate descriptions (in the right column). Instructions

Physiological psychology matches Choice, It focuses heavily on the biology and neurological aspects of health psychology. It focuses heavily on the biology and neurological aspects of health psychology. Social psychology matches Choice, It examines social and psychological processes related to health. It examines social and psychological processes related to health. Clinical psychology matches Choice, It involves interventions with patients. It involves interventions with patients. Developmental psychology matches Choice, It examines the health of children and the factors that affect it. It examines the health of children and the factors that affect it.

_____ is an essential goal of health care, to which health psychologists can and do make major contributions.

Preventing poor health habits from developing

Identify the positive factors that should be the focus of future health promotion efforts. (Check all that apply.)

Reducing morbidity Delaying mortality

Identify interventions that are used as cost containment methods on the clinical practice side. (Check all that apply.)

Self-management programs Internet interventions Self-help groups Peer counseling

Identify the personal resources that have proved to be protective against chronic illnesses. (Check all that apply.)

Sense of control Optimism

Identify a true statement about good health behaviors.

They are critical to achieving good health.

Identify a drawback of comprehensive interventions.

They are expensive.

Identify a true statement about comprehensive intervention models.

They may be employed for concerted attacks on risk factors.

Identify a true statement about people who are at risk for particular diseases.

They need to know how to cope with their risk status.

Identify a true statement about people who are at risk for developing a chronic illness.

They will not necessarily develop chronic illness.

Identify the health risk factors that are tied to low socioeconomic status. (Check all that apply.)

Tobacco use Fewer psychosocial resources Alcohol consumption Obesity

A significant gap in health care and research concerns gender. In this context, which of the following statements are true? (Check all that apply.)

Women's advantage in mortality has been decreasing in recent years. Women's health care is fragmented.

What do undergraduate students who are interested in studying health psychology need to do in order to gain experience in the field?

Work for internship opportunities in a medical school or hospital.

Poverty, lack of education, and lack of health care resources are known to contribute to a high incidence of _____.

acute infectious diseases

Supplementing initial assessment with regular needs assessment over the long term _____.

can help identify potential problems, such as depression

Explaining the purposes of the complex technologies in medicine and using control enhancing interventions to enable people to feel like active participants in their treatments _____.

can help reduce fear

As the population of the United States ages, one can expect to see a higher incidence of _____.

chronic diseases

Health psychologists need to be involved in the ongoing controversies that surround _____.

complementary and alternative medicine

An intervention model of health psychology where all available treatments for a disorder are brought together so that individual regimens can be developed for each patient is called a _____ _____ _____

comprehensive intervention models

For comprehensive intervention models to continue to define the highest quality of care, attention must be paid to _____.

cost effectiveness as well as to treatment effectiveness

The complex technological aspects of medicine can themselves be _____.

daunting for many patients

African Americans have a _____ than whites.

higher infant mortality rate

Interventions that are time limited, symptom focused, and offered on an outpatient basis follow a format that _____.

is not always conducive to change through behavioral intervention

The pressures of cost containment push health psychology in the direction of research designed to _____.

keep people out of the health care system altogether