Corrections Test 1
A sentence to confinement in a city or county facility that could be under minimum, medium, or maximum security supervision is a prison sentence.
False
All three-strikes laws authorize, or in some cases mandate, longer periods of incarceration for drug sales and escape.
False
By the late 20th century the disproportionately high presence of African Americans in the Nations prisons had been significantly reduced in the prison population of African-Americans was essentially the same as it was in the general population
False
Crime policies in the United States appear to be more punitive than in other Western countries because the United States relies more on rational decision making.
False
Evidence-based practices research confirms that negative sanctions are more effective than positive
False
If an offender on diversion supervision does not comply with the court-stipulated conditions, he or she is sentenced but there is no formal record of conviction.
False
In several studies, white offenders have been found more likely than black offenders to view prison over community-based sanctions as the more severe sanction.
False
Jeremy Bentham who was in 18th century philosopher argued that a moral people deserved punishment that was equally depraved even if the punishment did not benefit the general welfare
False
Laws that were enacted to ensure that actual time served would be closer to that given in the original sentence are called habitual offender statutes.
False
Men but not women were transported from England to the British colonies in Australia
False
Mitigating circumstances refer to situations that require a tougher sentence.
False
Most research suggests that the more punitive states tend also to have lower rates of poverty, fewer persons who are African-American, and more generous welfare payments for impoverished persons.
False
Old merchant enable ships that were converted into floating presents were called Chunks
False
One of the primary punishment philosophies retribution is the one that most clearly considers the harm done to the victim when deciding and appropriate punishment for the offender
False
One reason state prison populations continue to increase is that research consistently shows that longer sentences have significant deterrent value and help reduce recidivism.
False
Since chemical castration effectively controls feeling of anger and hatred as well as preventing erections it is appropriate to use for all six offender's
False
The Hebrew legal system is also referred to as the Roman law
False
The academic side of evidence-based practice refers to the specific application of the most effective techniques.
False
The concept of just deserts requires the offenders punishment to be as harsh as the law allows
False
The medical approach argued that society's response to the criminals should be guided by physicians and should rely on medication
False
The pretrial release decision is made prior to arrest so that defendants who qualify can be released and supervised in the community before their first court date.
False
The reformatory movement was notable for it's equal treatment of both white and black women offenders since race played no role in who was placed in the reformatories rather than custodial prisons
False
The war on drugs has had a pronounced effect on the federal prison system, and greatly reduced the number of incarcerated women.
False
Weak or inadequate evidence is not a good reason for dismissing a case during initial screening since evidence is unimportant until trial.
False
When sentencing convicted offenders, judges must use just one sentence type.
False
because the likelihood of success is increased, a basic principle of evidence-based practice is that treatment interventions should be focused on low risk clients
False
Which of the following was not a feature of the penitentiary act of 1779
Fees for basic services such as food can be charged to persons arrested for Felonies but not a persons arrested for misdemeanors
Under which of the following does responsibility for a prisoner's release from confinement lie with correction officials (e.g., parole board) rather than with the sentencing judge?
Indeterminate sentencing.
Which of the following is NOT one of the main decisions points for prosecutors?
Deciding whether to arrest a suspect.
Under which of the following does the judge impose a flat sentence for a specific amount of time?
Determinate sentencing.
Which punishment philosophy relies on the course options that people are rational calculating individuals using free will to achieve pleasure and avoid pain
Deterrence
One criticism of restorative justice is that it can promote _____ by perpetuating existing social inequities
Discrimination
This concept is expressed when society treats similar crimes and similar criminals alike
Equity
under which incarceration of rehabilitation is Criminality considered similar to an illness that can be diagnosed and treated
Rehabilitation as individualized treatment
Which statement is least true of Elmira reformatory
Used determinate sentencing strategies
Which program helps inmates understand the victimization facts in the plight of victims rights and greatly improves their sensitivity levels
Victim impact classes
In comparing the merits of the Pennsylvania and Auburn models proponents of the auburn system claimed it
Was cheaper to construct and run
A system of Royal courts that had a primary interest in settling disputes of landholders was established in England by
William the conqueror
Which of the following did the new women's reformatories of the late 19th century different from those of men
Women's reformatory's were built in a cottage plan with the women living in small individual units cottages
The use of factors is a strategy that allows judges to increase sentences because of special conditions.
aggravating
Preadjudication diversion
allows the defendant to be supervised in the community before pleading guilty.
The more effective treatment interventions are those that
are focused on either males or females specifically.
Intensive treatment for lower-risk offenders
can actually increase the likelihood of recidivism.
Which of the key requirements for an effective deterrent system is problematic because it is reasonably achieved only if citizens are willing to be consistently monitored
certainty
Rudolph has pled guilty to criminal trespass and assault. Judge Tran sentences Rudolph to serve 2 years on the trespass charge and 5 years on the assault charge. However, Rudolph is allowed to serve both sentences at the same time and will be released in 5 years. In this case, Judge Tran has used
concurrent sentencing.
Time off a prison sentence given automatically when inmates serve their sentence without problems is called
conditional good time.
Repeated and cumulative media exposure is thought to contribute to insecurity and fear of crime according to
cultivation theory.
One example of sentencing disparity is the representation of minorities in prison.
disproportionate
Good time credit received as the result of behvior or program participation is often called
earned good time
One reason that deterrent effectively discourages and prevents criminal behavior is that humans have similar understandings of what is severe and what is mild punishment
false
Selective incapacitation favors brought a use of imprisonment as a way to achieve large gains in crime prevention by locking away even minor offenders
false
Specific deterrence occurs when punishment is applied to an offender with the goal of discouraging others who hear about the punishment from committing a crime
false
The iron law of imprisonment states that imprisonment if the preferred punishment for all violent offenders
false
How long does the average criminal trial last?
less than a week.
Requiring a prison sentence, rather than some form of community corrections, for particular crimes and some offenders is called sentencing.
mandatory
Deterrence is the act of discouraging future criminal acts by both the
offender and others in the population
what do you offender deserves is to retribution as what the victim deserves is to
Restoration
Prison programs in the late 20th century were more likely to emphasize
Restorative justice procedures
Because this punishment philosophy does not require punishment to achieve some goal or objective it is very difficult to argue with one of its proponents that the philosophy doesn't work
Retribution
Retribution to be distinguished from revenge in each of the following ways except
Retribution is a form of individual retaliation for a wrong done
decision making when determining sentence and sentencing conditions. Evidence-based sentencing involves the use of research to improve the quality of judicial
Scientific
Under which type of incapacitation with the policy be to reserve imprisonment for only those offenders needing to be locked away for societies protection
Selective
Generally speaking with ____ incapacitation people are sentenced to prison based on their personal characteristics whereas under ____ Incapacitation people are sentenced to prison based on characteristics of their crime
Selective/general
The observation that essentially all prisoners return to live in free society is called
The iron law of imprisonment
Calling punishment a natural response to a wrongful act best describes
The norm of reciprocity
According to a 2012 public opinion survey American voters believe
Too many people are in prison
The first completely independent and physically separate prison for women in the United States what is the Indiana reformatory institution for women and girls
True
The majority of U.S. states use a primarily determinate sentencing system.
True
The police enforce the law, keep social order, and preserve public safety for their particular jurisdiction.
True
Trends in state sentencing are clearly toward less reliance on prison and a movement away from mandatory minimum sentencing, but at the federal level there is just as clearly a decision to continue pursuing mandatory minimum sentences-especially for all types of federal drug offenders.
True
Western states that were able to develop stable prison systems in the 19th century likely did so because they kept open the channels of influence from states in the east
True
When a correctional program has two or more independent and rigorous group and the control group, the programs is said to "work" and is studies showing a significant difference between the treatment judged effective.
True
When the townsfolk expelled Jane from the village she was banished but when Joe was it to a remote location to be used as a labor he was transported
True
With presumptive sentencing guidelines, possible sentences are suggested but judges are not required to follow those suggestions.
True
sentencing guarantees that offenders receiving a prison sentence will serve at least 85% of that sentence.
Truth-in
Nigel walkers example of how retributionist perceive Proportionality is illustrated using
Two ladders intersected by a rod
Judge Johnson is required by his state to refer to a matrix then issue a sentence that falls within a range of months for an offender with particular characteristics who has been convicted of a particular crime category: Judge Johnson is following
presumptive sentencing guidelines.
Crime policy in the United States are more punitive than crime policies in other Western countries for each of the following reasons EXCEPT
U.S. judges and prosecutors are career civil servants who receive special training.
A presentence investigation report (PSI Report) is primarily used today for (blank) purposes, but also can aid in the supervision of probation offenders.
sentencing
To be considered of high quality, a program should
show significant differences between treatment and control groups.
Compared with other countries, the United States incarceration rate is
significantly higher than that for most other countries.
When considering how staff members such as probation officers or community corrections counselors relate to offenders
the quality of the interaction is more important than the quantity.
One of the ways we have tried to reduce sentence disparities is through
the use of sentencing guidelines.
A timeline in the chapter shows that over a five-decade period, state and federal sentencing has moved from to
truth-in sentencing / issue-based sentencing
According to a recent study of state good time provisions, there is considerable variation in the amount of good time available to prisoners, but the norm seems to be
10 to 20 days per month
Public opinion surveys indicate that respondents believe that _____ percent of the current prison population could be released from prison and not pose a threat to overall Public safety
20
The first state prison in the sense of a facility housing only convicted offenders not those simply accused of crime from all over the state was
Castle island Boston
What is an 18th century Italian criminologist to believe that punishment should be used only for good
Cesare Baccaria
The Minnesota sentencing guidelines uses these two major factors in the calculation of a sentence.
Crime severity and criminal history.
Hanging a horse thief to ensure he doesn't steal any other horses experiences this philosophy
Specific deterrence
Prisons in the agriculture south made use of a ____ that provided labor to plantation owners and other farmers who needed help with crops
Lease system
Which of the following is an example of incapacitation through technology
All of the above are examples of incapacitation through technology
The declining US crime rate from 2007 through 2014 can be attributed to
All of the above played some role in the decline in crime rate
According to evidence-based practices research, sentencing to which of the following programs should be avoided since they don't reduce-or may even increase-recidivism?
All the above are programs to which sentencing should be avoided.
Which program type depends on correctional resources available in the community to assist the offender in seeking help and abiding by certain conditions?
Community corrections.
Hanging a horse thief to discourage others from stealing horses express is this philosophy
General deterrence
Progressive reformers argued that antisocial behavior occurs less because of free will and more as a result of
Illness
according to the chapter 4 table on the types of punishment ____ Is a form of probation that requires closer supervision of the offender under increased rules and regulations
Intensive supervision probation
Based on a meta-analysis of public opinion research for garden criminal justice reform we can conclude that the public
Is more likely today to favor rehabilitation treatment and support efforts then to support harsh sentencing policies
Two themes important in the development of imprisonment as punishment were
Isolation and labor
Which of the following is least true of the Pennsylvania system
It improved a prisoners physical moral and mental health
Which of the following is least true of the auburn system
It often resulted in the mental breakdown of prisoners due to the constant solitary confinement
According to a figure in the text book various categories of offenders in Oklahoma Indiana and Kentucky consider which of the following sentences to be the most severe
Jail
This person is often considered the greatest prison reformer of modern time
John Howard
The primary goal of the restorative justice philosophy is to
Make the victim and community whole again
The steps of examination diagnosis and treatment exemplify the
Medical model
Which version of good time is provided in a few states (California, for example) for exceptional acts
Meritorious.
By the end of this time In England punishment had become less cruel and moved toward exhibitory punishment such as stocks and pillories
Middle ages
These circumstances refer to an event or condition that makes an offense less serious than it might otherwise be and may result in a sentence lower than suggested in the guidelines.
Mitigating.
What goal was to be achieved by separating prisoners from each other
Penitents would be encouraged and cross-contamination of evil ideas prevented
A ____ Investigation report is an informational source on which judges base their sentencing decision for adult felony Offenses
Presentence
In comparing the merits of the Pennsylvania and Auburn models proponents of the Pennsylvania system claimed it
Provided more opportunity for meditation and repentance
Prisons developed differently in the south and north. Which of the following is not considered a cause of the differences
There was a preference in the south to have justice dispensed at the state rather than local level
A criminal is more likely to be deterred by seeing a police officer with handcuffs and a radio then through the passage of a new law increasing penalties
True
Although females also commit sex offenders treatment responses for them rely on psychological rather than technological measures
True
By 2010, three-strikes laws were being viewed less as the best way to get violent offenders off the streets and more as an unfair and costly sanction without clearly shown benefits.
True
Earned good time is usually given automatically (by state statute) either at the time the inmate enters prison or after monthly reviews.
True
General incapacitation may avoid the problem of racially and ethnically biased sentencing by imposing prison Sentences based on what the offender did rather than who the offender is
True
Good time provisions not only encourage good behavior by inmates, but also serve as a population management tool that helps control prison admissions and releases.
True
Indeterminate sentencing is most appropriate with the rehabilitative punishment philosophy.
True
Information about harm or losses suffered by the victim is one type of information included in a presentence investigation report (PSI).
True
Is reformers Progressives differed from those in earlier decades by being professional experts rather than amateur volunteers
True
London's Bridewell house provided an especially good example of the ideas that prisoners should be required to work hard at disagreeable tasks
True
Mandatory sentencing provisions were passed in many states as a response to the discretion judges had in imposing a non-prison sentence.
True
Rehabilitation as a punishment philosophy has progressed through several stages but the current version focus is less on offender treatment and more on offender reentry into the community
True
Research on punishment ranking indicates that compared with persons having no prison experience, those persons with experience serving prison time view a jail term as less severe than a longer sentence of community supervision.
True
Results from evidence-based practices tell us that the more offenders feel they have been treated fairly, the more likely they will be to obey the law in the future.
True
Retribution is a formal penal sanction whereas revenge is an informal sanction
True
Silence under the auburn system was in force through lockstep marching and downcast eyes
True
Since 2011, prison populations in the United States have increased dramatically after having consistently declined for 40 years.
True
The approach taken to women offenders in the late 20th century argued that since women present low risk to public safety they should receive greater consideration for community based sentences that do men
True
The classic example of the law of retaliation is reflected in the principle of lex talionis
True
The code of Hammurabi provided the basis for criminal and civil law
True
The continuum of sanctions concept refers to the idea that sentencing is complex and involves trying to meet more than one sentencing goal.
True
The decline in the prison admissions has been driven in part by a realization that taxpayers can get a better return on their public safety dollars by investing in diversion programs then in increased reliance on Prisons
True
The declining crime rate in the United States can be attributed in part to the increased use of search anti-crime technologies as Car theft prevention devices
True