Counseling for Related Professions

Approximately __________ individuals ages 15-44 years experience a diagnosable mental disorder in any given year?

1 in 4

The ADA stands for:

Americans with Disabilities Act

Which is not one of the four self-tests to consider as a counselor makes an ethical decision?

Do I have enough training to make this decision?

duty to warn

When a professional counselor becomes aware that a client is in danger of being harmed, such as in instances of abuse or suicide, or when the client is likely to harm someone else, the counselor may break confidentiality to tell an appropriate person.

Robert is a counselor at a faith-based agency. His client Karin tells him she no longer wants to follow their mutual faith. Robert spends the next several counseling sessions with Karin talking to her about why she should not leave the faith. What ethical principle is Robert principally violating?

autonomy

Superego

morality principle

According to Chapter 5, the way a counselor dresses can be part of the active placebo effect.

true

open questions

usually elicit fuller and more meaningful responses by encouraging the client to talk at greater length.

In what decade did the United States culture start to embrace the idea of personal growth and self-awareness as a form of therapy?

1960s

Multiculturalism began to be more of a presence in the counseling world in the:

1980's

ABC-X Model

A is the event, B is the family's resources, and C is the meaning attached to the event. The X of the model is the disequilibrium experienced by the family as a result of the interface among the event, client resources, and the meaning attached to the crisis.

Which psychotherapist started a movement toward using the term 'client' to refer to people seeking therapy, instead of the commonly used medical model term of 'patient?'

Carl Rogers

paraidgm

Changes that occur tend to be within the general categories of theories

Which of the following may be a reason why professional counselors resist the idea of assessing their own outcomes?

Counselors fear their services may be ineffective. Counselors may be hesitant to use time set aside for therapy. Counselors may believe that effectiveness cannot be quantifiably measured.

_______ is at the core of a crisis.

Failure to cope

The guidance movement got criticized for what?

Focusing too much on testing rather than human development.

In the early 1900s, a person living in Boston and looking for career guidance might have worked with this person:

Frank Parsons

Which question does outcome research answer?

How effective is counseling?

spiritual differentiation

In this process individuals may identify as spiritual but not religious, religious but not spiritual, religious and spiritual, or neither.

classical conditioning

Learning through association of two stimuli

distress

Stress that is perceived negatively

Which of the following strategies may help counselors attenuate their exposure to stress?

Take breaks throughout the day. Have a support group or peer consultation group. Develop time management strategies for when phone calls are returned.

wellness perspective

The goal of counseling is not just to relieve the client of problematic symptoms but rather to strive for optimal functioning and health in life

psychodrama

a form of therapy known for role-play- ing and dramatic self-expression

The Psychodynamic theoretical belief that personality is completely formed in childhood is:

a specific factor

relational competence

ability to establish and maintain the helping relationship

Double ABC-X Model

addresses the existence of accumulated unresolved issues and stressors that a family may be facing at any given time

Acculturation

an ethnic group conforms to the values of the dominant culture

personal notes

are notes written by professional counselors to serve as an extension of their memories; they are an impression of the client or session.

Jen suggests her client Greg snap a rubber band around his wrist each time he feels tempted to smoke a cigarette. What theory is this most likely to come from?

behavioral

In his first counseling job out of school, Rodney is completely baffled about how to work with his client Linda, and nothing he learned in school is helping. What would Erford say might be the main problem?

being a beginner

here and now

being present in the current moment

What overall type of counseling approach do school counselors tend to use?

brief

common factors

characteristics that appear in most, if not all, theoretical perspectives

Which of the following groups has an increased risk for lower academic achievement?

children in poverty

Confidentiality

clients to feel free to share sometimes sensitive and personal information during counseling sessions, they must believe they can trust their professional counselors not to share what is disclosed during sessions with anyone else without their permission.

Counselor Ho Jin finds herself deeply frustrated with her client, because he reminds her so much of her abusive father. According to psychoanalysis, what is happening?

counter-transference

Currently, the amount of field-based research in counseling is:

decreasing

Group therapy with adults was highly effective in the treatment of all of the following EXCEPT

depression substance abuse eating disorders

Genuineness

displaying honesty, sincerity, and directness while avoiding any personal or professional façade

psychological trauma

emotional and mental wounds that challenge one's beliefs, security, thoughts, and feelings and undermines one's ability to cope

Erford notes that most professional counselors agree that it is inappropriate for counselors to seek counseling for themselves.

false

One limitation of person-centered theory is its lack of multicultural application.

false

One reason for psychotherapists to embrace the medical model is that it helps counseling clients recover more quickly.

false

Poverty and mental illness are rarely connected to each other.

false

Andres's therapist Max confronted him about his lack of willingnness to make decisions. What theory is Max most likely working from?

gestalt

verbal underlining

giving increased vocal emphasis to certain words or short phrases

planning summaries

help to provide closure and are used to recap the progress, plans, and any recommendations or agreements made.

educational records

include all records of a student's achievement, attendance, behavior, testing and assessment, school activities, and other information the school collects and maintains.

Acute Risk

indicates that there is a strong probability that someone will be injured or dead within 24 hours or so

barriers

inherent in these systems (e.g., prejudice, social class)

questioning

is a primary skill that allows professional counselors to gather important and specific information about clients.

empathy

is the ability to understand the client's world in the way the client understands it

Minor Consent Laws

law that allows certain minors to seek treatment for certain conditions, usually involving substance abuse, mental health, and some reproductive-health areas.

intake

of obtaining comprehensive information about a new client

Religousity

one framework for organizing one's spirituality, refers to construction of and adherence to a belief system of faith, traditions, and community worship

ego

reality principle

Jack replies, "Yeah. I feel so hopeless and helpless." His counselor responds, "You must feel pretty lost right about now." This is an example of:

reflection of feelings

post-traumatic growth

reflects positive changes resulting from struggles with a major life crisis

Qualitative analysis

researchers examine and summarize robust trends and findings across studies, clients, and contexts

What does Erford say is one of the most crucial parts of counselor development?

self-awareness

body position

should convey to the client your interest and involvement. Face the client and adopt an open, relaxed, and attentive body posture; this position will assist in putting your client at ease.

eustress

stress that is a result of positive changes

science of helping

that treatment decisions are informed by research and best practices

differentiation of self

the ability to maintain one's individuality in the face of group influences, such as the pressures of a person's family

Advocacy

the efforts of professional counselors to support clients based on clients' needs or some social cause

According to Chapter 4, why is the use of theory in counseling primarily important?

to help counselors figure out the best ways to help their clients

treatment efficacy

to how well you are able to gain knowledge and skills in approaches emanating from affective, behavioral, cognitive, interpersonal, and somatic theories

Justice

treating people fairly

Studies indicate that clinical practitioners

typically do not perform active research.

Androgyny

we should value individual characteristics for what they are, regardless of a predefined category

effectiveness research

with the use of interventions and techniques with a broad population across multiple settings

Following a crisis event, research indicates that ________ intervention is critical to long term favorable outcomes.

immediate

Jack's counselor says, "As we look toward next week's session, I encourage you to keep on with your journal and attending those mindfulness classes." This is most closely an example of what type of summary?

planning

personal constructs

suggests that people create their own meaning and realities based upon personal experiences.

Counselor Jonathan realizes he can't see any more clients until he is able to sufficiently mourn his father's death. What Professional Responsibility standard in the ACA code does this address?

2.g

According to the textbook, what percentage of US citizens identify as belonging to a racial/ethnic minority group?

30%

Which of the following is considered a component of a crisis?

A precipitating event. Diminishing functioning when normal coping resources to not alleviate the distress. A perception of the event that leads to subjective distress.

______ refers to a long term presence of risk that may or may not necessitate urgent care, immediate hospitalization, or immediate intervention.

Chronic risk

Erford shares the Case of Terry. According to existential theory, how might Terry best improve her life?

Explore her choices and shake off her parents

Becoming less assertive and more attuned to the needs of others is a goal of Feminist Therapy.

False

Jesse B Davis

He felt strongly that his teachers should provide a lesson each week focusing on character, problem solving, and prevention in an effort to restore the moral fiber of American society

trauma

In the physical sense, trauma refers to bodily wounds that need medical attention in order to heal. Failure to address a physical wound might lead to infection or possibly gangrene and ultimately widespread systemic dysfunction throughout the body. Serious wounds cannot be ignored and must have attention before healing can begin.

______ reflects positive changes resulting from struggles with a major life crisis.

Posttraumatic growth

outcome research

Professional counselors must become familiar with the current extant literature on counseling effectiveness

________ refers to the emotional and mental wounds that challenge one's beliefs, security, thoughts, and feelings, and undermines one's ability to cope.

Psychological trauma

Which of the following is NOT a core action associated with psychological first aid?

Refrain from contacting social supports

______ entails adaptation to adversity and stressors, such as relational, financial, or workplace problems.

Resilience

_______ are possibilities and ______ are specific and behavioral indicators that are probabilities.

Risk factors; warning signs

Bonadaptation

The positive enhancing growth and changes individuals gain through dealing effectively with stressors and crisis events

From the medical model of psychotherapy, who is the expert when a person has a problem and needs help?

The psychotherapist is the expert.

psychometrists.

The use of such large-scale testing services created a need for more clinicians equipped to administer and interpret the tests;

impairment

Therapeutic impairment occurs when there is a significant negative impact on a counselor's professional functioning which compromises client care or poses the potential for harm to the client. Impairment may be due to 1) Substance abuse or chemical dependency; 2) mental illness; 3) personal crisis (traumatic events or vicarious trauma, burn- out, life crisis); or 4) physical illness or debilitation.

mental-hygiene move- ment

This movement was pivotal in shifting society's view of the mentally ill from irrevo- cably sick individuals to individuals in need of help. The movement helped society focus on early intervention, prevention, and more humane treatment options for people who were mentally ill.

A significant factor of Bowen Family Therapy is being able to stand up for yourself against the pressures of others.

True

Reality Therapy focuses on relationships between people.

True

_______ stems from a cognitive processing change, and it occurs when counselors connect with clients' pain and feel the cumulative impact of that pain.

Vicarious traumatization

token academy

a client to gain or lose tokens based on whether he or she is moving toward or has reached a mutually agreed-upon target behavior

stress

a condition that is often characterized by symptoms of physical or emotional tension. It is a reaction to a situation where a person feels threatened or anxious. Stress can be pos- itive (e.g., preparing for a wedding) or negative (e.g., dealing with a natural disaster).

Countertransference

a counselor reciprocates by engaging in interactions with the client similar to what the client experienced in a primary relationship,

Counselor Edward tells his 14-year-old client Erica, "You don't really want to get mixed up with a gang, do you?" This is most accurately an example of:

a leading question

chronic risk

a long-term presence of risk that may or may not necessitate urgent care, immediate hospitalization, or immediate intervention.

Gender-role analysis

a means of examining with clients the messages they received about what it means to be male or female, from where these messages were derived, and how they have been employed and are affecting one's functioning

card sort

a means of organizing beliefs into categories to help illustrate the organization of one's system of understanding and operating

Jack tells his counselor, "I'm so angry that my parents are divorcing. They didn't even try to work it out." The counselor responds, "This divorce and the lack of effort you see from your parents has really left you with intense feelings." This is most accurately an example of: Group of answer choices

a paraphrase

summarizing

a professional counselor can begin to put together the key themes, feelings, and issues the client has presented

reflecting feelings

a professional counselor can help the client become aware of the emotions experienced in relation to the issue at hand.

scientist-practitioner

a professional who is adept at integrating scientific research and counseling practice to form a more exact science.

compassion fatigue

a syndrome sometimes experienced by helping professionals who constantly treat clients in crisis or otherwise experiencing pain and suffering

psychological first aid

a systematic set of helping actions aimed at reducing initial post-trauma distress and supporting short and long-term adaptive functioning

child abuse

abuse as physical or mental injury, sexual abuse or exploitation, negligent treatment, or maltreatment of a child younger than age 18 years or the age specified by the child-protection law of the state in question by a person who is responsible for the child's welfare within circumstances that indicate the child's health or welfare is harmed or threatened.

court order

allows a professional counselor to use his or her judgment regarding whether to release confidential information.

genogram

an appropriate tool for professional counselors to use to identify cultural aspects that influence family members' behaviors.

According to the article, what are the two most common mental health issues that are treated via the medical model, and are also often the focus of alternative, non-medical model treatments?

anxiety and depression

Emic

approaches allow for the professional counselor to conceptualize the client as an individual and attend to cultural variations and culturally specific interventions.

best practice guidelines

are not ethics per se but do recommend practice stan- dards that professional counselors should strive to uphold.

Focusing Summaries

are often used at the beginning of the session to pull together prior information the client has given and to provide a focus for the session.

therapeutic alliance

as a collaborative relationship between the client and the professional counselor in which an affective bond has been established

Sexism

as negative beliefs and behaviors about the ways in which women should be treated based on the notion that femininity is of low value and less healthy than masculinity, is closely associated with the concept of androcentricism.

disability

as physical or mental impairment that substantially limits a major life activity

unconditional positive regard

as the professional counselor's ability to accept every aspect of the client's personality while remaining nonjudgmental and nonevaluative toward the client's feelings, thoughts, and behaviors

burnout

as the result of experiencing long-term emotional and interpersonal stressors on the job, resulting in a state of emotional exhaustion, cyni- cism toward clients, and feelings of reduced effectiveness

What ethnic group in the US struggles with being regarded as a 'model minority?'

asian-americas

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

classification that includes four main categories of symptoms: (a) hyperarousal, (b) intrusion, (c) avoidance, and (d) negative alterations in mood or cognitions. Hyperarousal refers to the persistent expectation of danger and may include a heightened startle response and sleep disturbance. Intrusive symptoms include vivid nightmares and flashbacks.

civil liability

committing a wrong between an individual

Counselor Sally and her client Josh agree that his difficult childhood is a significant influence on his ability to form and maintain relationships. This shared belief in how a problm orginated is called a:

common factor

Erford writes that this/these counseling factor(s) is/are a part of almost every counseling theory:

common factors

privileged communication

communication exists by statute and applies only to testifying in a court of law.

People with psychiatric issues in the 1800s in the US were often:

confined

Erford discusses the stages of change in Chapter 5. As an example, Lucy's client Jordan tells her he wants a different job. When Lucy asks him how many resumes he has sent out, Jordan says he is waiting till summer to start looking. In terms of the change stages, what stage is he probably at?

contemplation

communication theory

describing the specific ways in which individuals communicate their attachment needs to significant others.

ethical standards

developed by professional associations to guide the behavior of a specific group of professionals.

Music, drawing, stories, games, worksheets, role playing, puppets, and videos are all techniques that can be used as

developmental classroom guidance activities.

Professional school counselors are employed by schools and provide ___________ counseling services at the school sites.

direct and indirect

Beneficence

doing good or what is best for the client

Nonmaleficence

doing no harm to others

public information

encouraging the public to become aware of environmental factors that act as barriers to all individuals' human development.

resilience

entails adaptation to adversity and stressors, such as relational, financial, or workplace problems.

Jill tells her friend, "This counselor doesn't seem to pay any attention to me. I don't think she even wants to help me." According to Erford, the counselor may be lacking ____________ with Jill.

eye contact

A counselor does not have to abide by confidentiality laws after a client's death.

false

Alfred Adler was a student of Sigmund Freud, and most scholars believe their theories are virtually indistinguishable.

false

As a culturally competent counselor, Anne knows her job is to encourage all of her clients to fit in better in the general population.

false

Counseling is one of the oldest mental health disciplines.

false

Counselors can break client confidentiality if they feel clients can benefit from it.

false

Counselors cannot provide insights to their clients - only the clients can do this.

false

Erford notes that matching a client's vocal tone can help them calm down.

false

Existential counselors use a number of systematic techniques in working with clients.

false

In Western cultures, the average physical distance for conversation is typically 4-6 feet.

false

In a survey, counseling clients rated non-verbal communication as the least important factor of building a working alliance with counselors.

false

In the section on the helping process, Sharfstein is noted as saying that while relationships are good for people receiving counseling, professionals need to focus on crisis work and treatment planning in order to be effective.

false

Racial identity and ethnic identity are the same thing.

false

Schools and agencies must report claims of child abuse by families to the families themselves.

false

The Cold War of the 1950s and early 60s has been blamed for the US reduction of funding for school counseling and guidance.

false

The person on Victoria's lawn had committed suicide.

false

spirituality

has several dimensions, including the search for meaning and purpose; connection to something larger and a sense that one is part of a greater whole; drive for creativity, love, relationships, and personal growth; and value in developing a relationship with a transcendent life force

During the ______ phase of the cycle of violence theory, the abuser asks for forgiveness and may bring the abused partner gifts.

honeymoon

Snyder's (2000) ______ suggests that if a client believes counseling will work, and if the client has qualities related to self-agency, then these are significant elements in successful outcomes.

hope theory

In developing CBT, Aaron Beck theorized that:

how we think affects how we feel

Since coming out as gay, Trish only wants to spend her time with other people who identify as sexual minorities. According to Chapter 11, what stage of sexual identity development is Trish most likely in?

identity tolerance

social interest

individuals are encouraged to move beyond themselves to learn about and understand different cultural groups and how the individuals could contribute to the greater society

ethnic identity

individuals' sense of belonging to an ethnic group

All of the following are identified as resiliencies in The Resilient Self EXCEPT

intimacy

professional burnout

involves physical, emotional, psychological, and spiritual exhaustion stemming from chronic exposure to client suffering

fidelity

involves the concepts of loyalty, faithfulness, and honoring commitments.

secondary traumatic stress

involves vicarious physical or emotional stress/ traumatization from knowledge about a significant other experiencing a traumatizing event and stress resulting from wanting to help the victim

gender

is a concept that involves attitudes, behaviors, and relationships associated with being male and female; this concept includes, but is not limited to, biological sex (i.e., chromosomal makeup, hormonal and physical expression of genetic material).

multicultural counseling

is a method of counseling that takes into consideration the backgrounds and envi- ronmental experiences of diverse clients and how special needs might be identified and met through the resources of the helping professions

meta-analysis

is a specific quantitative technique that amasses and summarizes the results of numerous studies using a meaningful quantitative index (effect size)

code of ethics

is based on six moral principles of autonomy, justice, beneficence, nonmaleficence, fidelity, and veracity

hardiness

is composed of the 3 Cs: attitudes of commitment (vs. alienation), control (vs. powerlessness), and challenge (vs. security)

vicarious traumatization

is distinguishable from secondary traumatic stress because it stems from a cognitive processing change after direct and chronic exposure to trauma populations, altering the individuals' perceptions, beliefs, and cognitions about trust, safety, and control

Malpractice

is professional misconduct in the application of skills or performance in the discharge of professional duties.

Racism

is the classification of groups of individuals based on physical characteristics, such as skin color, eye shape, and hair texture, and inappropriately ascribing intellectual, physical, and psychological traits to them

intentionally

making conscious and intentional decisions

androcentricism

masculinity as the ideal trait for which humans strive that has associated privileges of greater wealth and power in relationships

Negligence

may be found if the wrong committed resulted in an injury or damage—in other words, if the duty owed to the client was breached in some way that caused damage to the client.

Acutely suicidal persons

may have recently experienced a defeat, failure, humiliation, or loss.

veracity

means being truthful in one's professional actions with clients and other

Alex feels attracted to her client, and decides that as long as they take it slow, the two of them can date. What ethical principle is Alex primarily violating?

non-maleficence

Advocacy Counseling

not only includes the actions of professional counselors on behalf of clients, but also includes professional counselors intervening with systems and organizations relevant to clients

oppression

occurs when another entity imposes an object, label, role, experience, or set of living conditions that is unwanted, is painful, and detracts from the physical and psychological well-being of the client

etic

perspective suggest that counseling should involve techniques related to the sameness among human beings to create a better understanding of general psychological processes for more systematic and consistent approaches among various professional counselors.

id

pleasure principle

action research

practical research approach intended to collect information, address a specific problem, and generate solutions

premature termination

problematic in counseling, regardless of the setting, presenting problems, or therapeutic approaches

culturally encapsulated counselor

professional counselors who perceive others through their own narrow cultural lenses without regard for the cultural values and experiences of their clients

When a crisis affects a school, the _______ is a vital leader in the response.

professional school counselor

Theories

provide a framework for conceptualizing client problems and determining a course of action in counseling

code of ethics

provides guidelines for professional and ethical counseling practices.

Rapport

refers to a harmonious or empathic relationship

Jack replies, "I do feel lost. I also don't see what the point is of even trying to be in a long-term relationship." His counselor responds, "It sounds like you don't know if long-term relationships are worth the risk and possibility of loss." This is an example of:

reflection of meaning

The Humanistic perspective of counseling is primarily oriented toward:

relationships

Eclecticism

relying on knowledge of approaches and applying what seems to fit at a given time.

Basic Listening Sequence

represents a set of interrelated skills used to achieve three overarching goals: (a) to obtain an overall summary and understanding of the client's presenting issue, (b) to identify the key facts of the client's situation, and (c) to identify the core emotions and feelings the client is experiencing

Lance's counselor encourages him to become more involved with his friendship group. Lance's counselor is using the Adlerian principle of:

social interests

active placebo

that counselor and client expectations play a major role in the helping process—as great a role as the actual theories and techniques used in the helping process

Existentialism

that humans are believed to have the capacity for self-awareness and the freedom and responsibility to make choices that would bring about meaning in their lives

attachment theory

that individuals have the intrinsic drive to form interpersonal relationships, a result of the need for reassurance and the desire to be loved.

action plan

that outlines clear and specific goals in a step-by-step method for implementing change that also shows how to use resources effectively and anticipate difficulties

coping

the actions we use to deal with stressful or intimidating circumstances

basic counseling paradigm

the manner by which the professional counselor can understand the human condition in all of its various forms

Counselor Characteristics

the personality and the approach of the counselor

Sparkling moments

the positive shifts that begin to occur when one can exert control over the problem and begin to create a new story

Reality therapy focuses on:

the present

Feminist Identity Development

the process by which women come to know themselves in a gendered world

gatekeeping

the screening, remediation, and dismissal of counselors in training who are poorly fit for the counseling profession.

theoretical integration

the synthesis of the best aspects of several theories with the belief that doing so will produce richer and more meaningful outcomes

self-acualization

the tendency to move in the direction of growth, adjustment, socialization, independence, and self- realization

The 'thousand voices' a client hears refers to:

the things people say to themselves

According to Chapter 5, the active placebo effect is:

the way client/counselor expectations affect client success

When unattended stress and co-traumatic effects begin to have a significant negative impact on a counselor's professional functioning, the counselor is at risk of

therapeutic impairment.

familism

this term refers to family unity, loyalty, and respect

According to Terry, how might a behaviorally based therapist challenge Terry?

to mentally adjust her perception that not being a doctor is unacceptable

Counseling Environment

to the combination of external physical conditions and counselor characteristics that affect the growth and development of clients

autonomy

to the concept of independence and the abil- ity to make one's own decisions.

racial identity

to the psychosocial orientation toward membership in a racial group based partly on attitudes and actions toward other racial groups

When an individual settles into a residual state of crisis that is long term and lingering, with or without PTSD, it is referred to as

transcrisis

Counselor Jack decides to accept his client's invitation to attend her graduation ceremony. The ethical code is clear that this is wrong.

true

Disability can be considered as a multicultural factor.

true

Every counseling interaction can be seen as cross-cultural.

true

In some contexts, Feminist Therapy can be seen as culturally inconsistent.

true

Open questions are known to help clients feel more 'in charge' of their own stories.

true

Stuart prefers to use more general interventions with his clients who are more diverse than he is. This is considered an etic approach.

true

When it first became known, behaviorism was not a part of the medical model, and yet today, it is very closely aligned with it.

true

closed questions

typically elicit yes or no responses or specific factual information

transgender

used to identify individuals who permanently or periodically do not identify with the gender assigned to their biological sex at birth

signal summaries

used to signal to the client that you have captured the essence of his or her topic and that the session can move on to the next area of concern.

Transference

when a client's emotions from a previous experience are projected, displaced, or transferred onto the counselor and the counseling relationship

undershooting

when the professional counselor reflects a feeling that is less intense than the feeling expressed by the client

overshooting

when the professional counselor reflects a feeling that is more intense than the feeling expressed by the client

clinical efficacy studies

which are tightly controlled experiments designed to test a par- ticular intervention

Risk groups for which suicide rates are high include all of the following EXCEPT

white females.

All of the following are guidelines for crisis counseling EXCEPT

working independently from first responders.