Counseling for Related Professions
Approximately __________ individuals ages 15-44 years experience a diagnosable mental disorder in any given year?
1 in 4
The ADA stands for:
Americans with Disabilities Act
Which is not one of the four self-tests to consider as a counselor makes an ethical decision?
Do I have enough training to make this decision?
duty to warn
When a professional counselor becomes aware that a client is in danger of being harmed, such as in instances of abuse or suicide, or when the client is likely to harm someone else, the counselor may break confidentiality to tell an appropriate person.
Robert is a counselor at a faith-based agency. His client Karin tells him she no longer wants to follow their mutual faith. Robert spends the next several counseling sessions with Karin talking to her about why she should not leave the faith. What ethical principle is Robert principally violating?
autonomy
Superego
morality principle
According to Chapter 5, the way a counselor dresses can be part of the active placebo effect.
true
open questions
usually elicit fuller and more meaningful responses by encouraging the client to talk at greater length.
In what decade did the United States culture start to embrace the idea of personal growth and self-awareness as a form of therapy?
1960s
Multiculturalism began to be more of a presence in the counseling world in the:
1980's
ABC-X Model
A is the event, B is the family's resources, and C is the meaning attached to the event. The X of the model is the disequilibrium experienced by the family as a result of the interface among the event, client resources, and the meaning attached to the crisis.
Which psychotherapist started a movement toward using the term 'client' to refer to people seeking therapy, instead of the commonly used medical model term of 'patient?'
Carl Rogers
paraidgm
Changes that occur tend to be within the general categories of theories
Which of the following may be a reason why professional counselors resist the idea of assessing their own outcomes?
Counselors fear their services may be ineffective. Counselors may be hesitant to use time set aside for therapy. Counselors may believe that effectiveness cannot be quantifiably measured.
_______ is at the core of a crisis.
Failure to cope
The guidance movement got criticized for what?
Focusing too much on testing rather than human development.
In the early 1900s, a person living in Boston and looking for career guidance might have worked with this person:
Frank Parsons
Which question does outcome research answer?
How effective is counseling?
spiritual differentiation
In this process individuals may identify as spiritual but not religious, religious but not spiritual, religious and spiritual, or neither.
classical conditioning
Learning through association of two stimuli
distress
Stress that is perceived negatively
Which of the following strategies may help counselors attenuate their exposure to stress?
Take breaks throughout the day. Have a support group or peer consultation group. Develop time management strategies for when phone calls are returned.
wellness perspective
The goal of counseling is not just to relieve the client of problematic symptoms but rather to strive for optimal functioning and health in life
psychodrama
a form of therapy known for role-play- ing and dramatic self-expression
The Psychodynamic theoretical belief that personality is completely formed in childhood is:
a specific factor
relational competence
ability to establish and maintain the helping relationship
Double ABC-X Model
addresses the existence of accumulated unresolved issues and stressors that a family may be facing at any given time
Acculturation
an ethnic group conforms to the values of the dominant culture
personal notes
are notes written by professional counselors to serve as an extension of their memories; they are an impression of the client or session.
Jen suggests her client Greg snap a rubber band around his wrist each time he feels tempted to smoke a cigarette. What theory is this most likely to come from?
behavioral
In his first counseling job out of school, Rodney is completely baffled about how to work with his client Linda, and nothing he learned in school is helping. What would Erford say might be the main problem?
being a beginner
here and now
being present in the current moment
What overall type of counseling approach do school counselors tend to use?
brief
common factors
characteristics that appear in most, if not all, theoretical perspectives
Which of the following groups has an increased risk for lower academic achievement?
children in poverty
Confidentiality
clients to feel free to share sometimes sensitive and personal information during counseling sessions, they must believe they can trust their professional counselors not to share what is disclosed during sessions with anyone else without their permission.
Counselor Ho Jin finds herself deeply frustrated with her client, because he reminds her so much of her abusive father. According to psychoanalysis, what is happening?
counter-transference
Currently, the amount of field-based research in counseling is:
decreasing
Group therapy with adults was highly effective in the treatment of all of the following EXCEPT
depression substance abuse eating disorders
Genuineness
displaying honesty, sincerity, and directness while avoiding any personal or professional façade
psychological trauma
emotional and mental wounds that challenge one's beliefs, security, thoughts, and feelings and undermines one's ability to cope
Erford notes that most professional counselors agree that it is inappropriate for counselors to seek counseling for themselves.
false
One limitation of person-centered theory is its lack of multicultural application.
false
One reason for psychotherapists to embrace the medical model is that it helps counseling clients recover more quickly.
false
Poverty and mental illness are rarely connected to each other.
false
Andres's therapist Max confronted him about his lack of willingnness to make decisions. What theory is Max most likely working from?
gestalt
verbal underlining
giving increased vocal emphasis to certain words or short phrases
planning summaries
help to provide closure and are used to recap the progress, plans, and any recommendations or agreements made.
educational records
include all records of a student's achievement, attendance, behavior, testing and assessment, school activities, and other information the school collects and maintains.
Acute Risk
indicates that there is a strong probability that someone will be injured or dead within 24 hours or so
barriers
inherent in these systems (e.g., prejudice, social class)
questioning
is a primary skill that allows professional counselors to gather important and specific information about clients.
empathy
is the ability to understand the client's world in the way the client understands it
Minor Consent Laws
law that allows certain minors to seek treatment for certain conditions, usually involving substance abuse, mental health, and some reproductive-health areas.
intake
of obtaining comprehensive information about a new client
Religousity
one framework for organizing one's spirituality, refers to construction of and adherence to a belief system of faith, traditions, and community worship
ego
reality principle
Jack replies, "Yeah. I feel so hopeless and helpless." His counselor responds, "You must feel pretty lost right about now." This is an example of:
reflection of feelings
post-traumatic growth
reflects positive changes resulting from struggles with a major life crisis
Qualitative analysis
researchers examine and summarize robust trends and findings across studies, clients, and contexts
What does Erford say is one of the most crucial parts of counselor development?
self-awareness
body position
should convey to the client your interest and involvement. Face the client and adopt an open, relaxed, and attentive body posture; this position will assist in putting your client at ease.
eustress
stress that is a result of positive changes
science of helping
that treatment decisions are informed by research and best practices
differentiation of self
the ability to maintain one's individuality in the face of group influences, such as the pressures of a person's family
Advocacy
the efforts of professional counselors to support clients based on clients' needs or some social cause
According to Chapter 4, why is the use of theory in counseling primarily important?
to help counselors figure out the best ways to help their clients
treatment efficacy
to how well you are able to gain knowledge and skills in approaches emanating from affective, behavioral, cognitive, interpersonal, and somatic theories
Justice
treating people fairly
Studies indicate that clinical practitioners
typically do not perform active research.
Androgyny
we should value individual characteristics for what they are, regardless of a predefined category
effectiveness research
with the use of interventions and techniques with a broad population across multiple settings
Following a crisis event, research indicates that ________ intervention is critical to long term favorable outcomes.
immediate
Jack's counselor says, "As we look toward next week's session, I encourage you to keep on with your journal and attending those mindfulness classes." This is most closely an example of what type of summary?
planning
personal constructs
suggests that people create their own meaning and realities based upon personal experiences.
Counselor Jonathan realizes he can't see any more clients until he is able to sufficiently mourn his father's death. What Professional Responsibility standard in the ACA code does this address?
2.g
According to the textbook, what percentage of US citizens identify as belonging to a racial/ethnic minority group?
30%
Which of the following is considered a component of a crisis?
A precipitating event. Diminishing functioning when normal coping resources to not alleviate the distress. A perception of the event that leads to subjective distress.
______ refers to a long term presence of risk that may or may not necessitate urgent care, immediate hospitalization, or immediate intervention.
Chronic risk
Erford shares the Case of Terry. According to existential theory, how might Terry best improve her life?
Explore her choices and shake off her parents
Becoming less assertive and more attuned to the needs of others is a goal of Feminist Therapy.
False
Jesse B Davis
He felt strongly that his teachers should provide a lesson each week focusing on character, problem solving, and prevention in an effort to restore the moral fiber of American society
trauma
In the physical sense, trauma refers to bodily wounds that need medical attention in order to heal. Failure to address a physical wound might lead to infection or possibly gangrene and ultimately widespread systemic dysfunction throughout the body. Serious wounds cannot be ignored and must have attention before healing can begin.
______ reflects positive changes resulting from struggles with a major life crisis.
Posttraumatic growth
outcome research
Professional counselors must become familiar with the current extant literature on counseling effectiveness
________ refers to the emotional and mental wounds that challenge one's beliefs, security, thoughts, and feelings, and undermines one's ability to cope.
Psychological trauma
Which of the following is NOT a core action associated with psychological first aid?
Refrain from contacting social supports
______ entails adaptation to adversity and stressors, such as relational, financial, or workplace problems.
Resilience
_______ are possibilities and ______ are specific and behavioral indicators that are probabilities.
Risk factors; warning signs
Bonadaptation
The positive enhancing growth and changes individuals gain through dealing effectively with stressors and crisis events
From the medical model of psychotherapy, who is the expert when a person has a problem and needs help?
The psychotherapist is the expert.
psychometrists.
The use of such large-scale testing services created a need for more clinicians equipped to administer and interpret the tests;
impairment
Therapeutic impairment occurs when there is a significant negative impact on a counselor's professional functioning which compromises client care or poses the potential for harm to the client. Impairment may be due to 1) Substance abuse or chemical dependency; 2) mental illness; 3) personal crisis (traumatic events or vicarious trauma, burn- out, life crisis); or 4) physical illness or debilitation.
mental-hygiene move- ment
This movement was pivotal in shifting society's view of the mentally ill from irrevo- cably sick individuals to individuals in need of help. The movement helped society focus on early intervention, prevention, and more humane treatment options for people who were mentally ill.
A significant factor of Bowen Family Therapy is being able to stand up for yourself against the pressures of others.
True
Reality Therapy focuses on relationships between people.
True
_______ stems from a cognitive processing change, and it occurs when counselors connect with clients' pain and feel the cumulative impact of that pain.
Vicarious traumatization
token academy
a client to gain or lose tokens based on whether he or she is moving toward or has reached a mutually agreed-upon target behavior
stress
a condition that is often characterized by symptoms of physical or emotional tension. It is a reaction to a situation where a person feels threatened or anxious. Stress can be pos- itive (e.g., preparing for a wedding) or negative (e.g., dealing with a natural disaster).
Countertransference
a counselor reciprocates by engaging in interactions with the client similar to what the client experienced in a primary relationship,
Counselor Edward tells his 14-year-old client Erica, "You don't really want to get mixed up with a gang, do you?" This is most accurately an example of:
a leading question
chronic risk
a long-term presence of risk that may or may not necessitate urgent care, immediate hospitalization, or immediate intervention.
Gender-role analysis
a means of examining with clients the messages they received about what it means to be male or female, from where these messages were derived, and how they have been employed and are affecting one's functioning
card sort
a means of organizing beliefs into categories to help illustrate the organization of one's system of understanding and operating
Jack tells his counselor, "I'm so angry that my parents are divorcing. They didn't even try to work it out." The counselor responds, "This divorce and the lack of effort you see from your parents has really left you with intense feelings." This is most accurately an example of: Group of answer choices
a paraphrase
summarizing
a professional counselor can begin to put together the key themes, feelings, and issues the client has presented
reflecting feelings
a professional counselor can help the client become aware of the emotions experienced in relation to the issue at hand.
scientist-practitioner
a professional who is adept at integrating scientific research and counseling practice to form a more exact science.
compassion fatigue
a syndrome sometimes experienced by helping professionals who constantly treat clients in crisis or otherwise experiencing pain and suffering
psychological first aid
a systematic set of helping actions aimed at reducing initial post-trauma distress and supporting short and long-term adaptive functioning
child abuse
abuse as physical or mental injury, sexual abuse or exploitation, negligent treatment, or maltreatment of a child younger than age 18 years or the age specified by the child-protection law of the state in question by a person who is responsible for the child's welfare within circumstances that indicate the child's health or welfare is harmed or threatened.
court order
allows a professional counselor to use his or her judgment regarding whether to release confidential information.
genogram
an appropriate tool for professional counselors to use to identify cultural aspects that influence family members' behaviors.
According to the article, what are the two most common mental health issues that are treated via the medical model, and are also often the focus of alternative, non-medical model treatments?
anxiety and depression
Emic
approaches allow for the professional counselor to conceptualize the client as an individual and attend to cultural variations and culturally specific interventions.
best practice guidelines
are not ethics per se but do recommend practice stan- dards that professional counselors should strive to uphold.
Focusing Summaries
are often used at the beginning of the session to pull together prior information the client has given and to provide a focus for the session.
therapeutic alliance
as a collaborative relationship between the client and the professional counselor in which an affective bond has been established
Sexism
as negative beliefs and behaviors about the ways in which women should be treated based on the notion that femininity is of low value and less healthy than masculinity, is closely associated with the concept of androcentricism.
disability
as physical or mental impairment that substantially limits a major life activity
unconditional positive regard
as the professional counselor's ability to accept every aspect of the client's personality while remaining nonjudgmental and nonevaluative toward the client's feelings, thoughts, and behaviors
burnout
as the result of experiencing long-term emotional and interpersonal stressors on the job, resulting in a state of emotional exhaustion, cyni- cism toward clients, and feelings of reduced effectiveness
What ethnic group in the US struggles with being regarded as a 'model minority?'
asian-americas
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
classification that includes four main categories of symptoms: (a) hyperarousal, (b) intrusion, (c) avoidance, and (d) negative alterations in mood or cognitions. Hyperarousal refers to the persistent expectation of danger and may include a heightened startle response and sleep disturbance. Intrusive symptoms include vivid nightmares and flashbacks.
civil liability
committing a wrong between an individual
Counselor Sally and her client Josh agree that his difficult childhood is a significant influence on his ability to form and maintain relationships. This shared belief in how a problm orginated is called a:
common factor
Erford writes that this/these counseling factor(s) is/are a part of almost every counseling theory:
common factors
privileged communication
communication exists by statute and applies only to testifying in a court of law.
People with psychiatric issues in the 1800s in the US were often:
confined
Erford discusses the stages of change in Chapter 5. As an example, Lucy's client Jordan tells her he wants a different job. When Lucy asks him how many resumes he has sent out, Jordan says he is waiting till summer to start looking. In terms of the change stages, what stage is he probably at?
contemplation
communication theory
describing the specific ways in which individuals communicate their attachment needs to significant others.
ethical standards
developed by professional associations to guide the behavior of a specific group of professionals.
Music, drawing, stories, games, worksheets, role playing, puppets, and videos are all techniques that can be used as
developmental classroom guidance activities.
Professional school counselors are employed by schools and provide ___________ counseling services at the school sites.
direct and indirect
Beneficence
doing good or what is best for the client
Nonmaleficence
doing no harm to others
public information
encouraging the public to become aware of environmental factors that act as barriers to all individuals' human development.
resilience
entails adaptation to adversity and stressors, such as relational, financial, or workplace problems.
Jill tells her friend, "This counselor doesn't seem to pay any attention to me. I don't think she even wants to help me." According to Erford, the counselor may be lacking ____________ with Jill.
eye contact
A counselor does not have to abide by confidentiality laws after a client's death.
false
Alfred Adler was a student of Sigmund Freud, and most scholars believe their theories are virtually indistinguishable.
false
As a culturally competent counselor, Anne knows her job is to encourage all of her clients to fit in better in the general population.
false
Counseling is one of the oldest mental health disciplines.
false
Counselors can break client confidentiality if they feel clients can benefit from it.
false
Counselors cannot provide insights to their clients - only the clients can do this.
false
Erford notes that matching a client's vocal tone can help them calm down.
false
Existential counselors use a number of systematic techniques in working with clients.
false
In Western cultures, the average physical distance for conversation is typically 4-6 feet.
false
In a survey, counseling clients rated non-verbal communication as the least important factor of building a working alliance with counselors.
false
In the section on the helping process, Sharfstein is noted as saying that while relationships are good for people receiving counseling, professionals need to focus on crisis work and treatment planning in order to be effective.
false
Racial identity and ethnic identity are the same thing.
false
Schools and agencies must report claims of child abuse by families to the families themselves.
false
The Cold War of the 1950s and early 60s has been blamed for the US reduction of funding for school counseling and guidance.
false
The person on Victoria's lawn had committed suicide.
false
spirituality
has several dimensions, including the search for meaning and purpose; connection to something larger and a sense that one is part of a greater whole; drive for creativity, love, relationships, and personal growth; and value in developing a relationship with a transcendent life force
During the ______ phase of the cycle of violence theory, the abuser asks for forgiveness and may bring the abused partner gifts.
honeymoon
Snyder's (2000) ______ suggests that if a client believes counseling will work, and if the client has qualities related to self-agency, then these are significant elements in successful outcomes.
hope theory
In developing CBT, Aaron Beck theorized that:
how we think affects how we feel
Since coming out as gay, Trish only wants to spend her time with other people who identify as sexual minorities. According to Chapter 11, what stage of sexual identity development is Trish most likely in?
identity tolerance
social interest
individuals are encouraged to move beyond themselves to learn about and understand different cultural groups and how the individuals could contribute to the greater society
ethnic identity
individuals' sense of belonging to an ethnic group
All of the following are identified as resiliencies in The Resilient Self EXCEPT
intimacy
professional burnout
involves physical, emotional, psychological, and spiritual exhaustion stemming from chronic exposure to client suffering
fidelity
involves the concepts of loyalty, faithfulness, and honoring commitments.
secondary traumatic stress
involves vicarious physical or emotional stress/ traumatization from knowledge about a significant other experiencing a traumatizing event and stress resulting from wanting to help the victim
gender
is a concept that involves attitudes, behaviors, and relationships associated with being male and female; this concept includes, but is not limited to, biological sex (i.e., chromosomal makeup, hormonal and physical expression of genetic material).
multicultural counseling
is a method of counseling that takes into consideration the backgrounds and envi- ronmental experiences of diverse clients and how special needs might be identified and met through the resources of the helping professions
meta-analysis
is a specific quantitative technique that amasses and summarizes the results of numerous studies using a meaningful quantitative index (effect size)
code of ethics
is based on six moral principles of autonomy, justice, beneficence, nonmaleficence, fidelity, and veracity
hardiness
is composed of the 3 Cs: attitudes of commitment (vs. alienation), control (vs. powerlessness), and challenge (vs. security)
vicarious traumatization
is distinguishable from secondary traumatic stress because it stems from a cognitive processing change after direct and chronic exposure to trauma populations, altering the individuals' perceptions, beliefs, and cognitions about trust, safety, and control
Malpractice
is professional misconduct in the application of skills or performance in the discharge of professional duties.
Racism
is the classification of groups of individuals based on physical characteristics, such as skin color, eye shape, and hair texture, and inappropriately ascribing intellectual, physical, and psychological traits to them
intentionally
making conscious and intentional decisions
androcentricism
masculinity as the ideal trait for which humans strive that has associated privileges of greater wealth and power in relationships
Negligence
may be found if the wrong committed resulted in an injury or damage—in other words, if the duty owed to the client was breached in some way that caused damage to the client.
Acutely suicidal persons
may have recently experienced a defeat, failure, humiliation, or loss.
veracity
means being truthful in one's professional actions with clients and other
Alex feels attracted to her client, and decides that as long as they take it slow, the two of them can date. What ethical principle is Alex primarily violating?
non-maleficence
Advocacy Counseling
not only includes the actions of professional counselors on behalf of clients, but also includes professional counselors intervening with systems and organizations relevant to clients
oppression
occurs when another entity imposes an object, label, role, experience, or set of living conditions that is unwanted, is painful, and detracts from the physical and psychological well-being of the client
etic
perspective suggest that counseling should involve techniques related to the sameness among human beings to create a better understanding of general psychological processes for more systematic and consistent approaches among various professional counselors.
id
pleasure principle
action research
practical research approach intended to collect information, address a specific problem, and generate solutions
premature termination
problematic in counseling, regardless of the setting, presenting problems, or therapeutic approaches
culturally encapsulated counselor
professional counselors who perceive others through their own narrow cultural lenses without regard for the cultural values and experiences of their clients
When a crisis affects a school, the _______ is a vital leader in the response.
professional school counselor
Theories
provide a framework for conceptualizing client problems and determining a course of action in counseling
code of ethics
provides guidelines for professional and ethical counseling practices.
Rapport
refers to a harmonious or empathic relationship
Jack replies, "I do feel lost. I also don't see what the point is of even trying to be in a long-term relationship." His counselor responds, "It sounds like you don't know if long-term relationships are worth the risk and possibility of loss." This is an example of:
reflection of meaning
The Humanistic perspective of counseling is primarily oriented toward:
relationships
Eclecticism
relying on knowledge of approaches and applying what seems to fit at a given time.
Basic Listening Sequence
represents a set of interrelated skills used to achieve three overarching goals: (a) to obtain an overall summary and understanding of the client's presenting issue, (b) to identify the key facts of the client's situation, and (c) to identify the core emotions and feelings the client is experiencing
Lance's counselor encourages him to become more involved with his friendship group. Lance's counselor is using the Adlerian principle of:
social interests
active placebo
that counselor and client expectations play a major role in the helping process—as great a role as the actual theories and techniques used in the helping process
Existentialism
that humans are believed to have the capacity for self-awareness and the freedom and responsibility to make choices that would bring about meaning in their lives
attachment theory
that individuals have the intrinsic drive to form interpersonal relationships, a result of the need for reassurance and the desire to be loved.
action plan
that outlines clear and specific goals in a step-by-step method for implementing change that also shows how to use resources effectively and anticipate difficulties
coping
the actions we use to deal with stressful or intimidating circumstances
basic counseling paradigm
the manner by which the professional counselor can understand the human condition in all of its various forms
Counselor Characteristics
the personality and the approach of the counselor
Sparkling moments
the positive shifts that begin to occur when one can exert control over the problem and begin to create a new story
Reality therapy focuses on:
the present
Feminist Identity Development
the process by which women come to know themselves in a gendered world
gatekeeping
the screening, remediation, and dismissal of counselors in training who are poorly fit for the counseling profession.
theoretical integration
the synthesis of the best aspects of several theories with the belief that doing so will produce richer and more meaningful outcomes
self-acualization
the tendency to move in the direction of growth, adjustment, socialization, independence, and self- realization
The 'thousand voices' a client hears refers to:
the things people say to themselves
According to Chapter 5, the active placebo effect is:
the way client/counselor expectations affect client success
When unattended stress and co-traumatic effects begin to have a significant negative impact on a counselor's professional functioning, the counselor is at risk of
therapeutic impairment.
familism
this term refers to family unity, loyalty, and respect
According to Terry, how might a behaviorally based therapist challenge Terry?
to mentally adjust her perception that not being a doctor is unacceptable
Counseling Environment
to the combination of external physical conditions and counselor characteristics that affect the growth and development of clients
autonomy
to the concept of independence and the abil- ity to make one's own decisions.
racial identity
to the psychosocial orientation toward membership in a racial group based partly on attitudes and actions toward other racial groups
When an individual settles into a residual state of crisis that is long term and lingering, with or without PTSD, it is referred to as
transcrisis
Counselor Jack decides to accept his client's invitation to attend her graduation ceremony. The ethical code is clear that this is wrong.
true
Disability can be considered as a multicultural factor.
true
Every counseling interaction can be seen as cross-cultural.
true
In some contexts, Feminist Therapy can be seen as culturally inconsistent.
true
Open questions are known to help clients feel more 'in charge' of their own stories.
true
Stuart prefers to use more general interventions with his clients who are more diverse than he is. This is considered an etic approach.
true
When it first became known, behaviorism was not a part of the medical model, and yet today, it is very closely aligned with it.
true
closed questions
typically elicit yes or no responses or specific factual information
transgender
used to identify individuals who permanently or periodically do not identify with the gender assigned to their biological sex at birth
signal summaries
used to signal to the client that you have captured the essence of his or her topic and that the session can move on to the next area of concern.
Transference
when a client's emotions from a previous experience are projected, displaced, or transferred onto the counselor and the counseling relationship
undershooting
when the professional counselor reflects a feeling that is less intense than the feeling expressed by the client
overshooting
when the professional counselor reflects a feeling that is more intense than the feeling expressed by the client
clinical efficacy studies
which are tightly controlled experiments designed to test a par- ticular intervention
Risk groups for which suicide rates are high include all of the following EXCEPT
white females.
All of the following are guidelines for crisis counseling EXCEPT
working independently from first responders.