CRIJ 2391 25- Intro to Criminal Justice Ch 3 book

The National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) was established in which year?

1972 Correct. Established in 1972, the National Criminal Justice Reference Service (NCJRS) is a federally funded resource offering justice and drug-related information to support research, policy, and program development worldwide.

Which rights are guaranteed by the Crime Victims' Rights Act? a)To be reasonably protected, notified, present, and heard at various stages in the criminal justice system b)To expect proceedings free from unreasonable delay c)To confer with the prosecutor to receive restitution d)All of the above

All of the above Correct. Federal law now guarantees crime victims the following rights: to be reasonably protected, notified, present, and heard at various stages in the criminal justice system; to confer with the prosecutor; to receive restitution; to expect proceedings free from unreasonable delay; and to be treated with fairness and respect.

Which of the following is considered a Part I offense? a)Rape b)Murder c)Burglary d)All of the above

All of the above Correct. Part I offenses were considered the most serious of the violent offenses and included murder and non-negligent manslaughter; forcible rape; robbery; aggravated assault; and the property crimes of burglary, larceny-theft, and motor vehicle theft. Arson was added to the list of Part I crimes in 1979.

Mia and Jane were robbed, assaulted, and Mia was murdered when returning from a party late in the night. The jurisdiction in which this crime occurred uses cards to list crimes and follows the hierarchy rule to group crimes. As a result, how will this crime be listed and indexed on the cards?

All of the crimes will be listed on a single card and indexed under murder. Correct. The hierarchy rule would count only the most serious offense when multiple offenses occurred, and it would count multiple victims of a single criminal incident as a single crime. In this case, as Mia was robbed, assaulted, and murdered, all of the crime data would be on a single card and it would be indexed under murder.

What does National Organization for Victim Assistance (NOVA) refer to?

An organization that helped pass the 1984 Victims of Crime Act and the 1982 Victim and Witness Protection Act, both of which provide counseling, information, and assistance to crime victims. Correct. National Organization for Victim Assistance (NOVA) is an organization that helped pass the 1984 Victims of Crime Act and the 1982 Victim and Witness Protection Act, both of which provide counseling, information, and assistance to crime victims.

Which method of gathering data promotes itself as "the United States' primary source for criminal justice statistics"?

Bureau of Justice Statistics Correct. The Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) was established by federal legislation in 1979. The BJS is a component of the Office of Justice Programs in the U.S. Department of Justice. Its mission is to collect, analyze, publish, and disseminate information on crime, criminal offenders, victims of crime, and the operation of justice systems at all levels of government. BJS promotes itself as "the United States' primary source for criminal justice statistics"

Susan died in an accident that resulted from the faulty maintenance of a bridge used for inter-city transport. Her parents did not have the money to pay for an attorney, but they wanted to sue the government for negligence. Rachael, an attorney, accepted the case and stated that she would instead take a percentage of their settlement as her fee. This scenario is an example of ________.

Contingency Correct. In this scenario, Rachael uses contingency and asks for a percentage of the client's settlement. Contingency is a situation in a civil case when an attorney agrees to forgo payment in return for a percentage of the potential settlement.

The mayor of a rural town noticed a recent spike in the incidences of drug-related crimes in his jurisdiction. Upon contacting the sheriff, he came to know that the nearby city had a major drug crackdown that forced the drug dealers to begin selling drugs illegally in his town. Which of the following does this scenario illustrate?

Dislocation Correct. In this scenario, drug dealers start selling drugs in the mayor's town due to dislocation. Dislocation refers to crackdowns on crime by police in larger cities that cause offenders to relocate to the suburbs or rural areas that have less law enforcement resources.

Which agency is responsible for compiling the data for the UCR?

FBI Correct. While law enforcement agencies and states collected crime data prior to the UCR, there was no single agency that collected the data from the various agencies and compiled it into a nationwide report. The participation of local and state agencies is voluntary because federal law does not mandate the reporting of crime data to the FBI. Today, participation by local and state agencies is near universal; however, in the early years of the UCR, that was not the case. Reports by law enforcement are submitted to the FBI on a monthly basis.

The first published national crime report was published by which of the following groups?

International Association of Police Correct. The International Association of Police published the first national report of crime in the United States in 1927. Congress was convinced of the benefit of this type of data, and in 1929, the U.S. Congress authorized the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) to gather nationwide crime data and publish it.

According to the routine activities approach, which of the following is true of predatory victimization?

It depends on the interaction of a likely offender, a suitable target, and the absence of capable guardians. Correct. Predatory victimization depends on the interaction of a likely offender, a suitable target, and the absence of capable guardians who might prevent the crime.

Which of the following is true of the Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics?

It is comprised of data that are usually not found in the National Crime Victimization Survey and Uniform Crime Report. Correct. Data not found in the national crime victimization survey and uniform crime report can be found in the Sourcebook of Criminal Justice Statistics.

Which of the following best describes longitudinal comparison?

It is the examination of crime data recorded at one time period with crime data from another time period. Correct. Longitudinal comparisons are examinations of crime data recorded at one time period with crime data from another time period, such as year-to-year comparisons and comparisons over a number of years.

A new study reported that sex workers are more likely to be the targets of violent crimes. The study cites aspects of their day-to-day activities as factors that contribute to the increased risk. This study is based on ________.

Lifestyle theories of victimization Correct. Lifestyle theories of victimization are a concept that personal victimization is an outgrowth of a victim's high-risk behavior patterns and associations.

Which theory explains personal victimization as an outgrowth of a victim's high-risk behavior patterns and associations?

Lifestyle theory Correct. Lifestyle theories of victimization are based on the concept that personal victimization is an outgrowth of a victim's high-risk behavior patterns and associations.

Laura, a police chief, is trying to determine if periods of economic depression lead to an increase in the crime rates in the United States. She is using data from the Uniform Crime Report to find the occurrences of crime during the years of recession and those during the years of economic boom. Which of the following terms best describes Laura's activity?

Longitudinal comparison Correct. Longitudinal comparisons are examinations of crime data recorded at one time period with crime data from another time period, such as year-to-year comparisons and comparisons over a number of years. In this case, Laura is trying to compare the occurrences of crime during the years of recession and those during the years of economic boom in her country.

A group of researchers wants to put together a report that will look at crime over the years, from one generation to the next. The group wants to see if any trends appear that can be used to help design public awareness programs. Which of the following is most suitable for use in preparing this report?

Longitudinal comparison Correct. Longitudinal comparisons are examinations of crime date recorded at one time period with crime data from another time period, such as year-to-year comparisons and comparisons over a number of years. In this scenario, the group of researchers can use longitudinal comparisons to examine the crime statistics over various generations.

Which of the following is true of victimization?

Measures of crime data do not reflect public's fear of victimization. Correct. Measures of crime data do not necessary reflect the public's fear of victimization.

Richard needs information on the general trend of drug abuse among juveniles for his thesis. Which of the following is Richard most likely to use if he does not have an official clearance to access FBI files and does not have a lot of money to download related articles?

National Criminal Justice Reference Service Correct. Richard is most likely to use the National Criminal Justice Reference Service. It is a federally funded resource offering justice and drug-related information to support research, policy, and other programs. It provides free downloads and includes information on juvenile justice libraries and databases worldwide.

Jason, a criminal justice student, is researching the rate of juvenile drug abuses nationwide. He is unable to gather sufficient data on the arrests made at the national level. Which of the following can Jason use to gather the necessary information?

Part II offenses category of Uniform Crime Report Correct. Jason can use the Part II offenses to gather the necessary information. Part II offenses is a Uniform Crime Report category used to report less serious offenses involving an arrest, including simple assault and drug abuse violations.

Acts "involving direct physical contact between at least one offender and at least one person or object which that offender attempts to take or damage" are defined by Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson as what type of crime?

Predatory crime Correct. Predatory crime includes the acts involving direct physical contact between at least one offender and at least one person or object, which that offender attempts to take or damage.

Which president convened the President's Task Force on Victims of Crime?

Ronald Reagan Correct. President Ronald Reagan adopted victims' rights as one of his priority domestic policy issues. In 1982, he convened the President's Task Force on Victims of Crime. This task force made more than 60 recommendations for new legislation to be enacted to protect the rights and interests of crime victims in the criminal justice system. President's Task Force on Victims of Crime is a task force that makes recommendations for new legislation to be enacted to protect the rights and interests of crime victims in the criminal justice system.

________ assumes all humans are motivated by the desire to have things that give them pleasure and to avoid those things that inflict pain.

Routine activities theory Correct. Routine activities theory is a theory that assumes all humans are motivated by the desire to have things that give them pleasure and to avoid those things that inflict pain.

The ________ is a law requiring the collection of data, frequency, seriousness, and incidences of violence in elementary and secondary schools.

Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act of 1996 Correct. The Safe and Drug-Free Schools and Communities Act of 1996 required the collection of data, frequency, seriousness, and incidences of violence in elementary and secondary schools.

Police authorities arrested Joe after the allegation of rape by Jenny. At the trial, Jenny's life and social activities were examined and criticized in an effort to discredit her and make Joe look innocent. This is an example of ________.

Secondary victimization Correct. In this scenario, the effort to discredit Jenny is an example of secondary victimization. Secondary victimization is caused not by the criminal act but through the inappropriate response of institutions and individuals.

A college student was hospitalized after a mugging incident on his campus, but he refused to press charges against his attackers. Campus security chooses not to report it to the police as the student refused to press charges. According to the Crime Awareness and Campus Security Act of 1992, which of the following is the college authorities obligated to do when a crime occurs on campus?

The college authorities must make a public disclosure of the crime. Correct. In this scenario, the college is required to make a public disclosure of the crime. According to the Crime Awareness and Campus Security Act of 1992 colleges are required to make a public disclosure of crimes occurring on their campuses whether or not these crimes were reported to police.

The ________ was created as a result of dissatisfaction with the way victims were treated by the criminal justice system in the 1960s.

Victims' rights movement Correct. The victims' rights movement was created as a result of the dissatisfaction of victims with the neglect and minimization of harm they suffered, leading to a victims' movement for the criminal justice system to provide them with specific rights.

Which movement grew out of the dissatisfaction of victims with the passive role, neglect, and minimization of harm they suffered?

Victims' rights movement Correct. Victims' rights movement indicates the dissatisfaction of victims with the neglect and minimization of harm they suffered, leading to a victims' movement for the criminal justice system to provide them with specific rights.

The ________ restricted the manufacture, sale, and possession of alcoholic beverages.

Volstead Act Correct. The Prohibition Amendment, also known as the Volstead Act, is the Eighteenth Amendment passed in 1919 that prohibited the manufacture, sale, and possession of alcoholic beverages.

Which age group has the highest rate of victimization?

Young adults Correct. Young adults are the most victimized age group, but they have the least fear of victimization. Rising crime rates can cause the public's fear of crime to rise, but lower crime rates do not necessarily result in less fear of victimization.

Which of the following is a disadvantage of civil remedies for victims? a)Victims are not allowed to bring lawsuits against third parties for contributing to their victimization. b)Victims cannot be directly involved in civil lawsuits. c)Victims have to bear the costs of obtaining an attorney and all investigation costs in pursuing the civil case. d)Victims cannot use these lawsuits to recover the expenses resulting from crimes against them.

c)Victims have to bear the costs of obtaining an attorney and all investigation costs in pursuing the civil case. Correct. In a civil lawsuit, the financial burden falls on the victim. The victim is responsible for obtaining and paying an attorney and all investigation costs in pursuing the civil case.

According to the NCVS, the rate of violent crime has ______ over the last two decades (from 1993-2014).

decreased Correct. According to the NCVS, the rate of violent crime has declined from 79.8 to 20.1 per 1,000 households from the years 1993-2014.

Police officers consider a crime cleared if ________.

they believe they know the perpetrator of the crime. Correct. Police consider a crime cleared if they believe the suspect committed the crime, regardless of whether the criminal justice system takes additional action against the suspect.

The dark figure of crime statistics refers to _________.

unreported crime Correct. It was recognized in 1972 that a significant number of crimes go unreported to the police. Unreported crime is called the dark figure of crime statistics in that it recognizes that the official data of crime reported to the police is lower than the actual crime rate. While the UCR and the NCVS report similar rates for crimes such as motor vehicle theft, they report very different crime data for other crimes, such as rape. Furthermore, it is assumed that the NCVS does not capture the true extent of the crime of rape because it also underreports this crime.