Crim 174 Quizzes (Class, Race, Gender, and Crime)
Women are considered a minority group.
True
Race and ethnicity are interchangeable terms that share the same meaning.
False
Sex and gender are synonymous
False
Similar to defendants plea bargaining in a criminal court, when a corporation pleas to civil or administrative charges, they are required to admit guilt.
False
The arresting officers determine whether charges will be filed against the suspect.
False
The book explains that the only types of privilege are those having to do with race, class, and gender.
False
The income of CEOs only increases when their company's profits increase.
False
Though gender stereotypes and discrimination can be found almost anywhere, it is well known that men and women are treated equally in the criminal justice system.
False
When a defendant pleads not guilty or not guilty by reason of insanity, there is only a 20% chance that case will go to trial.
False
The authors describe the race as a/an
social construction
Genocide is described as a)All of the above b)Producing the "destruction of the personal security, liberty, health, dignity, and even the lives of the individuals belonging to" a particular group c)Destruction of a group of people that includes "not only killing but the creation of conditions that materially or psychologically destroy or diminish people's dignity, happiness, and capacity to fulfill basic material needs" d)"Indirect murder through the creation of conditions leading to a group's social destruction.
All of the above
What do the authors recommend that would both dissuade employers from hiring illegal immigrants and better working conditions overall?
All of the above
Which of the following are true about the criminal law? a) All of the above b) It shapes priorities within the criminal justice system c) It shapes the attitudes individuals have toward certain behaviors d) It focuses on street crimes, influencing the idea that those crimes are the most serious and/or dangerous, rather than the mass harms caused by white collar and corporate crimes
All of the above
Which of the following statements is true a) All of the above b) One's race cannot be determined by examining a sample of their DNA c) All humans have approximately 99. 8% of genetic material in common d) None of the above
All of the above
According to the chapter, all but which of the following is part of "crimmigration"?
"Crimmigration" policies help fix the long backlogs in legal immigration
What group represents a disproportionate share of police shooting victims?
African Americans
Administrative segregation or solitary confinement a)All of the above b)Is hurtful to inmates with and without mental disorders c)Increases the likelihood that inmates will perpetrate violence upon release d)Induces irrational anger in 90% of inmates
All of the above
"Harm caused by acts or conditions that are legal but produce consequences similar to those produced by illegal acts," such as many corporate and white collar behaviors are known as
Analogous social injury
What are the four basic stages of the court subsystem?
Charging, pretrial, trial, and sentencing
Since 1975, the wage gap between whites and blacks, and whites and Hispanics has decreased.
False
According to the chapter, the criminal law
It's not a "natural" or "objective" reflection of harm, but it is the result of a political process where money and privilege matter
In the book, the authors point to what research method as inadequate for true understanding of racial discrimination and the intersectionality of race and class due to its attempt to "hold all else constant"?
Quantitative methods
According to the book, most victims the police or penal violence are
Relatively powerless people with little status or stake in American society
The case, Plessy v. Ferguson, resulted in
Separate but equal
Many crimes that are facilitated by and/or overlooked by state employees can be defined indirectly as
State crime
In 2010, over 21% of children in the U. S. lived in poverty.
True
Sexism, individual or institutional, is the belief that men are superior to women.
True
Some Native American reservations are also sites for toxic and radioactive materials.
True
The typical CEO is a
White male
For adolescent boys coming of age, what do the authors identify as "the most powerful source of stigma"?
being called gay
All perpetrators of school shootings have been
male
Crimes are most often committed due to what leading factor?
money
Prosecutors have discretion to do all but which of the following? a) provide the defense counsel with any evidence that favors the defendant b) which cases to pursue c)whether to use mandatory minimum statutes or "three strikes" legislation d) hat bargains to offer in exchange for guilty pleas
provide the defense counsel with any evidence that favors the defendant
The positivist perspective
studies biological and psychological causes of crime
Which perspective supports the idea that crime is a choice and that all people have free will and self-control?
Classical
According to Karl Marx the proletariats are business owners.
False
According to critical criminology, the criminal laws set forth by the powerful are the "natural state of affairs" representing equally, all types of crime.
False
Black residents of high-poverty areas are as likely to die by the age of sixty-five as American whites are to die by forty-five
False
Causing the death of a worker by willfully violating safety laws is a felony
False
Definitions of race are based on biological differences between people.
False
In 2012, blacks were more than 3 times as likely to be living in poverty as non-Hispanic whites.
False
Just like businesses reporting theft and fraud by their employees or consumers, in criminology, there is an abundance of data on the fraud and theft perpetrated by businesses to their consumers and employees.
False
Like in the U.S., in France, Italy, and Germany, a defendant can legally dispute a prosecutor's discretion in a specific case
False
Males are the most rapidly growing incarcerated population.
False
Over 50% of all inmates have a mental health problem. Of those inmates, the majority receive treatment during their incarceration.
False
People with an annual household income of $75,000 or more have higher property victimization rates than those with an annual household income of $7,5000 or less.
False
Serious safety violations with a significant probability of death or severe injury carry a maximum civil penalty of just $70,000.
False
The precariat is a term used to identify the class. It refers to individuals or families who live "paycheck to paycheck" or have no money left over at the end of the month.
False
Whites are more likely to be murdered in their lifetime than blacks.
False
The term used to reflect the overlapping systems of gender and racial discrimination is
Gendered racism
The main purpose for recognizing and discussing privilege is to
Promote recognition so privileged individuals may act to assist in creating a more equal society
Of the following, who holds the most power? a) prosecutor b)defense attorney c)judge d)law enforcement
Prosecutor
Who are the three key actors in the criminal court process?
Prosecutor, the defense attorney, and the judge
The authors argue that what, more than criminal activity, impacts one's level of contact with the criminal justice system?
Social Class
According to the book, what are the basic tenets of feminism?
Treat women with respect, dignity, and equality
Although legislators have called for more severe consequences for crimes by the poor, they have supported the deregulation of corporations, which includes the harmful and dangerous acts businesses commit.
True
Although some corporations have paid hundreds of millions of dollars in fines, it has been acknowledged that those fines are no more than "pocket change" for such large companies and they in no way act as a deterrent
True
Between 2004 and 2012, 4. 4 million stop and frisk stops were made by the NYPD. Blacks and Hispanics comprised 83% of all those persons stopped even though greater percentages of whites were caught carrying contraband than blacks and Hispanics.
True
Black women are both underrepresented and overrepresented in state and federal prisons.
True
Chivalry can refer to the disbelief that women have the ability to possess criminal intent.
True
Discrimination (such as housing, education, and employment) over a long period of time has significantly and negatively impacted the economic status of most minorities as a whole.
True
For every workplace inspector (2,500 total) there are 3,000 workplaces (7. 5 million total) to be regulated and 52,000 workers.
True
Higher rates of violence have been found in cities where the income disparity between whites and blacks is high.
True
In 1990, the CIA's anti-drug unit sent one ton (907,000 grams) of cocaine into the U. S. , which was sold on the streets.
True
It is the dominant (white) group who writes history; retaining and omitting whichever facts, events, and/or contributions it desires.
True
Known as Corporate Personhood, under American law, corporations are sometimes treated as "persons. "
True
More than 95% of criminal cases are resolved by plea bargains.
True
Most white-collar crimes discussed by the media and focused on by law enforcement are those committed by powerless individuals.
True
Polls show that citizens believe harmful white collar crimes such as knowingly "selling contaminated food that results in death" are more serious than "killing someone during a serious argument" and the "forcible rape of a stranger in a park. "
True
Racism, sexism, and classism are resultant from the cultural, social, and legal structures that endorse and reinforce those ideals.
True
The criminal justice system began its gross expansion in the 1970s.
True
The militarization of the police is so widespread today that nearly 90% of small towns have a SWAT team.
True
Without male privilege, there would not be sexism. Without white privilege, there would not be racism. Without class privilege, there would not be classism.
True
All but which of the following countries have an act similar to the "Corporate Manslaughter Act" making criminal the gross failure of supervision leading to a worker's death? a) United States b) Canada c) Great Britain d) None of the above countries have such laws
United States
Which of the following are true a) When a corporation is victimized by a poor person there is more likely to be "more law" in the downward b) When a poor person is victimized by a rich person or corporation there is more likely to be "more law" in the downward direction c) When a rich person is victimized by a poor person there is more likely to be "less law" in the downward direction d) When a corporation is victimized by a poor person there is more likely to be "less law" in the downward
When a corporation is victimized by a poor person there is more likely to be "more law" in the downward
What reinforces masculine stereotypes? a) All of the above b)Movies c)Video games and comic books d) Famous icons (professional athletes, celebrities, presidents, etc. . . )
all of the above
Which of the following does the book describe as the most important factor in terms of intersectionality? a)All of the above b)Class c)Race d)Gender
all of the above
Which of the following is true about critical criminology? a) It incorporates inequality, challenging the status quo b)It was originally referred to as radical criminology c)It rejects the notion that any perspective can be completely objective d) all the above
all the above
When accounting for differing crime rates among racial groups, an analysis of NYPD stop and frisk policies found that blacks were stopped _______________________ more often than whites, and Hispanics were stopped _________________________ more often than whites.
23% and 39%
Although women make up over half of the U. S. population, they represent just what percent of incarcerated people?
7%
"A traffic stop motivated not by any desire to enforce traffic laws, but instead motivated by a desire to hunt for drugs [or other illegal activity] in the absence of any evidence of illegal drug activity [or other illegal activity]" is
A pretext or pretextual stop
What is the correct order of likelihood that an individual will be murdered in his/her lifetime? (Left to right from most likely to least likely)
Black man, black woman, white man, white woman
Specialized units such as SWAT, have been used to
Break up the wagering of college football games
According to the chapter, all but which of the following is true of the overall environment for law enforcement officers?
Essentializing gender/race relations helps
If a suspect is charged with a felony, what are the pretrial stages that he/she must go through, in order?
Initial appearance, summary trial, probable cause hearing, preliminary hearing, arraignment
Which of the following describes one way that class is related to criminology?
Lawmakers create laws that criminalize the actions of the powerless or the poor, rather than the crimes of the upper or ruling class
The authors attribute school shootings to what primary factor?
Masculinity
Financial assets are
Measures of ownership of the economic system (ex. stocks, bonds, trusts)
The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1892
Outlawed opium use only among the Chinese
In the book, the physical and sexual abuse of inmates is referred to as
Penal violence
According to the book, the primary role of criminal justice administration is to
Persuade people to abide by the dominant values of society
Which term is defined as "a collection of physical traits"?
Race
The increased spending from the wars on crime and drugs created
The prison industrial complex
The social ranking or the division of society based on status is
class
The majority of poor people in the U.S. are
white
The study of poor whites who lack the power and esteem that most whites have is called
white-trash studies
