Crim Final Study Guide

The World Health Organization (2006) estimated that annual economic costs in the United States due to child abuse totaled about ______. A. $20 million B. $70 trillion. C. None of these. D. $94 billion.

D. $94 billion

The general theory of crime, proposed by Gottfredson and Hirschi, assumes that self-control must be established by age ______. A. 5 B. 15 C. 18 D. 10

D. 10

Sutherland's theory of differential association had ______ different elements. A. 6 B. 7 C. 5 D. 9

D. 9

______ slow(s) down the normal activity of the central nervous system. A. Narcotics B. Marijuana C. Stimulants D. Depressants

D. Depressants

The ______ of offending is when the offender first begins offending, and desistence is when an individual stops committing crime. A. Frequency B. Duration C. Intensity D. Onset

D. Onset

Akers and Burgess integrated Sutherland's work with contributions from the field of ______. A. Psychology B. Psychiatry C. Sociology D. Social Psychology

D. Social Psychology

______ is considered one of the most influential criminologists of the 20th century and introduced differential association theory. A. Sheldon B. Shaw and McKay C. Tarde D. Sutherland

D. Sutherland

Homeland security is a concerted national effort to prevent and disrupt terrorist attacks, protect against man-made and natural hazards, and respond to and recover from which hazards? A. jurisdictional hazards B. terrorism and catastrophes C. meta hazards D. all hazards

D. all hazards

Designer drugs are all of the following EXCEPT: A. can circumvent existing legal restrictions B. considered to be for recreational use C. derivatives of approved drugs D. are manufactured in places other than the United States

D. are manufactured in places other than the United States

______ was not seriously considered an Index crime until around 1978 by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. A. burglary B. rape C. aggravated assault D. arson

D. arson

All of the following are considered learning theories EXCEPT: A. differential association theory B. differential reinforcement theory C. neutralization theory D. collective conscience theory

D. collective conscience theory

According to Cohen, youths begin to value destruction of property and skipping school because these behaviors ______. A. defy the means and goals of society B. lead to success in the conventional world C. lead to a payoff in the nonconventional world D. defy the conventional order

D. defy the conventional order

Deaths and injuries due to corporate crimes ______. A. cannot be quantified B. have decreased C. have stayed the same D. have increased

D. have increased

All of the following are considered general goals for achieving homeland security EXCEPT: A. prevent and disrupt terrorist attacks B. protect the American people, critical infrastructure, and key resources C. respond to and recover from incidents that occur D. maintain the foundation of America

D. maintain the foundation of America

*All of the following are considered characteristics of countercultures EXCEPT: A. members who reject many of the status symbols of the larger society B. sexual relationships that deviate from the nuclear family ideal C. claims of superiority over the dominant society D. members who reject spiritual leaders and refuse religion

D. members who reject spiritual leaders and refuse religion

All of the following are considered fundamental rights granted to citizens in the United States EXCEPT: A. right of access to the courts B. right to confront witnesses C. presumption of innocence D. right to private records

D. private records

Anabolic-androgenic steroids are synthetically produced variations of ______. A. metabolic proteins B. estrogen C. insulin and growth hormone D. testosterone

D. testosterone

Tarde introduced imitation theory, which incorporated three laws of imitation. Which law below is not part of the laws of imitation? A. people imitate one another in proportion as they are in close contact B. These are all part of the laws of imitation. C. when two mutually exclusive methods come together, one method can be substituted for another D. the inferior is imitated by the superior

D. the inferior is imitated by the superior

______ makes it unlawful to willfully cause bodily injury, or attempt to do so, with a dangerous weapon when the offense is committed because of the actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, or disability of any person. A.Hate Crime Statistics Act of 1990 B.Campus Hate Crime Right to Know Act of 1997 C.Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 D.Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009

D.Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009

Who is credited with being the most influential theorist in modern structural perspectives of criminality? A. Thomas Hobbes B. August Comte C. Adolphe Quetelet D. Andre-Michel Guerry E. Émile Durkheim

E. Émile Durkheim

The DEA has designated five chemicals often found in spice as _____ controlled substances, making it illegal to sell, buy, or possess these chemicals. A. Schedule I B. Schedule II C. Schedule III D. Schedule IV

A. Schedule I

Some critics of Shaw and McKay have stated that their original research did not actually measure their primary construct of ______. A. Social Disorganization B. Culture C. Concentric zones D. Environment

A. Social Disorganization

What or who can provide the mechanism for limiting human individuals' insatiable appetite for more? A. Society B. Family C. Media D. Individual Ego

A. Society

When law enforcement "cracks down" on gangs in relatively inactive periods, it inevitably makes the gang ______. A. Stronger B. Experience no change C. Weaker D. Break apart

A. Stronger

Who coined the term white-collar crime and is considered the most prominent criminologist of the 20th century? A. Sutherland B. Hirschi C. Clinard & Yeager D. Lombroso

A. Sutherland

Baby boomers, those individuals born following ______, now form what is considered to be one of the largest generations in U.S. history. A. World War II B. Civil War C. American Revolution D. World War I

A. World War II

The center circle according to Burgesses zone model is called ______. A. Zone I B. Zone III C. Zone II D. Zone V

A. Zone I

Studies have shown a link between childhood exposure to domestic violence and violent offending at older ages. This is called: A. cycle of violence B. reaction cycle C. circle of abuse D. feedback loop

A. cycle of violence

______ refers to when the criminal career of an individual ends and they opt out of offending (or at least doesn't get caught again). A. Desistance B. Intensity C. Frequency D. Onset

A. desistance

______ involves terrorist activities against the government that are committed by rebellious groups. A. dissident terrorism B. criminal terrorism C. state-sponsored terrorism D. religious terrorism

A. dissident terrorism

America's drug problem is expensive and ill-advised. In an effort to address the increasing number of drug-using offenders clogging the criminal justice system, ______ were established, especially in urban areas of the United States. A. drug treatment courts B. abstinence courts C. family courts D. criminal courts

A. drug treatment courts

One thing all forms of strain theory have in common is their emphasis on a sense of ______ in crime causation. A. frustration B. contentment C. satisfaction D. gratification

A. frustration

The President's Commission on Law Enforcement and the Administration of Justice found that ______ was the largest source of revenue for organized crime. A. gambling B. narcotics trafficking C. money laundering D. loan sharking

A. gambling

______ are drugs that alter one's thought processes, mood, and perceptions. A. hallucinogens B. inhalants C. steroids D. amphetamines

A. hallucinogens

What critical influence did Sutherland leave out of differential association theory? A. media B. family C. friends D. community

A. media

Guerry found that ______ crimes were higher in wealthy areas but ______ crime was higher in poor areas. A. property; violent B. economic; violent C. property; economic D. violent; property

A. property; violent

The majority of bias-motivated incidents reported by law enforcement agencies were motivated by a(n) ______ bias. A. racial B. sexual-orientation C. religious D. ethnicity/national origin

A. racial

Shaw and McKay's findings rejected ______ because it is obvious that the culture is not what influences crime and delinquency but rather the criminogenic nature of the environment. A. social Darwinism B. concentric circles C. the Chicago School of criminology D. natural areas

A. social Darwinism

The term eminent domain means that local government can ______. A. take land from homeowners to rezone and import businesses B. reassign land from commercial use to residential use C. take land from low-income homeowners to build luxury, high-income homes D. give land to low-income families to build on

A. take land from homeowners to rezone and import businesses

While a hate crime is not exclusively a federal offense, the federal government can, and does, investigate and prosecute hate crimes as civil rights violations. A. True B. False C. Neither D. Both

A. true

All of the following are considered hate crimes motivated by a person's status as homeless according to the model state legislation EXCEPT: A. assault, aggravated assault, battery, or aggravated battery on the person and any other crime against the person B. all of the these are considered hate crimes motivated by a person's status as homeless C. acts that deface, damage, or destroy, or attempt to deface, damage, or destroy the personal property of the person D. acts that result in the death of a person

B. all of the these are considered hate crimes motivated by a person's status as homeless

The four constructs of social bonding theory is made up of all of the following EXCEPT: A. involvement B. conformity C. commitment D. attachments

B. conformity

______ theory emphasizes various types of social learning, specifically classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and imitation or modeling. A. neutralization B. differential reinforcement C. differential identification D. differential association

B. differential reinforcement

All of the following are considered categories of strain within the general strain theory proposed by Agnew EXCEPT: A. failure to achieve goals B. failure to conform to conventional means C. removal of positive stimuli D. noxious stimuli

B. failure to conform to conventional means

______ refers to how often the individual offends at certain times. A. onset B. frequency C. intensity D. duration

B. frequency

Durkheim showed that the rate of suicide was lower among individuals that had all of the following characteristics EXCEPT: A. adherents of religions that were more interactive and communal B. had children C. married D. young

B. had children

Gottfredson and Hirschi believe that socialization controls are established ______. A. during adolescence B. in the first years of life C. at the age of 18 D. around puberty

B. in the first years of life

______ is a process whereby funds, obtained through illegal activities, are "cleansed." A. none of these B. Money laundering C. Fundraising D. Donating

B. money laundering

Thornberry places the level of attachment and commitment to conventional society ahead of the degree of ______ that an individual holds regarding criminal offending. A. pressures B. moral beliefs C. associations D. corrupt values

B. moral beliefs

Once low self-control is set at an early age, there is no way to develop it afterward (according to the general theory of crime). Developmental theory believes that: A. people will always remain the same in their beliefs B. people can change over time C. people cannot change over time D. actions may change, but beliefs do not

B. people can change over time

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is charged with what two (2) things? A. stopping animal abuse & protecting workers' rights B. protecting human health & safeguarding the natural environment C. none of these. D. safeguarding the natural environment & stopping animal abuse

B. protecting human health & safeguarding the natural environment

Studies testing differential reinforcement theory have used four groups of variables or factors. Choose the one below that is not considered one of these variables. A. definitions B. rewards and punishments C. associations D. modeling

B. rewards and punishments

Byers and Crider used what theory to examine hate crimes against the Amish? A.social learning theory B. routine activities theory C. neutralization theory D. labeling theory

B. routine activities theory

Thornberry combined ______ and ______ models when developing interactional model. A. routine activities; social learning B. social control; social learning C. social control; rational choice D. routine activities; social control

B. social control; social learning

Before 1970, criminological theories did not attempt to explain the ______ of individual criminal careers. A. variables B. stages C. development D. factors

B. stages

______ are involved in writing programs to protect systems and networks from being illegally and maliciously accessed. A. black hat hackers B. white hat hackers C. hacktivists D. script kiddies

B. white hat hackers

Sutherland was interested in explaining: A. Neither B. Both C. how criminal values and attitudes could be culturally transmitted from one generation to another D. why the elderly were not involved in criminal activity

C. how criminal values and attitudes could be culturally transmitted from one generation to another

Chronic offending often starts with ______ offenses, such as truancy, smoking, and underage drinking, but then escalates to more serious offenses, such as burglary, robbery, and assault. A. both B. neither C. minor D. major

C. minor

Heroin is a chemically modified form of what drug? A. gamma-hydroxybutyric (GHB) B. Rohypnol C. morphine D. oxycodone

C. morphine

Soldiers were given ______ not only to ease the pain of their injuries but also to relieve the symptoms of dysentery. A. heroin B. steroids C. morphine D. methamphetamine

C. morphine

The first necessary condition to Sutherland's definition of white-collar crime is that: A. offenders must wear a collar B. offenders must be Christian C. offenders must be at the top of the socioeconomic status D. offenders must be white

C. offenders must be at the top of the socioeconomic status

______ is a learning model based on the association between an action and feedback following the action. A. classical conditioning B. modeling C. operant conditioning D. imitation

C. operant conditioning

Commitment to school and attachments to ______ are some of the most essential predictors of delinquency, according to Thornberry's interactional model. A. teachers B. siblings C. parents D. friends

C. parents

All of the following are considered physical costs of white-collar crime EXCEPT: A. occupational illnesses B. falsely prescribed or marketed pharmaceutical drugs C. price fixing D. environmental pollution

C. price fixing

Matza's drift theory is highly consistent with several of the ideas presented by control theorists, including all of the following assumptions EXCEPT: A. selfish tendencies appear at times when controls are weakest B. selfish tendencies are inhibited by socialization and social controls C. selfish tendencies appear only during the teenage years D. selfish tendencies are universal

C. selfish tendencies appear only during the teenage years

Sampson and Laub's developmental model is considered a more specified form of: A. social learning theory B. Moffitt's taxonomy C. theory of drift D. social control theory

C. theory of drift

Durkheim claimed that progress typically depends on deviating from established moral boundaries in society, especially one in the more ______. A. Industrial Stage B. Mechanical Stage C. A and B D. None of the Above

B. Mechanical Stage

Other than the United States, what is the only other country that allows pharmaceutical companies to advertise their products directly to consumers? A. China B. New Zealand C. England D. Germany

B. New Zealand

Criminal gangs primarily commit what type of crimes? A. Economic B. Property C. Sexual Assault D. Violent

B. Property

Enacted in 1906 authorizing federal regulations on any medication. A. Harrison Act B. Pure Food and Drug Act C. War on Drugs D. Prohibition

B. Pure Food and Drug Act

______ is motivated by engaging in terrorist acts that are legitimized by religious dogma. A. State-sponsored terrorism B. Religious terrorism C. Criminal terrorism D. Racial terrorism

B. Religious terrorism

Neutralization theory is associated with ______ theorists. A. None of these. B. Sykes and Matza C. Alex and Leonar D. Sutherland and Hirschi

B. Sykes and Matza

______ amended the Hate Crime Statistics Act to enhance penalties for offenses that involve a motivation bias. A. Church Arson Prevention Act of 1996 B. Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 C. Campus Hate Crimes Right to Know Act of 1997 D. Matthew Shepard and James Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Prevention Act of 2009

B. Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994

Labor violations include all of the following EXCEPT: A. keeping unsafe work conditions B. exploiting workers C. dumping pollution in restricted area D. hiring illegal workers

C. dumping pollution in restricted area

What ethnic group did not show high delinquency rates in Shaw and McKay's longitudinal data? A. Asians B. Hispanics C. African Americans D. Caucasians

A. Asians

Who is credited with coining the term sociology? A. August Comte B. Émile Durkheim C. Andre-Michel Guerry D. Thomas Hobbes E. Adolphe Quetelet

A. August Comte

______ takes into account associations with persons and images presented in the media. A. Differential identification B. Differential association C. Differential reinforcement D. Containment

A. Differential identification

The ______ was charged with three (3) responsibilities that focused on whether organized crime used services of interstate commerce to engage in illegal activities and identifying the persons, firms, or corporations involved in such activities. A. Kefauver Committee B. President's Commission on Law Enforcement C. Wickersham Commission D. Chicago Crime Commission

A. Kefauver Committee

Who created differential opportunity theory? A. Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin B. Durkheim C. Hirschi D. Merton

A. Richard Cloward and Lloyd Ohlin

The criteria for white-collar crime can include ______ elements. A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 2

B. 4

According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, binge drinking is defined for males as at least ______ drinks on the same occasion on at least one day. A. 3 B. 5 C. 4 D. 6

B. 5

The first major wave of morphine addiction occurred during the ______. A. World War I B. American Civil War C. American Revolution D. World War II

B. American Civil War

Which of the following would fit best with Merton's adaptation of ritualism? A. Delinquent Boy B. Corner Boy C. Criminal Boy D. College Boy

B. Corner Boy

______ proposed a theory of city growth in which cities were seen as growing not simply on the edges but from the inside outward. A. Charles Darwin B. Ernest W. Burgess C. Robert E. Park D. Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay

B. Ernest W. Burgess

The first prominent acknowledgment of "white-collar crime" as an important concept for criminologists to study was presented at the: A. none of these B. FBI conference in 1940 C. American Sociological Society (ASS) conference in 1939 D. Interpol conference in 1937

C. American Sociological Society (ASS) conference in 1939

______ proposed a framework that began with the assumption that certain neighborhoods in all cities have more crime than other parts of the city. A. Robert E. Park B. Ernest W. Burgess C. Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay D. Charles Darwin

C. Clifford Shaw and Henry McKay

______ model assumes that all cities grow in a natural way with the same five zones. A. Urban sprawl B. Zones in transition C. Concentric circles D. Natural areas

C. Concentric circles

______ involve violent behaviors induced by the effects of a drug or illegal activity that is motivated by continued drug use. A. Drug-defined crimes B. Drug use associated with crimes C. Drug-related crimes D. Crimes associated with drug use

C. Drug-related crimes

The ______ is generally considered to be one of the most important periods in history in terms of progress, but resulted in an increase in environmental crimes. A. World War II B. World War I C. Industrial Revolution D. American Revolution

C. Industrial Revolution

According to the text, providing an individual with a(n) ______ is key to building a more stable life, leaving the individual less likely to feel stressed or "strained." A. Mentor B. Education C. Job D. Money

C. Job

Business or industrial development in suburban or rural areas can devastate the informal controls of all of the following EXCEPT: A. Social Bonds B. Family Ties C. Local Laws D. Neighborhood Networks

C. Local Laws

The breakdown in the conditions of a neighborhood leads to social disorganization, which in turn leads to delinquents learning criminal activities from whom? A. Younger Youth B. Parents C. Older Youth D. Adults

C. Older Youth

According to Shaw and McKay, the neighborhoods that have the highest rates of crime typically have all of the following common problems EXCEPT: A. Heterogeneity B. Poverty C. Permanent Population D. Physical Dilapidation

C. Permanent Population

______ assumes that in households where the mother and father have relatively similar levels of power at work, mothers will be less likely to exert control over their daughters. A. Containment theory B. Differential reinforcement theory C. Power-control theory D. Neutralization theory

C. Power-control theory

All of the following are considered the most important European researchers from which social structure theories were developed EXCEPT: A. August Comte B. Émile Durkheim C. Thomas Hobbes D. Adolphe Quetelet E. Andre-Michel Guerry

C. Thomas Hobbes

Sutherland introduced ______theory. A. differential access B. none of these C. differential association D. learning

C. differential association