Criminal Investigation

The "Achilles' Heel"

(Weakness) of property crime is the disposal of the stolen property.

Methods of measurement: Triangulation

-A bird's eye view of the scene -Measurements are made by triangulation from two fixed permanent objects within the area of the crime scene to the point you desire to plot and illustrate in the sketch. -Ex: fixed starting points may be the corners of a room. From these fixed points, measurements are made to the various objects within the scene.

Hate Crime

-A criminal offense against a person or property which is motivated, in whole or in part, by the offender's bias against race, religion, ethnic/national origin group, or sexual orientation group. -PC 12.47 Penalty if offense committed because of bias or prejudice (enhancement)

Salvage Switch

-Altering of a vehicle's identity by placing the serial number of a total loss car (total loss vehicles are cheaper to buy and still get a title) onto a stolen car. -When the serial plate of the stolen car is removed and replaced with the serial plate of the wrecked car, a thief is then able to sell a stolen car as if it was legal.

Interview suspects:

-Applies to the questioning of one suspected of a crime -Duty of officers: must warn suspect, who is in custody, of his rights (Miranda vs Arizona) prior to questioning.

Evaluate hazards of area to be searched and what safety measures may be necessary.

-Are there physical hazards present; live electrical lines, deep or swift water, heavy brush, etc.? -Are there geographic hazards; uneven terrain, sudden drop-offs, low overhead hazards, etc.? -Is Personal Protective Equipment (PPE, Universal Precautions) (i.e. Gloves, protective suit, shoe covers, face shield, mask, hair cover, respirator, etc.) needed?

Reasons for properly prepared case files:

-Assist in prosecution -Review details with prosecution when filing charges -Review details with witnesses -Allow prosecutor knowledge of officer's knowledge of the case -Gives the defense attorney the -impression that the officers involved are extremely professional, organized, and efficient. May help in obtaining a plea agreement.

Conditions of a vehicle that might lead an officer to suspect it to be stolen:

-Broken glass on the vehicle where primitive entry was made? (Is there a window down on a very cold day?) -License plate match the VIN by a registration? (Use the last six characters of the VIN to save radio time.) -One plate being displayed in a two-plate state? -Display a current registration sticker located in the appropriate place on the windshield? -Display a MVI sticker from one state and license plates from another state? (Clever thieves sometimes change plates often to confuse traffic officers.) -Clean vehicle display dirty license plates or does a dirty vehicle display clean license plates? -Display license plates that are capable of being quickly changed? (Are the license plates held onto the car with wire or heavy magnets?) -License plates from different states on the front and back?

Procedures to follow when a prisoner and/or officer may have suffered bodily injury:

-Call for medical assistance for treatment -Photograph offender -Photograph officer -Write proper report if injury occurs in jail facility

The objectives in conducting a search of a crime scene are to aid in the following:

-Can help establish that a crime has been committed. (i.e., identify the type of crime and establish the elements of the crime.) -Can be used to place the suspect at the scene (i.e., shoe impressions may match those of a known suspect in the community.) -Can be used to eliminate persons, such as through DNA testing. -Can cause suspects confronted with physical evidence to confess the crime -Witness's testimony can be supported with physical evidence. -Can help establish where the crime was committed? How the crime was committed (M.O.)? Why the crime was committed (motive)? When the crime was committed?

Items included in a prosecution summary:

-Case facts -Legality of arrest and seizure of evidence -Names of witnesses and nature of testimony

Arrest Data

-Charge (include any warrant numbers) -Place of arrest -Date and time of arrest -Name(s) of arresting officer(s) -Name of booking officer -Time booked into jail -Name and address of complainant (include business and residence phone numbers) -Facts of arrest -Names, addresses and phone numbers of witnesses -Amount of bond -If Miranda warning has been given -Phone calls granted and to whom -Name of prisoner's attorney

Vehicle Data

-Color -Year of manufacture -Make -Body style -Registration information: state and year; license plate number and/or letters -Location of vehicle

Proper booking process

-Complete accurate records -Contraband will not be introduced into facility -Additional charges may be filed if contraband is found -Other agencies are notified when outstanding warrants against a prisoner are discovered -The safety of the prisoner, arresting officer, and persons already in jail is protected by all reasonable means -The personal property of the prisoner is correctly inventoried, recorded on the proper form, and safeguarded until the person is released from jail

Selection and use of crime scene search methods

-Consider the size and type of area to be covered. -Consider the personnel and equipment necessary and available. -Consider the degree of thoroughness required depending on the type of crime committed, type of physical evidence sought and the purpose of the search.

Implementation procedures of a crime scene search:

-Determining the starting point of the search based on priorities in the central scene, but if it is not possible to protect evidence, may begin outside of central scene -Establish a headquarters and assemble personnel outside of area to be searched -Conduct a briefing of searchers and give pertinent information -Maintain communications with all searchers -An effective procedure for rechecking is to alternate searchers from one area to another area -The basic steps of which a crime scene search normally progresses

Special units which may be called to the scene

-EMS for injuries -Medical Examiner/J.P. for homicides. -bomb squad -fire department -military -narcotics investigators / task force officers -other L.E. agencies for assistance -technicians -supervisors -detectives

Professional Criminal(s): Robber

-PC 29.02, 29.03 -Indicates a tendency to use violence on a stranger -Bolder type personality - sacrifices secrecy through confrontation with victim -Generally classed according to style -ambush - least planned; based on element of surprise -planned operation - carefully structured; robbery group examines all aspects of the situation and plans for foreseeable contingencies. May engage in "dry runs" in preparation for robbery or "casing" of the robbery scene -May specialize in specific targets i.e., banks, jewelry stores, home invasion. -"Signature" aspects of robbery (modus operandi) may help in typing a person or group to a series of robberies -Use of "backup" creates a special hazard to officers responding to robbery in progress

Professional Criminal(s): Professional thief

-PC 31.03 -Profit motive -Operate so as to minimize chances of observation -Lack of eyewitnesses. -May be traced when stolen property is recovered. -This type requires planning, direction, and operating skills. -The type of property stolen may be an important clue. -Often work in conjunction with criminal receivers (fences). -May also commit the crimes of burglary, white collar crimes, , vehicle theft, agricultural crimes and arson.

Procedures for search during booking:

-Starting from the shoulders, run your hands down back of prisoner -At the belt line, check waistband of pants, crushing the reinforcement fabric -Crush each belt loop -Starting at the waist, proceed down the buttock, crushing the back pockets and checking hips down into the groin area -With both of your hands, check each leg by placing hands where legs and hips join; run hands all the way into groin area -Crush front pockets (remove any items that may be detected) -Crush zipper area (pant's fly) -Check coat for contraband -Visually inspect shoes for contraband -Flex shoes (bend in several directions) -Hold shoe by toe, strike floor with heel to break open a false heel or loosen contraband that may be in inner sole

Evidence in Criminal Actions

-Statement - CCP 38.21 -When Statements May be Used - CCP 38.22 -Evidence Not to be Used - CCP 38.23 -Photographic evidence in theft cases - CCP 38.34

Indicators that lead an officer to believe the vehicle is stolen after it has been stopped and observed:

-Steering column been broken to defeat the ignition system? -Steering column covered by a towel or piece of tape large enough to conceal a break in the steering column? -Does the key actually work the ignition or has the ignition system been defeated and the key is there just a disguise? (Does the driver refuse to turn off the vehicle during a contact?) -What position is the ignition key in while the engine is running? -Door lock holes show teeth marks from vice grips used to turn the entire keyhole to open a locked door? -Vehicle identification plate securely fastened to the vehicle?

Using notes during testimony:

-The decision to use notes in court must be based on a determination as to whether or not the information can be remembered without the notes -Some officers believe that jurors trust officers' notes more than their memory and are favorably impressed when notes are used -If the witness/officer had firsthand knowledge of the preparation of the notes and the notes were prepared contemporaneously to the investigation, the notes may be used by the witness to refresh memory -However, once the notes are used by the witness/officer, they are subject to cross-examination and admission into evidence

This chain of custody is established by adhering to certain guidelines:

-The number of persons handling evidence from the time that it is collected should be limited. -If the evidence leaves the possession of an officer, he or she should record in the notes: to whom the evidence was given, the date and time, and the reason it was turned over. -Anyone who handles evidence should affix his or her name, personal identifier, and date to the package containing evidence. -A signed receipt should be obtained from the person accepting the evidence. In turn, the investigator should sign a receipt or log when the item is returned. -When a piece of evidence is turned in, the investigator should check his or her identification mark on it to ensure that it is the same item.

Benefits of professional courtroom demeanor and appearance

-The precautions officers take at a crime scene, the handling of evidence, interviews, complete and accurate reports and detailed case preparation culminate in a trial -The reputation of the officers and the department may be enhanced or diminished by the demeanor and appearance of the officers in court -A positive outcome is achieved when the appearance meets the trial objectives, public relations are improved, and the officers are satisfied -Officers who do not prepare for court appearances risk personal humiliation through unacceptable personal appearances and/or poorly expressing themselves while testifying -Courtroom testimony represents a challenge to officers and is a test of true abilities, such as self-control, tact, obedience, personal conduct, bearing, and verbal communication

Safe methods for preserving evidence in original condition: Packaging

-The purpose of proper packaging is to prevent breaking, spoiling, loss, and contamination -Use paper instead of plastic bags to reduce contamination and spoiling. -Containers should fit tightly -Each different item should be packaged separately -Items from different places should be packaged separately -Wet evidence, such as bloodstains, semen stains, mud and such, must be allowed to dry before packaging to prevent rotting -Liquid blood must be refrigerated

The autopsy report usually provides the investigator with the following data:

-Time of death -Nature of the injuries resulting in death -Any other injuries found or evidence of chronic illness or disease -The weapon or substance causing death -Whether the body was moved after death -Amount of blood alcohol -Contents of the stomach - indicates interval between victim's last meal and his or her death and what was eaten -Any indications of seminal fluids, injuries to genitalia, or pregnancy in female victims. Any evidence of blood, hair, or other traces not the victim's

Reasons for case management:

-To have an organized, easily understood, factual, and thorough account of the investigation. -To identify serious weaknesses in case -To help to assure failure to prosecute is not due to lack of preparation or mistakes on officer's behalf

Value of a properly prepare case folder:

-To prevent duplication of work -To prove efficiency on the part of the officer and dept -To be useful for review by prosecutor and grand jury -To give the defense attorney the impression that the officers involved are extremely professional, organized, and efficient.

Reasons for preparing crime scene sketches

-To provide a permanent record of conditions otherwise not easily recorded (i.e., distance, photography, and movement of suspect). -To reconstruct the crime scene -To record the location and spatial relationships between pieces of evidence and the surroundings -To help refresh the investigator's memory -To help corroborate testimony of witnesses -To eliminate unnecessary and confusing details -Can be enlarged for use as an exhibit during courtroom testimony

Methods of measurement: Transecting base line

-Transect crime scene by laying down tape at some convenient point so it crosses entire area as from A to B -Measure perpendicular distance C and record -Now objects within the crime scene can be located or plotted by measuring their distance from this established base line. -Distances, for example, from points 1, 2 and 3, and so on, to your base line are measured at right angles to the tape. -This system is particularly useful in large, irregularly shaped outdoor areas where no satisfactory natural base line exists. -This system could be used in large outdoor scenes such as; major disasters, airplane crashes, scattered human remains, etc.

Safe methods for preserving evidence in original condition: Safety Precautions

-Use disposable latex gloves -Upon completion, dispose of gloves properly -Wash hands -Avoid contact with any other body fluids -Use extreme caution when handling HIV body fluids

Detailed recording and securing of prisoner's property

-Verbally describe in the presence of the prisoner, using the correct form -Common articles to be inventoried: money, billfold or wallet, watch, jewelry, knife, keys, credit cards -List and describe all articles of clothing as well as other property the prisoner possessed when arrested -Describe property as specifically as possible, i.e., color, shape, size, identifying characteristics, serial number, visible damage, emblems, design, inscription. Be sure to use appropriate descriptors, such as "yellow in color" instead of "gold." -Describe the articles of clothing in detail, including whether men's, women's, children's, or infant's clothing; color or pattern; size; maker's label; laundry or cleaner's marks; kind of material; type and design; and general condition -Check for impounded vehicle -Upon completing the inventory and recording of the prisoner's property have the prisoner sign the form to acknowledge that the inventory is true and correct

Elements of preparation for testimony:

-Vital to every criminal prosecution is the officers' preparation to testify -Anticipation of logical questions allows for refreshing memory on important information -Have ready a full history of the officers' participation in the case, with any relevant evidence and facts -Conduct a careful study of reports, interviews, photos, evidence, and notes -Failure to do so will often result in misstatements, omissions, and contradictions

Circumstances when officers may vacate the scene

-When released from responsibility -When not needed -When directed to do so

Techniques used in conducting an interview: Constitutional Rights

-Whenever a person is in custody, reading of rights is necessary prior to interviewing -If in the course of interviewing a person becomes suspect and is taken into custody, stop the interview and advise that person of his/her rights

Taking the Oath: when called to testify

-While taking the oath, look at the person administering it -Keep right hand at shoulder level, with fingers extended, until the oath is completed -The prosecutor will then begin by directing the officer to be seated and then asking for name, occupation, and department

Evidence developed by medicological experts may include:

-bullets removed from victim -comparison of fatal wounds with a suspect weapon -identification of the poison causing death -identification of trace material from under the victim's nails or from victim's clothing -comparison of dental impressions to wounds on victim.

Obtain as complete a description as possible of any property stolen by suspect:

-detail of item -color -model -make -serial number -place of purchase -value -significant characteristics -marks.

Chain of custody accounts for:

-who found the item, and where; -who took custody and marked it; -who transported it; -where it is being stored -When it went to a lab, and who transported it there -When it was returned from the lab

Processes by which stolen and wanted information may be retrieved:

1. Agency's SOP 2. Is prisoner wanted by another agency? 3. Does prisoner possess stolen property? 4. TCIC/NCIC system contains a database with ten files: -Article -Boat -Canadian warrant -Computerized Criminal History (CCH) -Gun -License plate -Missing person -Securities -Vehicle -Wanted person

General preliminary investigatory procedures to be followed when dealing with Sexual Assault

1. Aid the victim (includes care for injuries as well as emotional support) 2. Preserve evidence (at scene as well as victim and clothing) 3. Document injuries 4. Photograph or videotape area 5. Interview witnesses (if any) 6. Interview victim 7. Prepare preliminary report

Criminal homicides generally fall into 9 categories:

1. Anger killing 2. Revenge or jealousy killing 3. Triangle killing 4. Killing for profit 5. Random killing 6. Drive-by shootings 7. Murder-suicide 8. Sex and Sadism 9. Felony murder

Techniques used in conducting an interview: Do's and Don'ts

-Eliminate any physical barriers or distractions, especially furnishings -Know what information you have and know what information you need -Establish a rapport with suspect. This is the most important phase of the interview -Direct questions toward establishing the validity of witness/suspect statement -Direct questions toward establishing the facts of the incident -Confront suspect with discrepancies and falsehoods with known facts -Avoid questions that can be answered with just a yes or no -Avoid leading or suggestive questions. -Avoid rapid fire questions, allow suspect the opportunity to answer -Interviewer should control his/her emotions and be patient with suspect or pass the interview to another officer. -Allow complete narrative:

Protection of a crime scene

-Establish defined entry and exit points to minimize loss, destruction and contamination of evidence -Establish an inner and outer perimeter using street barricades, ropes, crime scene tape, or additional personnel around the perimeter to keep unauthorized persons out. -Protect the crime scene from contamination and the removal of evidence. Possible methods include the use rope or tape, officers, other personnel or barricades to guard the perimeter. If at all possible, obtain permission from the property owner to prevent entry by unauthorized persons.

Applicable codes

-Exclusion of witnesses - TRE 614 -Invocation of rule - CCP 36.03 -Not to hear testimony - CCP 36.05 -Instructed by the court - CCP 36.06

Information-getting procedures:

-Gather information as to description of the complainant, suspect, witnesses, and any other related investigative facts -Obtain and record all pertinent information regarding the offense -Allow complainant and witnesses to tell own story -Ask questions -Record any information you receive -Obtain written statement -Property victims can be just as traumatized as injury/homicide victims -Obtain as complete a description of suspect as possible -Obtain as complete a description of any vehicle -Remember to separate witnesses, suspects, involved parties

Detailed recording and securing of prisoner's property: Problem situations

-If needed, request the assistance of another officer to deal with uncooperative prisoner -Maintain control over emotions and prejudices -Control reactions to prisoners you find objectionable -Avoid making offensive and abusive remarks to the prisoner

Safe methods for preserving evidence in original condition: Collecting paint evidence

-If practical, submit the item bearing the questioned paint -Obtain paint samples from all damaged areas on a vehicle -Sketch the location from which the paint sample was taken

Assaults:

-In many cases the victim knows the assailant. -Aggravated assaults are often failed murder attempts. -Victim often changes mind on issue of prosecution. -Assaults where victim does not know perpetrator are conducted more like homicide investigations.

Procedures for search during booking:

-Inspect belt for contraband visually and by rolling it up -Tug on belt buckle -Inspect the belt seams by twisting the belt to see if it separates -Inspect hat or other headgear by running fingers around crown. Note: Watch for razor blades or pins. -Inspect sweatband of headgear for contraband by turning it down or out -Remove and inspect wig -Inspect tie for contraband by pulling and crushing -Inspect cigarette packages by emptying them and looking into or flattening package, (return cigarettes to package) -Inspect Tobacco packages or pouches -Inspect matchboxes or match books -Hold handkerchief by one corner and shake it out -Visually inspect comb

The crime scene sketch should include the following information:

-Investigator's complete name and rank. -Date, time, type of crime, and assigned case number, complete name of other officers assisting in the making of the sketch (measuring, etc.). -Address of the crime scene, its position in a building, landmarks, and so on. -Scale of the drawing (if no scale, indicated by printing "not to scale"). -Primary items of physical evidence and other critical features of the crime scene, located by detailed measurements from at least two fixed points of reference. -Key or legend identifying the symbols or points of reference using in the sketch. -Dimensions of rooms or areas contained in the sketch -The sketcher should always have control of taking and observing measurements

Street Thieves

-More often then the truly professional car thief. -Often carry weapons and take reckless chances to avoid apprehension. -Usually stealing for trading material to procure narcotics or alcohol. -Most dangerous auto thieves. -The truly professional thief will rarely be armed since he would get more time for a weapon charge than the theft charge. -He will try to use his mind to outwit his captor.

PC 19.03 Capital Murder Capital Felony

-Murders a peace officer or fireman who is acting in the lawful discharge of an official duty and who the person knows is a peace officer or fireman. -Intentionally commits the murder in the course of committing or attempting to commit kidnapping, burglary, robbery, aggravated sexual assault, arson, obstruction or retaliation, or terroristic threat

Personal Data

-Name/Nickname(s)/Alias' -Race -Sex -Age -Date of birth/Place of birth -Height/Weight -Color of hair/eyes/Complexion -Tattoos, scars, marks, deformities -Residence address -City and state of residence -Driver's license number and state -Social security number -Name and address of person to contact in case of emergency -Occupation -Place of employment -Marital status and name of spouse -Name(s) of person(s) arrested with and/or known associates

Methods of measurement: Rectangular coordinates

-Objects are located in this method by their distance from two mutually perpendicular lines. -Graph paper can be used for making these straight-line measurements. -Make sure that the straight-line measurements taken from a given base line are taken with the rule at right angles with the given base line. Only then will the finished scale drawing be an accurate representation of the scene.

Techniques used in conducting an interview: Locations for interviews

-Obtain facts and as much pertinent information as is necessary at the scene -Conduct more in-depth interview where the environment can be controlled by the interviewer -Allow no distractions for the subject being interviewed -One officer should conduct interview depending on the interview technique -Lighting and temperature should be comfortable -A small room, not cramped, with minimal furnishings is ideal

Techniques used in conducting an interview: Street Interviews

-Obviously do not have as much time available as detectives at the station, but still must not be rushed -Establishing rapport is still important -Point out when their story does not make sense -If there are multiple suspects, use them against one another -Use all of the same techniques a detective would use, just have a shorter rapport establishing time.

Items included in a case folder:

-Offense and supplemental reports -Witness and victim statements -Voluntary confessions -Fingerprint cards and comparison report form expert -Other pertinent reports

The basic steps of which a crime scene search normally progresses are as follows:

1. Approach scene 2. Secure and protect 3. Establish entry and exit 4. Preliminary survey 5. Narrative description 6. Photograph scene (overall photos) 7. Identify, mark, and document evidence 8. Sketch scene 9. Detailed search 10. Mark and document additional evidence 11. Collection of evidence and establish chain of custody 12. Fingerprints / Latent prints 13. Debriefing 14. Final survey to ensure conditions of the crime scene have been documented as thoroughly as possible and all evidence is collected 15. Transport evidence, body, etc. 16. Notify next of kin 17. Create case file 18. Lab results, autopsy, etc 19. Press release or news conference 20. Follow-up investigation

Responding officer's responsibilities (hate crime):

1. Basic response is same as for other crimes 2. Officer must be sensitive to the needs of the victim 3. Officer must be knowledgeable of the elements of hate crimes 4. Some considerations: -Motivation of the offender known? -Motivated by racial, religious, ethnic, or sexual orientation bias? -Perceive action of the offender to have been motivated by bias? -Is there no clear other motivation for the incident? -Racial, ethnic, or sexual orientation bias remarks made by the offender? -Offensive symbols, words, or acts which are known to represent a hate group or other evidence of bias against the victim's group? -Incident occur on a holiday or other day of significance to the victim's group or the offender's group? -What do the demographics of the area tell you about the incident?

General preliminary investigatory procedures to be followed when dealing with Homicide

1. Care for injured persons. 2. Protect the integrity of the crime scene. 3. Determine what offense, as near as possible, has been committed. 4. Record the scene. 5. Seal the scene. 6. Identify the victim. 7. Develop tentative crime theory 8. Obtain names, addresses, etc. of all living victims and witnesses. 9. Interview witnesses and living victims. 10. Determine time of death. 11. Determine place of death (if different from scene of discovery). 12. Determine cause of death. 13. Determine means of death. 14. Ascertain background and activities of victim. 15. Determine motive. 16. Prepare preliminary report.

General preliminary investigatory procedures to be followed when dealing with Assaults

1. Care for injured, record injuries Process scene 2. Determine type of dispute (origin, place, time, participants, witnesses) 3. Identify weapon or weapons 4. Interview participants and witnesses 5. Prepare preliminary report

Evaluate physical characteristics of area to be searched -- size, landscape, density, indoors, outdoors.

1. Consider the size and type of area to be searched. 2. Consider personnel and equipment necessary and available. -Indoor scenes, depending on their size and content, usually require only a 2-person team. -Outdoor scenes, performed by two or more individuals, are more effective if the search is well organized. 3. Consider the degree of thoroughness required depending on the following: -Relevant case circumstances -Physical evidence sought -Purpose of the search

Modus Operandi (MO)

A criminal's characteristic method of operation.

Rapport

A feeling of ease and harmony in a contact or relationship between people.

Bias

A highly personal and unreasoned distortion of judgment.

Protect the working surfaces of tools from mechanical ____________.

Damage, rust and corrosion

Felony murder

Death results from injuries received during the commission of some other felony.

Many times the ________ realizes the prosecution has an extensive case against the defendant so the only logical defense must be based on challenging the credibility of the prosecution's witnesses

Defense counsel

Utilize __________ for documenting recording and interviewing (Departmental policy)

Departmental form -Let the form guide the questioning.

Many of the activities noted may be handled by crime scene search unit and criminal investigators. The officer conducting a preliminary investigation needs to be familiar with and adhere to _______

Departmental policy

Characteristics of a criminal investigator: Curious

Desires to investigate and learn the facts and truth about people, places or objects. This means being habitually curious of such things as spontaneous statements by suspects, an unusual amount of money in the possession of a person of modest means, etc.

An accomplished thief not only completes the crime but successfully ____

Disposes of the property

A sketch is a _______

Drawing which represents the crime scene and serves to supplement photography by providing accurate information concerning the distance between various points in the scene.

PC 22.021 Aggravated Sexual Assault -1st Degree Felony -1st Degree Felony, 25-99 years confinement (YOUNGER THAN 14)

Intentionally or knowingly: 1. Causes the penetration or contact: mouth, anus, or sexual organ of another person, without consent. 2. Child younger than age of 17 a. causes the penetration or contact mouth, anus, or sexual organ of another person, without consent. AND 3. Causes serious bodily injury or attempts to cause the death in the same criminal episode. 4. Threatens, acts, or words to cause any person to become the complainant of an offense(trafficking persons)or to cause the death, serious bodily injury, or kidnapping of any person; 5. Uses or exhibits a deadly weapon 6. Any substance capable of impairing the complainant's ability to appraise the nature of the act or to resist the act. 7. Elderly, disabled, child 14 years or younger.

Revenge or jealousy killing

History of involvement between perpetrator and victim.

Triangle killing

Husband or wife kills spouse who has involved himself/herself with another lover.

"________": does not mean ignorance, only that the facts were not observed directly. This statement closes examination on a point about which the attorney may need to ask additional questions concerning forgotten facts.

I don't know "That is all I can recall" may be an appropriate statement.

"__________": witness is unsure.

I don't remember

Procedures for identifying victim in case of serious injury

If person is alive and conscious, obtain identification and information about next of kin.

Interviews should be conducted ______ the presence of others

Individually and outside

Staying in the courtroom when witnesses have been excluded may render the officer ___________, thereby threatening the outcome of the case.

Ineligible to testify The result is usually prejudicial to the state's case.

PC 19.02 Murder 1st Degree Felony

Intentionally or Knowingly causes the death of an individual.

PC 22.04 Injury to a Child, Elderly, or Disabled Individual -1st Degree Felony (Intentional/knowingly cause SBI) -2nd Degree Felony (Recklessly cause SBI) -3rd Degree Felony (Intentional/knowingly cause BI) -State Jail Felony (Recklessly/Criminal negligence cause BI)

Intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly by act or omission. 1. If the person is an owner, operator, or employee of a group home, nursing facility, assisted living facility, an omission that causes a condition 2. Assumed care, custody, or control responsibility for protection, food, shelter, and medical care for a child, elderly individual, or disabled individual. a. serious bodily injury. b. serious mental deficiency, impairment, or injury; c. bodily injury.

One problem that is common in large cities with big auto dealerships is _______

Inventory control A dealer may do an inventory at 30, 60, or 90 days.

Characteristics of a criminal investigator: Observant

Investigators should be trained observers. They should develop the ability to take accurate notice of, keep in view and give attention to, that which is present in their five senses.

Avoid______________. Stay with the facts of the case to avoid distortion of statements and conflicting testimony.

Irritation, anger, being misled, or trapped

The legal significance of evidence rests in its influence on the ______

Judge or juror

Many times officers will run a VIN or license plate and receive a return with "____" salvage title issued on a certain date under the remarks section. This return indicates that Austin MVD computer records show the vehicle as a non-operating vehicle that should not be on the road.

Junk -This return indicates that Austin MVD computer records show the vehicle as a non-operating vehicle that should not be on the road. -It is a registration violation to operate a vehicle on a salvage title.

Murder-suicide

Kills another, then self. Not, uncommon among elderly and mentally distraught.

Many rental companies have trouble keeping track of the _____ of vehicles they rent.

Large inventory A vehicle may be missing from inventory for months before it is reported stolen.

Proof beyond a reasonable doubt

Level of proof required to obtain a conviction in a criminal trial.

Corpus delicti

Literally means the body or substance of the crime. In law the term refers to proof establishing that a crime has occurred; the necessary elements that constitute a crime.

Booking procedures may vary from one jurisdiction to another. Officers should confer with _________ for appropriate policy in their agency.

Local administration

When a VIN is changed the _________, which contains a repeat of the VIN, must be changed.

MVI certificate -To avoid having an inspector write down his information from the back of the old MVI certificate, the thief will tear it off. -The newly installed MVI certificate will contain "none" in the space for previous MVI certificate.

Chain of Custody

Maintains exactly what happened to evidence from the time it was found until it is disposed of after being presented in court.

Sex and Sadism

Marked by unusual violence. May follow rape, acts of sexual perversion, or sadistic acts.

The investigator shall collect corroborating evidence of an accused person's guilt in order to _________

Negate the defenses claims

Circumstantial Evidence

Not based on actual personal knowledge or observation of the facts in controversy, but of other facts from which deductions are drawn, showing indirectly the facts sought to be proved.

When the defense attorney asks a question, pause long enough to give the prosecutor time to object. If an ________ is made, remain silent until the judge rules on the _______.

Objection

Criminal investigators must strive for ________ when conducting any investigation

Objectivity

"Under the rule"

Officer/witness to leave courtroom, stay close to courtroom, not discuss the case with other witnesses or jurors, and after testifying leave the courtroom again. ("under the rule")

Procedures for identifying victim in case of death

Officers shall obtain permission from the medical examiner or justice of the peace to move or disturb the body prior to any attempt to locate sources of identification such as driver's license, military ID, social security card, tattoo, amputation or unusual scars, etc...

Field Identification

On-the-scene identification of a suspect by the victim of or witness to a crime, conducted within minutes of the commission of a crime.

Fence

One who receives and disposes of stolen property on a regular basis.

Establish crime scene __________. Officers should keep in mind that the scene may include multiple locations.

Perimeter

Complainant

Person requesting an investigation or that action is taken. Is often the victim of a crime.

A crime scene search is a planned and coordinated legal search of a crime scene to locate ___________ to the crime under investigation

Physical evidence or witnesses

It is not a mere possible doubt, because everything relating to human affairs and depending on moral evidence is open to some ___________

Possible or imaginary doubt

When circumstances require the prompt display of a single suspect to a witness, challenges to the inherent suggestiveness of the encounter can be minimized through the use of __________

Procedural safeguards

Chain of Custody

Process in which records transactions of evidence from person to person since its acquisition by a law enforcement agency.

Criminal investigation

Process of legally gathering evidence of a crime that has been or is being committed.

Estimate _______ of stolen or recovered goods

Property values The officer should obtain the victim's estimate of property value.

Criminal investigation tools: Laws of arrest, search and seizure

Provides guidance on what investigative techniques are acceptable. Mastery and knowledge of criminal procedures and the rules of evidence enable the investigator to gather evidence against a suspect that can withstand court challenges.

Officers should answer only the questions they are _____

Qualified to answer.

A ______ should be conducted out of view of the opposite sex

Search

Random killing

Seemingly motive-less. Most difficult to solve.

Elder Abuse: Over half the cases involve _______, the failure of a person to provide for themselves the goods and services necessary to avoid physical harm, mental anguish or mental illness, unreasonable confinement or cruel punishment

Self-neglect Elder abuse cases are often difficult to investigate because of the diminished capacity of many victims

CCP Chapter 62. Sex Offender Registration Program The person shall satisfy the requirements not later than the _____ after the person's arrival in the municipality or county

Seventh day

Drive-by shootings

Shootings as a result of gang activity

Not all crimes are ________

Solvable

Fact

Something known to be true

Reasonable Suspicion

Specific articulable facts, together with rational inferences from those facts that would reasonably warrant the detention of a person.

Characteristics of a criminal investigator: Suspicious

Takes nothing for granted. Investigators may find that victims and witnesses, as well as suspects, may be motivated by various physiological, psychological, and sociological needs that may "color" the information they give. Gathers information, but verifies it's credibility.

Characteristics of a criminal investigator: Logical thinking

The ability to apply logic when comparing a person's behavior to their statements and their expressed motivations, in order to search for information, evidence, or other potential leads. Does their statement make sense? Does it fit the physical evidence? Is their behavior consistent with their statement?

Characteristics of a criminal investigator: Creative problem solving

The ability to think of other possible ways to accomplish a task, or to secure certain information or evidence. Requires a thorough understanding of the rules of evidence, as well as current accepted forensic methods.

Putrefaction

The decomposition of body tissues. Onset and rate are influenced by the temperature of the environment. Principal changes involve bloating of the body by gas, darkening of the skin in suspended parts of body, green discoloration of the abdominal area, and the formation of blisters filled with fluid or gas, may help in approximating time of death.

Methods of court procedure: Recross Examination

The defense attorney may further question a witness after redirect examination by the prosecutor.

Methods of court procedure: Cross Examination

The defense counsel will begin the questioning after the prosecution has finished with the witness.

Killing for profit

The elimination of another because it would result in profit for the murderer.

Criminal investigation tools: Information

The knowledge a criminal investigator gathers from other persons (victims, witnesses, suspects) and other legitimate sources (records, reports, etc.) Instrumentation or forensic science: The techniques that help in the solution of the crime. Consists of fingerprints, serology, ballistics, and DNA analysis, etc.

Reasonable Doubt

The level of certainty a juror must have to find a defendant guilty of a crime. The burden of proof in a criminal case - proof beyond a reasonable doubt.

A juror's impressions are strongly affected by __________

The manner in which an officer/witness informs the court of the facts discovered during the course of an investigation.

Victim

The person injured by a crime.

Criminal investigation tools: Interviewing

The questioning of victims, witnesses, or suspects in a criminal investigation.

Body temperature

The temperature of the body is normally 98.6 F. The rate of cooling is dependent on the temperature of the air, the manner in which the body is clothed, and the size of the person. Body temperature may help in determining time of death.

Before any enforcement action is taken, a _____ should be secured by the rental agency.

Theft report If the agency is reluctant to prosecute, the best work an officer can do is document the occupants of the vehicle and the VIN of the car for possible future prosecution

Strip search (thorough)

This method, in both the double and single form, is among the most effective for outside searches. Stakes and lines are useful in setting up lanes. Natural landmarks may be used as borders

Aerial Search

This search may employ infrared film for discovery of such things as gravesites.

Area Search

This search uses any technique which will be effective in examining specific and small areas with defined borders, such as landscaped areas, bushes, paths, and sidewalks.

Quadrant, Sector or Zone Search

This type of search is effective for indoor and outdoor scenes that have regular patterns or defined borders. This type of search also permits different types of searches in the different sectors. . Subdivide the scene into areas or sectors: -A building into rooms -A bookshelf into sections -A vehicle into sections

Circular (Spiral or Concentric) Search

This type of search is useful when an item is missing from the center and the search must be conducted rapidly. The search may begin in the inside or the outside as the circumstances dictate.

If given the opportunity to explain something about police procedure, perform as if you are ________ on that procedure.

Training the jury This will gain credibility with the jury.

Photos are assigned ________ at the time they are taken, and there should be no photo numbers unaccounted for.

Unique numbers

Cadaveric Spasm

When there is severe injury to the central nervous system or when there was great tension at the time of death, sometimes stiffening occurs immediately. The stiffening is usually in the small muscles of the face and/or hands. This gives strong presumptive evidence of suicide if the hand is clutching the weapon.

The initial phase of the trial

Which the prosecution presents the evidence demonstrating the guilt of the defendant is usually when the officer is first called to testify.

Since the ___________ is what the verdict is based upon, follow closely the questions of the attorney, avoid extraneous material, and allow time for objections.

Witness testimony

PC 22.011 Sexual Assault -2nd Degree Felony -1st Degree Felony (victim was a person whom the actor was PROHIBITED from marrying or engaging in sexual intercourse)

Intentionally or knowingly: 1. Causes the penetration or contact: mouth, anus, or sexual organ of another person, without consent. 2. Child younger than age of 17 a. causes the penetration or contact mouth, anus, or sexual organ of another person, without consent. 3. the actor use of physical force, violence, or coercion. 4. cause harm or threat. 5. other person is unconscious or physically unable to resist. 6. the actor knows that as a result of mental disease or defect the other person is at the time. 7. other person is unaware that the sexual assault is occurring. 8. administering any substance without the other person's knowledge.

Elders are often exploited for their __________

Government assistance checks

The level of certainty a juror must have to find a defendant ________

Guilty of a crime

PC 22.01 Assault -2nd Degree Felony (Family and previous conviction) -3rd Degree Felony (Family member/EMS) -Class A Misdemeanor (Bodily injury/Elderly/Disabled/Abortion) -Class B Misdemeanor (Sports) -Class C Misdemeanor (Threatening/Offensive contact)

1. intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causes bodily injury to another, including the person's spouse; 2. threatens another with imminent bodily injury, including the person's spouse; or 3. causes physical contact with the contact as offensive or provocative.

If a thief has an inside contact who knows when an inventory is conducted, he can arrange to steal a car off a dealer's lot and it won't be missed for up to _____

3 months -To combat this problem, officers must look at car dealer decals when they receive "not reported by county" on a registration request. -Also, examine the MVI certificate for the station number to identify the dealership and give them a call.

PC 22.02 Aggravated Assault -1st Degree Felony (Deadly weapon and SBI/Public Servant/Witness/Security/Motor vehicle and fires at habitation) -2nd Degree Felony

1. intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly causes bodily injury to another, including the person's spouse; 2. threatens another with imminent bodily injury, including the person's spouse; or 3. causes physical contact with the contact as offensive or provocative. AND 1. causes serious bodily injury to another, including the person's spouse; or 2. uses or exhibits a deadly weapon during the commission of the assault.

Professional Criminal(s): Auto Theft

-PC 31.03, 31.07, 31.11 -Comprised of both amateurs and professionals. -Generally fall into one of five categories: 1. Unauthorized Use of a Motor Vehicle offender(s) - Joy- riding juvenile; usually host to several other juveniles. Abandons vehicle when it runs out of gas or they tire of it. Transportation thief - "borrows" car for transportation. Abandons vehicle when it has served its purpose. 2. Use-in-crime thief - steals a car for sole purpose of using it in the commission of another crime. 3. Insurance fraud swindlers - owner abandons vehicle in area where he knows vehicle will be stripped. May burn vehicle or have it dismantled in junkyard. 4. Strippers and dismantlers: Strippers attack parked vehicle and remove parts that can be readily disposed of. Dismantlers steal vehicle and tow or drive it to a "chop shop" 5. Professional auto thief - steals late model vehicles and resells them. May ship vehicles and resells them. May ship vehicle out of country (Mexico or South America).

Professional Criminal(s): Forgery and Credit Card Abuse

-PC 32.21, 32.31, 32.41 Least violent of offenders -Four steps in check fraud 1. Forging 2. Use of false or stolen identification cards 3. Use of a presentation that overcomes a merchant's reluctance to cash a check upon minimal identification 4. Con artist's sense of right time, place, and victim -Credit cards often used as alternative to check writing -Contemporary computer software allows forger to create checks, credit cards and currency

Professional Criminal(s): Con Artists and Con Games or Schemes

-PC 32.44, 31.03 -Based on promises of unusual return i.e. something for nothing, double your money, etc. Often use victims own greed, assuring them risks are minimal -Often use props in carrying out schemes -Frequently work with partner(s) -Often prey on elderly -Generally very mobile -Tend to be non-violent

Legal authority for crime scene

-Peace officer to prevent injury - CCP 6.06 -Conduct of peace officer - CCP 6.07 -Duties performed by medical examiner - CCP 49.25 -Removal of body & property from place of death - CCP 49.05 -Sealing premises of deceased by medical examiner - CCP 49.22

Procedures for search during booking:

-Perform a search of the prisoner -Officer should empty pockets; remove coat, hat, tie, (if applicable); remove shoes, and remove belt. Note: Observe the property being removed by the prisoner for any contraband or articles that pose a threat, and remove the article from the immediate reach of the prisoner. -Tell prisoner to lower head and run a comb or fingers through hair. -Run your fingers under collar, crushing the fabric -Using both of your hands, run them down each arm, feeling for items that might be attached to the arm or inner sleeve, crushing the cuffs of the shirt, if any -Starting from the armpit, run hands down both sides of the prisoner to the belt line -Starting from the collar, run your hands down the front of the prisoner, crushing pockets and button areas, to the waist line

Safe methods for preserving evidence in original condition: Firearms

-Physical appearance of a weapon before it is moved -Note the position of cylinder (as well as fired and unfired cartridges), slide or bolt -Position of exposed hammer, firing pin and safety -Lift weapon -Unload weapon -Do not clean or strip weapon -Never place an object inside of barrel

Methods of Crime Scene Search

-Point-to-point search -Strip search (thorough) -Grid search -Circular (Spiral or Concentric) Search -Quadrant, Sector or Zone Search -Area Search -Aerial Search

Professional Criminal(s): Semi-professional (unskilled) thief

-Profit still underlying motive, but this type may be more interested in getting money for drugs -Targets are determined more by opportunity (cruising robber) -Less involved in planning or preparation -More likely to resort to violence against victim -Presents a special danger when interrupted and cornered -More prone to violence to try to effect escape -Less rational than "professional" counterpart

Giving First Impression when called to testify

-Proper courtroom attire: -Uniformed officers in appropriate dress uniform -Plain clothes officer in professional business attire -Approach the court confidently -Walk directly to the witness stand or clerk's desk and prepare to take the oath -Do not look at the accused, the jury, or the judges -Follow the prosecutor's direction

Techniques used in conducting an interview: Preparing written statements

-Record information obtained from person involved -Make notes of information received during interview -Review notes and correct discrepancies -Write or type statements in the person's own words -Have person sign the statement and initial any changes made in content -Enter statements as evidence.

Reasons for search during booking:

-Safety -Eliminate suicide risk and prevent death in custody -Attorney General's procedures for reporting (see Commission on Jail Standards) - suicide screening for all prisoners being booked to check emotional stability -Security of Facility -Safeguard of prisoners' personal property

Professional Criminal(s): Burglar

-Same motivation as professional thief -Has ability to gain entry to premises by stealth or defeating locks, alarms -Ability to plan, direct, and execute an operation -Has business sense - ability to distinguish between valuable and worthless items during burglary -Connections to dispose of fruits of the crime -Type of burglary committed may give a clue to suspect identity -residential premises -safe burglary -commercial premises -vehicle

Female searches are generally the same but include:

-Search brassiere. -If a female is wearing a dress, it must be raised so that waistband of undergarments can be searched.

Techniques used in conducting an interview: Separating persons to interview

-Separate persons so that their statements reflect their own opinions and observations -Allows interviewer to locate discrepancies in statement and establish validity of statement -Confront subject with any discrepancies and allow subject to explain or retract

Appropriate line-ups

-Simultaneous and a sequential identification procedure. -Sequential identification procedure can be utilized in both live and photo line-ups.

Techniques used in conducting an interview: Techniques

-Spend plenty of time establishing rapport -Get to know the subject you're interviewing -Find a way to empathize -Be sincere; sincerity breeds trust -Don't be judgmental -Make it a conversation -Concentrate on motives -A comfortable suspect is unlikely to confess -Stay in control of the conversation -Be confident, but not cocky -Watch others interview subjects and learn from them.

General procedures for conducting field identifications (show-ups) at the time of initial investigations:

1. Determine and document, prior to the show-up, the witness' description of the perpetrator. 2. Consider transporting the witness to the location of the detained suspect to limit the legal impact of the suspect's detention. 3. Confirm that the witness understands the identification process. 4. Avoid doing or saying anything that might be suggestive or influence the witness. 5. When multiple witnesses are involved: -Separate witnesses and instruct them to avoid discussing details of the incident with the other witnesses. -If a positive identification is obtained from one witness, consider using other identification procedures ( e.g., lineup, photo array) for remaining witnesses. 6. Caution the witness that the person they are looking at may or may not be the perpetrator. It is just as important to clear innocent parties; a non-identification can help to refocus the investigation. 7. Obtain and document, in the witness' own words, a statement of certainty for both identification and non-identifications. 8. Document the time and location of the show-up. 9. Encourage the witness to carefully consider their comments to media contacts. 10. The use of a show-up can provide investigative information at an early stage, but the careful use of procedural safeguards can mitigate the inherent suggestiveness of a show-up.

Procedures to be taken upon arrival at the scene

1. Determine upon arrival: -If suspect(s) are at, or near, scene by observing unusual activity, persons, vehicles -Appropriate tactical action if suspect is at scene and offense is in progress weapon(s) involved -Number of suspects -Is a backup request appropriate? 2. Search perimeter of building for open doors and/or windows 3. Locate the victim, witness, complainant, and the person who reported offense. 4. Solicit information from persons in immediate area 5. Obtain identification: -Name -D.O.B. -Address -Home/work phone number -Place of employment. -Driver's license number -License plate number

Methods of court procedure

1. Direct Examination 2. Cross Examination 3. Redirect Examination 4. Recross Examination

General preliminary investigatory procedures to be followed when dealing with crimes against property

1. Establish whether a crime has been committed. 2. In eyewitness cases, secure a description of the perpetrator 3. Locate and interview the victim and witnesses. 4. Protect the crime scene. 5. Determine, how the crime was committed, the extent of personal injuries and the nature and value of property taken. 6. Record in field notes and sketches all data about the crime

Potential problems in conducting a crime scene search

1. Evaluate physical characteristics of area to be searched -- size, landscape, density, indoors, outdoors. 2. Evaluate hazards of area to be searched and what safety measures may be necessary. 3. Evaluate potential of recovering any evidence.

When photographing injuries:

1. First take an overall photo of the person front and back 2. Take an intermediate photo of the injury, including a joint of the body (i.e. wrist, elbow, shoulder, knee, hip). -This helps identify left vs right, front vs back, arm vs leg, etc. 3. Then take close-ups as needed.

Elements of a continuing investigation

1. Follow up the preliminary investigation and initiate or continue inquiries among basic investigative leads 2. Develop and revise a scheme of the crime. 3. Analyze the legal significance of information and evidence. 4. Continue the search for witnesses 5. Prepare appropriate line-ups. 6. Instruct the witness that it is just as important to clear innocent persons from suspicion 7. Establish liaison with laboratory technicians 8. Identify the perpetrator 9. Locate and arrest the perpetrator 10. Conduct appropriate surveillance and interrogation. 11. Prepare the case and confer with the prosecutor.

Type of evidence to be collected for the type of offense committed

1. Fruits of the crime 2. Tools of the crime 3. Contraband 4. Mere evidence

The Principles of Witnessmanship:

1. Honesty: a modest demeanor and display a sincere interest in the accuracy and truth of statements. 2. Brevity: most witnesses do not get flustered, confused, or embarrassed as long as they confine their statements to answering the questions. Be brief and to the point. Do not volunteer information, argue with the attorney, or make spontaneous, unneeded comments. 3. Clarity: errors, inconsistencies, and confusion undermine credibility with the jury. 4. Objectivity: present an impartial and conscientious picture of a public servant working for the interests of justice. Be courteous, answer directly, and remain poised. The defense counsel will often endeavor to portray the officers as prejudicial and interested to accuse the first person of whom they become suspicious, so remain the objective public servant during testimony. 5. Emotional Control: ignore insults, badgering, and innuendoes. A display of anger loses credibility.

Criminal investigation tools

1. Information 2. Interviewing 3. Laws of arrest, search and seizure

Preparing a crime scene sketch:

1. Make a rough drawing at the crime scene on paper 2. The rough drawing needs to be accurate but does not need to be drawn to scale 3. The rough drawing needs to be a representation of the crime scene showing objects and measurements 4. Use an arrow to show north and orient north to the top of the sketch 5. Draw lines to show where measurements are taken from 6. In making a completed crime scene sketch determine a scale to use and locate all objects on drawing to scale 7. Show scale on final crime scene sketch 8. Use a legend to explain any symbols used on the crime scene sketch. 9. Avoid excessive lettering on sketch by using numerical designations

Procedures for crime scene documentation

1. Methods of measurement 2. Calculating the reduced distances on a scale drawing and scribing arcs from the fixed points indicated 3. General considerations: Sketching, if properly accomplished, can lend accuracy and precision to an officer's testimony 4. When taking accurate measurements, officers should use a standard, acceptable measuring device 5. In taking measurements, obtain sufficient measurements to accurately locate objects in the crime scene 6. Record measurements in crime scene using permanent reference points

Three major types of elder abuse are:

1. Neglect 2. Abuse 3. Exploitation

Circumstances under which additional investigative and technical personnel should be called to conduct a crime scene search

1. When physical characteristics of area make it impractical for one person to search. 2. When the amount of damage or evidence to be searched for makes it impractical for one person to search. 3. When expertise is needed beyond that of those present. -Consider what personnel are available -Consider the degree of thoroughness required

Courtroom tactics used by defense attorneys:

1. Offensive: rapid-fire questioning is intended to confuse the witness and procure inconsistent answers. When faced with such a situation, take time to consider each question, be deliberate in answering, and ask to have the question repeated. Remain calm. 2. Condescending: defense counsel will be ultra benevolent in approach to the point of ridicule in an effort to give the impression that the witness is inept. When faced with such a situation, ask for the question to be repeated if it was improperly phrased and then answer in a confident and decisive manner. 3. Friendly: defense counsel may be overly courteous in an effort to lull the witness into a false sense of security where answers may be given in favor of the defense. When faced with such a situation, stay alert and bear in mind that the defense counsel is attempting to diminish the effect of the testimony. 4. Badgering / Belligerent: intended to provoke the officer to lose emotional control and, therefore, credibility with the jury. When faced with such a situation, ignore the defense counsel's actions, stay calm, speak in a deliberate voice, and give the prosecutor time to make the appropriate objections.

Crime scene should be covered by photographs from three major vantage points:

1. Overall / Long-range photographs -These are usually an overview of the scene and are considered location establishing photographs -Examples include: overview of a location, aerial photographs from drone or aircraft, etc. 2. Mid-range photographs -Usually taken in a manner which portrays the scene from approximately ten to twenty feet of distance from the subject. -In order for the viewer to associate the general crime scene with separate areas photographed, sufficient detail should be contained in each photograph to allow this association. 3. Close-up photography -Normally taken five feet or less from the subject matter. -Detailed photographs of items that could not be effectively seen and studied in long-range or mid-range photographs.

Common/standard information on most departmental forms:

1. Personal Data 2. Vehicle Data 3. Arrest Data

Elements and procedures of crime scene photography:

1. Preparation 2. Take first photo of card identifying photographer, date, location, and case number 3. Maintain a log of photos 4. Do not delete photos that are out of focus. 5. Photograph starting with exterior to interior, or with a landmark to locate evidence; then work to detail from farthest relevant point 6. To achieve a progression, the crime scene should be covered by photographs from three major vantage points: -Overall / Long-range photographs -Mid-range photographs -Close-up photography 7. Photograph specifics of crime, evidence, victims, weapons, etc. 8. Special documentation requirements: sexual assault, child abuse, family violence 9. When photographing injuries

Professional Criminal(s):

1. Professional thief 2. Semi-professional (unskilled) thief 3. Burglar 4. Robber 5. Con Artists and Con Games or Schemes 6. Forgery and Credit Card Abuse 7. Auto Theft

General preliminary investigatory procedures to be followed when dealing with Child Abuse and Exploitation

1. Reconstruct the event or events. 2. Determine if a crime has been committed. 3. Identify person or persons responsible. 4. Take appropriate action to protect child. 5. Prepare preliminary report.

Procedures for determining whether a vehicle has been impounded or repossessed in reported auto theft cases

1. Recovered property is linked with a previous crime by checking stolen reports, NCIC/TCIC, teletypes from other jurisdictions. 2. Time and date that vehicle was found to be missing or stolen. 3. Check with dispatcher to determine if vehicle was impounded in by an agency. 4. Check with any lien holder of vehicle to determine if vehicle was repossessed.

Techniques used in conducting an interview:

1. Separating persons to interview 2. Locations for interviews 3. Constitutional Rights 4. Do's and Don'ts 5. Techniques 6. Street Interviews 7. Preparing written statements

Sexual Assaults:

1. Sexual Assaults are acts of violence -The perpetrator's purpose is to exercise power over victim -These are not crimes of sexual desire 3. Means of control is of importance in the classification of the offense -Force or threat of the use of force -Administering of drugs (includes alcohol) -Incapacity of victim to consent (physical or mental condition) 4. It is sometimes difficult to achieve full cooperation of victim due to psychological trauma. -Officer's attitude has a significant bearing on the victim's ability to deal with crime and assist law enforcement.

Characteristics of a criminal investigator:

1. Suspicious 2. Curious 3. Observant 4. Unbiased and Unprejudiced 5. Develops rapport through interpersonal communication skills 6. Logical thinking 7. Creative problem solving

Methods of court procedure: Direct Examination

1. The prosecutor elicits facts from the officer 2. Direct testimony to the jury, or to the judge in the absence of a jury, when answering prosecutor's questions 3. In the event that defense counsel objects to a question, remain silent until the court has ruled on the objection 4. The judge will rule on the objection in one of two ways -"Sustained" (the officer may not answer) -"Overruled" (the officer may answer the question)

Point-to-point search

1. This method can be used as a preliminary step in evaluating the scene. 2. Some of the disadvantages of this method are: -It is often disorganized -Trace of evidence may be overlooked. -Others at the scene may feel that when this method of search is completed, they are then free to invade the scene. 3. Description: -Move in order of appearance of evidence, as follows: -First item of evidence at the scene to second item. -Second item of evidence at the scene to the third item. -Move like this until all evidence is covered.

The ultimate goal of any criminal investigation is to determine, to the extent possible, the truth about how a crime occurred. The goals are:

1. To determine if a crime has been committed. 2. To legally obtain information and evidence to identify the person(s) responsible for committing the crime. 3. To legally arrest the suspect(s). 4. To recover any and all stolen property. 5. To present the best case possible to the prosecutor.

Documentation procedures: Methods of measurement

1. Triangulation - a bird's eye view of the scene 2. Rectangular coordinates 3. Transecting base line

Crime

An act or omission forbidden by law and punishable by a fine, imprisonment, or even death. Crimes and their penalties are established and defined by state and federal statutes and local ordinances.

Anger killing

An extension of the crime of assault. Dispute-anger-attack-death (cycle of violence).

Characteristics of a criminal investigator: Unbiased and Unprejudiced

An investigator must possess an unbiased and unprejudiced mind. Allowing either attitude to be involved in a case will result in a sloppy investigation, incorrect conclusions and unfairness to victims and suspects.

Statement

A legal narrative description of events related to a crime.

PC 19.05 Criminally Negligent Homicide State Jail Felony

A person commits an offense if causes the death of another person by criminal negligence

PC 19.04 Manslaughter 2nd Degree Felony

A person commits an offense if he recklessly causes the death of an individual.

Suspect

A person considered to be directly or indirectly connected with a crime, either by overt act or by planning and/or directing it.

Witness

A person who saw a crime or some part of it being committed or who has relevant information.

Autopsy

A postmortem examination of the body of a person, including X-rays and examination of the internal organs and structures after dissection, to determine the cause of death or nature of any pathological changes that may have contributed to the death. CCP 49.01

Post mortem lividity

A purplish discoloration observable on the parts of the body that are nearest the ground. Appears from one to two hours after death, and may provide a clue as to whether the body was moved after death. Indicates body position for one to two hours after death. Is dependent upon several factors, including ambient temperature, body temperature at time of death, body mass, age...

Grid search

A variation of the strip or line search utilizing two compass directions. This type of search is useful for providing two views of the same area.

Prejudice

An opinion or leaning adverse to anything without just grounds or before obtaining sufficient knowledge.

Evidence

Anything to be offered in court to prove the truth or falsity of a fact in issue.

Objections

Are to keep improper evidence out of the case

Real doubt

Based upon reason and common sense after careful and impartial consideration of all the evidence, or lack of evidence, in a case

Rigor Mortis

Because of chemical changes occurring in body tissues, the muscles stiffen after death. This stiffening starts at the neck and lower jaw and spreads downward. Onset of rigor mortis may start from 15 minutes to 15 hours after death, but as a general rule, it starts 5 to 6 hours after death. The upper part is affected within about 12 hours and the whole body within about 18 hours. Rigor mortis usually disappears within thirty-six hours, again beginning at the head and neck and extending to the lower parts of the body. This latter process may take from 8 to 10 hours. Presence of absence of stiffening may help in establishing time of death.

If the license plate is obviously just issued (not reported by county) the driver may have just repaired the vehicle to running condition and surrendered his salvage title to a tax or MVD office to get his new _____

Blue title In this case the driver is legal and no enforcement action should be taken.

Many elder abuse cases involve ______ by nursing facilities or family

Caretaker neglect Elder abuse often involves physical abuse by family members (willful infliction of injury, unreasonable confinement, intimidation or cruel punishment)

If you have stopped a carload of hitchhikers in a California rental car is two months overdue, you have a ____ case

Civil Not a criminal case unless the rental company is willing to prosecute.

Identify any known information describing suspect and suspect's _______; involved vehicles; weapons; direction of travel; fruits of the crime.

Clothing

Elements of a crime

Conditions that must occur for an act to be called a specific kind of crime.

Responsibilities of the officer in charge

Consult local departmental policy for specific procedures.

Probable Cause

Credible information exists that would cause a reasonable and prudent person to believe a particular suspect committed or is committing a specific offense (in the case of arrest)

Probable Cause

Credible information exists that would cause a reasonable and prudent person to believe there is a fair probability that contraband or evidence of a crime will be found in a particular place.

Methods of court procedure: Redirect Examination

Following the cross examination by the defense attorney, the prosecutor may question the witness to clarify statements or answers given during the cross-examination.

If evidence is too small to mark on, or if marking on will alter or damage, then evidence may be placed in an __________ that shows necessary identification.

Envelope or container

Characteristics of a criminal investigator: Develops rapport through interpersonal communication skills

Establishing rapport with victims and witnesses is one of the prime facilitators of an investigation. Accomplished by being patient, courteous, and sympathetic with persons contacted during an investigation.

General considerations in handling _______ are to preserve its integrity, preserve its value to owner and mark as evidence if possible.

Evidence

Criminal investigators must not attempt to exhibit __________, nor discuss case details with anyone outside of police or other authorized circles.

Expertise in all fields of law enforcement This practice can be prejudicial and compromising to both the prosecution and defense.

Opinion evidence should always be based upon ______. Make clear the distinction between opinion and ______. Represent only ______ as fact.

Facts